Web sitesRemember those classic TV commercials with the lonely Maytag repairman? He gamely waited for service calls from customers whose appliances never needed fixing. The character actor who played him for many years died, and Maytag vice president Jeff Davidoff told Parade magazine (March 12, 2007) what the manufacturer was seeking in his replacement: “We want to revamp that 40-year-old TV character. We’re in search of a new spokesman who is more edgy and hip.”
Edginess—even bleeding-edginess—and a hip attitude (whatever that means—mainstream hipness is always a few steps behind the truly avant-garde) are part of the zeitgeist. But a “more edgy and hip” appliance spokesperson?
Trying too hard to seem edgy can backfire. Take, for example, a beat-up, windowless van spewing exhaust fumes and driven by a tired-looking guy in a ballcap and jumpsuit. The van sported a neatly lettered sign: “Pest Control for the 21st Century!” The boast seems weird—are the bugs of the millennium different, or the poisons?
But aside from that sort of posing, the cultural and intellectual spirit of the times is anchored in one all-encompassing attribute: newness. Wave after wave of newness. New thinking, redefined roles. Redefined standards, new vocabulary, redefined mandates. And almost all the newness is based on unprecedented communication and publishing capabilities. New is the new normal.
Innovation itself—the process of making new things and remaking old things—can be a threat, a promise, a boon, and a stressor. We’re too close to the zeitgeist to see it clearly; it’s all happening so fast, and the ripple effects are so far-reaching.
Not everyone is enthusiastic about being bombarded 24/7 by a relentless flow of gadgets, new versions of software, and streams of data. A strong undercurrent of nostalgia for low-tech creature comforts and high-touch business encounters pulls counter to the sea-change default. What do many people use their huge flatscreen wall TVs for during winter holiday parties? The image of a roaring fire in a homey brick fireplace, with centuries-old music wafting from digital speakers.
As many familiar toys, tools, and touchstones are replaced by “improved” versions, a feeling of confidence in our mastery of the basics is another casualty. Despite decades of respectable print-world chops, some pros feel they’re losing traction. Newcomers to the content-creation game can become impatient with the angst of their elders: “What’s the big deal? You taught us in school that change is the only constant, so why get upset about constant change?”
Regardless of how instantly, frequently, or cheerfully we adopt the Next Big Thing, all of us have homework to do. The future belongs to those who find the way forward without forgetting that the point of publishing is to meet the needs of our audiences. New technology does not change that—though it has altered the traditional relationships between content creator, publisher, and audience.
So we begin with a handful of words that are inextricable from the new landscape—a word we use wryly, since land has little to do with it (Netscape was taken). Simply following the synonyms and examples leads to greater awareness of the concepts driving the Internet age. What exactly does electronic mean, anyway? What’s the difference between new media and multimedia? Digital and electronic and wireless? The Internet and the Web?
Precision and clarity in personal and professional writing matter more than ever, not less, as we all struggle to find relevant, meaningful information in a virtual whiteout of talk and data. Making a typo is not the worst thing in the world; wasting the time of people honoring you with their attention is.
A caveat: Even the broad range of technical sources cited in these definitions do not agree completely on what exactly each term means. But that doesn’t mean conserving clear usage distinctions is obsolete. It’s proof that assuming “they’ll know what I’m saying—keep it loose, it’s the Internet” is risky. A speedily, globally relayed message that misses its mark is just a hand-basket to hell on wheels.
Chew on these terms; let them lead you to others; keep asking questions. This Internet thing isn’t a done deal, you know. We’re making it up as we go, which means we have a say in the directions it takes.
new media. The term new media is most often used now to refer to all non-printed media. But it gets tossed around.
From webopedia.com:
A generic term for the many different forms of electronic communication that are made possible through the use of computer technology. The term is in relation to “old” media forms, such as print newspapers and magazines, that are static representations of text and graphics. New media includes:
Web sites
streaming audio and video
chat rooms
e-mail
online communities
Web advertising
DVD and CD-ROM media
virtual reality environments
integration of digital data with the telephone, such as Internet telephony
digital cameras
mobile computing
Use of the term new media implies that the data communication is happening between desktop and laptop computers and handhelds, such as PDAs, and the media they take data from, such as compact discs and floppy disks.
Uh oh. That definition, updated in August 2003, already seems old. It’s missing some significant media forms: blogs, RSS, and instant messaging, for starters. Know anyone who’s sent data via cell phone from a floppy disk lately? This just goes to show that even Web resources have trouble keeping up with the times.
multimedia. This definition from wikipedia.com illustrates how easy it is to follow Web links to related terms, growing your tech vocabulary and gaining a conceptual foundation:
Uses multiple forms of information content and information processing (e.g., text, audio, graphics, animation, video, interactivity) to inform or entertain the (user) audience. Multimedia also refers to the use of (but is not limited to) electronic media to store and experience multimedia content. Multimedia is similar to traditional mixed media in fine art, but with a broader scope. The term “rich media” is synonymous with interactive multimedia.
Of or relating to the combined use of several media: a multimedia installation at the art gallery.
The term multimedia describes a number of diverse technologies that allow visual and audio media to be combined in new ways for the purpose of communicating. Applications include entertainment, education and advertising. Multimedia often refers to computer technologies. Nearly every PC built today is capable of multimedia because they include a CD-ROM or DVD drive, and a good sound and video card (often built into the motherboard). But the term multimedia also describes a number of dedicated media appliances, such as digital video recorders (DVRs), interactive television, MP3 players, advanced wireless devices and public video displays.
Here’s a grassroots example of multimedia (from a press release, edited): “The lyrics and music to the song ‘I Sure Wish a Man Could Be More Like a Dog’ were written by Gini Graham Scott, an Oakland book author and songwriter whose fascination with dogs led to a series of Web sites, books, and games about dogs such as doyoulooklikeyourdog.com and whatkindofdogareyou.com. There will be game videos soon, too”—and no doubt a song video.
digital. This is one of the most loosely used terms—and it has meanings outside computing, too. The definition from PC Magazine’s Web encyclopedia is the simplest and most accurate:
Traditionally, digital means the use of numbers and the term comes from digit, or finger. Today, digital is synonymous with computer. See also Digital Equipment.
More from pcmag.com/encyclopedia:
The 0s and 1s of digital data mean more than just on and off. They mean perfect copying. When information, music, voice and video are turned into binary digital form, they can be electronically manipulated, preserved and regenerated perfectly at high speed. The millionth copy of a computer file is exactly the same as the original. While this continually drives the software and content publishers crazy protecting their copyrights, it is nevertheless a major advantage of digital processing.
Describes a method of storing, processing and transmitting information through the use of distinct electronic or optical pulses that represent the binary digits 0 and 1. Digital transmission/switching technologies employ a sequence of discrete, distinct pulses to represent information, as opposed to the continuously variable analog signal.
From thefreedictionary.com:
Computer science: Of or relating to a device that can read, write, or store information that is represented in numerical form. See Usage Note at virtual.
Electronics: The branch of physics that deals with the emission and effects of electrons and with the use of electronic devices. A circuit or device that represents magnitudes in digits: digital computer. Using or giving a reading in digits: digital clock. Displaying numbers rather than scale positions: digital clock, digital readout.
wireless. From searchnetworking.techtarget.com, just a few of a slew of definitions from other Web sites—all slightly different:
Using the radio-frequency spectrum for transmitting and receiving voice, data and video signals for communications. (braddye.com/glossary.html)
Refers to communications , monitoring or control systems in which electromagnetic or acoustic waves carry a signal through atmospheric space rather than along a wire. (voiceanddata.com.au/vd/admin/glossary.asp)
Refers to the type of broadband connection where information is sent from and arrives at a computer through transmission towers. (largebande.gc.ca/pub/technologies/bbdictionary.html)
Refers to telecommunication in which electromagnetic waves (rather than some form of wire) carry the signal over part or all of the communication path. Some monitoring devices, such as intrusion alarms, employ acoustic waves at frequencies above the range of human hearing; these are also sometimes classified as wireless. (grb.uk.com/263.0.html)
A general designation for communication without wires. In networking, common wireless standards include 802.11b and Bluetooth. Both standards broadcast over the 2.4 gigahertz band. Cellular, satellite, microwave, and infrared broadcasting are also forms of wireless communication. (atmmarketplace.com/news_story_10150.htm>news_story_10150.htm)
The ability of a computer to access e-mails and the Internet without being physically connected by cable. (winters.co.uk/factsheets/ecommerce.html)
The nodes or computers on a wireless LAN do not hook up to each other with wires, but communicate with microwave or infrared transmission. (sqatester.com/glossary/)
Network or device using electromagnetic waves—including rf, infrared, laser, visible light and acoustic energy—for transmissions. (sb-systems.com/mobile-phones-glossary-window.html)
Wireless was an old-fashioned term for a radio receiver, referring to its use as a wireless telegraph. The term is widely used to describe modern wireless connections such as wireless broadband Internet. (en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless)
As an illustration of how hard it can be to pin down tech terms with overlapping applications, this definition-by-example from proxicast.com/support/glossary.htm requires us to understand what wireless is by recognizing terms for what it does: “Without wires, or any telecommunication that uses broadcast (radio) technology versus copper wires (land lines). Most typically, cellular or digital communications.”
The last word is a contrarian definition of wireless from a cable manufacturer, bwcecom.belden.com/college/Cable101/wire%20glossary.htm:
Really a misnomer. Belden makes a variety of cables needed to build the transmitting infrastructure required to support “wireless” devices. Wireless is a technology that allows a device (phone, pager or satellite dish) to be unconnected from the transmission point of a voice, video or data signal. The transmission infrastructure required to support such wireless devices is a wired platform of transmission towers and stations that communicate point to point and to telephone central offices.
Internet. We say this is a book about Internet style; let us now admit that we are using the term Internet loosely to mean all the ways and means that allow digitally powered collaborative, decentralized, and customized publishing. And by publishing we mean both (a) the act or process of preparing written and graphic material for presentation to an audience and (b) putting information into the public arena. Note that by written we don’t mean only printed; Internet content is built one word or image at a time, just like printed content.
Here’s a more contemporary definition from paperwise.com: “Publishing is the routing of content to the appropriate recipients either through paper or electronically through portals, an intranet, an extranet, email, or fax.” (An extranet is a public Web site.)
Along with many professional publishers, when we say Internet style we’re talking not about the technology per se but about what it allows communicators to do: reach audiences one at a time, or via niche or broad-spectrum public sites and forums. Broad- and narrowcast the same content in different presentations to localized, regional, and international audiences. Bring people together in communities and on sites that allow them to sample possibilities and select for themselves what’s useful enough to take in and take away.
But in the interest of precision, we acknowledge that the Internet is not a synonym for everything electronic. It’s not a synonym for the Web, either.
As webopedia.com distinguishes them: “The Internet, not the Web, is used for e-mail, which relies on SMTP, Usenet news groups, instant messaging, and FTP. The Web is just a portion of the Internet, albeit a large portion, and the two terms are not synonymous and should not be confused.” More on the Internet from webopedia:
A global network connecting millions of computers. More than 100 countries are linked into exchanges of data, news and opinions.
Unlike online services, which are centrally controlled, the Internet is decentralized by design. Each Internet computer, called a host, is independent. Its operators can choose which Internet services to use and which local services to make available to the global Internet community. Remarkably, this anarchy by design works exceedingly well. There are a variety of ways to access the Internet. Most online services...offer access to some Internet services. It is also possible to gain access through a commercial Internet Service Provider (ISP).
Finally, from a unanimous Federal Networking Council (FNC) Resolution, which was developed in consultation with the leadership of the Internet and Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) Communities, passed in October 1995:
“Internet” refers to the global information system that—
(i) is logically linked together by a globally unique address space based on the Internet Protocol (IP) or its subsequent extensions/follow-ons;
(ii) is able to support communications using the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) suite or its subsequent extensions/follow-ons, and/or other IP-compatible protocols; and
(iii) provides, uses or makes accessible, either publicly or privately, high-level services layered on the communications and related infrastructure described herein.
Web. It sounds old-fashioned to use World Wide Web; most of us have shortened it to Web by now. And most of us who are not Web historians or IT professionals conflate its meaning with the Internet.
From webopedia.com’s definition of World Wide Web:
A system of Internet servers that support specially formatted documents. The documents are formatted in a markup language called HTML (HyperText Markup Language) that supports links to other documents, as well as graphics, audio, and video files. This means you can jump from one document to another simply by clicking on hot spots. Not all Internet servers are part of the World Wide Web.
There are several applications called Web browsers that make it easy to access the World Wide Web; two of the most popular [are] Netscape Navigator and Microsoft’s Internet Explorer.
From Oracle’s online glossary, orafaq.com:
An electronic network of computers that includes nearly every university, government, and research facility in the world. Also included are many commercial sites. It started with four interconnected computers in 1969 and was known as ARPANET.
Webopedia helpfully explains the basic difference between the Internet and the Web [edited]:
The Internet is a networking infrastructure that allows any computer to communicate with any other computer if both are connected to the Internet. Information that travels over the Internet does so via a variety of languages known as protocols; thus, the Internet infrastructure functions as a medium.
The Web is an information-sharing model built on top of the Internet—and it’s just one of the ways information can be accessed from and disseminated over the Internet.
The Web uses the HTTP protocol to transmit data—and that’s only one of the languages spoken over the Internet. Web services use HTTP to allow applications to exchange information. The Web also utilizes browsers to access Web documents, called Web pages, linked to each other via hyperlinks. Web documents can contain graphics, sounds, text, and video.
Web 2.0. In chapter 4, Taylor Walsh talks about the relevance of Web 2.0 for writers and editors. O’Reilly Media coined the phrase back in the old days of 2004 to refer to the so-called second generation of Web-based services—social networking sites, wikis, e-communication tools, and folksonomies—that emphasize online collaboration and sharing among users. Folksonomy, a term coined in 2004 by information architect Thomas Vander Wal, is, he says, the “personal free tagging of information and objects (anything with a URL) for one’s own retrieval. The tagging is done in a social environment (shared and open to others). The act of tagging is done by the person consuming the information.” An example is the photo-sharing Web site Flickr. (See what we mean about learning the vocabulary itself to shine a light on the new publishing models?)
In 2005, at the first Web 2.0 conference, Tim O’Reilly gave examples of companies or products that could exist only on the Internet, “deriving their power from the human connections and network effects Web 2.0 makes possible, and growing in effectiveness the more people use them.” He named eBay, craigslist, Wikipedia, del.icio.us, Skype, dodgeball, and Adsense. A number of newer ones like digg.com would qualify, too.
O’Reilly provided a compact definition of Web 2.0 in 2006:
Web 2.0 is the business revolution in the computer industry caused by the move to the Internet as platform, and an attempt to understand the rules for success on that new platform. Chief among those rules is this: Build applications that harness network effects to get better the more people use them.
The “Time bar of Web 2.0 buzz words,” a graphic showing the evolution of Web 2.0 lingo, is worth looking for on webopedia.com.
The Internet isn’t a magic medium, but it does have a powerful draw for people in search of information. That’s how the Internet and the Web are justifying the continued existence and expansion of brick-and-mortar libraries, as well as bookstores (though stores online are faring better than stores on land).
The publishing landscape doesn’t look the same, and the way we talk about it doesn’t sound the same. Let’s pack up the squirrelly technical lexicon for now and look at some factors influencing the creation of valuable content.