Note: Page numbers followed by f and t refer to figures and tables.
ACTIVE. See Adult Cognitive Intervention Trial
activities of daily living (ADLs), 58
actual therapeutic purpose (ATP), 296
Addition, 53, 116t–117t
ADEPT. See Adult Development and Enrichment Project
ADLs. See activities of daily living
Adult Cognitive Intervention Trial (ACTIVE), 197
Adult Development and Enrichment Project (ADEPT), 52, 180, 197
adult intellectual development, 495–502
family similarity in, 504–5
theoretical framework for, 5–7
Affectothymia, 337
age, 20
cognitive decline by, 286–87
confidence intervals by, 289t
of detectable cognitive decline, 497–98
health histories and, 277–78
age changes
for cognitive style cumulative, 167t
for cognitive style estimated, 168f
for EPT estimated, 166f
in expanded cognitive battery estimated, 157f–158f
intraindividual, in expanded cognitive battery, 156t, 159t
latent constructs and, 160
for latent constructs estimated, 162f, 164f
for latent constructs intraindividual, 161t, 163t
longitudinal, 145, 147t–148t, 149f, 150t, 151f, 151t, 152f, 152t, 153f, 153t, 154f, 154t, 155t
personality traits and, 335, 338–42, 342f
for practical intelligence cumulative, 164t
for practical intelligence estimated, 165f
for Social Responsibility, 332t, 333f
age difference patterns, 92f–97f
across abilities, 94–101
within ability domains, 101–21
absolute, 94
baseline, 72f
of cognitive style, 142f, 143f
concurrent comparisons of, 100
congruence types by, 403–4
cross-sectional, 93f–94f
differential ability patterns and, 73–94
for EPT, 134f
in expanded cognitive battery, 97f–99f
factorial invariance across, 247–50
of latent constructs, 120f, 121
in methodological studies, 231t
of Motor-Cognitive Flexibility, 142f
for NEO-PI-R, 348f
in parent-offspring correlations, 382–83
in perceiver types, 399–402
for PF13, 338, 339f
in PMA, 68f, 69f
of practical intelligence, 129f
for Social Responsibility, 331f
uniformity of, 496–97
age gradients, longitudinal, 195f, 245f–246f
Agreeableness, 346
alcohol use domain, 307
Alphabet test, 70
Alphanumeric Rotation, 53, 105t–106t, 116t
ambulatory care, 299
American Hospital Formulary Service, 296
analyses of variance (ANOVAs), 202, 202t–203t, 205t, 220
analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), 212t–213t
ANOVAs. See analyses of variance
APOE gene, 6, 12, 451–52, 453t, 460
Army Alpha Intelligence Test, 3–4
ATP. See actual therapeutic purpose
Attitudinal Flexibility, 60, 136t–137t, 167t, 329
age difference patterns of, 142f
longitudinal studies of, 166–67
autonomy, 64
AVC. See Vocabulary V-4
Baltimore Longitudinal Study, 473
basic ability battery, 74t–92t, 172, 175f, 514t
Basic Skills Assessment, 59, 160, 165t, 182f
biomarkers, 452–53
Bonn Longitudinal Study, 473
brain
atrophy, 453–61
structure, 1
volumes, 455
brain-behavior relationships, 510
California Psychological Inventory (CPI), 64, 329
Capitals Test, 59–60
CDS. See Chronic Disease Score
censoring, 464–65
Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D), 64–65, 329, 351t, 505–6
CERAD. See Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer’s Disease
cerebrovascular disease (CVD), 15, 278–79, 281–82, 295–96, 298–99
CES-D. See Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale
CFI. See comparative fit index chronic conditions, 283–84
Chronic Disease Score (CDS), 296
cognition
brain atrophy and, 453–61
disease effects on, 280–84
family environment and, 440–48
heuristic model of, 6f
medications and, 294–99
personality and, 353–54
cognitive abilities
accepted solution for combined, 265t–266t
age-related changes in, 13
battery, 52–56
causes of differences in, 14–15
cohort differences in, 172–82
concurrent correlations between cognitive style and, 267t
concurrent correlations of NEO-PI-R and, 357t
congruence types and, 412–13, 413t
cross-lagged correlations between cognitive style and, 269t–270t
detectable changes in, 13–14
lifestyle factors and, 315–16
longitudinal studies on, 358
maintenance of, 264–68
OLS regression of personality traits on, 359t–361t
OLS regressions of, on NEO-PI-R, 358t
perceived, 397
period effects for, 189
personality traits and, 358
predictors of future, 268
self-reports of, 58–59
seven-year change in, 413–15
cognitive aging, 1, 397, 463–66, 510
cognitive change congruence types and, 413–15, 414t
correlation between perceived and observed, 402, 403t
generational differences in rate of, 389t
across generations, 387–88
over fourteen years, 390–92, 391f, 391t
over seven years, 388–90, 389f, 390f, 415, 416t
perception of, 398–99
short-term, 415–20
cognitive decline
by age, 286–87
age of detectable, 497–98 APOE gene and, 451–52, 453t, 460
confidence intervals and, 287t
first decrement study of, 467t
hazard rates, 468f, 469f, 470f
health and, 284
individual differences in, 499–501
magnitude of, 497–98
mortality and, 284–90
parameters for, 471t
predictions of, 469–72
reversal of, 501–2
risk factors, 471t
cognitive domains, 263–68
cognitive functioning diseases that affect, 278–80
health and, 290–91
health breakdown and, 278
impact of diseases on, 281–84
leisure activities and, 314
lifestyle characteristics and, 312–19
retirement and, 321–24
work characteristics and, 321–24
cognitive interventions, 11, 198
cognitive style, 59–60
accepted solution for combined, 265t–266t
age changes cumulative, 167t
age changes estimated, 168f
age difference patterns of, 142f, 143f
cohort differences in, 182–84
concurrent correlations between cognitive abilities and, 267t
concurrent correlations between latent constructs and, 271t
cross-lagged correlations between cognitive abilities and, 269t–270t
cross-lagged correlations between latent constructs and, 272t–273t
data, 130–34
domains, 263–64
individual differences in cognitive decline and, 500
latent constructs and, 270–73
longitudinal studies of, 165–68
period effects for, 189, 191t
cognitive training, 1, 197–98, 206–9, 501–2
ANOVAs of, 205t
booster, 216–17
fourteen-year follow-up study of, 219–20, 221f
magnitude of, 215
maintenance of, 214–20
NEO-PI-R and, 357
pretest-posttest gain in, 204f, 206–7, 207t
programs, 201
remediation of decline in, 207, 208f
seven-year follow-up study of, 214–19
short-term, 460
strategy use in, 221–24
study of 1983–1984, 198–210
transfer-to-training issues, 207–9
cognitive training effects, 215f
accuracy and speed, 209–10, 210f, 211f
booster training and, 216–17
cumulative, 217f
decomposing, 209–10
hierarchical regression analysis of, 223t
maintenance of, 215–16, 216f
perceived, 415–20, 417t, 418t, 419f
regression distinguished from, 206
replication of, 210–12, 212t–213t, 213f
cohort differences, 9, 171–86
advantage of later-born over early born, 183t
in basic ability battery, 172
in cognitive abilities, 172–82
in cognitive style, 182–84
in demographic characteristics, 184–86, 185t–186t
in EQ, 172, 175t
for expanded cognitive battery, 175–80, 176t–177t
for Inductive Reasoning, 173t, 176t
in IQ, 174t
for latent constructs, 180–82, 181t
for measures of mobility, 188f, 188t
in parent-offspring correlations, 382–85, 382t, 383f
in perception of family environment, 435–36
for Perceptual Speed, 176t
for personality traits, 335–36, 342–44, 343t–344t
for practical intelligence, 182
for Social Responsibility, 332, 333t
for Spatial Orientation, 173t, 176t
cohort gradients for basic ability battery, 175f
for Basic Skills Test, 182f
for demographic characteristics, 187f
for latent constructs, 181f
for personality traits, 345f
for PMA, 178f–179f
for rigidity-fl exibility factor scores, 184f
cohort groups
factor intercorrelations for, 256t
parent-offspring correlations by, 385t
cohort-sequential analysis, 23, 28–29
Cohort x Time interactions, 94
Community Involvement, 338
comparative fit index (CFI), 255, 483
computer coding, 277
confidence intervals
by age, 289t
cognitive decline and, 287t
mortality and, 288t
configural invariance, 31, 320
confirmatory factor analysis, 11, 323
congruence types, 399, 403–8
by ability, 404f
age difference patterns, 403–4
cognitive abilities and, 412–13, 413t
cognitive change and, 413–15, 414t
consistency over time of, 409–12, 411t
creation of, 416
differences, 404–7
distribution of, 409–10, 410t
gender differences and, 403–4
magnitude of change by, 406t
in perceived effects of cognitive training, 418–20
performance levels by, 405t
schema for, 400t
seven-year effect of, 412
stability of, 408–15
Conscientiousness, 346
Conservatism of Temperament, 337
Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer’s Disease (CERAD), 56, 476, 479t, 482–84, 506
Constructional Praxis, 57
construct validity, of TBR, 70–71
Consumer Activities, 132t
Control, 64, 324
correlation matrix, 70–71
cortex, 5
covariates, 365
CPI. See California Psychological Inventory
crosscultural generalizability, of cognitive aging, 510
cross-sectional sequences, 22, 38
cross-sectional studies, 1
base, 8
of NEO-PI-R, 347
replications, 73–121
cross-sequential analysis, 28, 94
cross-sequential strategy, 23
crystallized abilities (Gc), 4
Cube Comparison, 53, 106t–107t, 116t
CVD. See cerebrovascular disease
DAT. See Differential Aptitude Test
data
analysis, 29–32
archival, 411
basic cognitive, in longitudinal studies, 146–54
cognitive, 73–101
cognitive style, 130–34
conceptual modeling and, 507–9
cross-sectional, 20
expanded cognitive longitudinal, 154–60
longitudinal, 46
longitudinal psychometric, 476
matrices, 22f, 23
medical, 276
for 1984, 249t
practical intelligence, 121–29
data acquisition
modeling and, 15, 19
sequential, 21–23, 22f
simple, 20–21
decline events, 469–472
dedifferentiation, 33–34
Delayed Recall, 55, 111t–112t, 118t, 155
dementia
early detection of, 510
within families, 62
genetic markers of, 451
neuropsychological assessment of, 475–82
predicting risk of, 486–92, 506–7
demographic characteristics, 47, 61
cohort differences in, 184–86, 185t–186t
cohort gradients for, 187f
period effects for, 189–91, 192t
strategy use and, 223–24
dental care domain, 308–9
depression, 350
derived traits, 64
developmental behavior genetics, 367–71
developmental studies, threats to, 24–30
diabetes, 282–83
differential ability patterns, 73–94
Differential Aptitude Test (DAT), 4
differentiation-dedifferentiation hypothesis, 33–34, 254–55
diseases
codes, 279
cognitive effects of, 280–84
cognitive functioning and, 278–80
impact of, on cognitive functioning, 281–84
model, 277–78
occurrence, 280–81
PMA and, 279–80
disengagement, 311
Duke Study, 473
dummy codes, 285
Educational Aptitude, 148t
educational interventions, 15
educational levels, 48t–49t
Einstellung effect, 70
environment. See also family environment
family studies and, 369
involvement in, 15
shared, 424
socioeconomic status and, 15
subjective, 63–64
work, 63–64
episodes, 276
EPT. See Everyday Problems Test
EQ. See Index of Educational Ability
event history analysis, 465–68
Everyday Problems Test (EPT), 59, 129, 131t–133t, 165t, 166f
age difference patterns for, 134f
intercorrelations for, 524t
in longitudinal studies, 160–65
exercise domain, 308
expanded cognitive battery, 100, 102t–119t
age changes for, 157f–158f
age difference patterns in, 97f–99f
cohort differences for, 175–80, 176t–177t
intercorrelations for, 515t–522t
intraindividual age changes, 156t, 159t
measurement model for, 263f
experimental design
assumptions, 24
innovations, 502–3
most efficient, 27–30
experimental interventions, 250–52
external validity, 27, 231
Extroversion, 346
Factor I, 71
factorial invariance, 31–32
across age difference patterns, 247–50
across experimental interventions, 250–52
across gender differences, 255–57
health behaviors and, 305
health status and, 305–6
within samples across time, 252–55
weak, 253
factor loadings, 35, 253
multigroup analysis of, 254t
for NEO-PI-R, 349t
for TBR, 71t
for work characteristics, 323t
factor structure, 32, 262, 337–38, 483
family
cognitive resemblance in, 11–12
contact with, 64, 380–82, 381t
current, 426–27, 427t, 428t, 429, 430t
dementia within, 62
environment, 6, 63
influences, 371, 442–44, 446–47, 446t, 447t
of origin, 426, 427t, 428–29, 428t, 429t
similarity, 370–71, 504–5
similarity, in lifestyle characteristics, 319–21, 321t
studies, 369
values, 439
family environment, 6, 63
cognition and, 440–48
cohort differences in perception of, 435–36
covariance of dimensions of, 434t, 437t
current, 446–47
differences in perception of, 432–37
dimensions, 435f
early, 446–47
generational differences in perception of, 432–35
measurement of, 423–26
offspring perception of, 429–30, 431t
sibling differences in perception of, 436–37
similarities in, 437–40
similarity of perceived, 427–28, 427t
Family Environment Scale, 63, 424, 425t, 438, 503
far transfer, 207–8, 208f
Financial Activities, 132t
Finding A’s, 54–55, 114t–115t, 119t, 155, 233–34
flexibility-rigidity. See rigidity-flexibility
fluid abilities (Gf), 4
food consumption domain, 307–8
food preparation domain, 308
Fuld Object Memory Test, 58
GATB. See General Aptitude Test Battery
Gc. See crystallized abilities
gender differences
biostable personality traits and, 334–35
congruence types by, 403–4
cross-sectional age differences by, 93f–94f
differential ability patterns and, 73–94
factorial invariance across, 255–57
of latent constructs, 121
in perceived effects of cognitive training, 417–18, 417t
in perceiver types, 399–402
in personality traits, 338
General Aptitude Test Battery (GATB), 4
generational differences, 1
magnitude of, 498–99
in parent-offspring correlations, 384t, 385t, 386t
patterns in, 14, 498–99
in perception of family environment, 432–35
in rate of cognitive change, 389t
genetics
individual differences in cognitive decline and, 499–500
influence on midlife cognition of, 6
markers, of dementia, 451
variance, 374
Genevan approach, 2
Gf. See fluid abilities
goodness-of-fit index (GFI), 323
Group Dependency, 337
Group Health Cooperative of Puget Sound, 37
growth curve modeling, 218, 219f
Hamilton Depression Scale, 64–65
happiness, in spousal interrelations, 365–67
hazard rates, 468f, 469f, 470f
HBQ. See Health Behavior Questionnaire
health
breakdown, 277–78
cognitive decline and, 284
cognitive functioning and, 290–91
modifiable factors in, 324–26
overall, 281
Health Behavior Questionnaire (HBQ), 37, 62–63, 301–2
health behaviors
antecedents of, 306–9
dimensions of, 301–4
domains, 307–9
eight-factor model of, 302–3, 303t
factorial invariance and, 305
invariance of, across groups, 304–6
latent differences in, 306
study of, 301
health histories
abstracts, 61–62
age and, 277–78
analysis of, 275–77
health maintenance organizations (HMOs), 8, 228
Health Promotion, 131t
health status
descriptions, 61–63
factorial invariance and, 305–6
latent differences in, 306
two-factor model for, 304t
hearing impairment, 283–84
heritability, 374–75
Hidden Patterns, 233
hierarchical regression analysis, 223t
hippocampal volumes, 455, 457t, 458t, 459–60, 459f
historical effects, 25
HMOs. See health maintenance organizations
honestly significant difference (HSD), 220
Honesty, 338
Household Activities, 132t–133t
HSD. See honestly significant difference
IADLs. See instrumental activities of daily living
ICDA. See International Classification of Diseases
ICV. See intracranial volumes
Identical Pictures, 54, 112t–113t, 118t, 155, 233–34
Immediate Recall, 55, 110t–111t, 118t, 155
incentive conditions, 236
Index of Educational Ability (EQ), 55, 88t–90t, 92t, 97f
cohort differences in, 172, 175t
reductions in, 99
Index of Intellectual Ability (IQ), 13, 55, 85t–87t, 92t, 96f
cohort differences in, 174t
composite, 172
reductions in, 99
Inductive Reasoning, 51t, 52, 68–70, 78t–80t, 91t, 95f, 99, 102t–104t, 115t, 122t, 127t, 147t, 155, 157f, 210f, 325–26, 327f, 327t
cohort differences for, 173t, 176t
revisions, 234
training program, 201
Inflexibility, 338
instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs), 58, 133t, 134f
instrumentation, 26
intelligence. See also practical intelligence
change patterns, 496–97
CVD and, 278–79
fluid, 100, 324
testing, 3–5
Interest in Science, 338
internal validity, 25–27, 231
International Classification of Diseases (ICDA), 62, 276–77
intracranial volumes (ICV), 455
invariance. See also factorial invariance
configural, 31, 248, 252
of health behaviors, 304–6
hypothesis, 31–32
partial, 258t
strong metric, 248
weak metric, 248
IQ. See Index of Intellectual Ability
Job Complexity, 324
Kit of Reference Tests for Cognitive Factors, 233
large deformation diffeomorphic metric mapping (LDDMM), 455, 461
latent constructs, 11, 30
age changes for, 160, 162f, 164f
age changes intraindividual, 161t, 163t
age difference patterns of, 120f, 121
cognitive style and, 270–73
in cognitive training study, 204–6
cohort differences for, 180–82, 181t
cohort gradients for, 181f
concurrent correlations between cognitive style and, 271t
correlations across time among, 256f
cross-lagged correlations between cognitive style and, 272t–273t
cross-sectional differences on, 121
gender differences of, 121
in longitudinal studies, 160
scores, 122t–128t
TBR and, 261
latent factor scores, 33
latent growth curve models (LGMs), 281
LCI. See Life Complexity Inventory
LDDMM. See large deformation diffeomorphic metric mapping
leisure activities, 61, 313–14
Length Estimation, 233
Letter Series, 52, 102t, 115t, 222, 233
LGMs. See latent growth curve models
Life Complexity Inventory (LCI), 61, 291
activities, 314t
clusters, 311, 312t
dimensions of, 314–15
leisure activities in, 313
lifestyle dimensions, 316t–317t
LIFEREG procedure, 465, 472
life stage differences, 100
lifestyle characteristics
cognitive functioning and, 312–19
family similarity in, 319–21, 321t
role of, 505–6
lifestyle factors
cognitive abilities and, 315–16
modifiable, 324–26
retirement and, 319
similarity of, 321
variables, 318
likelihood ratio tests, 32
linear structural relations (LISREL), 247, 262, 281, 292
longitudinal studies, 1
of Attitudinal Flexibility, 166–67
basic cognitive data, 146–54
of cognitive style, 165–68
EPT in, 160–65
estimates, 145
expanded cognitive data, 154–60
fourteen-year data, 150
of lifestyle variables, 318
of Motor-Cognitive Flexibility, 166–67
of NEO-PI-R, 349, 350f
participant attrition in, 238
on personality traits and cognitive abilities, 358
postdiction in, 34–35
practical intelligence in, 160–65
seven-year data, 146
twenty-one-year data, 150–51
Low Self-Sentiment, 337
magnetization prepared rapid gradient echo (MPRAGE) imaging, 455
MANOVA. See multivariate analysis of variance
Marlowe-Crowne scale, 236
marriage, age at first, 184
married couples, 363–65. See also spousal interrelations
Mattis Dementia Rating Scale (MDRS), 58, 477
maturation, 25
Maze Tracing, 233
MCI. See mild cognitive impairment
McMaster Problem-Solving Scale, 58
MDRS. See Mattis Dementia Rating Scale
Meal Preparation, 131t
medical checkup domain, 309
medications
cognition and, 294–99
CVD, 295–96, 298–99
knowledge, 295
reports, 62
usage, 297
memory. See also midlife memory trajectory
episodic, 459–60
hippocampal volumes and, 459–60
measures, 454
survival and, 289
Memory Functioning Questionnaire (MFQ), 58
microenvironments, 10, 311
midlife memory trajectory (MMT), 454–59, 457t, 458t
mild cognitive impairment (MCI), 453
Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE), 56, 477
MLM. See multilevel modeling
MMSE. See Mini Mental State Examination
mobility, measures of, 186, 188f, 188t, 193t
modeling
conceptual, 507–9, 507f, 509t
data acquisition and, 15, 19
diseases, 277–78
growth curve, 218, 219f
measurement, 249t, 263t
multilevel, 324
multivariate, 326t, 327t
partial invariance gender, 258t
with path identifications, 508f
sample, 228
structural equations, 279–80, 292–93, 292f, 293f
Modified Boston Naming Test, 56
monetary incentives, 234–37
morbidity tables, 468–69
mortality
cognitive decline and, 284–90
confidence intervals and, 288t
experimental, 26, 227–28, 238–40
Psychomotor Speed and, 285, 288
relative risk ratios and, 288t
most efficient design, 27–30
Motor-Cognitive Flexibility, 60, 71, 134, 135t–136t, 167t
age difference patterns of, 142f
longitudinal studies of, 166–67
MPRAGE imaging. See magnetization prepared rapid gradient echo imaging
MRI protocol, 455
multilevel modeling (MLM), 324
multiple group method, 70–71, 254t
multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA), 313
National Institutes of Health, 9
near transfer, 207–8
NEO Personality Questionnaire (NEO-PI-R), 12, 37, 329, 345–49, 347t–348t, 505
age difference patterns for, 348f
cognitive training and, 357
concurrent correlations of cognitive abilities and, 357t
concurrent relationships with TBR of, 354–57
factor loadings for, 349t
longitudinal studies of, 349, 350f
OLS regressions of cognitive abilities on, 358t
neoplasms, 283
neuroimaging studies, 454
neuropathology, 510
neuropsychological assessment, of dementia, 475–82
neuropsychological measures, 56–58, 476–81, 479t–480t, 482t
changes over earlier seven years in, 490–92, 492t
changes over most proximal seven years in, 488–90, 489t
decline in, 486
estimation procedures, 485–86
extension analyses for, 483–84
intercorrelations among, 533t–535t
postdiction from PMA of, 484–86
prediction of, 485t, 487t
standardized loadings for, 484t
Neuroticism, 346
new learning, 197–98
Nonsense Syllogisms, 233
nonsmoking domain, 307
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications (NSAIDs), 295–96, 298–99
Number, 68, 70, 73, 81t–83t, 91t, 96f, 147t–148t, 174t
Number Comparison, 55, 113t–114t, 119t, 155
Number Facility, 116t–117t
Number Series, 52, 103t–104t, 115t
Numeric Ability, 120, 124t–125t, 128t
Numeric Facility, 51t, 53, 107t, 155, 158f, 177t
Object Rotation, 53, 104t–105t, 116t
occupational levels, 49t–50t
odds ratios, 287t, 289t
offspring
contact between parents and, 430–32, 432f, 433t
perception of, 426–28
perception of family environment of, 429–30, 431t
perception of family of origin of, 428t
OLS regressions. See ordinary least squares regressions
ontogenetic change, 145
Openness, 346
Opposites Test, 59–60
optimists, 398
ordinary least squares (OLS) regressions, 355
of cognitive abilities on NEO-PI-R, 358t
of personality traits on cognitive abilities, 359t–361t
of TBR, 356t
osteoporosis, 283
Paper Folding, 233
parent-offspring correlations, 375–80, 376t, 377f
adjusted for age, 378t, 379f
age difference patterns in, 382–83
cohort differences in, 382–85, 382t, 383f
cohort grouping and, 385t
family contact and, 381t
family influences on, 446, 446t
generational differences in, 384t, 385f, 386f
over time, 379–80, 380t
participants, 373t
in perception of family environment, 427t
regression coefficients, 443t
stability of, 381f
studies, 371–87
parents
contact between offspring and, 430–32, 432f, 433t
family influences shared with, 442–44
perception of, 426–28
perception of current family of, 428t
partial invariance gender model, 258t
participants
attrition, 227, 238–40, 284
for cognitive training study, 199–200
dropouts versus returnees, 239t–240t
monetary incentives for, 237
population, 37–38
patient knowledge, 295
Pearson-Filon test, 268
perceived therapeutic purpose (PTP), 295–96, 298
perceiver types
differences in, 399–402
in perceived effects of cognitive training, 419f
performance levels by, 402t
Perceptual Speed, 51t, 54–55, 112t–115t, 118t–119t, 120, 123t–124t, 127t, 155, 157f
cohort differences for, 176t
period differences, 186–91
for personality traits, 335–36, 344–45, 346t
period effects
for cognitive abilities, 189
for cognitive style, 189, 191t
for demographic characteristics, 189–91, 192t
estimates, 191–94
for measures of mobility, 193t
for PMA, 190t
for Social Responsibility, 332, 333t
personality
cognition and, 353–54
flexible, 15
role of, 505–6
Personality-Perceptual Rigidity, 71
personality traits, 64–65, 329, 332–45
acculturated, 334–36
age changes and, 335, 338–42, 342f
analyses of, 336–37
biocultural, 334, 336
biostable, 334–35
classification of, 334–36
cognitive abilities and, 358
cohort differences for, 335–36, 342–44, 343t–344t
cohort gradients for, 345f
gender differences in, 338
item factor structure of, 337–38
longitudinal studies on, 358
mean and standard deviations for, 340t
OLS regression of, on cognitive abilities, 359t–361t
period differences for, 335–36, 344–45, 346t
in TBR, 334t
pessimists, 398
PF13. See 13 personality factors
Piagetian approach, 2
PMA. See Primary Mental Abilities
PMA Retrospective Questionnaire (PMARQ), 58–59, 503
Political Concern, 338
Positive Health Perception, 63
practical intelligence, 121–29, 130t
age changes cumulative, 164t
age changes estimated, 165f
age difference patterns, 129f
cohort differences for, 182
in longitudinal studies, 160–65
psychometric abilities and, 510
practice, 26
controlling for, 242–44
raw and attrition-adjusted effects of, 243t–244t
in repeated, 240–42
Premsia, 337
preventive care, 299
Primary Mental Abilities (PMA) beyond adolescence, 7
age difference patterns in, 68f, 69f
ANOVAs of, 202t–203t
changes over earlier seven years in, 490, 490t
changes over most proximal seven years in, 488, 488t
cohort gradients for, 178f–179f
diseases and, 279–80
fourteen-year longitudinal data, 151f
married couples and, 364
perceiver type differences in, 401
period effects for, 190t
postdiction of neuropsychological measures from, 484–86
predicting risk of dementia from, 486–92
projecting CERAD to, 482–84
redetermination of factor structure for, 483
regression equations predicting, 235t, 236t
revisions, 233–34
seven-year longitudinal data, 149f
suitability of, 67–69, 69–70
test, 37
thirty-five-year longitudinal data, 154f
twenty-eight-year longitudinal data, 153f
twenty-one-year longitudinal data, 152f
psychometric abilities, 3, 47, 510, 533t–534t
Psychomotor Speed, 60, 71, 134, 138t–139t, 167t
age difference patterns of, 142f
mortality and, 285, 288
PTP. See perceived therapeutic purpose
Quality-of-Life Scale (QOL-AD), 58
quasi experiments, 25
reactivity, 26
realists, 398
regression. See also ordinary least squares regressions
analyses, 234
coefficients for parent-offspring correlations, 443t
coefficients for siblings, 445t
cognitive training effects distinguished from, 206
Cox, 473
effects of, 200
equations, 235t, 236t
hierarchical, 223t
survival, 465
relative risk ratios, mortality and, 288t
remediation, 197–98, 207, 208f
repeated measures, 29
retest stability, 481
retirement
cognitive functioning and, 321–24
effects of, 510
lifestyle factors and, 319
rigidity-flexibility, 51t, 70, 135t–141t
cohort gradients for, 184f
as independent domain, 261–64
maintenance of cognitive abilities and, 264–68
measures, 47
predictors of, 268
risk factors, 471t
root-mean-square error of approximation (RMSEA), 320, 323
sampling
design, 21–22
differing in age, 247–50
equivalence studies, 230–31
frame, 8
independent, 29
independent random, 242–44, 245f–246f
models, 228
with replacement, 10, 227–31
across time, 252–55
SAS PHREG procedure, 285
Schaie-Thurstone Adult Mental Abilities Test (STAMAT), 503
Science Research Associates Primary Mental Abilities (SRA-PMA), 503
seat belt use domain, 308
Seattle Longitudinal Study (SLS), 1–2
beginnings of, 9
conceptual model, 507f
cross-sectional base study and, 8
database, 37
developmental influences in, 6f
history of, 7–12
influences on, 10
methodological advances in, 502–4
participant population, 37–38
pilot studies, 7–8
sampling frame, 8
third cycle of, 228–31
third follow-up, 10
selection, 26
Self-Reported Objective Health Status, 63
self-reports, 58–59
SEM. See standard error of measurement
semiparametric proportional hazard models, 285
severity ratings, 276
siblings
adolescent, 438
correlations, 392–94, 393t
family influences on, 446–47, 447t
family influences shared with, 444
perception of, 428–40
perception of current family, 430t
perception of family environment of, 436–37
perception of family of origin, 429t
regression coefficients for, 445t
SLS. See Seattle Longitudinal Study
Social Responsibility, 64, 329–32, 330t–331t, 505
age changes for, 332t, 333f
age difference patterns for, 331f
cohort differences for, 332, 333t
period effects for, 332, 333t
social structures, 10
Spatial Orientation, 51t, 52–53, 68–70, 73, 76t–78t, 90t, 95f, 97–99, 104t–107t, 116t, 122t–123t, 127t, 147t, 157f, 173t, 176t, 201, 211f, 234
Spearman-Brown correction, 69
spousal interrelations, 365–67. See also married couples
SRA-PMA. See Science Research Associates Primary Mental Abilities
STAMAT. See Schaie-Thurstone Adult Mental Abilities Test
standard error of measurement (SEM), 31, 199
strategy use, 221–24
structural equations modeling, 279–80, 292–93, 292f, 293f
structural equivalence, 30–33, 245–57
subjects
educational levels of, 48t–49t
frequency distribution of, 39t–40t
longitudinal, 40t–45t
occupational levels of, 49t–50t
Subtraction and Multiplication, 53, 108t, 117t
Superego Strength, 337
survival
analysis, 291
memory and, 289
regression analyses, 465
SURVREG procedures, 465
T. See time-of-measurement
TBR. See Test of Behavioral Rigidity
Td. See time-of-measurement difference
testing
aging of, 232–34
construction activities, 503–4
intelligence, 3–5
practice in repeated, 240–42
Test of Behavioral Rigidity (TBR), 7, 37, 59–60, 67, 329, 503
concurrent relation between personality and ability factors in, 355, 356t
concurrent relationships with NEO-PI-R of, 354–57
construct validity of, 70–71
factor loadings for, 71t
factor scores, 130
factor structure, 262
intercorrelations for, 525t
latent constructs and, 261
measurement model for, 262f
OLS regression of, 356t
personality factors, 354–55, 355t
personality traits in, 334t
13 personality factors (PF13), 35, 307
age changes for, 335, 338–42, 342f
age difference patterns in, 338, 339f
intercorrelations for, 526t–532t
longitudinal estimates of, 341t
Threctia, 337
time-of-measurement (T), 20
time-of-measurement difference (Td), 187
time-sequential analysis, 23, 29, 94
Trail Making Test, 57
training specificity hypothesis, 208f
transfer-to-training issues, 207–9
Transportation Activities, 133t
twin studies, 369, 440–41
Untroubled Adequacy, 337
variables dependent, 30
dummy dependent, 464
latent, 55–56
lifestyle factors, 318
marker, 100
observed, 30
regressions of, 33
standardization of, 72
in third cycle of SLS, 229
treatment, 27
VC. See Vocabulary V-2
Verbal Comprehension, 51t, 54, 109t–110t, 117t, 125t–126t, 155, 158f, 177t
Verbal Meaning, 68–70, 73–94, 74t–76t, 90t, 95f, 97, 147t, 173t, 234
Verbal Memory, 51t, 55, 110t–112t, 118t, 121, 126t–128t, 155, 158f, 177t, 325, 326f, 326t
Victoria Longitudinal Study, 34
vision difficulties, 284
Vocabulary V-2 (VC), 54
Vocabulary V-4 (AVC), 54, 109t–110t, 117t
WAIS. See Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale
WAIS-R. See Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised
weak factor invariance. See factorial invariance
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS), 4, 100
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised (WAIS-R), 57, 476–77, 479t, 507
Wechsler-Bellevue Adult Intelligence scales, 4
Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised (WMS-R), 57, 476–77, 480t
WMS-R. See Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised
Word Fluency, 54, 69–70, 73, 83t–85t, 91t, 96f, 148t, 174t
Word Series, 52, 102t–103t, 115t, 222
work characteristics, 321–24, 323t
Work Environment Inventory, 63–64
World Health Organization, 276