{REFERENCES}

Abraham, J. D., & Hansson, R. O. (1995). Successful aging at work: An applied study of selection, optimization, and compensation through impression management. Journals of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 50B, P94–P103.

Adam, J. (1978). Sequential strategies and the separation of age, cohort, and time-of-measurement contribution to developmental data. Psychological Bulletin, 85, 1309–1316.

Allison, P. D. (1982). Discrete-time methods for the analysis of event histories. In S. Leinhardt (Ed.), Sociological methodology (pp. 61–98). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.

Allison, P. D. (1984). Event history analysis: Regression for longitudinal event data. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.

Alwin, D. F., & Jackson, D. J. (1981). Applications of simultaneous factor analysis to issues of factorial invariance. In D. J. Jackson & E. F. Borgatta (Eds.), Factor analysis and measurement (pp. 249–278). London: Sage.

Alwin, D. F. (1988). Structural equation models in research on human development and aging. In K. W. Schaie, R. T. Campbell, W. Meredith, & S. C. Rawlings (Eds.), Methodological issues in aging research (pp. 71–170). New York: Springer Publishing Co.

Alwin, D. F. (2009). History, cohorts, and patterns of cognitive aging. In H. B. Bosworth & C. Hertzog (Eds.), Aging and cognition (pp. 9–38). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

American Hospital Formulary Service. (1991). AHFS: Drug information. Bethesda, MD: Author.

American Society of Hospital Pharmacists. (1985). Drug information 85. Bethesda, MD: Author.

Anastasi, A. (1976). Psychological testing (4th ed.). New York: Macmillan.

Antonovsky, A. (1972). Breakdown: A needed fourth step in the conceptual armamentarium of modern medicine. Social Science and Medicine, 6, 537–544.

Arbuckle, J. L., & Wothke, W. (1999). Amos 4.0 users guide. Chicago, IL: SPSS.

Atkinson, R. C., & Shiffrin, R. M. (1971). The control of short-term memory. Scientific American, 221, 82–90.

Avolio, B. J., & Waldman, D. A. (1990). An examination of age and cognitive test performance across job complexity and occupational types. Journal of Applied Psychology, 75, 43–50.

Avolio, B. J., Waldman, D. A., & McDaniel, M. A. (1990). Age and work performance in non-managerial jobs: The effects of experience and occupational type. Academy of Management Journal, 33, 407–422.

Avolio, B. J., & Waldman, D. A. (1994). Variations in cognitive, perceptual, and psychomotor abilities across the working life span: Examining the effects of race, sex, experience, education, and occupational type. Psychology and Aging, 9, 430–442.

Bäckman, L., Jones, S., Berger, A. K., Laukka, E. J., & Small, B. J. (2005). Cognitive impairment in preclinical Alzheimer’s disease: A meta-analysis. Neuropsychology, 19, 520–531.

Bäckman, L. (2008). Memory and cognition in preclinical dementia: What we know and what we do not know. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 53, 354–360.

Balinsky, B. (1941). An analysis of the mental factors of various age groups from nine to sixty. Genetic Psychology Monographs, 23, 191–234.

Ball, K., Berch, D. B., Helmers, K. F., Jobe, J. B., Leveck, M.D., Marsiske, M., et al. (2002). Effects of cognitive training interventions with older adults. Journal of the American Medical Association JAMA, 288, 2271–2281.

Baltes, P. B. (1968). Longitudinal and cross-sectional sequences in the study of age and generation effects. Human Development, 11, 145–171.

Baltes, P. B., & Nesselroade, J. R. (1970). Multivariate longitudinal and cross-sectional sequences for analyzing ontogenetic and generational change: A methodological note. Developmental Psychology, 1, 162–168.

Baltes, P. B., Schaie, K. W., & Nardi, A. H. (1971). Age and experimental mortality in a seven-year longitudinal study of cognitive behavior. Developmental Psychology, 5, 18–26.

Baltes, P. B., Nesselroade, J. R., Schaie, K. W., & Labouvie, E. W. (1972). On the dilemma of regression effects in examining ability level-related differentials in ontogenetic patterns of adult intelligence. Developmental Psychology, 6, 78–84.

Baltes, P. B., & Nesselroade, J. R. (1973). The developmental analysis of individual differences on multiple measures. In J. R. Nesselroade & H. W. Reese (Eds.), Life-span developmental psychology: Methodological issues (pp. 219–252). New York: Academic Press.

Baltes, P. B., Reese, H. W., & Nesselroade, J. R. (1977). Life-span developmental psychology: Introduction to research methods (pp. 219–251). Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole.

Baltes, P. B., & Willis, S. L. (1977). Towards psychological theories of aging and development. In J. E. Birren & K. W. Schaie (Eds.), Handbook of the psychology of aging (pp. 128–154). New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.

Baltes, P. B., & Nesselroade, J. R. (1979). History and rationale of longitudinal research. In J. R. Nesselroade & P. B. Baltes (Eds.), Longitudinal research in the study of behavior and development (pp. 1–39). New York: Academic Press.

Baltes, P. B., Reese, H. W., & Lipsitt, L. P. (1980). Life-span developmental psychology. Annual Review of Psychology, 31, 65–100.

Baltes, P. B., & Willis, S. L. (1982). Enhancement (plasticity) of intellectual functioning in old age: Penn State’s Adult Development and Enrichment Project (ADEPT). In F. I. M. Craik & S. E. Trehub (Eds.), Aging and cognitive processes (pp. 353–389). New York: Plenum.

Baltes, P. B., Dittmann-Kohli, F., & Kliegl, R. (1986). Reserve capacity of the elderly in aging-sensitive tests of fluid intelligence: Replication and extension. Psychology and Aging, 1, 172–177.

Baltes, P. B. (1987). Theoretical propositions of life-span developmental psychology: On the dynamics between growth and decline. Developmental Psychology, 23, 611–626.

Baltes, P. B., & Lindenberger, U. (1988). On the range of cognitive plasticity in old age as a function of experience: 15 years of intervention research. Behavior Therapy, 19, 283–300.

Baltes, P. B. (1993). The aging mind: Potential and limits. Gerontologist, 33, 580–594.

Baltes, P. B., & Lindenberger, U. (1997). Emergence of a powerful connection between sensory and cognitive functions across the adult life span: A new window to the study of cognitive aging. Psychology and Aging, 12, 12–21.

Baltes, P. B., Staudinger, U. M., and Lindenberger, U. (1999). Lifespan psychology: Theory and application to intellectual functioning. Annual Review of Psychology, 50, 471–507.

Bandura, A. (1981). Self-referent thought: A developmental analysis of self-efficacy. In J. H. Flavell & L. Ross (Eds.), Social cognitive development: Frontiers and possible futures (pp. 200–239). New York: Cambridge University Press.

Bandura, A. (1982). Self-efficacy mechanism in human agency. American Psychologist, 37, 122–147.

Barnes, J., Ourselin, S., & Fox, N. C. (2009). Clinical application of measurement of hippocampal atrophy in degenerative dementias. Hippocampus, 19, 510–516.

Barta, P. E., Dhingra, L., Royall, R., & Schwartz, E. (1997). Improving stereological estimates for the volume of structures identified in three-dimensional arrays of spatial data. Journal of Neuroscience Methods, 75, 11–118.

Baum, L., Kennedy, D. L., Knapp, D. E., Juergens, J. P., & Faich J. P. (1988). Prescription drug use in 1984 and changes over time. Medical Care, 26, 105–114.

Bayley, N., & Oden, M. H. (1955). The maintenance of intellectual ability in gifted adults. Journal of Gerontology, 10, 91–107.

Beg, M. F, Miller, M. I., Trouve, A., & Younes, L. (2005). Computing large deformation metric mappings via geodesic flows of diffeomorphisms. International Journal of Computer Vision, 61, 139–157.

Bengtson, V. L. (1975). Generation and family effects in value socialization. American Sociological Review, 40, 358–371.

Bengtson, V. L. (1986). Sociological perspective on aging, the family and the future. In M. Bergener (Ed.), Perspectives on aging: The 1986 Sandoz lectures in gerontology (pp. 237–261). New York: Academic Press.

Bengtson, V. L., Schaie, K. W., & Burton, L. (Eds.). (1995). Adult intergenerational relations: Effect of societal changes. New York: Springer.

Bentler, P. M. (1980). Multivariate analysis with latent variables: Causal modeling. Annual Review of Psychology, 31, 332–456.

Bentler, P. M. (1990). Comparative fit indices in structural models. Psychological Bulletin, 107, 238–246.

Berg, S. (1996). Aging, behavior, and terminal decline. In G. L. Maddox & E. W. Busse (Eds.), Aging: The universal human experience (pp. 411–417). New York: Springer Publishing Co.

Bernard, S. L., Kinkade, J. E., Konrad, T. R., Arcury, T. A., Rabiner, D. J., Woomert, A., et al. (1997). Predicting mortality from community surveys of older adults: The importance of self-rated functional ability. Journals of Gerontology: Social Sciences, 52B, S155–S163.

Bernstein, E. (1924). Quickness and intelligence. British Journal of Psychology, 3, No 7.

Binet, A., & Simon, T. (1905). Méthodes nouvelles pour le diagnostic du niveau intellectuel des anormaux. L’Année Psychologique, 11, 106–191.

Blaskewicz-Boron, J. B., Turiano, N. A., Willis, S. L., & Schaie K. W. (2007). Effects of cognitive training on change in accuracy in inductive reasoning ability. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Science, 62B, P179–P186.

Blaskewicz-Boron, J. B., Willis, S. L., & Schaie, K. W. (2007). Cognitive training gain as a predictor of mental status. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 62B, P45–P52.

Birkhill, W. R., & Schaie, K. W. (1975). The effect of differential enforcement of cautiousness in the intellectual performance of the elderly. Journal of Gerontology, 30, 578–583.

Birren, J. E. (1968). Increments and decrements in the intellectual states of the aged. Psychiatric Research Reports, 23, 207–214.

Blashfield, R. K. (1976). Mixture models tests of cluster analysis accuracy of four agglomerative models. Psychological Bulletin, 83, 377–388.

Blaskewicz-Boron, J. B., Turiano, N. A., Willis, S. L., & Schaie K. W. (2007). Effects of cognitive training on change in accuracy in inductive reasoning ability. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Science, 62B, P179–P186.

Blaskewicz-Boron, J. B., Willis, S. L., & Schaie, K. W. (2007). Cognitive training gain as a predictor of mental status. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 62B, P45–P52.

Blieszner, R., Willis, S. L., & Baltes, P. B. (1981). Training research in aging on the fluid ability of inductive reasoning. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 2, 247–265.

Borghesani, P. R., Weaver, K. E., Aylward, E. H., Kahn, A. R., Liang, O., Ellenbogen, R. L., et al. (2011). Midlife memory improvement predicts preservation of hippocampal volume in old age. Neurobiology of Aging.

Blaskwicz-Boron, J. B. (2003). The effects of personality on cognitive ability, training gains, and strategy use in adults in the Seattle Longitudinal Study. Unpublished master’s thesis, Pennsylvania State University, University Park.

Blaskewicz-Boron, J. B., Schaie, K. W. & Willis, S. L. (2010). The aging personality and self diversity and health issues. In H. Fillitt, K. Rockwood, & K. Woodhouse (Eds.), Brocklehurst textbook of geriatric psychiatry (7th ed., pp. 177–184). New York: Elsevier.

Bosworth, H. B. (1994). Dimensions of social support and health outcomes in the Seattle Longitudinal Study. Unpublished master’s thesis, Pennsylvania State University, University Park.

Bosworth, H. B. (1996). Terminal change: A longitudinal and cross-sectional examination of confounding factors. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Pennsylvania State University, University Park.

Bosworth, H. B., & Schaie, K. W. (1997). The relationship of social environment, social networks, and health outcomes in the Seattle Longitudinal Study: Two analytical approaches. Journals of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 52B, P197–P205.

Bosworth, H. B., & Schaie, K. W. (1999). Survival effects in cognitive function, cognitive style, and socio-demographic variables in the Seattle Longitudinal Study. Experimental Aging Research, 25, 121–139.

Bosworth, H. B., Schaie, K. W., Willis, S. L., & Siegler, I. C. (1999). Age and distance to death in the Seattle Longitudinal Study. Research on Aging, 21, 723–738.

Bosworth, H. B., Schaie, K. W., & Willis, S. L. (1999a). Cognitive and socio-demographic risk factors for mortality in the Seattle Longitudinal Study. Journals of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 54B, P273–P282.

Bosworth, H. B., Schaie, K. W., & Willis, S. L. (1999b, November). Perceived therapeutic purpose of medication use: The effects of cognitive abilities: Socio-demographic factors, and health care service and utilization. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Gerontological Society of America, San Francisco.

Botwinick, J., & Arenberg, D. (1976). Disparate time spans in sequential studies of aging. Experimental Aging Research, 2, 55–61.

Botwinick, J. (1977). Intellectual abilities. In J. E. Birren & K. W. Schaie (Eds.), Handbook of the psychology of aging (pp. 580–605). New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.

Braak, H., & Braak, E. (1991). Neuropathological stageing of Alzheimer-related changes. Acta Neuropathologia, 1991, 82, 239–259.

Brooks, J., & Weintraub, M. (1976). A history of infant intelligence testing. In M. Lewis (Ed.), Origins of intelligence. New York: Plenum.

Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1993). Alternate ways of assessing model fit. In K. A. Bollen & J. S. Long (Eds.), Testing structural equation models (pp. 136–162). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

Bryk, A. S., & Raudenbush, S. W. (1992). Hierarchical linear models for social and behavioural research: Applications and data analysis methods. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.

Buss, A. R. (1979–1980). Methodological issues in life-span developmental psychology from a dialectical perspective. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 10, 121–163.

Busse, E. W. (1993). Duke longitudinal studies of aging. Zeitschrift für Gerontologie, 26, 123–128.

Byrne, B. M., Shavelson, R. J., & Muthén, B. (1989). Testing for the equivalence of factor covariance and mean structures: The issue of partial measurement invariance. Psychological Bulletin, 105, 456–466.

Cahn, D. A., Salmon, D. P., Butters, N., Wiederholt, W. C., Corey-Bloom, J., Edelstein, S. L., et al. (1995). Detection of dementia of the Alzheimer type in a population-based sample: Neuro-psychological test performance. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 1, 252–260.

Campbell, D. T., & Stanley, J. C. (1963). Experimental and quasi-experimental designs for research in teaching. In N. L. Gage (Ed.), Handbook of research on teaching (pp. 171–246). Skokie, IL: Rand McNally.

Cardi, M., Munk, N., Zanjani, F., Kruger, T., Schaie, K. W., & Willis, S. L. (2009). Health behavior risk factors across age as predictors of cardiovascular disease diagnosis. Journal of Aging and Health, 21(5), 759–775.

Caskie, G. I. L., Willis, S. L., Zanjani, F. A. K., & Schaie K. W. (2006). Congruence of medication information from pharmacy records and brown bag data. Experimental Aging Research, 32, 79–103.

Cattell, R. B. (1957). Personality and motivation structure and measurement. New York: World Book.

Cattell, R. B. (1963). Theory of fluid and crystallized intelligence: A critical experiment. Journal of Educational Psychology, 54, 1–22.

Cattell, R. B., Eber, H., & Tatsuoka, M. M. (1970). Handbook for the 16 PF. Champaign, IL: Institute for Personality and Ability Testing.

Charness, N., & Schaie, K. W. (Eds.). (2003). Impact of technology on the aging individual. New York: Springer.

Clark, D. O.,Von Korff, M., Saunders, K., Baluch, W. M., & Simon, G. E.(1995). A chronic disease score with empirically derived weights. Medical Care, 33, 783–795.

Chown, S. M. (1959). Rigidity—A flexible concept. Psychological Bulletin, 56, 195–223.

Cohen, J. (1957). The factorial structure of the WAIS between early adulthood and old age. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 21, 283–290.

Cohen, J., & Cohen, P. (1975). Applied multiple regression/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences. New York: Academic Press.

Cohen, R. M., Szczepanik, J., McManus, M., Mirza N., Putnam, K., Levy, J., et al. (2006). Hippocampal atrophy in the healthy is initially linear and independent of age. Neurobiology of Aging, 27, 1385–1394.

Commons, M. L., Sinnott, J. D., Richards, F. A., & Armon, C. (Eds.). (1989). Beyond formal operations: Vol. 2. Adolescent and adult development models. New York: Praeger.

Cook, T. C., & Campbell, D. T. (1979). Quasi-experiments: Design and analysis issues for field settings. Chicago: Rand McNally.

Cooney, T. M., Schaie, K. W., & Willis, S. L. (1988). The relationship between prior functioning of cognitive and personality dimensions and subject attrition in longitudinal research. Journals of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 43, P12–P17.

Cooper, L. B., & Shepard, R. N. (1973). Chronometric studies of rotation of mental images. In W. G. Chase (Ed.), Visual information processing (pp. 75–96). New York: Academic Press.

Cooper, L. B. (1975). Mental transformations of random two-dimensional shapes. Cognitive Psychology, 7, 20–43.

Cornelius, S. W., Willis, S. L., Nesselroade, J. R., & Baltes, P. B. (1983). Convergence between attention variables and factors of psychometric intelligence in older adults. Intelligence, 7, 253–269.

Cornelius, S. W., & Caspi, A. (1986). Self-perceptions of intellectual control and aging. Educational Gerontology, 12, 345–357.

Costa, P. T., Jr., & McCrae, R. R. (1992). Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO PI-R). Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.

Costa, P. T., Jr., & McCrae, R. R. (1993). Psychological research in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. Zeitschrift für Gerontologie, 26, 138–141.

Cox, D. R. (1972). Regression models and life tables. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series B 34, 187–202.

Cronbach, L. J. (1970). Essentials of psychological testing (3rd ed.). New York: Harper and Row.

Crum, R. M., Anthony, J. C., Bassett, S. S., & Folstein, M. F. (1993). Population-based norms for the Mini-Mental State Examination by age and education level. Journal of the American Medical Association, 269, 2386–2391.

Crystal, S., & Shea, D. (Eds) (2002). Focus o economioc outcomes in later life. Annhal Review of Gerontology and Geriatrics (Vol. 22). New York: Springer Publishing Co.

Cumming, E., & Henry, W. (1961). Growing old: The process of disengagement. New York: Basic.

Cunningham, W. R. (1978). Principles for identifying structural differences: Some methodological issues related to comparative factor analysis. Journal of Gerontology, 33, 82–86.

Cunningham, W. R. (1991). Issues in factorial invariance. In L. M. Collins & J. L. Horn (Eds.), Best methods for the analysis of change (pp. 106–113). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

Deeg, D. J. H., Hoffman, A., & van Zonneveld, R. J. (1990). The association between change in cognitive function and longevity in Dutch elderly. American Journal of Epidemiology, 132, 973–982.

DeFrias, C. M. (1998). Work characteristics, cognitive performance and retirement. Unpublished master’s thesis, Pennsylvania State University, University Park.

DeFrias, C. M., & Schaie, K. W. (2001). Perceived work environment and cognitive style. Experimental Aging Research, 27, 67–81.

DeFries, J. C., Ashton, G. C., Johnson, R. C., Kusi, A. R., McClearn, G. E., Mi, M. P., et al. (1976). Parent-offspring resemblance for specific cognitive abilities in two ethnic groups. Nature, 261(5556), 131–133.

DeFries, J. C., Vandenberg, S. G., & McClearn, G. E. (1976). The genetics of specific cognitive abilities. Annual Review of Genetics, 10, 197–207.

DeFries, J. C., & Fulker, D. W. (1985). Multiple regression of twin data. Behavior Genetics, 15, 467–473.

DeFries, J. C., Plomin, R., & LaBuda, M. (1987). Genetic stability of cognitive development from childhood to adulthood. Developmental Psychology, 23, 4–12.

Denney, N. W. (1982). Aging and cognitive changes. In B. B. Wolman (Ed.), Handbook of developmental psychology (pp. 807–827). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

Denney, N. W., & Heidrich, S. M. (1990). Training effects on Raven’s Progressive Matrices in young, middle-aged, and elderly adults. Psychology and Aging, 5, 144–145.

Diehl, M., & Willis, S. L. (2003). Everyday competence and everyday problem solving in aging adults: The role of physical and social context. In H. W. Wahl, R. Scheidt, & P. Windley (Eds.), Annual review of gerontology and geriatrics. Vol. 23. Aging in context: Socio-physical environments (pp. 130–166). New York: Springer Publishing Co.

Donaldson, G. (1981). Letter to the editor. Journal of Gerontology, 36, 634–636.

Dudek, F. J. (1979). The continuing misinterpretation of the standard error of measurement. Psychological Bulletin, 86, 335–337.

Dutta, R., Schulenberg, J. E., & Lair, T. J. (1986, April). The effect of job characteristics on cognitive abilities and intellectual flexibility. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Eastern Psychological Association, New York.

Dutta, R., Yue, G. A., Schaie, K. W., Willis, S. L., O’Hanlon, A. M., & Yu, L. C. (1989, November). Age difference patterns in primary mental abilities in China and the U.S.A. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Gerontological Society of America, Minneapolis, MN.

Dutta, R. (1992). The relationship between flexibility-rigidity and the Primary Mental Abilities. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Pennsylvania State University, University Park.

Dwyer, P. S. (1937). The determination of the factor loadings of a given test from the known factor loadings of other tests. Psychometrika, 2, 173–178.

Earles, H. L., & Salthouse, T. A. (1995). Interrelation of age, health and speed. Journals of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 50B, P33–P41.

Educational Testing Service. (1977). Basic Skills Assessment Test—Reading. Princeton, NJ: Author.

Egan, D. E. (1981). An analysis of spatial orientation performance. Intelligence, 5, 85–100.

Eichorn, D. H., Clausen, J. A., Haan, N., Honzik, M. P., & Mussen, P. H. (1981). Present and past in middle life. New York: Academic Press.

Ekstrom, R. B., French, J. W., Harman, H., & Derman, D. (1976). Kit of factor-referenced cognitive tests (rev. ed.). Princeton, NJ: Educational Testing Service.

Elder, G. H., Jr. (1981). History of the family: The discovery of complexity. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 43, 489–519.

Elder, G. H., Jr., & Rudkin, L. (1995). Intergenerational continuity and change in rural America. In V. L. Bengtson, K. W. Schaie, & L. Burton (Eds.), Societal impact on aging: Intergenerational perspectives (pp. 30–60). New York: Springer.

Elias, M. F., Elias, J. W., & Elias, P. K. (1990). Biological and health influences upon behavior. In J. E. Birren & K. W. Schaie (Eds.), Handbook of the psychology of aging (3rd ed., pp. 79–102). New York: Academic Press.

Epstein, N. B., Baldwin, L. M., & Bishop, D. S. (1983). The McMaster family assessment device. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 9, 171–180.

Epstein, N. B., Bishop, D., Ryan, C., Miller, I., & Keitner, G. (1993). The McMaster model: View of health family functioning. In F. Walsh (Ed.), Normal family processes (pp. 138–160). New York: Guilford.

Farrer, L. A., Copples, A., Haines, J. L., Hymann, B., Kukukk, W. A, Mayeux, R., et al. (1997). Effects of age, sex, and ethnicity on the association between apolipoprotein E genotype and Alzheimer disease. Journal of the American Medical Association, 278, 1349–1356.

Finch, C. S. (2009). The neurobiology of middle-age has arrived. Neurobiology of Aging, 30 (4), 515–520; discussion 530–533.

Finkel, D., Pedersen, N. L., McClearn, G. E., Plomin, R., & Berg, S. (1996). Cross-sequential analysis of genetic influences on cognitive ability in the Swedish Adoption/Twin Study of Aging. Aging Neuropsychology and Cognition, 3, 84–99.

Finkel, D., Pedersen, N. L., Plomin, R., & McClearn, G. E. (1998). Longitudinal and cross-sectional twin data on cognitive abilities in adulthood: The Swedish Adoption/Twin Study of Aging. Developmental Psychology, 34, 1400–1413.

Fischl, B., Salat, D. H., Busa, E., Albert, M., Dieterich, M., Haselgrove, C., et al. (2002). Whole brain segmentation: Automated labeling of neuro-anatomical structures in the human brain. Neuron, 33, 341–355.

Folstein, M. F., Folstein, S. E., & McHugh, P. R. (1975). Mini-Mental State: A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 12, 189–198.

French, J. W., Ekstrom, R. B., & Price, L. A. (1963). Kit of reference tests for cognitive factors. Princeton, NJ: Educational Testing Service.

Freund, A. M., & Baltes, P. B. (1998). Selection, optimization, compensation as strategies of life management: Correlations with subjective indicators of successful aging. Psychology and Aging, 13, 531–543.

Fujita, F., & Diener, E. (2005). Life satisfaction set point: Stability and change. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88, 158–164.

Fuld, P. A. (1977). Fuld Object-Memory Evaluation. Woodsdale, IL: Stoelting Company.

Fullerton, S. M., Clark, A. G., Weiss, K. M., Nickerson, D. A., Taylor, S. L., Stengard, J. H., et al. (2000). Apolipoprotein E variation at the sequence haplotype level: Implications for the origin and maintenance of a major human polymorphism. American Journal of Human Genetics, 67, 881–900.

Galton, F. (1869). Hereditary genius. London: Macmillan.

Gardner, E. F., & Monge, R. H. (1975). Adult age differences in cognitive abilities and educational background. Experimental Aging Research, 3, 337–383.

Garrett, H. E. (1946). A developmental theory of intelligence. American Psychologist, 1, 372–378.

Garrett, H. E. (1966). Statistics in psychology and education (6th ed.). New York: McKay.

George, L. K., Siegler, I. C., & Okun, M. A. (1981). Separating age, cohort, and time of measurement: Analysis of variance and multiple regression. Experimental Aging Research, 7, 297–314.

Gerstorf, D., Ram, N., Estabrook, R., Schupp, J., Wagner, G. G., & Lindenberger, U. (2008). Life satisfaction shows terminal decline in old age: Longitudinal evidence from the German Socio-Economic Panel Study (SOEP). Developmental Psychology, 44, 1148–1159.

Gerstorf, D., Ram, N., Hoppmann, C., Willis, S. L., & Schaie, K. W. (2011). Cohort differences in cognitive aging and terminal decline in the Seattle Longitudinal Study. Developmental Psychology, Developmental Psychology, 47, 1026–1041.

Giambra, L. M., & Arenberg, D. (1980). Problem solving, concept learning and aging. In L. W. Poon (Ed.), Aging in the 1980s (pp. 253–259). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

Giambra, L. M., Arenberg, D., Kawas, C., Zonderman, A. B., & Costa, P. T., Jr. (1995). Adult life span changes in immediate visual memory and verbal intelligence. Psychology and Aging, 10, 123–139.

Gianaros, P. J., Greer, P. J., Ryan, C. M., & Jennings, J. R. (2006). Higher blood pressure predicts lower regional grey matter volume: Consequences on short-term information processing. NeuroImage, 31, 754–765.

Gilewski, M. J., & Zelinski, E. M. (1988). The Memory Functioning Questionnaire (MFQ). Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 24, 665–670.

Glenn, N. D. (1976). Cohort analysts’ futile quest: Statistical attempts to separate age, period and cohort effects. American Sociological Review, 41, 900–904.

Glenn, N. D. (1981). Age, birth cohort, and drinking: An illustration of the hazards of inferring effects from cohort data. Journal of Gerontology, 36, 362–369.

Gold, M., Jolle, M., Kennedy, T. L., & Tucker, A. M. (1989). Pharmacy benefits in health maintenance organizations. Health Affairs, 8, 182–190.

Gonda, J., Quayhagen, M., & Schaie, K. W. (1981). Education, task meaningfulness and cognitive performance in young-old and old-old adults. Educational Gerontology, 7, 151–158.

Greenberg, D. L., Messer, D. F., Payne, M. E., Macfall, J. R., Provenzale, J. M., Steffens, D. C., et al. (2008). Aging, gender, and the elderly adult brain: an examination of analytical strategies. Neurobiology of Aging, 29, 290–302.

Gough, H. G., McCloskey, H., & Meehl, P. E. (1952). A personality scale for social responsibility. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 42, 73–80.

Gough, H. G. (1957). The California Psychological Inventory. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.

Green, A. L., & Boxer, A. M. (1985). Daughters and sons as young adults: Restructuring the ties that bind. In N. Data, A. Green, & H. Reese (Eds.), Lifespan developmental psychology: Intergenerational relationships (pp. 125–149). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Gribbin, K., & Schaie, K. W. (1976). Monetary incentive, age, and cognition. Experimental Aging Research, 2, 461–468.

Gribbin, K., Schaie, K. W., & Stone, V. (1976, August). Ability differences between established and redefined populations in sequential studies. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Psychological Association, Washington, DC.

Gribbin, K., & Schaie, K. W. (1977, November). The aging of tests: A methodological problem of longitudinal studies. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Gerontological Society, San Francisco.

Gribbin, K., & Schaie, K. W. (1979). Selective attrition in longitudinal studies: A cohort-sequential approach. In H. Orino, K. Shimada, M. Iriki, & D. Maeda (Eds.), Recent advances in gerontology (pp. 549–551). Amsterdam: Excerpta Medica.

Gribbin, K., Schaie, K. W., & Parham, I. A. (1980). Complexity of life style and maintenance of intellectual abilities. Journal of Social Issues, 36, 47–61.

Gruber-Baldini, A. L., & Schaie, K. W. (1986, November). Longitudinal-sequential studies of marital assortativity. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Gerontological Society of America, Chicago.

Gruber-Baldini, A. L., Willis, S. L., & Schaie, K. W. (1989, November). Health and rigidity predictors of cognitive change and training gain. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Gerontological Society of America, Minneapolis, MN.

Gruber-Baldini, A. L., & Schaie, K. W. (1990, November). The impact of disease upon cognitive ability functioning in the elderly. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Gerontological Society of America, Boston.

Gruber-Baldini, A. L. (1991a). The impact of health and disease on cognitive ability in adulthood and old age in the Seattle Longitudinal Study. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Pennsylvania State University, University Park.

Gruber-Baldini, A. L. (1991b, November). The prevalence of chronic disease from HMO records across age and time. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Gerontological Society of America, San Francisco.

Gruber-Baldini, A. L., Schaie, K. W., & Willis, S. L. (1995). Similarity in married couples: A longitudinal study of mental abilities and flexibility-rigidity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 191–203.

Guilford, J. P. (1967). The nature of human intelligence. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Gundersen, H. J., Bagger, P., Bendtsen, T. F., Evans, S. M., Korbo, L., Marcussen, N., et al. (1988). The new stereological tools: Disector, fractionator, nucleator and point sampled intercepts and their use in pathological research and diagnosis. APMIS, 96, 857–881.

Hall, G. S. (1922). Senescence, the last half of life. New York: Appleton.

Hanushek, A. E., & Jackson, I. E. (1977). Statistical methods for social scientists. New York: Academic Press.

Hareven, T. K. (1982). Family history at the crossroads. Journal of Family History, 12, ix–xxiii.

Harrell, F. (1980). The PHGLM procedure. In D A. Harrison (Ed). SAS supplemental users guide (pp. 119–131). Cary, NC: SAS Institute.

Havighurst, R. J., Neugarten, B. L., & Tobin, S. S. (1968). Disengagement and patterns of aging. In B. L. Neugarten (Ed.), Middle age and aging (pp. 161–177). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Hedden, T., & Gabrieli, J. D. (2004). Insights into the ageing mind: A view from cognitive neuroscience. National Review of Neuroscience, 5, 87–96.

Hertzog, C., Schaie, K. W., & Gribbin, K. (1978). Cardiovascular disease and changes in intellectual functioning from middle to old age. Journal of Gerontology, 33, 872–883.

Hertzog, C. (1985). Application of confirmatory factor analysis to the study of intelligence. In D. K. Detterman (Ed.), Current topics in human intelligence (pp. 59–97). Norwood, NJ: Ablex.

Hertzog, C., & Schaie, K. W. (1986). Stability and change in adult intelligence: 1. Analysis of longitudinal covariance structures. Psychology and Aging, 1, 159–171.

Hertzog, C., & Schaie, K. W. (1988). Stability and change in adult intelligence: 2. Simultaneous analysis of longitudinal means and covariance structures. Psychology and Aging, 3, 122–130.

Hertzog, C. (1989). The influence of cognitive slowing on age differences in intelligence. Developmental Psychology, 25, 636–651.

Hertzog, C. (2009). Use it or lose it: An old hypothesis, new evidence, and an ongoing controversy. In H. B. Bosworth & C. Hertzog (Eds.), Aging and cognition (pp. 161–180). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association

Ho, H. Z., Foch, T. T., & Plomin, R. (1980). Developmental stability of the relative influence of genes and environment on specific cognitive abilities in childhood. Developmental Psychology, 16, 340–346.

Hofer, S. M., &. Alwin, D. F. (Eds.). Handbook on cognitive aging: Interdisciplinary perspective. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Hollingsworth, H. L. (1927). Mental growth and decline: A survey of developmental psychology. New York: Appleton.

Holzman, T. G., Pellegrino, J. W., & Glaser, R. (1982). Cognitive dimensions of numerical rule induction. Journal of Educational Psychology, 74, 360–373.

Hoppmann, C., Gerstorf, D., Willis, S. L., & Schaie, K. W. (2011). Spousal interrelations in happiness in the Seattle Longitudinal Study: Considerable similarities in levels and change over time. Developmental Psychology, 47, 1026–1041.

Horn, J. L. (1970). Organization of data on life-span development of human abilities. In L. R. Goulet & P. B. Baltes (Eds.), Life-span developmental psychology: Research and theory (pp. 434–466). New York: Academic Press.

Horn, J. L., & McArdle, J. J. (1980). Perspectives on mathematical-statistical model building (MASMOB) in research on aging. In L. F. Poon (Ed.), Aging in the 1980s (pp. 503–541). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

Horn, J. L. (1982). The theory of fluid and crystallized intelligence in relation to concepts of cognitive psychology and aging in adulthood. In F. I. M. Craik and S. Trehub (Eds.), Aging and cognitive processes (pp. 237–278). New York: Plenum.

Horn, J. L., McArdle, J. J., & Mason, R. (1983). When invariance is not invariant: A practical scientist’s look at the ethereal concept of factor invariance. The Southern Psychologist, 1, 179–188.

Horn, J. L. (1991). Comments on issues in factorial invariance. In L. M. Collins & J. L. Horn (Eds.), Best methods for the analysis of change (pp. 114–125). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

Horn, J. L., & McArdle, J. J. (1992). A practical and theoretical guide to measurement invariance in aging research. Experimental Aging Research, 18, 117–144.

Horst, P., & Schaie, K. W. (1956). The multiple group method of factor analysis and rotation to a simple structure hypothesis. Journal of Experimental Education, 24, 231–237.

Horst, P. (1956a). Simplified computations for the multiple group method of factor analysis. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 16, 101–109.

Horst, P. (1956b). A simplified method for rotating a centroid factor matrix to a simple structure hypothesis. Journal of Experimental Education, 24, 251–258.

Hultsch, D. F., Hertzog, C., Dixon, R. A., & Small, B. J. (1998). Memory change in the aged. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Hurtado, A. V., & Greenlick, M. R. (1971). Disease classification system for the analysis of medical care utilization. Health Services Research, 6, 235–250.

Idler, E. L., & Kasl, S. (1991). Health perceptions and survival: Do global evaluations of health status really predict mortality? Journals of Gerontology: Social Sciences, 46, S55–S65.

Isaacs, B., & Kennis, A. T. (1973). The set test as aid to the detection of dementia in old people. British Journal of Psychiatry, 123, 467–470.

Jack, C. R, Jr., Petersen, R. C., Xu, Y. C., O’Brien, P. C., Smith, G. E., Ivnik, R. J., et al. (1999). Prediction of AD with MRI-based hippocampal volume in mild cognitive impairment. Neurology, 52, 1397–1403.

Jarvik, L. F., Kallman, F. J., Falek, A., & Kleber, M. M. (1957). Changing intellectual functions in senescent twins. Acta Genetica et Statistica Medica, 7, 421–430.

Jarvik, L. F., Kallman, F. J., & Falek, A. (1962). Intellectual changes in aged twins. Journal of Gerontology, 17, 289–294.

Jarvik, L. F., Blum, J. E., & Varma, A. O. (1971). Genetic components and intellectual functioning during senescence: A 20-year study of aging twins. Behavior Genetics, 2, 159–171.

Jobe, J. B., Smith, K., Tennstedt, S. L., Marsiske, M., Willis, S. L., Rebok, G. W., et al. (2001). ACTIVE: A cognitive intervention trial to promote independence in older adults. Controlled Clinical Trials, 4, 453–479.

Johansson, B., & Berg, S. (1989). The robustness of the terminal decline phenomenon: Longitudinal data from the digit-span memory test. Journal of Gerontology, 44, P184–P186.

Jones, H. E., & Conrad, H. S. (1933). The growth and decline of intelligence: A study of a homogeneous group between the ages of ten and sixty. Genetic Psychology Monographs, 13, 223–298.

Jöreskog, K. G. (1971). Simultaneous factor analysis in several populations. Psychometrika, 36, 409–426.

Jöreskog, K. G., & Sörbom, D. (1977). Statistical models and methods for analysis of longitudinal data. In D. J. Aigner & A. S. Goldberger (Eds.), Latent variables in socioeconomic models (pp. 285–325). Amsterdam: North Holland.

Jöreskog, K. G. (1979). Statistical estimation of structural models in longitudinal developmental investigations. In J. R. Nesselroade & P. B. Baltes (Eds.), Longitudinal research in the study of behavior and development (pp. 303–351). New York: Academic Press Jöreskog, K. G., & Sörbom, D. (1980). Simultaneous analysis of longitudinal data from several cohorts (Research Report No. 80–5). Uppsala, Sweden: University of Uppsala.

Jöreskog, K. G., & Sörbom, D. (1988). LISREL VII—Analysis of linear structural equations systems by maximum likelihood methods. Chicago: International Educational Services.

Jöreskog, K. G., & Sörbom, D. (1993). LISREL 8: User’s reference guide. Chicago: Scientific Software.

Kail, R., Pellegrino, J., & Carter, P. (1980). Developmental changes in mental rotation. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 39, 102–116.

Kalbfleisch, I. D., & Prentice, R. L. (1980). The statistical analyses of failure time data. New York: Wiley.

Kallman, F. J., & Sander, G. (1948). Twin studies on aging and longevity. Journal of Heredity, 39, 349–357.

Kallman, F. J., & Sander, G. (1949). Twin studies on senescence. American Journal of Psychiatry, 106, 29–36.

Kallman, F. J., Feingold, L., & Bondy, E. (1951). Comparative adaptational, social, and psychometric data on the life histories of senescent twin pairs. American Journal of Human Genetics, 3, 65–73.

Kamin, L. J. (1974). The science and politics of IQ. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Kaplan, E., Goodglass, H., & Weintraub, S. (1984). The Boston Naming Test. Philadelphia: Lee and Febinger.

Kaufman, A. S., Kaufman, J. L., McLean, J. E., & Reynolds, C. R. (1991). Is the pattern of intellectual growth and decline across the adult life span different for men and women? Journal of Clinical Psychology, 47, 801–820.

Kausler, D. H. (1982). Experimental psychology and human aging. New York: Wiley.

Kennet, J., & Schaie, K. W. (1998, November). Apolipoprotein E allele combinations, plasma lipid profiles. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Gerontological Society of America, Philadelphia.

Kennet, J., Revell, A. J., & Schaie, K. W. (1999, November). Early psychometric indicators of possible dementia in later life: Apo E genotypes and cognitive performance among middle-aged and older community-dwelling adults. Poster presented at the annual meeting of the Gerontological Society of America, San Francisco.

Vickers, R. R. Jr., Conway, T. L., & Hervig, L. K. (1990). Demonstration of replicable dimensions of health behavior. Preventive Medicine, 19, 377–401.

Kennet, J., McGuire, L., Willis, S. L., Schaie, I. W., & Caskie, G. (2000). Memorability functions in verbal memory: A longitudinal approach. Experimental Aging Research, 26, 121–137.

Kenny, D. A. (1975). Cross-lagged panel correlation: A test for spuriousness. Psychological Bulletin, 82, 887–903.

Kenny, D. A. (1979). Correlation and causality. New York: Wiley.

Kertzer, D., & Schaie, K. W. (Eds.). (1989). Age structuring in comparative perspective. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Khan, A. R., Chung, M. K., & Beg, M. F. (2009). Robust atlas-based brain segmentation using multi-structured confidence-related registration. Paper presented at the 2009 MICCAI Conference.

Khan, A. R., Wang, L., & Beg, M. F. (2008). FreeSurfer-initiated fully-automated subcortical brain segmentation in MRI using Large Def formation Diffeomorphic Metric Mapping. NeuroImage, 41, 735–746.

Kivipelto, M., Helkala, E. L., Laakso, M. P., Hanninen, T., Hallikainen, M., Alhainen, K., et al. (2002). Apolipoprotein E epsilon4 allele, elevated midlife total cholesterol level, and high midlife systolic blood pressure are independent risk factors for late-life Alzheimer disease. Annals of Internal Medicine, 137, 149–155.

Kiyak, H. A., Teri, L., & Borson, S. (1994). Physical and functional health assessment in normal aging and in Alzheimer’s disease: Self-reports vs. family reports. Gerontologist, 34, 324–330.

Kleemeier, R. (1962). Intellectual changes in the senium. In Proceedings of the Social Statistics Section of the American Statistical Society (pp. 290–295). Washington, DC: American Statistical Society.

Kohn, M. L., Schooler, C. J., Miller, J., Miller, K. A., Schoenbach, C., & Schoenberg, R. (1983). Work and personality: An inquiry into the impact of social stratification. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.

Kok, E., Haikonen, S., Luoto, T., Huhtala, H., Goebeler, S., Haapasalo, H., et al. (2009). Apolipoprotein E-dependent accumulation of Alzheimer disease-related lesions begins in middle age. Annals of Neurology, 65, 650–657.

Kotovsky, K., & Simon, H. (1973). Empirical tests of a theory of human acquisition of concepts for serial patterns. Cognitive Psychology, 4, 339–424.

Kramer, A. F., & Willis, S. L. (2002). Enhancing the cognitive vitality of older adults. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 11, 173–177.

Kuhlen, R. G. (1940). Social change: A neglected factor in psychological studies of the life span. School and Society, 52, 14–16.

Kuhlen, R. G. (1963). Age and intelligence: The significance of cultural change in longitudinal vs. cross-sectional findings. Vita Humana, 6, 113–124.

Lachman, J. L., Lachman, R., & Thronesbery, C. (1979). Metamemory through the adult life span. Developmental Psychology, 15, 543–551.

Lachman, M. E. (1983). Perceptions of intellectual aging: Antecedent or consequence of intellectual function? Developmental Psychology, 19, 482–498.

Lachman, M. E., & Jelalian, E. (1984). Self-efficacy and attributions for intellectual performance in young and elderly adults. Journal of Gerontology, 39, 577–582.

Lachman, M. E., Steinberg, E. S., & Trotter, S. W. (1987). Effects of control beliefs and attributions on memory self-assessment and performance. Psychology and Aging, 2, 266–271.

Lachman, M. E. (1989). Personality at the cross-roads: Beyond stability and change. In K. W. Schaie & C. Schooler (Eds.), Social structure and aging: Psychological processes (pp. 167–190). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Lamy, P. P., Salzman, C., & Nevis-Olesen, J. (1992). Drug prescribing patterns, risks, and compliance guidelines. In C. Salzman (Ed.), Clinical geriatric psychopharmacology (2nd ed., pp. 15–37). Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins.

Lankes, W. (1915). Perseveration. British Journal of Psychology, 7, 387–419.

LaRue, A. (1992). Aging and neuropsychological assessment: Critical issues in neuropsychology. New York: Plenum.

Lawton, M. P., & Brody, E. M. (1969). Assessment of older people: Self-maintaining and instrumental activities of daily living. Gerontologist, 9, 179–185.

Ledermann, T. (2003). Familienklima und kognitive Funktionen im Erwachsenenalter. Eine LISREL basierte Explorativuntersuchung mit Daten der Seattle Langzeitstudie [Family environment and cognitive functioning in adults: A LISREL-based exploration of data from the Seattle Longitudinal Study]. Unpublished master’s thesis, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland.

Lerner, R. M. (1984). On the nature of human plasticity. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Lewin, K. (1935). Dynamic theory of personality. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Lindenberger, U., & Baltes, P. B. (1994). Sensory functioning and intelligence in old age. Psychology and Aging, 9, 339–355.

Little, R. J. A., & Rubin, D. B. (1987). Statistical analysis with missing data. New York: Wiley.

Logsdon, R. G., Gibbons, L. E., McCurry, S. M., & Teri, L. (1999). Quality of life in Alzheimer’s disease: Patient and caregiver reports. Journal of Mental Health and Aging, 5, 21–32.

Lorenc, L., & Branthwaite, A. (1993). Are older adults less compliant with prescribed medication than younger adults? British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 32, 485–492.

Lucas, R. E. (2007). Adaptation and the set-point model of subjective well-being: Does happiness change after major life events? Current Directions in Psychological Science, 16, 75–79.

Luchins, A. (1942). Mechanization in problem solving: The effect of Einstellung. Psychological Monographs, 54(6, Whole No. 248).

Lyons, M. J., York, T. P., Franz, C. E., Grant, M. D., Eaves, L. J., Jacobson, K. C., et al. (2009). Genes determine stability and the environment determines change in cognitive ability during 35 years of adulthood. Psychological Science, 20(9), 1146–1152 (PMCID #2753423).

MacDonald, A. P., Jr. (1972). Characteristics of volunteer subjects under three recruiting methods: Pay, extra credit, and love of science. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 39, 220–234.

Magnusson, D. (1998). The logic and implication of a person-oriented approach. In R. B. Cairns, L. R. Bergman, and J. Kagan (Eds.), Methods and models for studying the individual (pp. 33–64). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Mahley, R. W., Weisgraber, K. H., & Huang, Y. (2006). Apolipoprotein E4: A causative factor and therapeutic target in neuropathology, including Alzheimer’s disease. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, 103, 5644–5651.

Maier, H. (1995). Health behaviors in adults: Interrelationships and correlates. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Pennsylvania State University, University Park.

Maier, H., & Smith, J. (1999). Psychological predictors of mortality in old age. Journals of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 54B, P44–P55.

Maitland, S. B., O’Hanlon, A. M., & Schaie, K. W. (1990, November). Activity patterns and dimensions across the life span. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Gerontological Society of America, Boston.

Maitland, S. B., & Schaie, K. W. (1991, November). Individual and lifestyle antecedents of cardiovascular disease. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Gerontological Society of America, San Francisco.

Maitland, S. B., Dutta, R., Schaie, K. W., & Willis, S. L. (1992, November). Trait invariance and cohort differences of adult personality. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Gerontological Society of America, Washington, D.C.

Maitland, S. B. (1993). Individual and lifestyle antecedents and concomitants of chronic diseases: Behavioral influences on health. Unpublished master’s thesis, Pennsylvania State University, University Park.

Maitland, S. B., Willis, S. L., & Schaie, K. W. (1993, November). The effect of cardiovascular disease on personality and attitudinal factors. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Gerontological Society of America, New Orleans, LA.

Maitland, S. B. (1997). Factorial invariance and concordance of health behaviors and health status: A study of individual differences in familial context. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Pennsylvania State University, University Park.

Maitland, S. B., Intrieri, R. C., Schaie, K. W., & Willis, S. L. (2000). Gender differences in cognitive abilities: Invariance of covariance and latent mean structure. Aging, Neuropsychology and Cognition, 7, 32–53.

Marsiske, M., & Willis, S. L. (1995). Dimensionality of everyday problem solving in older adults. Psychology and Aging, 10, 269–282.

Mason, K. G., Mason, W. H., Winsborough, H. H., & Poole, W. K. (1973). Some methodological problems in cohort analyses of archival data. American Sociological Review, 38, 242–258.

Matarazzo, J. D. (1972). Wechsler’s measurement and appraisal of adult intelligence. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins.

Mattis, S. (1988). Dementia rating scale. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.

Mayr, U., & Kliegl, R. (1993). Sequential and coordinative complexity: Age-based processing limitations in figural transformation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 19, 1297–1321.

McArdle, J. J. (1988). Dynamic but structural equation modeling of repeated measures data. In R. Nesselroade, Jr., & R. B. Cattell (Eds.), Handbook of multivariate experimental psychology (Vol. 2, pp. 561–614). New York: Plenum.

McArdle, J. J., & Anderson, E. (1990). Latent growth models for research on aging. In J. E. Birren & K. W. Schaie (Eds.), Handbook of the psychology of aging (3rd ed., pp. 21–44). New York: Academic Press.

McArdle, J. J., & Hamagami, F. (1991). Modeling incomplete longitudinal and cross-sectional data using latent growth structural models. In L. M. Collins & J. L. Horn (Eds.), Best methods for the analysis of change (pp. 276–304). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

McClearn, G. E., & Vogler, G. P. (2001). The genetics of behavioral aging. In J. E. Birren & K. W. Schaie (Eds.), Handbook of the psychology of aging (5th ed., pp. 109–131). San Diego, CA: Academic Press

Meredith, W. (1964). Notes on factorial invariance. Psychometrika, 29, 177–185.

Meredith, W. (1993). Measurement invariance, factor analysis and factorial invariance. Psychometrika, 58, 525–543.

Mischel, W. (1973). Towards a cognitive social learning reconceptualization of personality. Psychological Review, 80, 252–283.

Mohs, R. C., Kim, Y., Johns, C. A., Dunn, D. D., Davis, K. L., Poon, L. W., et al. (1986). Assessing change in Alzheimer’s disease: Memory and language tests. In L. W. Poon (Ed.), Handbook for clinical memory assessment of older adults (pp. 149–155). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

Moos, R. H. (1981). Work Environment Scale manual. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.

Moos, R. H. (1985). Context and coping: Toward a unifying conceptual framework. American Journal of Community Psychology, 12, 5–25.

Moos, R. H., & Moos, B. (1986). Family Environment Scale manual (2nd ed.). Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.

Moos, R. H. (1987). The Social Climate Scales: A user’s guide. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.

Morrell, R. W., Park, D. C., & Poon, L. W. (1989). Quality of instructions on prescription drug labels: Effects on memory and comprehension in young and old adults. Gerontologist, 29, 345–354.

Morris, J. C., Heyman, A., Mohs, R. C., Hughes, J. P., van Belle, G., Fillenbaum, G., et al. (1989). The Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer’s Disease (CERAD). Part I. Rates of cognitive change in the longitudinal assessment of probable Alzheimer’s disease. Neurology, 43, 2457–2465.

Morris, J. C., Edland, S., Clark, C., Galasko, C., Koss, E., Mohs, R., et al. (1993). The Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer’s Disease (CERAD). Part IV. Clinical and neuro-psychological assessment of Alzheimer’s disease. Neurology, 39, 1159–1165.

Mulaik, S. A. (1972). Foundations of factor analysis. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Mungas, D., Harvey, D., Reed, B. R, Jagust, W. J., DeCarli, C., Beckett, L., et al. (2005). Longitudinal volumetric MRI change and rate of cognitive decline. Neurology, 65, 565–571.

Murstein, B. I. (1980). Mate selection in the 1970s. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 42, 777–792.

Muscovith, M., & Winocur, G. (1992). The neuropsychology of memory and aging. In F. I. M. Craik & T. A. Salthouse (Eds.), Handbook of aging and cognition (pp. 315–370). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. O. (1998). Mplus, the comprehensive modeling program for applied researchers user’s guide. Los Angeles: Author.

Nelson, W. (1982). Applied life data analysis. New York: Wiley.

Nesselroade, J. R., Baltes, P. B., & Schaie, K. W. (1972). Ontogenetic and generational components of structural and quantitative change in adult behavior. Journal of Gerontology, 27, 222–228.

Nesselroade, J. R., Stigler, S. M., & Baltes, P. B. (1980). Regression towards the mean and the study of change. Psychological Bulletin, 88, 622–637.

Nesselroade, J. R., & Labouvie, E. W. (1985). Experimental design in research on aging. In J. E. Birren & K. W. Schaie (Eds.), Handbook of the psychology of aging (2nd ed., pp. 35–60). New York: Van Nostrand-Reinhold.

Nguyen, H. T. (2000). Environmental complexity factors: A study of familial similarities and differences. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Pennsylvania State University, University Park.

Nilsson, L. G., Sternang, O., Ronnlund, M, & Nyberg, L. (2009). Challenging the notion of an early-onset of cognitive decline. Neurobiology of Aging, 30, 521–524.

Nunnally, J. C. (1982). The study of human change: Measurement, research strategies, and methods of analysis. In B. B. Wolman (Ed.), Handbook of developmental psychology (pp. 133–148). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

Nyberg, L., & Bäckman, L. (2011). Memory changes and the aging brain: A multi-model imaging approach. In K. W. Schaie & S. L. Willis (Eds.). Handbook of the psychology of aging (pp. 121–131). San Diego, CA: Elsevier.

O’Connell, M. B., & Johnson, J. F. (1992). Evaluation of medication knowledge in elderly patients. Annals of Pharmacotherapy, 26, 919–921.

O’Hanlon, A. M. (1993). Inter-individual patterns of intellectual aging: The influence of environmental factors. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Pennsylvania State University, University Park.

Owens, W. A., Jr. (1953). Age and mental abilities: A longitudinal study. Genetic Psychology Monographs, 48, 3–54.

Owens, W. A., Jr. (1959). Is age kinder to the initially more able? Journal of Gerontology, 14, 334–337.

Papp, K. V., Walsh, S. J, & Snyder, P. J. (2009). Immediate and delayed effects of cognitive interventions in healthy elderly: A review of current literature and future directions. Alzheimer’s Dementia, 5, 50–60.

Parasuraman, R., Greenwood, P. M., & Sunderland, T. (2002). The apolipoprotein ED gene, attention, and brain function. Neuropsychology, 16, 254–274.

Parham, I. A., Gribbin, K., Hertzog, C., & Schaie, K. W. (1975, July). Health status change by age and implications for adult cognitive change. Paper presented at the 10th International Congress of Gerontology, Jerusalem.

Park, D. C., Willis, S. L., Morrow, D., Diehl, M., & Gaines, C. L. (1994). Cognitive function and medication usage in older adults. Journal of Applied Gerontology, 13, 39–57.

Park, D. C, & Reuter-Lorenz, P. (2009). The adaptive brain: Aging and neurocognitive scaffolding. Annual Review of Psychology, 60, 173–210.

Pedersen, N. L., McClearn, G. E., Plomin, R., Nesselroade, J. R., Berg, S., & DeFore, U. (1991). The Swedish Adoption/Twin Study of Aging: An update. Acta Geneticae Medicae et Gemellologiae, 33, 243–250.

Pedersen, N. L. (1996). Gerontological behavior genetics. In J. E. Birren & K. W. Schaie (Eds.), Handbook of the psychology of aging (4th ed., pp. 59–77). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.

Pedersen, N. L., & Reynolds, C. A. (1998). Stability and change in adult personality: Genetic and environmental components. European Journal of Personality, 12, 365–386.

Pedersen, N. L., & Liechtenstein, P. (2000). The Swedish Twin Registry. In B. Smedby, I. Lundberg, & T. I. A. Sørensen (Eds.), Scientific evaluation of the Swedish Twin Registry (pp. 15–44). Stockholm: Swedish Council for Planning and Coordination of Research.

Perlmutter, M. (1978). What is memory development the aging of? Developmental Psychology, 14, 330–345.

Persson, J., Nyberg, L., Lind, J., Larsson, A., Nilsson L. G., Ingvar, M., et al. (2006). Structure-function correlates of cognitive decline in aging. Cerebral Cortex, 16, 907–915.

Piaget, J. (1972). Intellectual evolution from adolescence to adulthood. Human Development, 15, 1–12.

Pierre, S. T., Schaie, K.W., Ryan, L. H., & Stiehler, B. J. (2008, March). Performance on cognitive abilities by age and family history of dementia. Poster presented at the annual meeting of the Eastern Psychological Association, Boston.

Plomin, R., DeFries, J. C., & McClearn, G. E. (1980). Behavioral genetics. San Francisco: Freeman.

Plomin, R. (1983). Developmental behavior genetics. Child Development, 54, 253–259.

Plomin, R. (1986). Development, genetics, and psychology. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Plomin, R. (1987). The nature and nurture of cognitive abilities. In R. Sternberg (Ed.), Advances in the psychology of human intelligence (Vol. 4, pp. 1–33). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Plomin, R., & Daniels, D. (1987). Why are two children in the same family so different from each other? Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 10, 1–16.

Plomin, R., & Thompson, L. A. (1987). Life-span developmental behavior genetics. In P. B. Baltes, D. L. Featherman, & R. M. Lerner (Eds.), Life-span development and behavior (Vol. 8, pp. 1–31). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Plomin, R., Pedersen, N. L., Nesselroade, J. R., & Bergeman, C. S. (1988). Genetic influence on childhood family environment perceived retrospectively from the last half of the life span. Developmental Psychology, 24, 738–745.

Plomin, R., & McClearn, G. E. (1990). Human behavioral genetics of aging. In J. E. Birren & K. W. Schaie (Eds.), Handbook of the psychology of aging (3rd ed., pp. 66–77). New York: Academic Press.

Poduslo, S. E., & Yin, X. (2001). A new locus on chromosome 19 linked with late-onset Alzheimer’s disease. Neuroreport for Rapid Communicaion of Neuroscience Research, 12, 3759–3761.

Pollard, A. H., Yussuf, F., & Pollard, C. N. (1981). Demographic techniques. Sydney, Australia: Pergamon.

Poon, L. W., Walsh-Sweeney, L., & Fozard, J. L. (1980). Memory training for the elderly. In L. W. Poon, J. L. Fozard, L. S. Cermak, D. Arenberg, & L. W. Thompson (Eds.), New directions in memory and aging (pp. 481–484). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Pressey, S. L., Janney, J. E., & Kuhlen, R. G. (1939). Life: A psychological survey. New York: Hayer.

Preston, D. L., & Clarkson, D. B. (1983). SURVREG: A program for the interactive analysis of survival regression models. American Statistician, 37, 134.

Price, R. A., & Vandenberg, S. G. (1980). Spouse similarity in American and Swedish couples. Behavior Genetics, 10, 59–71.

Quayhagen, M. (1979). Training spatial rotation in elderly women. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Southern California, Los Angeles.

Radloff, L. S. (1977). A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 3, 385–401.

Radloff, L. S., & Teri, L. (1986). Use of the Center for Epidemiological Studies–Depression Scale with older adults. Clinical Gerontologist, 5, 119–137.

Raz, N., Gunning-Dixon, F., Head, D., Rodrigue, K. M, Williamson, A., & Acker, J. D. (2004). Aging, sexual dimorphism, and hemispheric asymmetry of the cerebral cortex: Replicability of regional differences in volume. Neurobiology of Aging, 25, 377–396.

Raz, N., Lindenberger, U., Rodrigue, K, M., Kennedy, K. M., Head, D., Williamson, A., et al. (2005). Regional brain changes in aging healthy adults: General trends, individual differences and modifiers. Cerebral Cortex, 15, 1676–1689.

Raz, N., & Rodrigue, K. M. (2006). Differential aging of the brain: Patterns, cognitive correlates and modifiers. Neuroscience and Biobehavior Review, 30, 730–748.

Raz, N., Lindenberger, U., Ghisletta, P., Rodrigue, K. M., Kennedy, K. M., & Acker, J. D. (2008). Neuroanatomical correlates of fluid intelligence in healthy adults and persons with vascular risk factors. Cerebral Cortex, 18, 718–726.

Reinert, G. (1970). Comparative factor analytic studies of intelligence through the human life-span. In L. R. Goulet & P. B. Baltes (Eds.), Life-span developmental psychology: Research and theory (pp. 468–485). New York: Academic Press.

Reitan, R. M., & Wolfson, D. (1985). The Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Test Battery: Theory and clinical interpretation. Tucson, AZ: Neuropsychology Press.

Resnick, S. M, Pham, D. L., Kraut, M. A., Zonderman, A. B, Davatzikos, C. (2003). Longitudinal magnetic resonance imaging studies of older adults: A shrinking brain. Journal of Neuroscience, 23, 3295–3301.

Revell, A. J., Caskie, G. I. L., Willis, S. L., & Schaie, K. W. (2009). Factor structure and invariance of the Quality of Life in Alzheimer’s Disease (QoL-AD) Scale. Experimental Aging Research, 35, 250–267.

Riegel, K. F., Riegel, R. M., & Meyer, G. (1967). A study of the drop-out rates in longitudinal research on aging and the prediction of death. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 4, 342–348.

Riegel, K. F., & Riegel, R. M. (1972). Development, drop, and death. Developmental Psychology, 6, 306–319.

Riley, M. W., Johnson, M. J., & Foner, A. (1972). Aging and society: Vol. 3: A sociology of age stratification. New York: Russell Sage.

Riley, M. W. (1985). Overview and highlights of a sociological perspective. In A. B. Sørenson, F. E. Weinert, & L. R. Sherrod (Eds.), Human development: Interdisciplinary perspectives (pp. 153–175). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Roberts, B. W., & DelVecchio, W. F. (2000). The rank-order consistency of personality traits fom childhood to old age. Psychological Bulletin, 126, 3–25.

Rodin, J., Schooler, C., & Schaie, K. W. (Eds.). (1990). Self-directedness: Cause and effects throughout the life course. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Rodrigue, K. M., & Raz, N. (2004). Shrinkage of the entorhinal cortex over five years predicts memory performance in healthy adults. Journal of Neuroscience, 24, 956–963.

Rodrigue, K. M., & Kennedy, K. M. (2011). The cognitive consequences of structural changes in the aging brain. In K. W. Schaie & S. L. Willis (Eds.), Handbook of the psychology of aging (pp. 73–91). San Diego, CA: Elsevier.

Rosen, W. G., Mohs, R. C., & Davis, K. L. (1984). A new rating scale for Alzheimer’s diseases. American Journal of Psychiatry, 141, 1356–1364.

Rosenthal, R., & Rosnow, R. L. (1975). The volunteer subject. New York: Wiley.

Roth, A. (2001). Congruence types and consistency in congruence types over a fourteen-year period: Relationship with cognitive performance and rigidity-flexibility. Unpublished master’s thesis, Pennsylvania State University, University Park.

Rott, C. (1990). Intelligenzentwicklung im Alter [Development of intelligence in old age]. Zeitschrift für Gerontologie, 23, 252–261.

Rowe, D. C., & Plomin, R. (1981). The importance of nonshared (EI) environmental influences in behavioral delopment. Developmental Psychology, 17, 517–531.

Ryan, J. J., Paolo, A. M., & Brugardt, T. M. (1992). WAIS-R test-retest stability in normal persons 75 years and older. Clinical Neuropsychologist, 6, 3–8.

Ryan, L. H. (2008). The work environment and cognitive function across adulthood: Reciprocal relations and meaningful outcomes. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Pennsylvania State University, University Park.

Ryder, N. B. (1965). The cohort as a concept in the study of social changes. American Sociological Review, 30, 843–861.

Saczynski, J. S. (2001). Cognitive training gains in the Seattle Longitudinal Study: Individual predictors and mediators of training effects. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Pennsylvania State University, University Park.

Saczynski, J. S., Willis, S. L., & Schaie, K. W. (2002). Strategy use in reasoning training with older adults. Aging, Neuropsychology and Cognition, 9, 48–60.

Salthouse, T. A. (1982). Adult cognition: An experimental psychology of human aging. New York: Springer-Verlag.

Salthouse, T. A. (1985). Speed of behavior and implications for cognition. In J. E. Birren & K. W. Schaie (Eds.), Handbook of the psychology of aging (2nd ed., pp. 400–426). New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.

Salthouse, T. A. (1993). Speed mediation of adult age differences in verbal tests. Developmental Psychology, 29, 722–738.

Salthouse, T. A., Hancock, H. E., Meinz, E. J., & Hambrick, D. Z. (1996). Interrelations of age, visual acuity, and cognitive functioning. Journals of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 51B, P317–P330.

Salthouse, T. A. (2009). When does age-related cognitive decline begin? Neurobiology of Aging, 30, 507–514.

SAS Institute Inc. (1983). SAS supplementary library user’s guide. Cary, NC: SAS Institute, Inc.

Saunders, A. M. (2000). Apolipoprotein E and Alzheimer Disease: An update on genetic and functional analyses. Journal of Neuropathology and Experimenal Neurology, 69, 751–758.

Saunders, A. M., Strittmatter, W. A., Schmedel, D., St. George-Hyslop, P., Pericak-Vance, M. A., Jon, S. H., et al. (1993). Association of apolipoprotein E allele ε4 with late onset familial and sporadic Alzheimer’s disease. Neurology, 43, 1467–1472.

Schaie, K. W. (1953). Measuring behavioral rigidity: A factorial investigation of some tests of rigid behavior. Unpublished master’s thesis, University of Washington, Seattle.

Schaie, K. W., Rosenthal, F., & Perlman, R. M. (1953). Differential deterioration of factorially “pure” mental abilities. Journal of Gerontology, 8, 191–196.

Schaie, K. W. (1955). A test of behavioral rigidity. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 51, 604–610.

Schaie, K. W. (1958a). Differences in some personal characteristics of “rigid” and “flexible” individuals. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 14, 11–14.

Schaie, K. W. (1958b). Occupational level and the Primary Mental Abilities. Journal of Educational Psychology, 40, 299–303.

Schaie, K. W. (1958c). Rigidity-flexibility and intelligence: A cross-sectional study of the adult life-span from 20 to 70. Psychological Monographs, 72 (9, Whole No. 462).

Schaie, K. W. (1958d). Tests of hypotheses about differences between two intercorrelation matrices. Journal of Experimental Education, 26, 242–245.

Schaie, K. W., Rommel, L. A., & Weiss, J. M. A. (1959). Judging the relative severity of psychiatric outpatient complaints. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 15, 380–388.

Schaie, K. W. (1959a). Cross-sectional methods in the study of psychological aspects of aging. Journal of Gerontology, 14, 208–215.

Schaie, K. W. (1959b). The effect of age on a scale of social responsibility. Journal of Social Psychology, 50, 221–224.

Schaie, K. W. (1960). Manual for the Test of Behavioral Rigidity. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.

Schaie, K. W., Chatham, L. R., & Weiss, J. M. A. (1961). The multi-professional intake assessment of older psychiatric patients. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 1, 92–100.

Schaie, K. W. (1962). A field-theory approach to age changes in cognitive behavior. Vita Humana, 5, 129–141.

Schaie, K. W. (1963). The Color Pyramid Test: A non-verbal technique for personality assessment. Psychological Bulletin, 60, 530–547.

Schaie, K. W., Baltes, P. B., & Strother, C. R. (1964). A study of auditory sensitivity in advanced age. Journal of Gerontology, 19, 453–457.

Schaie, K. W., & Heiss, R. (1964). Color and personality. Bern, Switzerland: Huber.

Schaie, K. W. (1965). A general model for the study of developmental problems. Psychological Bulletin, 64, 91–107.

Schaie, K. W. (1967). Age changes and age differences. Gerontologist, 7, 128–132.

Schaie, K. W., & Strother, C. R. (1968a). Cognitive and personality variables in college graduates of advanced age. In G. A. Talland (Ed.), Human behavior and aging: Recent advances in research and theory (pp. 281–308). New York: Academic Press.

Schaie, K. W., & Strother, C. R. (1968b). The cross-sequential study of age changes in cognitive behavior. Psychological Bulletin, 70, 671–680.

Schaie, K. W., & Strother, C. R. (1968c). The effects of time and cohort differences on the interpretation of age changes in cognitive behavior. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 3, 259–294.

Schaie, K. W., & Strother, C. R. (1968d). Limits of optimal functioning in superior old adults. In S. M. Chown & K. F. Riegel (Eds.), Interdisciplinary topics in gerontology (pp. 132–150). Basel, Switzerland: Karger.

Schaie, K. W. (1970). A reinterpretation of age-related changes in cognitive structure and functioning. In L. R. Goulet & P. B. Baltes (Eds.), Life-span developmental psychology: Research and theory (pp. 485–507). New York: Academic Press.

Schaie, K. W. (1972). Can the longitudinal method be applied to psychological studies of human development? In F. Z. Mönks, W. W. Hartup, & J. DeWitt (Eds.), Determinants of human behavior (pp. 3–22). New York: Academic Press.

Schaie, K. W., Labouvie, G. V., & Barrett, T. J. (1973). Selective attrition effects in a fourteen-year study of adult intelligence. Journal of Gerontology, 28, 328–334.

Schaie, K. W., Labouvie, G. V., & Buech, B. U. (1973). Generational and cohort-specific differences in adult cognitive functioning: A fourteen-year study of independent samples. Developmental Psychology, 9, 151–156.

Schaie, K. W. (1973a, August). Cumulative health trauma and changes in adult cognitive behavior. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Psychological Association, Montreal, Canada.

Schaie, K. W. (1973b). Methodological problems in descriptive developmental research on adulthood and aging. In J. R. Nesselroade & H. W. Reese (Eds.), Life-span developmental psychology: Methodological issues (pp. 253–280). New York: Academic Press.

Schaie, K. W. (1974). Translations in gerontology—From lab to life: Intellectual functioning. American Psychologist, 29, 802–807.

Schaie, K. W., & Labouvie-Vief, G. (1974). Generational versus ontogenetic components of change in adult cognitive behavior: A fourteen-year cross-sequential study. Developmental Psychology, 10, 305–320.

Schaie, K. W., & Parham, I. A. (1974). Social responsibility in adulthood: Ontogenetic and socio-cultural change. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 30, 483–492.

Schaie, K. W. (1975). Research strategy in developmental human behavior genetics. In K. W. Schaie, E. V. Anderson, G. E. McClearn, & J. Money (Eds.), Developmental human behavior genetics (pp. 205–220). Lexington, MA: Heath.

Schaie, K. W., & Baltes, P. B. (1975). On sequential strategies in developmental research: Description or explanation? Human Development, 18, 384–390.

Schaie, K. W., & Gribbin, K. (1975). Einflüsse der aktuellen Umwelt auf die Persönlichkeitsentwicklung im Erwachsenenalter [Environmental influences on personality in adulthood]. Zeitschrift für Entwicklungspsychologie und Pädagogische Psychologie, 7, 233–246.

Schaie, K. W., & Parham, I. A. (1975). Manual for the Test of Behavioral Rigidity. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.

Schaie, K. W., & Parham, I. A. (1976). Stability of adult personality traits: Fact or fable? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 34, 146–158.

Schaie, K. W. (1977). Quasi-experimental designs in the psychology of aging. In J. E. Birren & K. W. Schaie (Eds.), Handbook of the psychology of aging (pp. 39–58). New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.

Schaie, K. W., & Goulet, L. R. (1977). Trait theory and verbal learning processes. In R. B. Cattell & R. M. Dreger (Eds.), Handbook of modern personality theory (pp. 567–584). New York: Hemisphere/Halsted Press.

Schaie, K. W., & Parham, I. A. (1977). Cohort-sequential analyses of adult intellectual development. Developmental Psychology, 12, 649–653.

Schaie, K. W. (1977–1978). Toward a stage theory of adult development. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 8, 129–138.

Schaie, K. W. (1978). External validity in the assessment of intellectual development in adulthood. Journal of Gerontology, 33, 695–701.

Schaie, K. W. (1979). The Primary Mental Abilities in adulthood: An exploration in the development of psychometric intelligence. In P. B. Baltes & O. G. Brim, Jr. (Eds.), Life-span development and behavior (Vol. 2, pp. 67–115). New York: Academic Press.

Schaie, K. W. (1980a). Age changes in intelligence. In R. D. Sprott (Ed.), Age, learning ability and intelligence (pp. 41–77). New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.

Schaie, K. W. (1980b). Cognitive development in aging. In L. K. Obler & M. Albert (Eds.), Language and communication in the elderly (pp. 7–26). Lexington, MA: Heath.

Schaie, K. W. (1980c). Intelligence and problem solving. In J. E. Birren & R. B. Sloane (Eds.), Handbook of mental health and aging (pp. 262–280). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

Schaie, K. W., & Hertzog, C. (1982). Longitudinal methods. In B. B. Wolman (Ed.), Handbook of developmental psychology (pp. 91–115). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

Schaie, K. W., & Hertzog, C. (1983). Fourteen-year cohort-sequential studies of adult intelligence. Developmental Psychology, 19, 531–543.

Schaie, K. W. (1983a). The Seattle Longitudinal Study: A twenty-one-year exploration of psychometric intelligence in adulthood. In K. W. Schaie (Ed.), Longitudinal studies of adult psychological development (pp. 64–135). New York: Guilford.

Schaie, K. W. (1983b). What can we learn from the longitudinal study of adult psychological development? In K. W. Schaie (Ed.), Longitudinal studies of adult psychological development (pp. 1–19). New York: Guilford.

Schaie, K. W. (1984a). Historical time and cohort effects. In K. A. McCloskey & H. W. Reese (Eds.), Life-span developmental psychology: Historical and generational effects (pp. 1–15). New York: Academic Press.

Schaie, K. W. (1984b). Midlife influences upon intellectual functioning in old age. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 7, 463–478.

Schaie, K. W. (1985). Manual for the Schaie-Thurstone Adult Mental Abilities Test (STAMAT). Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.

Schaie, K. W., & Hertzog, C. (1985). Measurement in the psychology of adulthood and aging. In J. E. Birren & K. W. Schaie (Eds.), Handbook of the psychology of aging (2nd ed., pp. 61–92). New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.

Schaie, K. W. (1986). Beyond calendar definitions of age, time and cohort: The general developmental model revisited. Developmental Review, 6, 252–277.

Schaie, K. W., & Hertzog, C. (1986). Toward a comprehensive model of adult intellectual development: Contributions of the Seattle Longitudinal Study. In R. J. Sternberg (Ed.), Advances in human intelligence (Vol. 3, pp. 79–118). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Schaie, K. W., & Willis, S. L. (1986a). Adult development and aging (2nd ed.). Boston: Little, Brown.

Schaie, K. W., & Willis, S. L. (1986b). Can intellectual decline in the elderly be reversed? Developmental Psychology, 22, 223–232.

Schaie, K. W. (1987). Applications of psychometric intelligence to the prediction of everyday competence in the elderly. In C. Schooler & K. W. Schaie (Eds.), Cognitive functioning and social structure over the life course (pp. 50–59). Norwood, NJ: Ablex.

Schaie, K. W., Willis, S. L., Hertzog, C., & Schulenberg, J. E. (1987). Effects of cognitive training upon primary mental ability structure. Psychology and Aging, 2, 233–242.

Schaie, K. W. (1988a). Ageism in psychological research. American Psychologist, 43, 179–183.

Schaie, K. W. (1988b). The delicate balance: Technology, intellectual competence, and normal aging. In G. Lesnoff-Cavaglia (Ed.), Aging in a technological society (Vol. 7, pp. 155–166). New York: Human Sciences Press.

Schaie, K. W. (1988c). The impact of research methodology on theory-building in the developmental sciences. In J. E. Birren & V. L. Bengtson (Eds.), Emergent theories of aging: Psychological and social perspectives on time, self and society (pp. 41–58). New York: Springer.

Schaie, K. W. (1988d). Internal validity threats in studies of adult cognitive development. In M. L. Howe & C. J. Brainard (Eds.), Cognitive development in adulthood: Progress in cognitive development research (pp. 241–272). New York: Springer-Verlag.

Schaie, K. W. (1988e). Variability in cognitive function in the elderly: Implications for social participation. In A. Woodhead, M. Bender, & R. Leonard (Ed.), Phenotypic variation in populations: Relevance to risk assessment (pp. 191–212). New York: Plenum.

Schaie, K. W., & Schooler, C. E. (Eds.). (1989). Social structure and aging: Psychological processes. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Schaie, K. W., Willis, S. L., Jay, G., & Chipuer, H. (1989). Structural invariance of cognitive abilities across the adult life span: A cross-sectional study. Developmental Psychology, 25, 652–662.

Schaie, K. W. (1989a). The hazards of cognitive aging. Gerontologist, 29, 484–493.

Schaie, K. W. (1989b). Individual differences in rate of cognitive change in adulthood. In V. L. Bengtson & K. W. Schaie (Eds.), The course of later life: Research and reflections (pp. 68–83). New York: Springer.

Schaie, K. W. (1989c). Perceptual speed in adulthood: Cross-sectional and longitudinal studies. Psychology and Aging, 4, 443–453.

Schaie, K. W., & O’Hanlon, A. M. (1990). The influence of social-environmental factors in the maintenance of adult intelligence. In R. Schmitz-Schertzer, A. Kruse, & E. Olbrich (Eds.), Altern—Ein lebenslanger Prozess der sozialen Interaktion [Aging—A lifelong process of social interaction] (pp. 55–66). Darmstadt, Germany: Steinkopf.

Schaie, K. W. (1990a). Intellectual development in adulthood. In J. E. Birren & K. W. Schaie (Eds.), Handbook of the psychology of aging (3rd ed., pp. 291–309). New York: Academic Press.

Schaie, K. W. (1990b). Late life potential and cohort differences in mental abilities. In M. Perlmutter (Ed.), Late life potential (pp. 43–62). Washington, DC: Gerontological Society of America.

Schaie, K. W. (1990c). The optimization of cognitive functioning in old age: Predictions based on cohort-sequential and longitudinal data. In P. B. Baltes & M. M. Baltes (Eds.), Successful aging: Perspectives from the behavioral sciences (pp. 94–117). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

Schaie, K. W., Dutta, R., & Willis, S. L. (1991). The relationship between rigidity–flexibility and cognitive abilities in adulthood. Psychology and Aging, 6, 371–383.

Schaie, K. W., & Willis, S. L. (1991). Adult personality and psychomotor performance: Cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses. Journals of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 46, P275–P284.

Schaie, K. W. (1992). The impact of methodological changes in gerontology. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 35, 19–29.

Schaie, K. W., Blazer, D., & House, J. (Eds.). (1992). Aging, health behavior and health outcomes. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Schaie, K. W., Plomin, R., Willis, S. L., Gruber-Baldini, A., & Dutta, R. (1992). Natural cohorts: Family similarity in adult cognition. In T. Sonderegger (Ed.), Psychology and aging: Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, 1991 (Vol. 38, pp. 205–243). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.

Schaie, K. W. (1993). The Seattle Longitudinal Study: A thirty-five-year inquiry of adult intellectual development. Zeitschrift für Gerontologie, 26, 129–137.

Schaie, K. W., & Achenbaum, W. A. (1993). Societal impact on aging: Historical perspectives. New York: Springer Publishing Co.

Schaie, K. W., Plomin, R., Willis, S. L., Gruber-Baldini, A. L., Dutta, R., & Bayen, U. (1993). Family similarity in adult intellectual development. In J. J. F. Schroots (Ed.), Aging, health and competence: The next generation of longitudinal research (pp. 183–198). Amsterdam: Elsevier.

Schaie, K. W., & Willis, S. L. (1993). Age difference patterns of psychometric intelligence in adulthood: Generalizability within and across ability domains. Psychology and Aging, 8, 44–55.

Schaie, K. W., & Willis, S. L. (1994, August). A life-span approach to adult intellectual development. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Psychological Association, Los Angeles.

Schaie, K. W., Willis, S. L., & O’Hanlon, A. M. (1994). Perceived intellectual performance change over seven years. Journals of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 49, P108–P118.

Schaie, K. W. (1994a). The course of adult intellectual development. American Psychologist, 49, 304–313.

Schaie, K. W. (1994b). Developmental designs revisited. In S. H. Cohen & H. W. Reese (Eds.), Life-span developmental psychology: Theoretical issues revisited (pp. 45–64). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Schaie, K. W. (1995). Entwicklung im Alter: Individuelle Voraussetzungen und gesellschaftliche Konsequenzen [Development in old age? Individual assumptions and societal consequences]. In H.-U. Klose (Ed.), USA: Alterung und Modernisierung [Aging and modernization in the USA] (pp. 69–85). Bonn, Germany: Friedrich-Ebert Foundation.

Schaie, K. W., & Willis, S. L. (1995). Perceived family environments across generations. In V. L. Bengtson, K. W. Schaie, & L. Burton (Eds.), Societal impact on aging: Intergenerational perspectives (pp. 174–209). New York: Springer.

Schaie, K. W., & Willis, S. L. (1996). Psychometric intelligence and aging. In F. Blanchard-Fields & T. M. Hess (Eds.), Perspectives on cognitive change in adulthood and aging (pp. 293–322). New York: McGraw-Hill.

Schaie, K. W. (1996a). Generational differences. In J. E. Birren (Ed.), Encyclopedia of gerontology (pp. 567–576). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.

Schaie, K. W. (1996b). Intellectual development in adulthood: The Seattle Longitudinal Study. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Schaie, K. W. (1996c). Intellectual functioning and aging. In J. E. Birren & K. W. Schaie (Eds.), Handbook of the psychology of aging (4th ed., pp. 266–287). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.

Schaie, K. W. (1996d). The natural history of a longitudinal study. In M. R. Merrens & G. G. Brannigan (Eds.), The developmental psychologists (pp. 232–249). New York: McGraw-Hill.

Schaie, K. W., Maitland, S. B., Willis, S. L., & Intrieri, R. L. (1998). Longitudinal invariance of adult psychometric ability factor structures across seven years. Psychology and Aging, 13, 8–20.

Schaie, K. W., & Schooler, C. E. (Eds.). (1998). Impact of the work place on older persons. New York: Springer Publishing Co.

Schaie, K. W., & Willis, S. L. (1999). Theories of everyday competence and aging. In V. L. Bengtson & K. W. Schaie (Eds.), Handbook of theories of aging (pp. 174–195). New York: Springer.

Schaie, K. W., & Hendricks, J. (Eds.). (2000). Evolution of the aging self: Societal impacts. New York: Springer.

Schaie, K. W., Maitland, S. B., & Willis, S. L. (2000, April). Longitudinal studies of cognitive dedifferentiation. Paper presented at the Cognitive Aging Conference, Atlanta, GA.

Schaie, K. W., & Pietrucha, M. (2000). Mobility and aging. New York: Springer Publishing Co.

Schaie, K. W. (2000a). How does maintenance of intellectual competence contribute to quality of life and successful aging? In K. Manger (Ed.), Jenaer Universitätsreden [Jena University Lectures] (Vol. 9, pp. 21–40). Jena, Germany: Friedrich-Schiller-University Press.

Schaie, K. W., & Willis, S. L. (2000a, August). Cognitive abilities in new generations of elderly people. Paper presented at the International Congress of Psychology, Stockholm.

Schaie, K. W. (2000b). The impact of longitudinal studies on understanding development from young adulthood to old age. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 24, 257–266.

Schaie, K. W., & Willis, S. L. (2000b). A stage theory model of adult cognitive development revisited. In R. Rubinstein, M. Moss, & M. Kleban (Eds.), The many dimensions of aging: Essays in honor of M. Powell Lawton (pp. 175–193). New York: Springer.

Schaie, K. W. (2000c). Living with gerontology. In J. E. Birren & J. J. F. Schroots (Eds.), A history of geropsychology in autobiography (pp. 233–248). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

Schaie, K. W. (2000d). Longitudinal and related methodological issues in the Swedish Twin Registry. In B. Smedby, I. Lundberg, & T. I. A. Sørensen (Eds.), Scientific evaluation of the Swedish Twin Registry (pp. 62–74). Stockholm: Swedish Council for Planning and Coordination of Research.

Schaie, K. W., & Hofer, S. M. (2001). Longitudinal studies in research on aging. In J. E. Birren & K. W. Schaie (Eds.), Handbook of the psychology of aging (5th ed., pp. 55–77). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.

Schaie, K. W., Nguyen, H. T., Willis, S. L., Dutta, R., & Yue, G. A. (2001). Environmental factors as a conceptual framework for examining cognitive performance in Chinese adults. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 25, 193–202.

Schaie, K. W., & Zuo, Y. L. (2001). Family environments and adult cognitive functioning. In R. L. Sternberg & E. Grigorenko (Eds.), Context of intellectual development (pp. 337–361). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Schaie, K. W. (2002). The impact of longitudinal studies on understanding development from young adulthood to old age. In W. Hartup & R. K. Silbereisen (Eds.), Growing points in developmental science: An introduction (pp. 307–328). Cambridge, UK: Psychology Press.

Schaie, K. W., Leventhal, H., & Willis, S. L. (2002). Effective health behaviors in older adults. New York: Springer.

Schaie, K. W., & Willis, S. L. (2002). Adult development and aging (5th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

Schaie, K. W. (2004). Cognitive aging. In R. W. Pew & S. B. Van Hemel (Eds.), Technology for adaptive aging (pp. 41–63) Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

Schaie, K. W., Krause, N., & Booth, A. (Eds.). (2004). Religious influences on health and wellbeing in the elderly. New York: Springer Publishing Co.

Schaie, K. W., Willis, S. L., & Caskie, G. I. L. (2004). The Seattle Longitudinal Study: Relation between personality and cognition. Aging, Neuropsychology and Cognition, 11, 204–234.

Schaie, K. W., Boron, J. B., & Willis, S. L. (2005). Intellectual competence. In M. L. Johnson (Ed.), Cambridge handbook of age and ageing (pp. 216–228). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

Schaie, K. W., & Caskie, G. I. L. (2005). Methodological issues in aging research. In D. M. Teti (Ed.), Handbook of research methods in developmental psychology (pp. 21–69). Cambridge, UK: Blackwell

Schaie, K. W., Caskie, G. I. L., Revell, A. J., Willis, S. L., Kaszniak, A. W., & Teri, L. (2005). Extending neuropsychological assessment into the Primary Mental Ability space. Aging, Neuropsychology and Cognition, 12, 245–277.

Schaie, K. W., & Elder, G. H., Jr. (Eds.). (2005). Historical influences on lives and aging. New York: Springer Publishing Co.

Schaie, K. W., Willis, S. L., & Pennak, S. (2005). A historical framework for cohort differences in intelligence. Research in Human Development, 2, 43–67.

Schaie, K. W. (2005a). Developmental influences on adult intelligence: The Seattle Longitudinal Study. New York: Oxford University Press.

Schaie, K. W. (2005b). What can we learn from longitudinal studies of adult intellectual development? Research in Human Development, 2, 133–158.

Schaie, K. W., & Carstensen, L. L. (Eds.). (2006). Social structures, aging and self-regulation in the elderly. New York: Springer Publishing Co.

Schaie, K. W., & Zanjani, F. A. K. (2006). Intellectual development across adulthood. In C. Hoare (Ed.), Handbook of adult development and learning (pp. 99–122). New York: Oxford University Press.

Schaie, K. W. (2006a). The concept of event time in the study of aging. In J. Baars & H. Visser (Eds.), Concepts of time and aging (pp. 121–135). Amityville, NY: Baywood Publishing Co.

Schaie, K. W. (2006b). Societal influences on cognition in historical context. In K. W. Schaie & L. L. Carstensen (Eds.), Social structures, aging, and self-regulation in the elderly (pp. 13–24). New York: Springer Publishing Co.

Schaie, K. W., & Uhlenberg, P. (Eds.). (2007). Social structures demographic changes and the well-being of older persons. New York: Springer Publishing Co.

Schaie, K. W. (2007a). Generational differences: The age-cohort-period model. In J. E. Birren (Ed.), Encyclopedia of gerontology: Age, aging, and the aged (2nd ed., pp. 601–609). Oxford, UK: Elsevier.

Schaie, K. W. (2007b). Where is the Individual? Comments on Nesselroade, Gerstorf, Hardy and Ram. Measurement: Interdisciplinary Research and Perspectives, 5, 243–244.

Schaie, K. W., & Abeles, R. P. (Eds.). (2008). Social structures and aging individuals: Continuing challenges. New York: Springer Publishing Co.

Schaie, K. W. (2008a). Historical processes and patterns of cognitive aging. In S. M Hofer & D. F. Alwin (Eds.), Handbook on cognitive aging: Interdisciplinary perspective (pp. 368–383). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Schaie, K. W. (2008b). A lifespan developmental perspective of psychological aging. In K. Laidlaw & B. G. Knight (Eds.), The Handbook of emotional disorders in late life: Assessment and treatment (pp. 3–32). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.

Schaie, K. W. (2009). “When does age-related cognitive decline begin?” Salthouse again reifies the “cross-sectional fallacy.” Neurobiology of Aging, 30, 528–529.

Schaie, K. W. (2010). Adult cognitive development from a lifespan developmental perspective. Annual Report of Meiso University, 28, 21–35. Tokyo: Meiso University.

Schaie, K. W., & Willis, S. L. (2010). The Seattle longitudinal study of adult cognitive development. Bulletin of the International Society for the Study of Behavioral Development, 37 (1), 24–29.

Schaie, K. W. (2011). Historical influences on aging and behavior. In K. W. Schaie & S. L. Willis (Eds.), Handbook of the psychology of aging (7th ed., pp. 41–55). San Diego, CA: Elsevier.

Schaie, K. W., & Zanjani, F. A. K. (2011). The interface of adult learning and intelligence. In C. Hoare (Ed.), Handbook of adult development and learning (2nd ed., pp. 104–112). New York: Oxford University Press.

Scheidt, R. J., & Schaie, K. W. (1978). A situational taxonomy for the elderly: Generating situational criteria. Journal of Gerontology, 33, 348–357.

Scheier, I., & Ferguson, G. A. (1952). Further factorial studies of tests of rigidity. Canadian Journal of Psychology, 6, 19–30.

Schmitz-Scherzer, R., & Thomae, H. (1983). Constancy and change of behavior in old age: Findings from the Bonn Longitudinal Study of Aging. In K. W. Schaie (Ed.), Longitudinal studies of adult psychological development (pp. 191–221). New York: Guilford.

Schooler, C. (1972). Social antecedents of adult psychological functioning. American Review of Sociology, 78, 299–322.

Schooler, C. (1987). Psychological effects of complex environments during the life span: A review and theory. In C. Schooler & K. W. Schaie (Eds.), Cognitive functioning and social structure over the life course (pp. 24–49). Norwood, NJ: Ablex.

Schooler, C., & Schaie, K. W. (Eds.). (1987). Cognitive functioning and social structure over the life course. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.

Schooler, C. (1990). Psychosocial factors and effective cognitive functioning in adulthood. In J. E. Birren & K. W. Schaie (Eds.), Handbook of the psychology of aging (3rd ed., pp. 347–358). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.

Schooler, C., Mulatu, M. S., & Oates, G. (1999). The continuing effects of substantively complex work on the intellectual functioning of older workers. Psychology and Aging, 14, 483–506.

Schooler, C., & Caplan, L. J. (2009a). How those who have, thrive: Mechanisms underlying the well-being of the advantaged in later life. In H. B. Bosworth & C. Hertzog (Eds.), Aging and cognition (pp. 121–142). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

Schooler, C., & Caplan, L. J. (2009b). Those who have, get: Social structure, environmental complexity, intellectual functioning and self-directed orientation in the elderly. In K. W. Schaie & R. P. Abeles (Eds.), Social structures and aging individuals: Continuing challenges. New York: Springer Publishing Co.

Semla, T. P., Lemke, J. H., Helling, D. K., Wallace, R. B., & Chrischilles, E. A. (1991). Perceived purpose of prescription drugs: The Iowa 65+ Rural Health Study. DICP, the Annals of Pharmacotherapy, 25, 410–413.

Shock, N. W., Greulick, R. C., Andres, R., Arenberg, D., Costa, P. T., Lakatta, E. G., et al. (1984). Normal human aging: The Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

Siegler, I. E. (1983). Psychological aspects of the Duke longitudinal studies. In K. W. Schaie (Ed.), Longitudinal studies of adult psychological development (pp. 136–190). New York: Guilford.

Siegler, I. E. (1988, August). Developmental health psychology. Master lecture presented as part of a series, “The Adult Years: Continuity and Change,” at the annual meeting of the American Psychological Association, Washington, DC.

Siegler, I. E., Poon, L. W., Madden, D. J., Dilworth-Anderson, P., Schaie, K. W., Willis, S. L., et al. (2009). Psychological aspects of normal aging. In D. G. Blazer & D. Steffens (Eds.), Textbook of geriatric psychiatry (4th ed., pp. 137–156). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing.

Simon, H., & Kotovsky, K. (1963). Human acquisition of concepts for sequential patterns. Psychological Review, 70, 534–546.

Sinnott, J. D. (1989). Everyday problem solving: Theory and applications. New York: Praeger.

Small, B. J., & Bäckman, L. (1997). Cognitive correlates of mortality: Evidence from a population sample of very old adults. Psychology and Aging, 12, 309–313.

Small, B. J., Rosnick, C. B., Fratiglioni, L., & Bäckman, L. (2004). Apolipoprotein E and cognitive performance: A meta-analysis. Psychology and Aging, 19, 592–600.

Smedby, B., Lundberg, I., & Sørensen, T. I. A. (Eds.). (2000). Scientific evaluation of the Swedish Twin Registry. Stockholm: Swedish Council for Planning and Coordination of Research.

Smyer, M., Schaie, K. W., & Kapp, M. B. (Eds.). (1996). Older adults’ decision-making and the law. New York: Springer Publishing Co.

Solon, J. A., Feeney, J. J., Jones, S. H., Rigg, R. D., & Sheps, C. G. (1967). Delineating episodes of medical care. American Journal of Public Health, 57, 401–408.

Solon, J. A., Rigg, R. D., Jones, S. H., Feeney, J. J., Lingner, J. W., & Sheps, C. G. (1969). Episodes of medical care: Nursing students’ use of medical services. American Journal of Public Health, 59, 936–946.

Sörbom, D. (1975). Detection of correlated errors in longitudinal data. British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology, 28, 138–151.

Spreen, O., & Strauss, E. (1991). A compendium of neuropsychological tests: Administration, norms, and commentary. New York: Oxford University Press.

Steiger, J. H. (1990). Structural model evaluation and modification: An interval estimation approach. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 24, 173–180.

Sternberg, R. J. (1977). Intelligence, information processing, and analogical reasoning: The componential analysis of human abilities. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Sterns, H. L., & Sanders, R. E. (1980). Training and education in the elderly. In R. E. Turner & H. W. Reese (Eds.), Life-span developmental psychology: Intervention (pp. 307–330). New York: Academic Press.

Stiehler, B. J., Ryan, L. H., Willis, S. L., & Schaie, K. W. (2008, April). Differential declines in cognitive abilities for APOE allele types in the Seattle Longitudinal Study. Poster presented at the Cognitive Aging Conference, Atlanta, GA.

Stein-Morrow, E. A., & Basak, C. (2011). Cognitive intervention. In K. W. Schaie & S. L. Willis (Eds.), Handbook of the psychology of aging (7th ed., pp. 153–171). San Diego, CA: Elsevier.

Stiehler, B. J., Ryan, L. H., Willis, S. L., & Schaie, K. W. (2008, April). Differential declines in cognitive abilities fore APOE allele types in the Seattle Longitudinal Study. Poster presented at the Cognitive Aging Conference, Atlanta, GA.

Stone, V. (1980). Structural modeling of the relations among environmental variables, health status and intelligence in adulthood. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Southern California, Los Angeles.

Strother, C. R., Schaie, K. W., & Horst, P. (1957). The relationship between advanced age and mental abilities. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 55, 166–170.

Sundet, J. M., Tambs, K., Magnus, P., & Berg, K. (1988). On the question of secular trends in the heritability of intelligence test scores: A study of Norwegian twins. Intelligence, 12, 47–59.

Swan, G. E., Carmelli, D., & LaRue, A. (1995). Performance on the digit–symbol substitution test and 5-year mortality on the Western Collaborative Group Study. American Journal of Epidemiology, 141, 32–40.

Terman, L. M. (1916). The measurement of intelligence. Boston: Houghton.

Thomas, A. G., Marrett, S., Saad, Z. S., Ruff, D. A., Martin, A., &, Bandettini, P. A. (2009). Functional but not structural changes associated with learning: An exploration of longitudinal voxel-based morphometry (VBM). NeuroImage, 48, 117–125.

Thorndike, E. L., & Woodworth, R. S. (1901). Influence of improvement in one mental function upon the efficiency of other mental functions. Psychological Review, 8, 247–261, 384–395, 553–564.

Thurstone, L. L. (1938). The primary mental abilities. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Thurstone, L. L. (1947). Multiple factor analysis. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Thurstone, L. L., & Thurstone, T. G. (1949). Examiner manual for the SRA Primary Mental Abilities Test (Form 10–14). Chicago: Science Research Associates.

Thurstone, T. G. (1958). Manual for the SRA Primary Mental Abilities 11–17. Chicago: Science Research Associates.

Thurstone, T. G. (1962). Primary mental abilities for Grades 9–12. Chicago: Science Research Associates.

Tombaugh, T. N., & McIntyre, N. J. (1992). The MMSE: A comprehensive review. Journal of the American Geriatric Society, 40, 922–935.

Tucker, L. R. (1971). Relations of factor score estimates to their use. Psychometrika, 36, 427–436.

Tuma, N. B. (1976). Rewards, resources and the rate of mobility: A non-stationary multi-variate stochastic model. American Sociological Review, 41, 338–360.

Tuma, N. B. (1982). Nonparametric and partially parametric approaches in event history analysis. In S. Leinhardt (Ed.), Sociological methodology (pp. 1–60). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

Tuma, N. B., & Hannan, M. T. (1978). Approaches to the censoring problem in analysis of event histories. In K. F. Schuessler (Ed.), Sociological methodology 1979. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

Unverzagt, F. W., Kasten, L., Johnson, K. E., Rebok, G. W., Marsiske, M., Koepke, K. M., et al. (2007). Effect of memory impairment on training outcomes in ACTIVE. Journal of International Neuropsychology Society, 13, 1–8.

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (1992). National Medical Expenditure Survey: Annual expenses and sources of payment for health care services. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

U.S. Public Health Service. (1968). Eighth revision of the International Classification of Diseases, adapted for use in the United States (Public Health Service Publication No. 1693). Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.

Valenzuela, M., & Sachdev, P. (2009). Can cognitive exercise prevent the onset of Dementia? Systematic review of randomized clinical trials with longitudinal follow-up. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 17, 179–187.

Van Gorp, W. G., Satz, P., Kiersch, M. E., & Henry, R. (1986). Normative data on the BNT for a group of normal older adults. Journal of Clinical Experimental Neuropsychology, 8, 702–705.

Van Petten, C. (2004). Relationship between hippocampal volume and memory ability in healthy individuals across the lifespan: Review and meta-analysis. Neuropsychologia, 42, 1394–1413.

Verhaeghen, P., & Marcoen, A. (1996). On the mechanism of plasticity in young and older adults after instruction in the Method of Loci: Evidence or an amplified model. Psychology and Aging, 11, 164–178.

Vitaliano, P., Breen, A., Albert, M., Russo, J., & Prinz, P. (1986). Memory, attention, and functional status in community-residing Alzheimer type dementia patients and optimally healthy aged individuals. Journal of Gerontology, 39, 58–64.

Wang, L., Khan, A., Csernansky, J. G, Fischl, B., Miller, M. I., Morris, J. C., et al. (2009). Fully-automated, multi-stage hippocampus mapping in very mild Alzheimer disease. Hippocampus, 19, 541–548.

Wechsler, D. (1939). The measurement of adult intelligence. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins.

Wechsler, D. (1981). Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale–revised. Cleveland, OH: Psychological Corporation.

Welsh, K. A., Butters, N., Mohs, R. C., Beekly, D., Edland, S., Fillenbaum, G., et al. (1994). The Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer’s Disease (CERAD). Part V. A normative study of the neuropsychological battery. Neurology, 44, 609–614.

Werner, H. (1948). Comparative psychology of mental development. New York: International Universities Press.

Wilkie, F., & Eisdorfer, C. (1973). Systemic disease and behavioral correlates. In L. Jarvik, C. Eisdorfer, & J. E. Blum (Eds.), Intellectual functioning in adults (pp. 83–94). New York: Springer.

Willis, S. L., & Baltes, P. B. (1981). Letter to the editor. Journal of Gerontology, 36, 636–638.

Willis, S. L., Blieszner, R., & Baltes, P. B. (1981). Intellectual training research in aging: Modification of performance on the fluid ability of figural relations. Journal of Educational Psychology, 73, 41–50.

Willis, S. L., & Schaie, K. W. (1981). Maintenance and decline of adult mental abilities: II. Susceptibility to experimental manipulation. In F. Grote (Ed.), Ninth symposium on learning: Adult learning and development. Bellingham, WA: Western Washington University.

Willis, S. L., & Schaie, K. W. (1983). The Alphanumeric Rotation Test. Unpublished manuscript, Pennsylvania State University, University Park.

Willis, S. L. (1985). Towards an educational psychology of the adult learner: Cognitive and intellectual bases. In J. E. Birren & K. W. Schaie (Eds.), Handbook of the psychology of aging (2nd ed., pp. 818–847). New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.

Willis, S. L., & Schaie, K. W. (1986a). Practical intelligence in later adulthood. In R. J. Sternberg & R. K. Wagner (Eds.), Practical intelligence: Origins of competence in the everyday world (pp. 236–268). New York: Cambridge University Press.

Willis, S. L., & Schaie, K. W. (1986b). Training the elderly on the ability factors of spatial orientation and inductive reasoning. Psychology and Aging, 1, 239–247.

Willis, S. L., & Schaie, K. W. (1986c, August). Training on inductive reasoning with a longitudinal sample. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Psychological Association, Washington, DC.

Willis, S. L. (1987). Cognitive training and everyday competence. In K. W. Schaie (Ed.), Annual review of gerontology and geriatrics (Vol. 7, pp. 159–188). New York: Springer.

Willis, S. L., & Schaie, K. W. (1988). Gender differences in spatial ability in old age: Longitudinal and intervention findings. Sex Roles, 18, 189–203.

Willis, S. L. (1989a). Cohort differences in cognitive aging: A sample case. In K. W. Schaie & C. Schooler (Eds.), Social structure and aging: Psychological processes (pp. 94–112). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Willis, S. L. (1989b). Improvement with cognitive training: Which dogs learn what tricks? In L. W. Poon, D. C. Rubin, & B. A. Wilson (Eds.), Everyday cognition in adulthood and late life (pp. 545–569). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

Willis, S. L., & Nesselroade, C. S. (1990). Long-term effects of fluid ability training in old age. Developmental Psychology, 26, 905–910.

Willis, S. L. (1990a). Contributions of cognitive training research to understanding late life potential. In M. Perlmutter (Ed.), Late life potential (pp. 25–42). Washington, DC: Gerontological Society of America.

Willis, S. L. (1990b). Current issues in cognitive training research. In E. A. Lovelace (Ed.), Aging and cognition: Mental processes, self-awareness, and interventions (pp. 263–280). Amsterdam: Elsevier.

Willis, S. L. (1992). Cognition and everyday competence. In K. W. Schaie (Ed.), Annual review of gerontology and geriatrics (Vol. 11, pp. 80–109). New York: Springer Publishing Co.

Willis, S. L., Jay, G. M., Diehl, M., & Marsiske, M. (1992). Longitudinal change and prediction of everyday task performance in the elderly. Research on Aging, 14, 68–91.

Willis, S. L., & Schaie, K. W. (1992, November). Maintaining and sustaining cognitive training effects in old age. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Gerontological Society of America, Washington, DC.

Willis, S. L., Schaie, K. W., & Maitland, S. B. (1992, August). Personality factors and cardiovascular disease. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Psychological Association, Washington, DC.

Willis, S. L., & Schaie, K. W. (1993). Everyday cognition: Taxonomic and methodological considerations. In J .M. Puckett & H. W. Reese (Eds.), Mechanisms of everyday cognition (pp. 33–54). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Willis, S. L., & Schaie, K. W. (1994a). Assessing competence in the elderly. In C. E. Fisher & R. M. Lerner (Eds.), Applied developmental psychology (pp. 339–372). New York: Macmillan.

Willis, S. L., & Schaie, K. W. (1994b). Cognitive training in the normal elderly. In F. Forette, Y. Christen, & F. Boller (Eds.), Plasticité cérébrale et stimulation cognitive [Cerebral plasticity and cognitive stimulation] (pp. 91–113). Paris: Fondation Nationale de Gérontologie.

Willis, S. L. (1995). Competency and everyday problem solving in old age. In M. A. Smyer, M. Capp, & K. W. Schaie (Eds.), Impact of the law on decision making in the elderly (pp. 87–127). New York: Springer Publishing Co.

Willis, S. L. (1996). Everyday cognitive competence in elderly persons: Conceptual issues and empirical finding. Gerontologist, 36, 595–601.

Willis, S. L., Schaie, K. W., & Hayward, M. (1997). Impact of social structures on decision making in the elderly. New York: Springer Publishing Co.

Willis, S. L., & Schaie, K. W. (1998). Intellectual functioning in midlife. In S. L. Willis & J. Reid (Eds.), Life in the middle (pp. 233–247). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.

Willis, S. L. (2001). Methodological issues in behavioral intervention research with the elderly. In J. E. Birren & K. W. Schaie (Eds.), Handbook of the psychology of aging (5th ed., pp. 78–108). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.

Willis, S. L., & Schaie, K. W. (2005). Cognitive trajectories in midlife and cognitive functioning in old age. In S. L. Willis & M. Martin (Eds.). Middle adulthood: A lifespan perspective (pp. 243–276). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Willis, S. L., Tennstedt, S. L., Marsiske, M., Ball, K., Elias, J., Koepke, K. M., et al. (2006). Long term effects of cognitive training on everyday functional outcomes in older adults. Journal of the American Medical Association, 296 (23), 2805–2814.

Willis, S. L., & Schaie, K. W. (2006a). A co-constructionist view of the third age: The case of cognition. Annual Review of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 26, 131–152.

Willis, S. L. & Schaie, K. W. (2006b). Cognitive functioning in the Baby Boomers: Longitudinal and cohort effects. In S. K. Whitbourne & S. L. Willis (Eds.), The baby boomers grow up (pp. 205–234). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Willis, S. L., & Schaie, K. W. (2009). Cognitive training and plasticity: Theoretical perspective and methodological consequences. Restorative Neurology and Neursocience, 27, 1–15.

Willis, S. L., Schaie, K. W., & Martin. M. (2009). Cognitive plasticity. In V. Bengtson, M. Silverstein, N. Putney, & D. Gans (Eds.), Handbook of theories of aging (2nd ed., pp. 295–322). New York: Springer Publishing Co.

Willis, S. L., & Schaie, K. W. (2010, October). Development of cognitive behavior and brain structure from midlife to old age: The Seattle Longitudinal Study. Paper presented at the Cognitive Aging Conference, Dortmund, Germany.

Wohlwill, J. F. (1973). The study of behavioral development. New York: Academic Press.

Yerkes, R. M. (1921). Psychological examining in the United States Army. Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences, 15, 1–890.

Yu, F., Ryan L. H., Schaie, K. W., Willis, S. L., & Kolanowski, A. (2009). Factors associated with cognition in adults: The Seattle Longitudinal Study. Research in Nursing and Health, 32, 540–550.

Zanjani, F. A. K. (2002). Predicting health behavior domains using social, environmental, ability and personality determinants across young and old adults: Seattle Longitudinal Study. Unpublished master’s thesis, Pennsylvania State University, University Park.

Zanjani, F. A. K. (2004). Developmental trajectory of health behaviors across the adult lifespan. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park.

Zanjani, F. A. K., Schaie, K. W., & Willis, S. L. (2006). Age group and health status effects on health behavior change. Preventive Medicine, 32, 36–46.

Zarit, S. H., Pearlin, L. I., & Schaie, K. W. (Eds.). (1993). Caregiving systems: Informal and formal helpers. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Zarit, S. H., Pearlin, L. I., & Schaie, K. W. (Eds.). (2002). Personal control in social and life course contexts. New York: Springer.

Zelinski, E. M., Gilewski, M. J., & Schaie, K. W. (1993). Three-year longitudinal memory assessment in older adults: Little change in performance. Psychology and Aging, 8, 176–186.

Zelinski, E. M., Kennison, R. F., Watts, A., & Lewis, K. L. (2009). Convergence between cross-sectional and longitudinal studies: Cohort matters. In H. B. Bosworth & C. Hertzog (Eds.), Aging and cognition (pp. 101–118). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

Zieleniewski, A. M., Fulker, D. W., DeFries, J. C., & LaBuda, M. C. (1987). Multiple regression analysis of twin and sibling data. Personality and Individual Differences, 8, 787–791.

Zonderman, A. B, Vandenberg, S. G., Spuhler, K. P., & Fain, P. R. (1977). Assortative marriage for cognitive abilities. Behavior Genetics, 7, 261–271.