SOURCES AND FURTHER READING

This lists the main primary sources and Modern studies I have drawn on for each section. Readers also can use it as a guide to further reading on subjects they find especially intriguing.

Among general works that deal with many parts of the world of 1688, I owe a special debt to the immense and quirky erudition of Fernand Braudel’s Civilization and Capitalism: 15th-18th Century, trans. Siân Reynolds, 3 vols. (New York, 1981). I have found exceptionally helpful two general works on European history in this period—John B. Wolf, The Emergence of the Great Powers, 1685–1715 (New York, 1951), and John Stoye, Europe Unfolding, 1648–1688 (London and New York, 1969)—and the theoretical approach developed in Jack A. Goldstone, Revolution and Rebellion in the Early Modern World (Berkeley, Los Angeles, and Oxford, 1991).

Part I. On Coronelli and his globe, see the scholarly modern edition of Vincenzo Coronelli, introduction by Helen Wallis, Libro dei globi (Amsterdam, 1969).

Chapter 1. The Empire of Silver. The basic account of the silver fleet system is based on C. H. Haring, Trade and Navigation between Spain and the Indies in the Time of the Hapsburgs (Cambridge, Mass., 1918). The most recent landmark in the large and sophisticated literature on the flows of New World silver and their effects is Michel Morineau, Incroyables Gazettes et Fabuleux Métaux: Les Retours des Trésors Américains d’après les Gazettes Hollandaises (XVIe-XVIIIe siècles) (Cambridge, U.K., and Paris, 1985). The tale of Doña Teresa in Potosí is from Bartolomé Arzáns de Orsúa y Vela, História de la Villa Imperial de Potosí, ed. Lewis Hanke and Gunnar Mendoza, 3 vols. (Providence, R.I., 1965), also included in Orsúa y Vela, Tales of Potosí, trans. Frances M. López-Morillas, ed. and intro. R. C. Padden (Providence, R.I., 1975). On Potosí institutions, see Jeffrey A. Cole, The Potosí Mita, 1573–1700: Compulsory Indian Labor in the Andes (Stanford, 1985). For the texts of poems by Sor Juana de la Cruz and a magnificent account of her life and work, see Octavio Paz, Sor Juana (Cambridge, U.K., 1988). On Kino, see Herbert Eugene Bolton, Rim of Christendom: A Biography of Eusebio Francisco Kino, Pacific Coast Pioneer, 2d ed. (Tucson, 1984), and Eusebio Francisco Kino, ed. and trans. Herbert Eugene Bolton, Kino’s Historical Memoir of Pimería Alta, 2 vols. (Cleveland, 1919). For aspects of the Pima and the Sonora Desert setting, I draw on Donald Bahr, Juan Smith, William Smith Allison, and Julian Hayden, The Short Swift Time of Gods on Earth: The Hohokam Chronicles (Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London, 1994); Buford Pickens, Arthur Woodward, et al., The Missions of Northern Sonora: A 1935 Field Documentation (Tucson and London, 1993); and Charles W. Polzer et al., eds., The Jesuit Missions of Northern Sonora (New York and London, 1991). On Manila in 1688, see John E. Wills, Jr., “China’s Farther Shores: Continuities and Changes in the Destination Ports of China’s Foreign Trade, 1680–1690,” in Emporia, Commodities and Entrepreneurs in Asian Maritime Trade, c. 1400–1750, ed. Roderick Ptak and Dietmar Rothermund (Stuttgart, 1992), pp. 53–77.

Chapter 2. Many Africas. For general West African background, see B. A. Ogot, ed., UNESCO History of Africa, vol. 5 (Berkeley, Oxford, and Paris, 1992); Richard Gray, ed., Cambridge History of Africa, vol. 4 (Cambridge, U.K., 1975); and John Thornton, Africa and Africans in the Making of the Atlantic World (Cambridge, U.K., and New York, 1992). The Western-language literature on the Portuguese and the kingdom of the Kongo is surprisingly rich. The best general account is John Thornton, The Kingdom of Kongo: Civil War and Transition, 1641–1718 (Madison, Wis., 1983). For cultural interpretation, see Wyatt MacGaffey, Religion and Society in Central Africa: The BaKongo of Lower Zaire (Chicago, 1986). The documents and details on 1688 are from Levy Maria Jordão, Visconde de Paiva Manso, Historia do Congo (Documentos) (Lisbon, 1877). On Dahomey, see Robin Law, The Slave Coast of West Africa (Oxford and New York, 1991), and P. Roussier, ed., L’Établissement d’Issiny, 1687–1702 (Paris, 1935). On the Senegambia, see the masterful work of Philip D. Curtin, Economic Change in Precolonial Africa: Senegambia in the Era of the Slave Trade (Madison, Wis., and London, 1975). For the 1680s eyewitnesses, see Chambonneau, “Relation du Sr. Chambonneau,” Bulletin de Géographie Historique et Descriptive, vol. 2 (1898), pp. 308–21, and Thora G. Stone, “The Journey of Cornelius Hodges in Senegambia,” English Historical Review, vol. 39 (1924), pp. 89–95.

Chapter 3. Slaves, Ships, and Frontiers. The fundamental collection of statistics on the slave trade is Philip D. Curtin, The Atlatic Slave Trade: A Census (Madison, Wis., and London, 1969). Controversies concerning Curtin’s totals and interpretations do not affect the general points drawn from his work. A basic collection is Elizabeth Donnan, Documents Illustrative of the History of the Slave Trade to America, 4 vols. (Washington, D.C., 1930–35). On the Royal African Company, see Kenneth G. Davies, The Royal African Company (London, 1957). On the Coymans affair, see I. A. Wright, “The Coymans Asiento (1685–1689),” Bijdragen voor Vaderlandsche Geschiedenis en Oudheidkunde, vol. 6, part 1 (1924), pp. 23–62. For colonial Brazil, I have relied on C. R. Boxer, The Golden Age of Brazil, 1695–1750 (Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London, 1962), and Bailey W. Diffie, with editorial assistance of Edwin J. Perkins, A History of Colonial Brazil, 1500–1792 (Malabar, Fla., 1987). On Palmares, see R. K. Kent, “Palmares: An African State in Brazil,” Journal of African History, vol. 6, no. 2 (1965), pp. 161–75, and Edison Carneiro, O Quilombo dos Palmares (Rio de Janeiro, 1966). On Vieira, see Thomas M. Cohen, The Fire of Tongues: Antonio Vieira and the Missionary Church in Brazil and Portugal (Stanford, 1998), and Antonio Vieira, Sermões, ed. Gonçalo Alves, 15 vols. (Porto, 1945–48).

For background on the West Indies, see J. H. Parry and P. M. Sherlock, A Short History of the West Indies, 2d ed. (London and New York, 1968). On Worthy Park and its contexts, see Michael Craton and James Walvin, A Jamaican Plantation: The History of Worthy Park, 1670–1970 (Toronto, 1970), and Carey Robinson, The Fighting Maroons of Jamaica (Kingston, Jamaica, 1969). On the Texas episode, see Robert S. Weddle, Wilderness Manhunt: The Spanish Search for La Salle (Austin and London, 1973), and Adolph F. A. Bandelier and Fanny R. Bandelier, comps., Historical Documents Relating to New Mexico, Nueva Vizcaya, and Approaches Thereto, to 1773, ed. Charles Wilson Hackett, 2 vols. (Washington, D.C., 1926). On the Caddo, see John R. Swanton, Source Material on the History and Ethnology of the Caddo Indians (Washington, D.C., 1942), and F.Todd Smith, The Caddo Indians: Tribes at the Convergence of Empires, 1542–1854 (College Station, Texas, 1995).

Chapter 4. Dampier and the Aborigines. The basic text is William Dampier, A New Voyage around the World, intro. Sir Albert Gray and Percy G. Adams (New York, 1968). For close examination of the location of his landfall, see Leslie R. Marchant, An Island unto Itself: William Dampier and New Holland (Carlisle, Western Australia, 1988). On the Bardi, see the articles by Roland M. Berndt, Michael V. Robinson, and C. D. Metcalfe, in Aborigines of the West: Their Past and Their Present, ed. Ronald M. Berndt and Catherine H. Berndt (Perth, Australia, 1980).

Chapter 5. The Cape of Good Hope. On the Dutch and the Khoikhoi, see Richard Elphick, Kraal and Castle: Khoikhoi and the Founding of White South Africa (New Haven and London, 1977). On the general situation and the coming of the Huguenots, see Richard Elphick and Hermann Giliomee, eds., The Shaping of South African Society, 1652–1820 (Cape Town, 1979) and Colin Graham Botha, The French Refugees at the Cape (Cape Town, 1919). The resolutions and proclamations are quoted from Suid-Afrikaanse Argiefstukke, ed., Resolusies van de Politieke Road, 6 vols. (Cape Town and Johannesburg, 1957–68), vol. III.

Chapter 6. The World of Batavia. The foundation of this chapter is the 160 pages of annotated transcription of the letters of the governor-general and council in Batavia to the Gentlemen Seventeen in the Netherlands dated December 1687 to December 1688, published in W. Ph. Coolhaas, ed., Generale Missiven van Gouverneurs-Generaal en Raden aan Heren XVII der Verenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie, vol. 5 (The Hague, 1975). The section on Rumphius relies on G. E. Rumpf, The Poison Tree: Selected Writings of Rumphius on the Natural History of the Indies, ed. and trans. E. M. Beekman (Amherst, 1981), and Rumpf, The Ambonese Curiosity Cabinet, ed. and trans. E. M. Beekman (New Haven and London, 1999), especially Beekman’s splendid short biography in the latter; that on Cornelia van Nijenroode, on Leonard Blussé, Strange Company: Chinese Settlers, Mestizo Women and the Dutch in VOC Batavia (Leiden, 1988), chap. 8, and Blussé, Bitters Bruid: Een Koloniaal Huwelijksdrama in de Gouden Eeuw (Amsterdam, 1997). For context and additional detail on various areas, see M. C. Ricklefs, A History of Modern Indonesia since c. 1300, 2d ed. (Stanford, 1993); Leonard Y. Andaya, The World of Maluku: Eastern Indonesia in the Early Modern Period (Honolulu, 1993); and Barbara Watson Andaya, To Live as Brothers: Southeast Sumatra in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries (Honolulu, 1993).

Chapter 7. Phaulkon. E. W. Hutchinson, Adventurers in Siam in the Seventeenth Century (London, 1940), and Hutchinson, ed. and trans., 1688: Revolution in Siam: The Memoirs of Father de Bèze, S.J. (Hong Kong, 1968). Some details also are drawn from manuscript reports of the Dutch at Ayutthaya and Melaka preserved in the Archives of the Dutch East India Company, Algemeen Rijksarchief, The Hague, VOC 1453, fol. 225v-232 and 428-436v.

Chapter 8. Tsar Peter’s Russia. The basics on Moscow and Tsar Peter are drawn from Evgenii V. Anisimov, The Reforms of Peter the Great: Progress through Coercion in Russia, trans. and intro. John T. Alexander (Armonk, N.Y., and London, 1993), and Robert K. Massie, Peter the Great: His Life and World (New York, 1981). On relations with the Mongols and the Qing Empire, see Mark Mancall, Russia and China: Their Diplomatic Relations to 1728 (Cambridge, Mass., 1971), and Morris Rossabi, China and Inner Asia: From 1368 to the Present Day (London and New York, 1975). On General Gordon, see Patrick Gordon, Tagebuch des Generals Patrick Gordon, ed. and trans. Prince M. A. Obolenski and M. C. Posselt (Moscow, 1849–51), and Gordon, Passages from the Diary of General Patrick Gordon ofAuchleuchries, A.D. 1635–1699 (Aberdeen, 1859). On the Old Believers, see Robert O. Crummey, The Old Believers and the World of Antichrist: The Vyg Community and the Russian State, 1694–1855 (Madison, Wis., and London, 1970), and Ivan Stouchkine, Le Suicide Collectif dans le Raskol Russe (Paris, 1903).

Chapter 9. Survivors and Visionaries. For Wang Fuzhi, I have found especially helpful Ian McMorran, “Wang Fu-chih and the Neo-Confucian Tradition,” in William Theodore de Bary et al., The Unfolding of Neo-Confucianism (New York, 1975), and Ian McMorran, “The Patriot and the Partisan: Wang Fu-chih’s Involvement in the Politics of the Yung-li Court,” in From Ming to Ch’ing: Conquest, Region, and Continuity in Seventeenth-Century China, ed. Jonathan D. Spence and John E. Wills, Jr. (New Haven, 1979). Passages from Wang’s writings also are quoted from Wing-tsit Chan, ed. and trans., A Source Book in Chinese Philosophy (Princeton, 1963), and William Theodore de Bary, Wing-tsit Chan, and Burton Watson, eds., Sources of Chinese Tradition (New York, 1960). The 1688 poem is translated from Anon. ed., Wang Chuanshan shiwen ji (Beijing, 1962), p. 357. I am grateful to Mr. Sun Shaoyi for assistance with the translation. See also the chronology of Wang’s life and works at the end of Anon. ed., Wang Chuanshan xueshu taolun Ji (Beijing, 1965). On Shitao, sometimes called Tao-chi or Daoji, there is an excellent collection of studies, including a historical introduction by Jonathan Spence and a study of the paintings by Richard Edwards, in an exhibit catalog, The Painting of Tao-chi, 1641–ca. 1720 (Ann Arbor, Mich., 1967). See also Ju-hsi Chou, The Hua-yü-lu and Tao-chi’s Theory of Painting (Tempe, Ariz., 1977).

Chapter 10. At the Court of Kangxi. Basic documentation is from China First Historical Archives, ed., Kangxi qijuzhu (Beijing, 1985). Important insights on the life and politics of the Kangxi court can be found in Jonathan D. Spence, Emperor of China: Self-Portrait of Kangxi (New York, 1974), and Silas H. L. Wu, Passage to Power: K’ang-hsi and His Heir Apparent, 1661–1722 (Cambridge, Mass., and London, 1979). Useful biographies of all the named individuals are in Arthur W. Hummel, ed., Eminent Chinese of the Ch’ing Period (Washington, D.C., 1944). Aspects of the water control dilemmas are discussed in Richard E. Strassberg, The World of K’ung Shang-jen: A Man of Letters in Early Ch’ing China (New York, 1983), pp. 117–21, 208–15.

Chapter 11. The Jesuits and China. The descriptions of the funeral of Verbiest and of Gerbillon’s journey into Mongolia are based on contemporary accounts published in J. B. du Halde, S.J., Déscription Géographique, Historique, Chronologique, et Physique de l’Empire de la Chine et de la Tartarie Chinoise, 4 vols. (The Hague, 1736). Some details are drawn from John E. Wills, Jr.,” Some Dutch Sources on the Jesuit China Mission, 1662–1687,” Archivum Historicum Societatis lesu, vol. 54 (1985), pp. 267–93. On Verbiest, see John W. Witek, S.J., ed., Ferdinand Verbiest, S.J. (1623–1688): Jesuit Missionary, Scientist, Engineer and Diplomat (Nettetal, Germany, 1994). On the Confucius Sinarum Phihsophus, see David E. Mungello, Curious Land: Jesuit Accommodation and the Origins of Sinology (Stuttgart, 1985), chap. 8. On Wu Li, see Jonathan Chaves, Singing at the Source: Nature and God in the Poetry of the Chinese Painter Wu Li (Honolulu, 1993).

Chapter 12. Kanazawa, Edo, Nagasaki. For excellent introductions to Tokugawa Japan, see John W. Hall, ed., James McClain, assist. ed., The Cambridge History of Japan, vol. 4, Early Modern Japan (Cambridge, U.K., and New York, 1991), and Conrad Totman, Early Modern Japan (Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London, 1993). On Kanazawa, see James L. McClain, Kanazawa: A Seventeenth-Century Japanese Castle Town (New Haven and London, 1982). For Edo, see James McClain, John M. Merriman, and Ugawa Kaoru, eds., Edo and Paris: Urban Life and the State in Early Modern Times (Ithaca and London, 1994). On shunga prints, see Richard Lane, Images from the Floating World: The Japanese Print (New York, 1978). Some details on jôruri are drawn from Donald Keene, The Battles of Coxinga: Chikamatsu’s Puppet Play, Its Background and Importance (London, 1951). On Tokugawa Tsunayoshi, see Donald H. Shively, “Tokugawa Tsunayoshi, the Genroku Shogun,” in Personality in Japanese History, ed. Albert M. Craig and Donald H. Shively (Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London, 1970); Harold Bolitho, “The Dog Shogun,” in Self and Biography: Essays on the Individual and Society in Asia, ed. Wang Gungwu (Sydney, 1976); and Beatrice Bodart Bailey, “The Laws of Compassion,” Monumenta Nipponica, vol. 40, no. 2 (Summer 1985), pp. 163–89. Bakufu documentation for 1688 was sampled from Kuroita Katsumi, ed., Tokugawa jikki, in Shintei Zôho Kokushi Taikei (Tokyo, 1919–35). On Nagasaki, see Wills, “China’s Farther Shores,” cited under chapter 1 above.

Chapter 13. Saikaku and Bashô. For excellent introductions to all facets of Tokugawa literature, see Donald Keene, World within Walls: Japanese Literature of the Pre-Modern Era, 1600–1867 (New York, 1976), especially chap. 5 on Bashô and chap. 8 on Saikaku. Translations of sections from Saikaku’s The Japanese Family Storehouse are from G. W. Sargent’s translation bearing that title (Cambridge, U.K., 1959), which also is excellent on background and interpretation. The account of Bashô and the translations rely on Bashô, The Narrow Road to the Deep North and Other Travel Sketches, intro, and trans. Nobuyuki Yuasa (Baltimore, 1966). See also the excellent chapter on Bashô in William R. LaFleur, The Karma of Words: Buddhism and the Literary Arts in Medieval Japan (Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London, 1983).

Chapter 14. The Sun King and the Ladies. My most important guides to a Versailles-centered account of France have been Pierre Goubert, Louis XIV and Twenty Million Frenchmen, trans. Anne Carter (New York, 1970), and John B. Wolf, Louis XIV (New York, 1968). I also have learned from W. H. Lewis, The Splendid Century: Life in the France of Louis XIV (Garden City, N.Y., 1957), and Robert Mandrou, Louis XIV et Son Temps: 1661–1715 (Paris, 1973). Nancy Mitford, The Sun King: Louis XIV at Versailles (New York, 1966), is useful for anecdotes and illustrations. The published text of the diary of the marquis of Dangeau is Philippe de Courcillon, marquis de Dangeau, Journal du Marquis de Dangeau, ed. M. Feuillet de Conches, 19 vols. (Paris, 1854–60). See also Charlotte Haldane, Madame de Maintenon: Uncrowned Queen of France (Indianapolis and New York, 1970); Théophile Lavallée, Madame de Maintenon et la Maison Royale de St.-Cyr (1686–1793) (Paris, 1862); Jeanne de Guyon, La Vie de Madame Guyon Écrite par Elle-même, ed. Benjamin Sahler (Paris, 1983); Marie-Louise Gondal, Madame Guyon (1648–1717): Un Nouveau Visage (Paris, 1989); Marie-Louise Gondal, ed., Madame Guyon: La Passion de Croire (Paris, 1990).

Chapter 15. A Family Quarrel and a Glorious Revolution. This chapter seeks to find an autodidacta’s way through libraries of documentation and controversy. A particularly intelligent and useful summary, including full citations of recent controversies, is Geoffrey Holmes, The Making of a Great Power: Late Stuart and Early Georgian England, 1660–1722 (London and New York, 1993). I also have learned much from Mark Kikshlansky, A Monarchy Transformed: Britain 1603–1714 (London and New York, 1996), and Maurice Ashley, James II (London, Toronto, and Melbourne, 1977). A very good summary on 1688 is John Carswell, The Descent on England: A Study of the English Revolution of 1688 and Its European Background (New York, 1969). Of the many fine edited volumes produced around 1988, by far the most important for my purposes has been Jonathan I. Israel, ed., The Anglo-Dutch Moment: Essays on the Glorious Revolution and Its World Impact (Cambridge, U.K., and New York, 1991). The account of William’s landing and march across southern England also draws on Henri and Barbara van der Zee, 1688: Revolution in the Family: A Royal Feud (London, 1988). Information on Wilton House and its Van Dycks is from tourist literature acquired on a 1994 visit. For the crisis in London, see especially Robert Beddard, ed., A Kingdom without a King: The Journal of the Provisional Government in the Revolution of 1688 (Oxford, 1988), and John Evelyn, Diary, ed. E. S. de Beer, 6 vols. (Oxford, 1955).

Chapter 16. Echoes across the Oceans. On Albemarle, see Estelle Frances Ward, Christopher Monck, Duke of Albemarle (London, 1915), and Hans Sloane, M.D., A Voyage to the Islands Madera, Barbados, Nieves, S. Christopher, and Jamaica, 2 vols. (London, 1707). On Increase Mather, see Robert Middlekauff, The Mathers: Three Generations of Puritan Intellectuals, 1596–1728 (New York, 1971). I have profited from a number of biographies of William Penn, including Hans Fantel, William Penn: Apostle of Dissent (New York, 1974). Representative of the best current scholarship are Mary Maples Dunn, William Penn: Politics and Conscience (Philadelphia, 1967), and Richard S. Dunn and Mary Maples Dunn, eds., The World of William Penn (Philadelphia, 1986). For specifics on Penn in America, see Richard S. Dunn, Mary Maples Dunn, and Jean R. Soderlund, eds., William Penn and the Founding of Pennsylvania, 1680–1684: A Documentary History (Philadelphia, 1983); on relations with James II and other themes in 1688, see Vincent Buranelli, The King and the Quaker: A Study of William Penn and James II (Philadelphia, 1962); Joseph E. Illick, William Penn the Politician: His Relations with the English Government (Ithaca, 1965); and Richard S. Dunn and Mary Maples Dunn, chief eds., The Papers of William Penn (Philadelphia, 1986), vol. 3.

Chapter 17. A Hundred Years of Freedom. The new standard authority in English is Jonathan Israel, The Dutch Republic: Its Rise, Greatness, and Fall, 1477–1806 (Oxford, 1995). Fascinating information and insight on Dutch culture are to be found in Simon Schama, The Embarrassment of Riches: An Interpretation of Dutch Culture in the Golden Age (Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London, 1988). For Joseph Penso de la Vega’s book on the stock market, see M. F. J. Smith, ed., and G. J. Geers, trans., Confusion de Confusiones de Josseph de la Vega (The Hague, 1939), and the essay by Harm Den Boer and Jonathan I. Israel in The Anglo-Dutch Moment, ed. Israel. For Dutch politics in 1688 I have drawn heavily on Jonathan Israel, “The Dutch Role in the Glorious Revolution” in The Anglo-Dutch Moment, loc. cit. For Witsen, see J. F. Gebhard, Jr., Het Leven van Mr. Nicolaos Cornelisz. Witsen (1641–1717), 2 vols. (Utrecht, 1881).

Chapter 18. In the Republic of Letters. On the idea of a Republic of Letters, see Dena Goodman, The Republic of Letters: A Cultural History of the French Enlightenment (Ithaca and London, 1994). The great work on Pierre Bayle is Elisabeth Labrousse, Pierre Bayle (The Hague, 1963–64). On the Nouvelles, see especially Louis-Paul Betz, Pierre Bayle und die “Nouvelles de la République des Lettres” (Erste Populärwissenschaftliche Zeitschrift) (1684–1687) (Zurich, 1896, repr. Geneva, 1970), and Hubert Bost, Pierre Bayle et la Question Religieuse dans le “Nouvelles de la République des Lettres” 1684–1687 (Montpellier, 1991). On Claude Perrault, see Antoine Picon, Claude Perrault, 1613–1688, ou, La Curiosité d’un Classique (Paris, 1989). For the text of Charles Perrault’s Parallels, I consulted Perrault, Paralleles des Anciens et des Modernes, ed. H. R. Jauss and M. Imdahl (Munich, 1964). On Valvasor, see P. von Radics, Johann Weikhard Freiherr von Valvasor (Laibach [Ljubljana], 1910); Johann Weichard Valvasor, Die Ehre des Herzogtums Krain (Laibach [Ljubljana] and Nürnberg, 1689); facsimile edition with editorial matter by Branko Reisp (Munich, 1971); Branko Reisp, Kranjski Polihistor Janez Vajkard Valvasor (Ljubljana, 1983), English summary, pp. 385–417; Branko Reisp, ed., Korespondenca Janeza Vajkarda Valvasorja Z Royal Society: The Correspondence of Janez Vajkard Valvasor with the Royal Society (Ljubljana, 1987).

Chapter 19. Aphra Behn. See especially Angeline Goreau, Reconstructing Aphra: A Social Biography ofAphra Behn (New York, 1980), and Aphra Behn, Oroonoko, The Rover, and Other Works, ed. Janet Todd (London and New York, 1992).

Chapter 20. Newton, Locke, and Leibniz. For Newton, see Richard S. Westfall’s magnificent Never at Rest: A Biography of Isaac Newton (Cambridge, U.K., and New York, 1980); Isaac Newton, Sir Isaac Newton’s Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy and His System of the World, trans. Andrew Motte, trans. and annotated Florian Cajori (Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London, 1962); and H. W. Turnbull, ed., The Correspondence of Isaac Newton, 7 vols. (Cambridge, 1959–).

Students of Locke have been especially blessed with splendid editions of his letters and works. I have used especially E. S. De Beer, ed., The Correspondence of John Locke (Oxford, 1978), vol. 3; John Locke, An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, ed. Peter H. Nidditch (Oxford, 1975); and Locke, Two Treatises of Government, ed. Peter Laslett (Cambridge, U.K., 1960). By far the best biography is Maurice Cranston, John Locke: A Biography (New York, 1957). My understanding of Locke owes much to John Dunn, Locke (Oxford and New York, 1984), and to Laslett’s introduction to the Treatises and takes a few points from John W. Yolton, Locke: An Introduction (Oxford and New York, 1985).

Coming to terms with Leibniz is intrinsically harder than for Newton or Locke, and the modern literature offers, in my experience, much less satisfactory guidance. I have found much help in R. W. Meyer, Leibnitz and the Seventeenth-Century Revolution, trans. J. P. Stern (Cambridge, U.K., 1952); Stuart Brown, Leibniz (Minneapolis, 1984); and the various essays in Centre International de Synthèse, ed., Leibniz, 1646–1716: Aspects de l’Homme et l’Oeuvre (Paris, 1968). For his interest in Chinese thought, see David E. Mungello, Leibniz and Confucianism: The Search for Accord (Honolulu, 1977), and Leibniz, Discourse on the Natural Theology of the Chinese, trans. Henry Rosemont and Daniel J. Cook (Honolulu, 1977). For specifics of experiences and interactions in 1688, see Leibniz, Allgemeines Politischer und Historischer Briefwechsel, ed. Kurt Müller and Erik Anburger, vol. 5 (Berlin, 1954).

Chapter 21. The World of the Great Sultan. For a very stimulating revision of our views of the seventeenth-century Muslim empires, see C. A. Bayly, Imperial Meridian: The British Empire and the World, 1780–1830 (London and New York, 1989), chaps. 1 and 2. A roughly parallel line of revision on the Ottomans is pursued in Goldstone, Revolution and Rebellion, and in Rifa’at Ali Abou-El-Haj, Formation of the Modern State: The Ottoman Empire, Sixteenth to Eighteenth Centuries (Albany, N.Y., 1991). The basic authority in English is Stanford Shaw, History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey, vol. 1, Empire of the Gazis: The Rise and Decline of the Ottoman Empire, 1280–1808 (Cambridge, U.K., and New York, 1976). On Osman Agha, see Osman Aga, Der Gefangene der Giauren, ed. and trans. Richard F. Kreutel and Otto Spies (Graz and Vienna, 1962). With the assistance of Ayse Rorlich I have checked a few points in Temesvari Osman Aga, Gavurlarin Esiri (Istanbul, 1971). On Istanbul, see Robert Mantran, Istanbul dans la Seconde Moitié du XVIIe Siècle:Essai d’Histoire Institutionelle, Économique, et Sociale (Paris, 1962). On the crisis of 1687–88, I have drawn on Joseph von Hammer, Geschichte des Osmanischen Reiches, 10 vols. (Pest, 1827–35), and on synopses given me by Ayse Rorlich of Mehmed Aga Silahdar, Silahdar Tarihi (Istanbul, 1928). On the Venetians in Athens and the Peloponnese, see James Morton Paton, ed., The Venetians in Athens, 1687–1688, from the Istoria of Cristoforo Ivanovich (Cambridge, Mass., 1940); on Algiers, John B. Wolf, The Barbary Coast: Algiers under the Turks, 1500 to 1830 (New York and London, 1979).

Chapter 22. Mecca. The best modern authority in English is F. E. Peters, The Hajj: The Muslim Pilgrimage to Mecca and the Holy Places (Princeton, 1994). For 1680s specifics, see Sir William Foster, ed., The Red Sea and Adjacent Countries at the Close of the Seventeenth Century, as Described by Joseph Pitts, William Daniel, and Charles Jacques Poncet, Works Issued by the Hakluyt Society, Second Series, No. C (Cambridge, U.K., 1949; reprint, Liechtenstein, 1967).

Chapter 23. Hindus and Muslims. Excellent recent summaries of political structures and changes are two volumes in The New Cambridge History of India (Cambridge, U.K., and New York, 1993): John F. Richards, The Mughal Empire, and Stewart Gordon, The Marathas, 1600–1800. For the Sufi of Bijapur, his poem, and his contexts, see Richard M. Eaton, Sufis of Bijapur, 1300–1700: Social Roles of Sufis in Medieval India (Princeton, 1978). On the Mughal conquest of Golconda, see J. F. Richards, Mughal Administration in Golconda (Oxford, 1975). For narrative detail, see also Jadunath Sarkar, History of Aurangzib, 2d ed., 5 vols. (Calcutta, 1930), and Niccolo Manucci, Storia do Mogor, or Mogul India, 1653–1708, trans. William Irvine, 4 vols. (New Delhi, 1981). On the Pam Nayak episode and its contexts, see J. F. Richards, “The Imperial Crisis in the Deccan,” Journal of Asian Studies, vol. 35, no. 2 (February 1976), pp. 237–56, and the sources cited there.

Chapter 24. Englishmen, Indians, and Others. The best general accounts of the English East India Company are in Holden Furber, Rival Empires of Trade in the Orient, 1600–1800 (Minneapolis, 1976), and K. N. Chaudhuri, The Trading World of Asia and the English East India Company, 1660–1760 (Cambridge, U.K., and New York, 1978). On the conflict with the Mughals, see also William W. Hunter, A History of British India (reprint, New York, 1966). Basic documentation on Madras is from Records of Fort St. George: Diary and Consultation Book, 86 vols. (Madras, 1894). On Elihu Yale, see Hiram Bingham, Elihu Yale (New York, 1939). On textile production and trades, see especially K. N. Chaudhuri, and John E. Wills, Jr., “European Consumption and Asian Production in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries,” in Consumption and the World of Goods, ed. John Brewer and Roy Porter (London and New York, 1993), pp. 133–47. On Hovhannes Youghayetsi and the Armenians in Asia, see Philip D. Curtin, Cross-Cultural Trade in World History (Cambridge, U.K., and New York, 1984), chap. 9; Michel Aghassian and Kéram Kévonian, “Armenian Trade in the Indian Ocean in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries,” in Asian Merchants and Businessmen in the Indian Ocean and the China Sea, ed. Denys Lombard and Jean Aubin (New Delhi, 2000); Lvon Khachikian, “The Ledger of the Merchant Hovhannes Joughayetsi,” Journal of the Asiatic Society (Calcutta), vol. 8, no. 3 (1966); and Lvon Khachikian, “Le Registre d’un Marchand Arménien en Perse, en Inde, et au Tibet (1682–1693),” Annales: Economies, Sociétés, Civilisations, vol. 22, part 1 (January-June 1967). The text has been published: L. S. Khachikian and H. D. Papazian, eds., Hovhannes Ter-Davtian Jughaietsu Hashvetumare (Erevan, Armenia, 1984). Richard Hovanissian tells me it would be a dissertation-length project to translate and annotate this difficult text.

Chapter 25. Next Year in Jerusalem. For Jerusalem, see F. E. Peters, Jerusalem: The Holy City in the Eyes of Chroniclers, Visitors, Pilgrims, and Prophets from the Days of Abraham to the Beginnings of Modern Times (Princeton, 1985). On Glikl bas Judah Leib, see Natalie Zemon Davis, Women on the Margins: Three Seventeenth-Century Lives (Cambridge, Mass., and London, 1995). The best translation of her autobiography is by Beth-Zion Abrahams, The Life of Glückel of Hameln, 1646–1724, Written by Herself (London, 1962, and New York, 1963). For information on the Colorno ketubbah, I am indebted to Professor Shalom Sabar of the Hebrew University in Jerusalem, who is the major authority on this art form; see Shalom Sabar, Ketubbah: Jewish Marriage Contracts in the Hebrew Union College Skirball Museum and Klau Library (Philadelphia, 1990). I am deeply grateful to the Library of the Jewish Theological Seminary in New York for allowing me to see and reproduce this treasure.

Chapter 26. O Well Is Thee. For Purcell, I have drawn on J. A. Westrup, Purcell (London and New York, 1965); Westrup’s article on Purcell in The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, 20 vols. (Washington, D.C., 1980); and Franklin B. Zimmerman, Henry Purcell: An Analytical Catalogue of His Music (London and New York, 1963). I am especially grateful to Joseph Styles for finding for me the magnificent recording of the anthem “Blessed Are They That Fear the Lord” by the Choir of King’s College, Cambridge University, the Philip Jones Brass Ensemble, and the Academy of St. Martin-in-the-Fields, conducted by Philip Ledger, Angel S-37282.