Index

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NOTE: Page numbers followed by an “n indicate a note on that page; the number following the “n” is the page number to which the note refers.

Abbasids, 21–22, 50, 71, 218–19, 325, 327

Abu Bakr Rababi, 213–14

Sheikh Abu Bakr Sallebaf of Tabriz, 127–28

The Acts of the Mystics (Chelebi), 82

Afary, Janet, 178

Aflaki (Rumi biographer)

      and Baha Valad, 82

      on criticism of Rumi’s sama practices, 254

      on fame as an affliction, 240

      on Hosam, 245, 252

      on Kerra, 108

      on Kimiya, 165

      on Maleke, 238

      on portraits of Rumi, 228

      on Rumi after Shams’s departure, 176, 179

      on Rumi and Alloddin, 253

      on Rumi and Shams, 118, 120, 148, 151, 197

      on Rumi bowing to a Christian monk, 237

      on Salah and Rumi, 202, 205

      on sama sessions with all women present, 228–29

      on Sultan Valad and Shams, 153, 165

Ahmad, 54

akhavan organizations, 122, 245, 256, 325

al-Ghazali, Mohammad, 54, 180–81

al-Hallaj, Mansur, 56

al-Maarri, 121

al-Mutanabbi, 96, 120–21, 149

al-Nasir, Caliph, 50

al-Rashid, Harun, 50

Alaoddin Kayqobad I, Sultan

      about, 78–79, 136

      and Baha Valad, 75–76, 77, 82–83, 85

      and Great Mosque in Konya, 79–80, 84–85

      and Konya, Anatolia, 77, 78

      and Sultan Han caravanserai, 80–81

Alaoddin Kayqobad III, 229–30

Alaoddin Mohammad (Rumi’s son)

      about, 162

      birth and childhood, 72–74

      chastisement from Rumi while studying in Damascus, 109–10

      death and funeral of, 253

      and Rumi, 171, 179, 193, 253–54

      and Shams, 121, 162–63

Aleppo, Syria

      about, 94–95

      the Citadel, 94–95, 151–52

      Gooch in, 1–4

      madrases in, 94, 95

      Rumi as theological student, 3–4, 93–97

      Shams in, 132–33, 151–54

      Shia in, 97–98

Ali and the infidel knight tale, 250

Ali ebn Malekdad, 126

Altunpa Madrase and Mosque, Konya, 83–85

Aminodin Mikail “Sheikh of the Ladies,” 228

Anatolia and Neighboring Lands

      13th Century map, 332–33

      Erzincan, 63–65, 70

      journey from Konya to Kayseri, 106–7

      journey from Syria to Anatolia, 62

      Kayseri, 93–94, 102, 105–7

      Larande, 70–75, 76, 86–87

      Malatya, 62–63

      See also Konya, Anatolia

Anatolian region

      Baha Valad family in, 62–76, 82–85

      earthquakes in, 292

      Greeks in, 88–89, 110, 192–93, 207, 232

      Mongol rule, 221–23

      Shams in, 132–34

Aqshahr, Anatolia, 64

Arberry, A. J., 4

ascetic in the desert hero, 266–67

astrolabe metaphor, 235

astronomy, 72

Ataturk, Kemal, 303–4

Attar

      Book of Secrets, 46–47

      The Book of the Camel, 75

      Book of the Divine, 48–49

      The Conference of the Birds, 46, 48, 242–43

      influence in Rumi’s Masnavi, 249

      Lives of the Saints, 55–56

      and Rumi, 46–48, 59–60

austerity of Rumi, 102–5, 241–42, 279

Ayyubid dynasty, 94–95, 99–100, 325

Babas, 136, 255, 325

Badi al-Zaman Foruzanfar, 214

Baghdad

      about, 51–53

      Baha Valad family in, 50, 53–56

      as entranceway to Mecca, 50

      Mongol takeover of, 218–21

      refugees from Mongol invasion, 68

      roads to, 43–44, 49

      Shams in, 128–29

Baha Valad (Rumi’s father)

      in Anatolia, 62–65, 70–71, 82–85

      Borhan passing on teachings of, 87–89

      and Damascus, 61–62

      death of, 85–86

      enemies of, 18–19, 20

      fear of politicians, 40

      influence on Rumi, 15

      invitation to teach in Konya, 75–76

      journal of, 13, 18, 20, 41, 86, 341n20

      journey to Mecca, 38–42

      leaving Vakhsh, 24–25

      midlife crisis, 20–21

      personality of, 15–18, 33, 34

      and Rumi’s visions of angels, 11–12

      sermons of, 74

      as “Sultan al-Olama,” 18

Bahaoddin Mohammad (Rumi’s son), 72–74. See also Sultan Valad

Bahramshah, prince of Erzincan, 63–64

Balkh, Tajikistan, 14–15, 39, 67

Barks, Coleman, 4

Basra, 55

Bayazid Bestami, 116–17

bear as friend metaphor, 265

Bedouins on road from Baghdad to Mecca, 58

Biographical Dictionary (Ibn al-Adim), 95

Black Stone of the Kaaba, 58, 60

Bly, Robert, 307

The Book of Kings, or Shahname (Ferdowsi), 23–24, 78–79

Book of Secrets (Attar), 46–47

The Book of the Camel (Attar), 75

Book of the Divine (Attar), 48–49

Borhan (Rumi’s tutor/teacher), 39, 87–92, 93–94, 105–7, 202

braggadocio tradition, 96

Bukhara, Uzbekistan, 30, 51–52, 66

Cahen, Claude, 303

caliph, 44, 325

Caliph al-Mustasim, 218–19

caravanserai (roadside inn)

      in Aleppo, 152

      in Damascus, 151

      Kayseri to Konya, 80–81

      in Konya, 155–56

      from Rome to Khorasan, 41–42

      Rumi comparing the mind to, 6

      Rumi’s friend the dancing girl, 238

      Sultan Han, Konya, 80–81

Cathedral Mosque, Samarkand, 67

Central Asia and the Middle East

      map, 13th Century, 330–31

      journey from Samarkand to Mecca, 38–39, 40–42

      journey from Vakhsh to Samarkand, 24–25

      See also Silk Road

chelle, 104, 325

children and Rumi, 239

Christianity

      Anatolia surrounded by, 62

      Crusades in Syria, 62

      in Damascus, 100

      Franciscan friars in Aleppo, 95

      of Gorji Khatun “Queen of Queens,” 227

      in Konya, 84–85

      in Larande, 71

      Rumi and, 237–38

Citadel, Aleppo, 94–95, 151–52

Citadel, Konya, 78, 79–80, 84–85, 89, 227

clitoridectomy in Muslim Turkic tribes, 17

The Conference of the Birds (Attar), 46, 48, 242–43

Crusades in Syria, 62

Damascus, Syria

      about, 98, 100–101

      Rumi after accepting Shams’s death, 188–91

      Rumi as theological student, 98–101

      Rumi’s search for Shams in, 179–90

      Shams in, 130–32, 151

      uncertainty for Baha Valad family, 61–62

dervish and dervishes, 88, 90, 133, 289, 325. See also whirling and whirling dervishes

Dictionary of Countries (Yaqut), 51–52

Dowlatshah, 126

ducklings raised by a hen story, 266

Ebn Chavosh, 208

Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 307

Eraqi (Sufi poet), 8

Erzincan, Anatolia, 63–65, 70

Esmati, princess of Erzincan, 63–64

Euphrates River, 52

Ezzoddin Kaykaus II, 230

Fakhroddin Saheb Ata, 229

Faridun (Jalaloddin Amir Aref—Rumi’s grandson), 286–87

fasting, importance of, 102–4, 221

Fateme (Rumi’s half-sister), 13, 40

Fateme (Salah’s daughter), 202, 211–12

Fateme (Sultan Valad’s wife), 212–13, 261, 285–86

fatwas, 18, 238, 326

Ferdowsi, 23–24, 79

flute in opening of Masnavi, 243–44, 249, 265, 272

fotovvat (Islamic brotherhood), 122, 127, 326

Franciscan friars in Aleppo, 95

funeral procession, Rumi’s, 8, 299–300

Garden of Truth (Sanai), 47, 242–43

Genghis Khan, 61, 66–70

ghazal (lyrical, rhymed poems), 148–51, 153–54, 185–86, 242–43, 326. See also Masnavi (Rumi)

God

      and inspiration, 251

      Quran verses emphasizing closeness of, 55

      Rumi’s poetry on, 40, 69–70

      Shams teachings about, 141

      true lover, the lover of God, 250–51

Godtalk (Gooch), research for, 4–5

Gooch, Brad, 1–7, 302, 304–5, 307–8

Gorji Khatun “Queen of Queens,” 227

Gowhar (Rumi’s first wife), 40, 72–74, 107–8

Gowhartash, Amir Badroddin, 84, 85

Great Mosque, Konya, Anatolia, 79–80, 84–85

Great Seljuks, 71

Greeks of Anatolia, 88–89, 110, 192–93, 207, 232

hajj (pilgrimage), 56, 58–59, 60, 326. See also Silk Road

Hallaj, Mansur al-, 270–72

hammam (bathhouses), 138–39

Hanafi School of law, 16–17, 71, 83, 98–99

Abu Hanifa, 57

harems, 12–13, 34, 164–65, 326

hazl (bawdy poems), 288, 326

Hediye (Salah’s daughter), 216–17

heroes from Rumi’s boyhood, 23–24

Hosam (Hosamoddin Chelebi)

      about, 121–22, 245

      and Masnavi (Rumi), 242–51

      with Rumi in Meram, 262–63

      as Rumi’s beloved and sheikh of the order, 260–63, 277

      as Rumi’s scribe, 245–48, 259–60, 263–64, 293–94

      and seclusion of Rumi and Shams, 122

      wife’s death, 252, 259

Hulagu Khan (Mongol), 218–20

Ibn al-Adim, 95–96

Ibn Arabi, 62–63, 82–83, 101, 130–31, 139, 346n63

In It Is What Is in It, or Fihe ma fih, 4–5

Ince Minareli, Konya, 229

Iran, Rumi as adolescent, 5

Islam

      fatwas, 18, 238, 326

      fotovvat, 122, 127, 326

      Genghis Khan as threat to, 68–70

      Hanafi School of law, 16–17, 71, 83, 98–99

      Mohammad the Prophet, 50, 131

      and Mongol rule in Anatolia, 223

      rules against representations, 29

      Rumi growing up in, 14

      Shafii School of Islamic jurisprudence, 128–30, 277

      See also specific sects of Islam

Jalaloddin Mohammad, 12, 85, 182. See also Rumi

jinn (spirits or genies), 21, 108, 326

Jonayd, 55–56

Ibn Jubayr, 58, 59

Judaism, 100, 120, 236, 299–300

Kaaba (sacred shrine in Mecca), 58, 326

Kalile and Demne (collection of animal fables), 21–23, 249, 288

Karakhanids (Turkic dynasty), 26

Karamustafa, Ahmet T., 303

Karatay (freed Greek slave, Seljuk), 192–93

Kaykhosrow II, Sultan, 136–37

      death of, 192

Kaykhosrow III, Sultan, 275

Kayseri, Anatolia, 93–94, 102, 105–7

Kermani (Turkish Sufi), 129–30

Kerra Khatun (Rumi’s second wife)

      about, 108

      and howling dervishes, 275–76

      and Rumi, 193, 276

      and Rumi’s illness/death, 291–92, 296–97

      and Shams, 121, 135

Khayyam, Omar, 48–49

Khodavandgar, 12, 39, 87, 163, 255, 286–87. See also Madrase Khodavandgar, Konya; Rumi

Khorasan region

      about, 326

      Baha Valad’s exit from, 25

      chaos and skirmishes in, 64–66

      Genghis Khan’s plundering of, 66–70

      Nishapur, 44–49, 67–68

      Rumi’s boyhood influences, 21–24

      Termez, 39, 67, 87

Khwarazmshah, 18, 19, 30–31, 61, 65–66

Kimiya (Shams wife), 159–61, 163–66

Konya, Anatolia

      about, 78

      Baha Valad invitation to teach in, 75–76

      Baha Valad teaching in, 83–85

      bathhouses in, 138–39

      Borhan in, 87–92

      the Citadel, 78, 79–80, 84–85, 89, 227

      gossip about Rumi and Shams, 124

      Great Mosque7, 79–80, 84–85

      internal politics, 275

      memorial sama ceremony, 304–5

      Mevlevi lodge museum, 304

      and Mongols, 137, 221–26

      Rumi after accepting Shams’s death, 191, 193–98

      Rumi in, 6, 78, 85–86, 87–92

      Rumi’s preaching in, 110–11

      Shams in, 133–34

Kufa, 57

lale (tutor for children), 39, 326

Larande, Anatolia, 70–75, 76, 86–87

Layli and Majnun (Nezami), 64, 145

Lewis, Franklin D., 186

Lives of the Poets (Dowlatshah), 126

Lives of the Saints (Attar), 55–56, 59–60

love

      martyr of love, Majnun, 64

      Persian love poetry, 307–8

      as rain in a desert, 267

      of Rumi and Shams, 139–41, 142–43, 145

      Rumi as, in his Masnavi, 249, 281

      Rumi associating music with, 175

      Rumi’s poetry on, 64, 80, 123

      Sham’s religion of the heart, 123–24

      true lover, the lover of God, 250–51

      union and separation aspects, 169–70, 172

      universal nature of, 203

      as way to peace in the heart, 278

Madrase Khodavandgar, Konya

      Gowhartash as builder of, 84

      Rumi and Shams in seclusion at, 134–35

      Rumi and Shams teaching together, 139–41

      Rumi as leader of, 107, 277–78

      Rumi’s disciples’ dislike for Salah, 207–8

      Rumi’s disciples’ dislike for Shams, 139–41, 147, 158, 163, 166–68, 170–72, 177–78

      Rumi’s recommitment after Salah’s death, 235–36

      Salah as Rumi’s successor, 206–7

      and sama practices, 181

      and Shams, 117–18, 134, 158–59, 197–98

      Shams teaching at, 117, 157–58, 168–70

madrases (upper-level schools)

      about, 93, 326

      in Aleppo, 94, 95

      Altunpa Madrase and Mosque, Konya, 83–85

      Baha Valad and family residing in Baghdad madrase, 53

      Karatay’s madrase in Konya, 192–93

      Shadbakht Madrase, Aleppo, 95

      See also Madrase Khodavandgar, Konya

maktab (elementary school), 32–36, 326

malamatiyya (followers of the “path of blame”), 45, 326

Malatya, Anatolia, 62–63

Maleke (Rumi’s daughter), 108, 238, 276

Mamluks (military or warrior caste), 275, 278, 326

maps, 330–33

masnavi (long poem in rhyming couplets)

      about, 327

      Book of Secrets (Attar), 46–47

      Garden of Truth (Sanai), 47

      Layli and Majnun (Nezami), 64, 145

      Shahname, 23

Masnavi (Nicholson, trans.), 2–3

Masnavi (Rumi)

      about, 265, 268, 280–81

      Ali and the infidel knight tale, 250

      ascetic in the desert hero, 266–67

      Bedouin nomad brings a jug of rainwater to Baghdad, 52

      on Blind Man and the Quran story, 38

      Book I, 242–51, 265

      Book II, 259–60, 263–67, 273

      Book III, 268–73, 281–83

      Book V, 104–5, 284

      Book VI, 287–91

      on conversion of his wife into a mother, 72–73

      on death, 281–84

      ducklings raised by a hen story, 266

      on fasting, 103

      flute in, 243–44, 249, 265, 272

      goldsmith of Samarkand tale, 28–29

      on Hosam, 245, 246

      Hosam asks Rumi about Shams, 247–48

      on “I am Truth” meaning, 270–72

      Kalile and Demne tales, 22–23, 249, 288

      parents quarreling about sending their son to school, 33–34

      on power of the Abbasid caliph, 221

      Quran in, 20, 250–51

      Rumi’s defense of and feelings about, 268–70

      on Shia at Antioch Gate, 97

      on spiritual guides, 195–96

      three princes story, 290

      translations of, 2–3, 306

      vulgar material in, 288

      on women, 109

      on young prodigy, 35

      on youth and old age, 274

      Zolaykha’s coded language, 289–90

Mecca, 38–42, 59–60, 61

Meccan Revelations (Ibn Arabi), 63

Meram, 262–63

Merv, Mongol invasion of, 68

Mevlevis (Sufi order), 7, 303–4

Mohammad the Prophet, 50, 131

Moinoddin Solayman Parvane. See Parvane, Moinoddin Solayman

Mongol-controlled territories, 66–70

Mongols and Seljuks Empire of Rum, 136–37

Mortaz, Maryam, 5

Mount Qasiyun, Damascus, Syria, 5

Mowlana, 128, 327. See also Rumi Mozaffar (Mozaffaroddin Amir Alem Chelebi—Rumi’s son), 108, 193, 276

Muslim Americans, 4–5

Mystical Poems of Rumi (Arberry, trans.), 4

nay (reed flute), 41, 175, 243–44, 249, 265, 272

Nezam (Nezamoddin), 216–17

Nezami (poet), 64

Nezamiyye College, Baghdad, 53–54

Nicholson, R. A., 2–3

Nishapur, Khorasan, 44–49, 67–68

Nosob (nanny), 40

Oxus River, 13, 23, 52

the Parvane, Moinoddin Solayman

Persian language

      Arabic lessons and, 33

      Arabic vs., 49

      Gooch learning, 5

      Rumi preaching in, 74–75

      Rumi’s Masnavi in, 249

      switching to Arabic and back, 149–50

Plato, 89, 123

poets and poetry

      Arabic poets in Aleppo, 96

      and fall of Baghdad, 220

      Nezami, 64

      in Nishapuri, 46

      odes to cities in Arabic poetry, 99

      poetry as a mirror of the poet, 251

      Rudaki, 29–30

      in Samarkand, 27

      and spring, 81–82, 348n82

      See also Rumi’s poetry

qadi (judge of religious law), 257–59, 327

qasidas (longer odes), 96, 327

qibla (direction of Mecca), 49–50, 327

Qonavi (Sadroddin Qonavi), 139, 256–57, 293, 300, 303

Quran

      Blind Man and the Quran story, 38

      elementary school teachings, 33

      and funerals, 233–34

      importance to Rumi, 36–38

      and the Parvane, 225

      Rumi comparing Masnavi to, 268–70

      Rumi’s favorite stories, 37

      in Rumi’s Masnavi, 20, 250–51

      verses emphasizing closeness of God, 55

rabab (stringed instrument), 175, 213, 327

Rabia on her way to Mecca, 60

Ramadan poems, 26

Razi of Herat, Fakhroddin, 18–20

religion of the heart, 123–24, 278

religious diversity, 84–85, 100, 236–40, 273, 299–301

The Revival of the Religious Sciences (al-Ghazali), 54, 180–81

robai quatrain, 30, 48, 327, 342n30

Roknoddin Qelij Arslan IV, 230

Rostam, 23–24

Rudaki, poetry of, 29–30

Rumi

      about, 34–35, 194–95, 226–27, 237–40

      aging of, 273, 274–75, 285

      and Ahmad, 54

      astrolabe metaphor, 235

      and Attar, 46–48, 59–60

      attitude toward women, 108–9

      austerity of, 102–5, 241–42, 279

      in Baghdad, 53–56

      and Baha Valad’s death, 85–86

      and bathhouses in Konya, 138–39

      and Borhan, 87–89, 90–92, 102–7

      chelle of, 104–5

      death of, 6, 7–8, 292, 294–98

      description of, 236

      funeral of, 298–301

      giving up delivering sermons, 206, 358n206

      harem of, 161–62

      as husband and father, 72–74

      on “I am Truth” meaning, 270–72

      and Ibn Arabi, 62, 63, 101

      illness of, 291–94

      kindness of, 34, 164, 194–95, 279–80

      in Konya, 6, 78, 85–86, 87–92

      on Konya hierarchy, 78

      in Larande, 71–75

      and Majnun and Layli tale, 64, 145

      on marriage of Sultan Valad and Fateme, 215–16

      and Mongols controlling Konya, 221–26

      and music, 213–14

      name(s) of, 12

      as preacher, 74–75

      and Qonavi, 139, 300

      and Quran, 36–38

      and Sanai, 47–48

      and Serajoddin, 257–59

      shrine and tomb, 6–7

      siblings, 13, 40

      on wealthy or wordly people, 239–40

      See also Hosam; Salah; Shams of Tabriz

Rumi’s childhood

      and Borhan, 39

      elementary school, 32–36

      in harem, 12–13, 34

      journey to Mecca, 39–40, 41–42

      in Nishapur, 44–49

      in Samarkand, 26–27, 30–36

      and siege of Samarkand, 30–31

      in Vakhsh, 13–14, 21–24

      visions and personality, 11–12

Rumi’s followers

      Aminodin Mikail “Sheikh of the Ladies,” 228–29

      Fakhroddin Saheb Ata, 229

      Gorji Khatun “Queen of Queens,” 227–28

      the Parvane, 223–27, 228

      working-class background of some, 255–56

Rumi’s poetry

      about, 264, 307–11

      on Aleppo, 94

      on astronomy, 72

      on Borhan’s teachings, 91

      on chaos in Khorasan region, 65

      on children and child rearing, 73, 74

      on death, 97–98

      on fame, 111–12, 350n112

      for Faridun, his grandson, 286–87

      on God, 40, 69–70

      on hajj, 59–60

      Kalile and Demne’s influence, 21–23, 249, 288

      Khorasan region influence, 21–24

      on Konya, 77

      on Larande, 71

      on life cycles, 76

      on loss of self, 242

      on love, 80, 123

      on lovers and waterwheels, 262

      on meeting your teacher, 117–18

      on Mutanabbi, 96

      ode to Damascus, 99–100

      on prayer, 80

      on Prophet Mohammad, 131

      Rumi’s use of when Shams disappeared, 176–77, 181–86

      for Salah, 203–5, 209, 233

      Samarkand influence, 31–32

      on Sanjar the Seljuk, 45

      Shahname’s influence, 23–24

      for Shams, 158, 187–88, 189, 190–91, 196–98

      on Shams and their experiences, 137–38, 139, 146, 156–57

      on spring, 82, 348n82

      on Sufism, 127

      on thoughts, 277–78

      translations of, 306–7

      on traveling, 42

      verse letters for Sham, 148–51

      on wealthy and wordly people, 241

      for wedding of Hediye and Nezam, 217

      for wedding of Sultan Valad and Fateme, 212–13

      on winter, 81

      on women’s role in marriage, 109

      Yaqut’s influence on, 51–52

      See also Masnavi (Rumi)

Rumi’s spiritual studies

      in Aleppo, 3–4, 93–97

      Borhan’s plan for, 91–92

      in Damascus, 98–101

      exercises in ascetism with Borhan, 102–5

      and Ibn al-Adim, 95–96

      Rumi’s unanswered questions, 111–12

      Shams as teacher, 119–24

Sadiq, Asma, 310

Salah (Salahoddin Zarkub)

      about, 90, 202–3

      death and funeral of, 232–34

      deteriorating health, 231, 232

      moment of recognition with

      Rumi, 201–2

      and Rumi, 206–7, 208–9, 232

      Rumi compared to, 202

      Rumi’s poems for, 203–5, 209

      and Shams, 118

      Shams compared to, 204, 205

      and Sultan Valad, 210–11

sama (meditative sessions)

      about, 33, 327

      al-Ghazali on, 180–81

      memorial ceremony in Konya, 304–5

      qadi Serajoddin’s rulings on, 258–59

      Rumi after Shams death, 195

      Rumi’s at women’s sessions, 228–29

      Rumi’s reliance on after Shams’s disappearance, 175–76, 180

      Rumi’s support for, 213–14

      Salah’s funeral as, 232–33

      Shams teaching Rumi about, 123–24, 174–75

      See also whirling and whirling dervishes

Samarkand, Uzbekistan, 5, 25, 26–30, 67

Sanai, 47–48, 89–90, 242–43

Sanjar the Seljuk, 45

“Satan’s Lament” (Sanai), 48

Savaneh, or Flashes (Ahmad), 54

Schimmel, Annemarie, 69, 178, 304

School of Khorasan, 45

Sebastian (Aleppo Rumi expert), 1–3, 302, 307–8

secrets, Whitman’s and Rumi’s, 2–3, 308–11

self-knowledge in Sufism, 88–89

Seljuks Empire of Rum, 135–37, 192–93, 223–27, 228. See also Konya, Anatolia

Seljuks (nomadic Turkish clan)

      about, 327

      caravanserai, 6

      Central Asian sultinate, 70–71

      Great Seljuks, 71

      Sanjar the Seljuk, 45

Sepahsalar (biographer)

      on Alaoddin and Shams, 162–63

      on Rumi after Shams left the second time, 172, 175, 179

      on Rumi and Salahoddin, 201

      on Rumi and Shams, 158, 351n116

      on Shams marriage to Kimiya, 160

Serajoddin Ormovi, 257–59, 293

sexual appetite, Baha Valad’s, 17–18

Shadbakht Madrase, Aleppo, 95

Shafii School of Islamic jurisprudence, 128–30, 277

shahed-bazi practice, 54, 178

Shahname, or The Book of Kings (Ferdowsi), 23–24, 78–79

      about, 115, 124–29, 132–34

      in Aleppo, 151–54

      challenges of living near Rumi’s harem, 164–65

      in Damascus, 151

      death of Sham and Rumi’s acceptance, 188–91, 193–98, 195, 196–98

      disappearance of, Rumi’s despair, 147–48, 153–54, 172, 173–77, 178–88

      gossip about Rumi and, 124

      harassment at Madrase, 139–41, 147, 158, 163, 166–68, 170–72, 177–78

      and Ibn Arabi, 130–31

      in Konya with and without Rumi, 137–39

      living in seclusion with Rumi for

Shams of Tabriz (Shamsoddin) months at a time, 118–24, 134–35, 174, 272

      marriage to Kimiya, 159–61, 163–66

      meeting Rumi for the first time, 116–18, 351n116

      parents of, 126

      personality of, 122–23

      religion of the heart, 123–24, 168

      return to Konya and Rumi, 154–57

      and Rumi, 139–41, 146, 170–72

      Rumi expressing his love for, 142–43, 145

      Rumi merging with Shams in his heart, 186–87

      Rumi’s commitment to, 125

      and Rumi’s Masnavi, 289–90

      as Rumi’s teacher, 119–24, 168–70

      rumors of death of, 177–78, 187–88

      scholars’ and Rumi’s followers’ disapproval, 142, 143–45

      on separation from Rumi, 168–70

      and Shafii jurisprudence, 129–30

      and Shehab Harive, 131–32

      stories of, in Rumi’s Masnavi, 249–50, 265–66

      travel lust of, 158–59

Shams (Rumi’s friend), 7

Sharaf (Sharafoddin Samarqandi), 32–33, 40

Sharia (religious law), 53, 327

Shehab Harive, 131–32

Sheikh Mohammad, 130–31. See also Ibn Arabi

Shia (minority branch of Islam), 97–98, 327–28

shrine to Rumi in Konya, 6–7

siege of Samarkand, 30–31, 342n26

Silk Road

      about, 43–44

      Baghdad, 50–56

      Baghdad to Mecca, 56–60

      Nishapur, 44–49

      shift from Persian to Arabic, 49

slaves and slavery, 238

Stoning of the Devil hajj ritual, 58–59, 345n58

Sufism (mystical branch of Islam)

      about, 328

      in Baghdad, 54–56

      Bayazid’s hymn of praise, 116–17

      and Borhan, 87–88

      disapproval of Rumi within, 254–55

      guiding notion about a living spiritual world axis, 195–96

      and Ibn Arabi, 63

      Kermani and, 129

      New York City group, 4–5

      persecution of Sufis, 96

      resilience in spite of Genghis Khan, 69

      saints of, 55–56

      and Seljuks, 71

      shahed-bazi practice, 54

      in Tabriz, 126–27

      words and logic as “veils” hiding the truth, 123

Sultan Han caravanserai, Konya, 80–81

Sultan Valad (Rumi’s son)

      about, 276

      on Attar’s and Sanai’s influence on Rumi, 48

      on Baha Valad, 74

      on Baha Valad’s funeral, 85–86

      birth and childhood, 72–74

      chastisement from Rumi while studying in Damascus, 109–10

      delivering verse letters for Sham, 150, 151, 152

      and Faridun, 287

      on Hosam and Rumi, 245

      and Hosam as Rumi’s successor, 260–61, 295–96

      as leader of Mevlevi Order, 303

      marriage to Salah’s daughter Fateme, 212–13, 214–16

      presented to Shams as boy for serving him, 121

      and Rumi, 238

      on Rumi after Shams’s death, 195

      on Rumi and Salah, 206

      on Rumi’s comparison of his Masnavi to the Quran, 270

      on Rumi’s preaching, 111

      on Rumi’s transformation in Damascus, 190–91

      and Salah, 210–11

      and Shams, 135, 144, 163, 170

      on Shams’s disappearance, 174

      violent temper of, 193, 214–15

Sunni (majority branch of Islam), 26, 35, 71, 328, 343n35

Tabriz, 125, 187–88

takhallos (signature, tag, or pen name of a poet), 185–86, 204, 328

Termez, Khorasan, 39, 67, 87

“Testament” (Razi), 19

Tigres River, 52

Time magazine, 4

transliteration process, 319

Treasury of Secrets (Nezami), 64

turbaned class, 93, 107

Umayyad dynasty, 50, 328

Umayyad Mosque, Damascus, 98

Vakhsh, Tajikistan, 13–18, 24–25, 40, 340–41n13

Venice and Venetians, 95

visions of angels, 11–12, 128

wealthy or wordly people, Rumi’s avoidance of, 239–40

whirling and whirling dervishes

      dervishes, 88, 90, 133, 289, 325

      by Gooch in Aleppo, 7

      reemergence of, 304

      Rumi creating poetry at the same time, 226–27

      Rumi’s use of when Shams disappeared, 175–76, 180

      Shams learning about, 127–28

      Shams teaching Rumi about, 124

Whitman, Walt, Rumi compared to, 2–3

Yaqut, 45, 51–52, 68

Zolaykha’s coded language, 289–90