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Abbey of St. Gall monastery plan
abies balsamea. See balsam
aborvitae
Academy of Kraków (Akademia Krakowska)
Acer psuedoplatanus. See sycamore
Achillea millefolium. See yarrow
Aconitum napellus. See monkshood
Acorus calamus. See sweet flag
Acqua di erba di Santa Maria (Water of the Herb of Holy Mary)
adder’s tongue
Aethusa cynapium. See parsley, fool’s
agriculture, importance of in Poland
Agropyron repens. See couch grass
Agrosthema gitknabago. See corncockle
Aigner, Chrystian Piotr
ajer. See sweet flag
ajerowka (sweet flag vodka)
Akademia Krakowska. See Academy of Kraków
Akademia Wileńska
Akademia Zamojska
Alanssio, Jan
Alchemilla vulgaris. See lady’s mantle
alder, European
Alisima plantago-aquatica. See plantain, common water
Allium cepa. See onion
Allium sativum. See garlic
allspice
Alnus glutinosa. See alder, European
Althaea officinalis. See marshmallow
Althea rosea. See hollyhock
Anchusa officinalis,
ancient/pagan customs and rituals in Poland
Anethum graveolens. See dill
angelica
anise
anise, star
Anna of Bohemia, Princess
Anna Waza, Princess
Anthemis tinctoria. See marguerite, golden
Anthriscus cerefolium. See chervil
“Antibolomenum, the”
anyż gwiazdowy. See anise, star
anyż ogrodowy. See anise
apple, wild
Aquilegia vulgaris. See columbine
Archangelica angelica. See angelica
Arctium lappa. See burdock
arcydzięgiel litwor. See angelica
Arkadia park
Armoracia rusticana. See horseradish
Arnica montana. See leopard’s bane
arnica
arnika górska. See leopard’s bane
Artemisia abrotanum. See southernwood
Artemisia absinthium. See wormwood
Artemisia dracunculus. See tarragon
Artemisia vulgaris. See mugwort
artichoke, Jerusalem
Asarum europaeum. See ginger, wild
ash. See also mountain ash
aspen
Asplenium trichomanes. See maidenhair fern
aster
Atriplex hortensis. See orache, garden
Atropa belladonna. See belladonna
August. See Feast of Assumption of Blessed Virgin Mary
August II Mocny, King
August III, King
Augustów, Poland
Avena sativa. See oats
babia róźa. See hollyhock
babka większa. See plantain
babka wielka. See plantain
babka wodna. See plantain
bachelor’s button. See cornflower
Badurski, Dr. Andrzej
bagiennik. See marsh Labrador tea
bagno. See marsh Labrador tea
balsam bath salts
balsam
baptismal traditions
barszcz (herb). See parsnip, cow
barszcz (sour soup)
barwinek. See periwinkle
basil, sweet
baskets of the Blessed Virgin. See vervain
bazylia pospolita. See basil, sweet
bedding ceremony (podkladziny)
bee balm, wild
beekeeping
beers
beet
belladonna
bellflower
Bellis perennis. See daisy
bells of Blessed Mother. See St. John’s wort
bells of Lady Mary. See bellflower
Benedictine liquor
Benedictine order
bergamotka. See bee balm
Beta vulgaris. See beet
Betonica officinalis. See betony
betonika. See betony
betony
Betula alba. See birch
Betula verrucosa. See birch
bez hebd. See elder, dwarf
bez lekarski. See elderberry
Biblical references
biedrzeniec anyż. See anise
biedrzeniec. See burnet saxifrage
Bielany monastery
bindweed
birch
bird cherry
bird’s tongue. See ash
birth, traditions surrounding
Biskupin, Poland
blackberry
blackthorn
bladdernut, European
bławatek. See cornflower
blekot. See parsley, fool’s
Blessed Mother’s hair. See maidenhair fern
Blessed Mother’s tears. See quaking grass
Blessed Mother’s thistle
Blessed Mother’s tree. See southernwood
Blessed Mother/Blessed Virgin Mary
Blessed Virgin Mary. See Blessed Mother blood of Blessed Mother. See St. John’s wort
blueberry
bluszczyk ziemny. See ivy, ground
bobownik. See speedwell
bobrek. See buckbean
Bockowski, Dr. Feliks
bodziszek. See geranium
bogbean. See buckbean
Bona Sforza, Queen
Bonifratrzy (Order of St. John of God)
borage
Borago officinalis. See borage
borowiak (blueberry vodka)
borówka brusznica. See cranberry
borówka czarna. See blueberry
bouquets of plants/herbs, blessing of
boxthorn
boxwood
Boym, Michał
Boże Ciało. See Feast of Corpus Christi
boże drzewko. See southernwood
boże trawka. See fenugreek
braids of the Blessed Virgin. See mullein
Brassica nigra. See mustard, black
Brassica oleracea. See cabbage
bratek. See pansy
Briza media. See quaking grass
Bryonia alba. See bryony, white
bryony, white
brzezina. See birch
brzoza. See birch
brzozownik (birch syrup)
buckbean
buckthorn, alder
buckthorn, common
bukspan ogrodowy. See boxwood
bullrush
burak. See beet
burdock
Bureau of Medicine, Poland
burnet saxifrage
burnet, great
buttercup, creeping/meadow
Buxus sempiverens. See boxwood
bylica. See mugwort
cabbage
calamus. See sweet flag
Calendula officinalis. See marigold
Caltha palustris. See marigold, marsh
Campanula trachelium. See bellflower
campion
Cannabis sativa. See hemp
Capsella bursa-pastoris. See shepherd’s purse
caraway
Cardamine pratensis. See cress, meadow
Carlina acaulis. See thistle, carline
carob gum
carrot, wild
Carthamus tinctorius. See safflower
Carthusians
Carum carvi. See caraway
Casimir the Great, King
castle gardens
Crescentiis influence on
foreign influences on
inventory of -century castle garden
Łobzów
Renaissance period
Warsaw royal castle
Wawel
Wilanów
castor bean
castor oil plant. See castor bean
cattail, common
cebula. See onion
cedar, Chinese
celandine
Centaurea cyanus. See cornflower
Centaurium erythraea. See centaury
centaury
Centurea. See knapweed
Ceratonia siliqua. See carob gum
chaber. See cornflower
chamomile
chard
charlatans/quacks
Chelidonium majus. See celandine
Chełm region, Poland
chervil
chestnut tree
Chiaveri, Gaetano (court botanist, 1737)
chicory
Chinese gardens
chleb swiętojanskie. See carob gum
chmiel. See hops
Christian holidays
Assumption of Blessed Virgin Mary
Corpus Christi, Feast of
Feast of St. Blaise
Feast of St. John the Baptist (June 24)
Feast of Three Kings
Palm Sunday
Pentecost
Christianity, arrival and influence in Poland
Christmas traditions
Chrysanthem indicum. See chrysanthemum
Chrysanthemum Zawadzkii Herbich. See chrysanthemum
chrysanthemum
chryzantemy. See chrysanthemum
chrzan pospolity. See horseradish
Cichorium intybus. See chicory
ciemiężyca biała. See hellebore, white
cilantro. See coriander
Cinnamomum verum. See cinnamon
cinnamon
cis. See yew, English
Cistercians
Citrus sinensis. See orange blossoms
clivers
cloister (monastery courtyard)
clover, white
coltsfoot
columbine
comber. See savory, summer
comfrey
“Compendium Ferculorum” (Czerniecki, 1682)
“Compendium Medicum Actum” (1789)
Convulvus arvensis. See bindweed
Conwallaria majalis. See lily of the valley
coriander
Coriandrum sativum. See coriander
corncockle
cornflower
Corylus Avellana. See hazel
cosmetics, making of from plants
costmary
cottongrass
couch grass
cowslip
cranberry
Crataegus oxiacantha. See hawthorn
Crataegus coccinea. See hawthorn
Crescentiis, Petrus de (Krescentyn)
cress, meadow
Crocus sativus. See saffron
cuckoo flower. See cress, meadow
cudweed
cumin, black
Cwierczakiewicz, Lucyna
ćwikła (condiment)
cykoria podróżnik. See chicory
cynamon. See cinnamon
cynamonka (liqueur)
cząber. See savory, summer
czarnuszka siewna. See cumin, black
Czartoryska, Izabella
czernica. See blackberry
Czerniecki, Stanisław
czerwiec roczny. See knotweed
czosnek. See garlic
dąb. See oak
dahlia
daisy
dandelion
Datura stramonium. See thornapple
Daucus carota. See carrot, wild
De Materia Medica (Dioscordes)
death, traditions surrounding
Delphinium consolida. See larkspur
Delphinium elatum. See larkspur
dianthus
“Dictionary of Plants.” See “Dykcyonarz Roślinny”
Digitalis purpurea. See foxglove
dill
Dioscordes (Greek physician)
Dipsacus fullonum. See teasel
Dlugosz, Jan
Dobrawa, Princess
Doctrine of Signatures
dogwood, cornelian cherry
drabinki. See silverweed
dress of the Blessed Mother. See gentian, marsh
drying herbs
Dryopteris filix-mas. See fern
duckweed
Dutch influence on gardening
dyeing plants
dyer’s broom/weed
“Dykcyonarz Roślinny” (“Dictionary of Plants” / Kluk)
dyngus
Dziarkowski, Dr. Jacek
dziędzierawa. See thornapple
dziewanna. See mullein
dziewczyny wieczór. See maiden evening
dziewięćsił. See thistle, carline
dziewosił. See elecampane
dziki bez czarny. See elderberry
dziki majeranek. See oregano
dziki rozmaryn. See marsh Labrador tea
dziurawiec zwyczajny. See St. John’s wort
dzwonek. See bellflower
dzwonki Panny Marii. See St. John’s wort
Easter season traditions
Echium rubrum (viper’s bugloss)
edelweiss
elder, dwarf
elderberry
elecampane
“Encyklopedia doręczn” (“An Encyclopedic Handbook” / Hofmanowa)
“Encyklopedia Staropolska” (Gloger)
Equisetum arvense. See horsetail
Eriphorum vaginatum. See cottongrass
estragon. See tarragon
Euphrasia officinalis. See eyebright
eyebright
Falimierz, Stefan
“Farmakopea Kościuszkowska” (“Kościuszko Pharmacopoeia”)
Feast of Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary (August 15)
Feast of Corpus Christi
Feast of Our Lady of Herbs. See Feast of Assumption
Feast of St. Blaise
Feast of St. John the Baptist (June 24)
Feast of Three Kings
fennel
fennel flower
fenugreek
fern, -. See also maidenhair fern
fern soap
fertilizer
feverfew
fiołek. See violet
firletka. See campion
First Comunion traditions
flax
flax of the Virgin Mary. See snapdragon, wild
fleabane
“Flora Sinensis” (“Chinese Medicine” / Boym)
floral art in homes
Flores paeoniae. See peony
Foeniculum vulgare. See fennel
folk art in Poland
folk dress
folk tales/legends
forsythia
foxglove
Fragaria vesca. See strawberry, wild
Franciscan Church, Kraków
Franciscans
Fraxinus excelsior. See ash
French influence on gardening
Fumaria officinalis. See fumitory
fumitory
gaik
Galen
Galium aparin. See clivers
Galium vera. See lady’s bedstraw
garlic
Gdańsk, Poland
Genista tinctoria. See dyer’s broom/weed
gentian, marsh
Gentiana pneumonanthe. See gentian, marsh
georginii. See dahlia
Gerald-Wyżycki, J.
Geranium robertianum. See herb Robert
geranium
geranjum. See geranium
germander
gęsie ziele. See silverweed
gill-over-the-ground. See ivy, ground
ginger
ginger, wild
Glechoma hederacea. See ivy, ground
glistnik. See celandine
głóg. See hawthorn
Gloger, Zygmunt
Gnaphalium sylvaticum. See cudweed
“God’s corner”
golden drop
Gołębiowski, Łukasz
goose grass
Górale, the
gorczyca czarna. See mustard, black
gorczyca polna. See mustard, wild
goryczka wąskolistna. See gentian, marsh
goryczka. See knapweed
green branches, symbolism of
Green Holidays
gromnica (thunder candle)
gromwell
gypsywort
Harenda, Zakopane, Poland
harvesting herbs
Haur, Jakub
hawthorn
hazel
hazelwood
hazelwort
heather
Hebdów, Poland
Helianthus annuus. See sunflower
Helianthus tuberosus. See artichoke, Jerusalem
hellebore, white
hemp
henbane
Henry of Valois, King
Heracleum sphondylium. See parsnip, cow
herb, gathering of
herb butter/cheese
herb of St. John. See St. John’s wort
herb of the Holy Ghost. See angelica
herb Robert
herbal medicinal uses for treating of. See also -
alchoholism
anemia
aphrodisiac
arthritis
appetite
asthma
back pain
bad breath
bedbugs
bloody stools
breastfeeding problems
breath freshening
broken bones
burns
chickens
cholera
cleansing blood
colds
colic
conjunctivitis
constipation
consumption/tuberculosis
cough/phlegm
cow problems/illnesses
dandruff
diarrhea/dysentery
diuretic
dizziness
dog bites
dropsy
earache
eczema
edema
epilepsy/seizures
erection, painful
eye problems
failure to thrive
feet, tired/aching
fever
freckles/liver spots
fungus
gallbladder problems
gout
hair loss/growth
hangover
headaches/migraines
heart ailments
hemorrhage
hemorrhoids
hernia
herpes
hiccups/hiccoughs
hoarseness
horse’s injury/problems
hysteria
impetigo
infertility
influenza
insect bites
insect infestation
insomnia/sleeplessness
internal bleeding
jaundice
kidney/bladder problems
leg cramps/injuries
lice/nits
liver disease
lung disease
malaria
melancholia
memory improvement
menstrual problems
metabolism improvement
moths
nervousness
nightmares
nosebleeds
parasites
perspiration of feet
plague
poisons/venom
pregnancy/childbirth
rabid dog bite
rashes
respiratory/breathing problems
rheumatism,
rickets
scabies
scarlet fever
scorpion bites
scrofula
scurvy
sexual problems
skin eruptions/disorders/rashes
snake bites
sore feet
sore throats
stomach ailments
sty
sweating, excessive
toothache
typhus
ulcers
vaginal discharge
warts
weakness
whooping cough
worms
wounds/scrapes/sores
herbal symbolism of
death
eternity
fertility
fidelity/failthfulness
happiness/joy
harvest
health
innocence/chastity/purity/virginity
life
longevity
love
loveliness/beauty
maidenhood
new life
remembrance
sadness
spring
wealth
herbal talismans for/against
bad weather
bewitchment
birth problems
boils
bravery/valor
burning of feet on long walk
courtship
crop growing
demons/devils
enemies
evil
evil spirits
fire
ghosts
hail
happiness, destruction of
happiness in marriage
health
ill winds
illness/disease/pestilence
illness in pigs
insects
lightning
madness
market sales
nymphs
plagues
prosperity
rainfall
snakes
spells
storms/storm clouds
uncleanliness
vampires
witches/witchcraft
Herbaria (Wyspiański)
Herbarium Św. Franciszka przy Klasztorze Braci Mniejszych Franciszkanów w Katowicach-Paniewnikach (Herbarium at the Franciscan Monastery of the Franciscan Friars Minor in Katowice-Paniewniki)
“Herbarz Polski” (“Polish Herbal” / Marcin)
Herbich, Franz
Hildegard of Bingen
Hippocrates
“Historia Naturalna Krolestwo Polskiego” (“Natural History of the Kingdom of Poland” / 1793)
Hofmanowa, Klementyna
hogweed. See parsnips, cow
hollyhock
honey
hops
horehound, white
hornbeam
horseradish
horsetail
hortus conclusis (small castle gardens)
hot-cold theory of illness
humoral theory of illness
Humulus lupulus. See hops
Hutsuls (Hucul)
Hyoscyamus niger. See henbane
Hypericum perforatum. See St. John’s wort
hyssop
Hyssoppus officinalis. See hyssop
hyzop. See hyssop
Illicium verum Hook. See anise, star
imbir. See ginger
Inula Helenium. See elecampane
Iris pseudacorus. See yellow iris
Italian influence in Poland
on gardens
on introduction of new fruits/plants/herb
on medicine/health care/cosmetics
ivy, ground
jabłko. See apple, wild
jabłonka (wedding branch)
Jadwiga Jagiełło, Queen
Jagiełło, King Władysław II
Jagiełło, Queen Jadwiga
Jagiellonian University. See Academy of Kraków
jałowiec pospolity. See juniper
Jan III Sobieski, King
Janosik
jarząb pospolity. See mountain ash
jarzębina. See mountain ash
jasion. See ash
jaskier. See buttercup, creeping/meadow
jaskółcze ziele. See celandine
jasnota. See nettle, white dead
jawor. See sycamore
jażyna. See blackberry
jemioła biała. See mistletoe
jeżyna. See blackberry
jimsonweed. See thornapple
józefek. See hyssop
juniper
Juniperus communis. See juniper
kąkol polny. See corncockle
“Kalendarz Damskiego,”
kalina. See viburnum
kalmus. See sweet flag
kalmusowka (sweet flag vodka)
kapliczka (small chapel)
kapusta. See cabbage
Karpiński Francisek
karob. See carob gum
karolek/karulek. See caraway
Kasprowicz, Jan
Kaszuby region, Poland
Kazimierz, Poland
Kazimierz the Great, King
Kielce region, Poland
kitchen gardens
Kitowicz, Jędrzej
Klimuszko, Brother Czesław
kłokoczka. See bladdernut, European
kluczyk lekarskie. See cowslip
Kluk, Father Krzysztof
kmin polny. See caraway
kminek zwyczajny. See caraway
knapweed
Kneipp, Father Sebastian
knot gardens
knotgrass
knotka. See campion
knotweed
“Kobieta Lekaraką Domową … Lekarski podręcznik dla kobiet” (“Woman Home Doctor, a medical handbook for women”)
koci pysk. See nettle, white dead
Kochanowski, Jan
kodra (paper folk art)
kokorycz lekarski. See fumitory
Kolberg, Oskar
Kolbuszowa, Poland
kolendra siewna. See coriander
konopie. See hemp
konwalia. See lily of the valley
koper ogrodowy. See dill
koper włoski. See fennel
koperek. See dill
kopytnik. See ginger, wild
korona (wedding juniper branch)
Kosmas
koszyczki najswietszej Marii panny. See vervain
kozieradka pospolita. See fenugreek
Kraków, Poland
Krasicki, Ignacy
krawnik pospolity. See yarrow
Krescentyn. See Crescentiis, Petrus de
krewka matki boskiej. See St. John’s wort
krokus siewny. See saffon
kruszyna pospolita. See buckthorn
Kryżtopór garden
krzecina. See horehound, white
krżyzem maltańskim. See campion
krzyżowe ziele. See St. John’s wort
krzyżowni. See St. John’s wort
Kujawy region, Poland
kupalnik. See leopard’s bane
kupalnocka. See summer solstice; St. John’s Eve
kurdybanek. See ivy, ground
Kurpie (people)
Kurpie region, Poland
kwiat pomarańczowy. See orange blossoms
Ładowski, Maciej Marjan
lady’s bedstraw
lady’s mantle
lady’s smock. See cress, meadow
lambs of the Blessed Virgin. See burnet, great
Lamium album. See nettle, white dead
Łançut garden
Łapczyca, Poland
larkspur
Lathyrus. See vetch
Lavandula officinalis. See lavender
Lavandula spica. See lavender
lavender
lavendogra (lavendar rosemary water)
lawenda. See lavender
Łazienki (summer residence)
Ledum palustre. See marsh Labrador tea
legends. See folk tales/legends
“Lekarstwo Doświadczone” (“Tried Medicines” / Siennik)
Łękawa, Anna
Lemna L. See duckweed
lemon balm
len zwyczajny. See flax
Leontopodium alpinum. See edelweiss
Leonurus cardiaca. See motherwort
leopard’s bane
lepczyca. See clivers
leszczyna. See hazel
Levisticum officinale. See lovage
lichen
Lichen islandicus. See lichen
Lilium candidum. See lily, Madonna
Lilium martagon. See lily, Turk’s cap
lilja. See lily, Madonna
lily of the valley
lily, Madonna
lily, Turk’s cap
Linaria vulgaris
linden
Linum usitatissimum. See flax
lipa drobnolista. See linden
Listera cordata (twayblade)
Lithospermum arvense. See gromwell
Little Rose of Blessed Mother. See campion
Łoboda ogrodowa. See orache, garden
Łobzów castle
loosestrife, yellow
łopian. See burdock
lovage
Low Beskid region, Poland
Łowicz region, Poland
lubczyk ogrodowy. See lovage
Lublin region, Poland
Lubomirski, Izabella
lulek. See henbane
lungwort
Lwów (Lviv, now in Ukraine)
Lychnis chalcedonica. See campion
Lychnis coronaria. See campion
Lychnis floscuculi. See campion
Lycopus europaeus. See gypsywort
Lysimachia vulgaris. See loosestrife, yellow
macierzanka. See thyme
macoszka. See pansy
madder, common
maiden evening
maiden wreaths
maidenhair fern
maik
majeran ogrodowy. See marjoram
mak ogrodowy. See poppy, opium
mak polny. See poppy, field
Mała Encyklopedia Polska (1841)
malina właściwa. See raspberry
mallow
Małopolska, Poland
Maltese cross. See campion
Malus sylvestris. See apple, wild
malva. See hollyhock
Malva alcea. See mallow
Malva neglecta. See mallow
Malva rotundifolia. See mallow
Malva sylvestris. See mallow
maple
marchew zwyczajna. See carrot, wild
Marcin of Urzędow,
margarytka. See daisy
marguerite, golden
marigold
marigold, marsh
marjoram
marjoram, wild. See oregano
Marrubium peregrinum. See horehound
Marrubium vulgare. See horehound, white
marsh Labrador tea
marshmallow
Masłowski, Stanisław
marzana barwierska. See madder, common
Matka Boska Zielna
Matricaria chamomilla. See chamomile
May poles
Mazowsze, Poland
medical terms
medicinal herbal remedies. See herbal medicinal uses
“Medycyna i Przesądy Lecznicze Ludu Polskiego” (“Medicine and Folk Beliefs of the People of Poland” / Udziela)
melilot
melisa lekarska. See lemon balm
Melissa officinalis. See lemon balm
Melsztyn, castle of
Mentha piperita. See peppermint
Menta pulegium. See pennyroyal
Menyanthes trifoliata. See buckbean
Midsummer’s Eve celebrations (summer solstice, June 23rd), -. See also St. John’s Eve
Midsummer fires
Mieszko I, King
mięta pieprzowa. See peppermint
Mikołaj Sokolnik
mint. See also peppermint
miodnik. See borage
miodownik. See lemon balm
miodunka. See lungwort
mirt. See myrtle
mistletoe
mlecz lekarski. See dandelion
mniszek pospolity. See dandelion
modrak. See cornflower
modrak. See savory, summer
Mogiła, Cistercian monaster at
Monarda fisulosa. See bee balm
monasticism/monasteries
architectural layout of
Benedictines
Carthusians
Cistercians
cloisters of
early descriptions of
establishment of in Poland
Franciscans
gardens of
Jesuits
Order of St. John of God
Order of the Reformati
pharmacies/infirmaries in
production of personal care items at
rosary making
monkshood
moth deterrent
motherwort
Mount of St. Anna (Górze św. Anny), Silesia
mountain ash
mugwort
mullein
mustard, black
mustard, wild
Muszyński, Jan
mydlnica lekarska. See soapwort
myrtle
Myrtus communis. See myrtle
“Myśli różne osposobie zakładania ogrodów” (“Various Thoughts on the Creation of Garden” / Czartoryska)
nagietek lekarski. See marigold
naparstnik. See foxglove
Nardostachys jatamansi. See spikenard
nasięźrzał. See adder’s tongue
nasturcja. See nasturtium
nasturtium
Natolin gardens
natural/informal garden philosophy
nawrot polny. See gromwell
nettle
nettle, white dead
Nieborów garden
Niedziela Wierzbowa. See Palm Sunday
Nigella damacena. See cumin, black
Nigella sativa. See cumin, black; fennel flower
noc świętojanska. See St. John’s Eve
nostrzyk biały. See melilot
oak
oats
ocet toaletowy (facial tonic)
Ocimum basilicum. See basil, sweet
oczepiny (wedding custom)
Oenothera biennis. See primrose, evening
ogórecznik lekarski. See borage
Ogród Saski
olcha. See alder, European
omian. See elecampane
onion
“Only Practical Recipes” (Cwierczakiewicz)
Onopordon acanthium. See thistle, cotton
Onosma echioides (golden drop)
Opoczno, Poland
Opole region, Poland
orache, garden
orange blossoms
Order of St. John of God (Bonifratrzy)
Order of the Reformati
oregano
Origanum majorana. See marjoram
Origanum vulgare. See oregano
orlik. See columbine
orzech włoski. See walnut
oset. See thistle, carline
osika. See aspen
oskoła (birch syrup)
ostrężyna. See blackberry
ostróżka. See larkspur
ostrzyca. See clivers
Our Lady of Herbs, Feast of
owies. See oats
palm of Christ. See castor bean
Palm Sunday
Palma Christi. See castor bean
paluszki Matki Boskiej (little fingers of the Mother of God)
Pamiętnik Galicyski (Galician Memoir)
pansy
Pantofelki Matki Boski. See monkshood
Papaver rhoeas. See poppy, field/corn
Papaver somniferum. See poppy, opium
paper art/flowers (wycinanki)
paproć. See fern
park gardens
parsley
parsley, fool’s
parsnip, cow
parterres
Paulli, Simon
pear tree
pears of the Blessed Mother. See loosestrife
peasant cottage gardens
peasant life in Poland
beekeeping
freshening homes
gardening
houses/gardens, descriptions of
herb gathering
home interiors
larders/pantries of
pelargonia. See geranium
Pelargonium. See geranium
pennycress, field
pennyroyal
Pentecost
peony
pepper, water
peppermint
perfumes/colognes, making of
periwinkle
Persicaria hydropiper. See pepper, water
Petroselinum sativum. See parsley
pharmacies
of charlatans/quacks
establishment of
guilds
in homes/castles
inventory of one in Kraków in 1604
in monasteries
folk doctors/healers
non-health related items sold
Pharmacopea Krakoviensis (Kraków Pharmacopeia / Woyno)
piersiówka (healing coriander vodka)
pietruszka. See parsley
Pimenta dioica. See allspice
Pimpinella anisum. See anise
Pimpinella saxifraga. See burnet saxifrage
Pinczow region, Poland
piołun. See wormwood
pisanki (Easter eggs)
Plantago arenaria. See plantain
Plantago lanceolata. See plantain
Plantago major. See plantain
Plantago media. See plantain
plantain
podbiał pospolity. See coltsfoot
Podhale, Poland
podkladziny (bedding ceremony)
Podlasie region, Poland
podłaźnik (Christmas branch)
poisonous plants
pokrzyk. See belladonna
pokrzywa biała. See nettle, white dead
pokrzywa zwyczajna. See nettle
Polski pieprze. See pepper, water
Polygonum aviculare. See knotgrass
Pomorze area, Poland
poplar
poppy, field/corn
poppy, opium
poppy seeds
Populus tremula. See aspen
porost. See lichen
“Postać Ogrody” (“Garden Shapes” / Sierakowski)
potato plant
Potentilla anserina. See silverweed
Potentilla tormentilla erecta. See tomentil
Potocki family
powój. See bindweed
poziomka pospolita. See strawberry, wild
Poznań region, Poland
prawoślaz. See hollyhock
primrose, evening
Primula officinalis. See cowslip
Prunus padus. See bird cherry
Prunus spinosa. See blackthorn
Przegląd Biblijograficzno-Archeologiczny (Bibliographic and Archeological Review)
Przemyśl region, Poland
przestęp pospolity. See bryony, white
“Przyjaciel Domowy” (“Home Friend”)
przywrotnik. See lady’s mantle
pszczelnik. See lemon balm
pszenica. See wheat
ptasza ruta. See fumitory
Puławy park
Pulicaria dysterica. See fleabane
Pulmonaria officinalis. See lungwort
Puls, Frederic
purslane
pussy willow
pyrz. See couch grass
pysznogłowka. See bee balm
quaking grass
Queen Anne’s lace. See carrot, wild
Quercus robur. See oak
rącznik pospolity. See castor bean
radish, garden
Radom, Poland
Radziwiłła, Michał Hieronin
Radziwiłła, Princess Helena
Ragged Robin. See campion
Ranunculus acris. See buttercup, creeping/meadow
Ranunculus repens. See buttercup, creeping/meadow
Raphannus sativis. See radish
raspberry
Rawa, Poland
rdest ostrogorzki. See pepper, water
Rej, Mikołaj
rękawki Matki Boskiej (sleeve of mother of God)
Renaissance period in Poland
Reymont, Władysław
Rhanus frangula. See buckthorn
Rheum. See rhubarb
rhubarb
Ricinus communis. See castor bean
rogoża szerokolista. See cattail, common
rojownik. See lemon balm
rokambuł (sand leek)
romantic-style/free-style gardens
Rosa canina. See rose, wild
Rosa centifolia. See rose
Rosa gallica. See rose
rose
rose, wild
rose of Our Lady Mary. See peony
rose water
rosemary
rosemary, wild. See marsh Labrador tea
Rosmarinus officinalis. See rosemary
Rostafiński, Józef
róża dzika. See rose, wild
róża. See rose
rozchodnik. See wallpepper, stone crop
rózga weselna (wedding branch)
rozmaryn lekarski. See rosemary
Rubia tinctorum. See madder, common
Rubus fruticosis. See blackberry
Rubus idaeus. See raspberry
rue
rumbarbarum. See rhubarb
Rumex acetosa. See sorrel
rumianek pospolity. See chamomile
Ruta graveolens. See rue
ruta. See rue
rye
rząsa. See duckweed
Rzeszów region, Poland
rzewień. See rhubarb
rzeżucha łąkowa. See cress, meadow
rzodkiew ogrodowa. See radish
saffron
saffron, false
sage
sajeranek. See marjoram
Salix alba. See willow, white
salsify, black
salt
salvia
Salvia officinalis. See sage
Salvia sclarea. See sage
Sambucus ebulus. See elder, dwarf
Sambucus nigra. See elderberry
sandpainting
Sanguisorba officinalis. See burnet, great
santolina
Saponaria officinalis. See soapwort
Satureja hortensis. See savory, summer
Savage, James
savory, summer
saw-wort
Schneeberger, Antoni
Scleranthus annus. See knotweed
Scorzonera hispanica. See salsify, black
Scot’s pine
Sczeczin, Poland
Sedum acre. See wallpepper, stone crop
serdecznik. See motherwort
Serratula tinctoria. See saw-wort
shepherd’s purse
Siennik, Marcin
Sieradz region, Poland
Sierakowski, Wacław
Silva Rerum
silverweed
skansens (re-created villages)
skorus. See mountain ash
skrzyp polny. See horsetail
Śląsk region, Poland
ślaz lekarski. See marshmallow
śląz. See mallow
ślązik. See mallow
słonecznik. See sunflower
słoneznik bulwiasty. See artichoke, Jerusalem
Słowacki, Julius
Slupski, Stanisław
Smardzewice, Poland
snapdragon, wild
soaps/shampoos, making of
soapwort
sobótka. See summer solstice; St. John’s Eve
Sodium chloride. See salt
sól. See salt
Sorbus aucuparia. See mountain ash
sorrel
southernwood
speedwell
Spiczyński, Hieronim
spikenarda. See spikenard
spikenard
srebnik. See silverweed
Sroka, Brother Grzegorz
stag horn’s club moss
Stanko, Jan
Stanisław August Poniatowski, King
Staphylea pinnata. See bladdernut, European
Stefan Batory, King
St. John’s Eve (June 23)
St. John’s wort
St. Mary’s Church, Kraków
stokroć. See daisy
stonecrop
strawberry, wild
Stwosz, Wit
suchotnik. See lichen
sukienki Matki Boskiej (dress of Mother of God)
summer solstice (June 23). See also St. John’s Eve
sundew
sunflower
Suwałki region, Poland
swallow wort
sweet flag
świetlik łąkowy. See eyebright
Święto Makoweja (feast day)
świna węsz. See parsley, fool’s
Swiss Abbey of St. Galen
sycamore
symbolism of. See herbal symbolism of
Symphytum officinalae. See comfrey
Synapis arven. See mustard, wild
Syreniusz, Szymon (Szymon Syreński)
szafran. See saffron
szakłak kruszyna. See buckthorn
szaleniec. See henbane
szałwia lekarska. See sage
szanta pospolita. See horehound, white
szarańcza strąkowego. See carob gum
szarotka. See edelweiss
szczaw. See sorrel
szczeć pospolita. See teasel
Szymon of Łowicz
tallow
Tanacetum balsamita. See costmary
Tanacetum parthenium. See feverfew
Tanacetum vulgare. See tansy
tansy
Taraxacum officinale. See dandelion
tarki. See blackthorn
tarnina. See blackthorn
Tarnobrzeg region, Poland
tarragon
tasnik. See shepherd’s purse
tatarek pospolity. See sweet flag
tartarskie. See sweet flag
Taxus baccata. See yew, English
teasel
thistle, carline
thistle, cotton
thistle, Scotch
Thlaspi arvense. See pennycress, field
thornapple
thyme
Thymus vulgaris. See thyme
Tilia cordata. See linden
tobołki polne. See pennycress, field
tojad. See monkshood
tormentilla
Toruń, Poland
Trifolium repens. See clover, white
Trigonella foenum-graecum. See fenugreek
Triticum vulgare. See wheat
trojanym wodnym. See buckbean
Tropaeolum majus. See nasturtium
trousseau chest
trzebula ogrodowa. See chervil
tulips
Turkish introduction of new fruits/plants/herb
Tussilago farfara. See coltsfoot
twayblade
tymianek właściwy. See thyme
Typha latifolia. See cattail, common
tysiącznik. See centaury
Udziela, Dr. Marjan
Udziela, Seweryn
Ujazd, Poland
Ujazdów, Poland
Urocznik. See thistle, carline
urokowe ziele. See melilot
Urtica dioica. See nettle
Vaccinium myrtillus. See blueberry
Vaccinum vitus-idea. See cranberry
valerian
Valeriana officinalis. See valerian
Veratrum album. See hellebore, white
Verbascum thapsus. See mullein
Verbena officinalis. See vervain
Veronica. See speedwell
vervain
vetch
viburnum
Viburnum opulus. See viburnum
Viennese influence on gardening
Vinca minor. See periwinkle
Vincelli, Bernard
vinegars
Viola adorata. See violet
Viola tricolor. See pansy
violet
viper’s bugloss
Viscum album. See mistletoe
vodkas
Vries, Vredman de
walerian, kozłek. See valerian
wallpepper, stone crop
walnut
Warsaw
wasilek wodny. See pennyroyal
wattle fences
Wawel castle. -
wedding branch/rod
wedding flowers/plants
wedding traditions/celebrations
Węgiers
wheat
Whitsuntide. See Pentecost
Wiadomości Farmacentyczne (Pharmaceutical News)
Wieliczka salt mine
Wielkanoc, Poland
wierzba biała. See willow, white
Wierzbowski, Stanisław
wiesołek dwuletni. See primrose, evening
Wigilia
Wilanów castle
wilka jagoda. See belladonna
willow, pussy
willow, white
Willow Sunday. See Palm Sunday
window gardens
Władysław II Jagiełło, King
Władysław IV, King
wolf’s bane. See leopard’s bane
woodwork
wormwood
Woyno, Jan
wreaths
in coffins
on Corpus Christi
of flowers blessed on August
maiden wreaths
Midsummer (St. John’s Eve / June 23) wreaths
wedding wreaths
wrotycz. See tansy
wrzos. See heather
wycinanki (paper art)
Wyczółkowski, Leon
wyka. See vetch
Wyspiański, Stanisław
yarrow
yellow iris
yew, English
żabieniec. See plantain, common water
Zakopane, Poland
zakwas
Zalipie, Poland
Zamojska, Jan
Zawadzki, Aleksander
“Zebranie potraw” (“A Collection of Dishes” / Czerniecki)
Zesłania Ducha Swiętego. See Pentecost
ziela ducha Świętego. See angelica
ziele angielskie. See allspice
ziele Św. Jana. See St. John’s wort
zielke. See sandpainting
“Zielnik” (“Herbal” / Syreniusz)
“Zielnik czyli Atlas roślin leczniczych” (“Herbal or Atlas of Healing Plants” / Kneipp)
“Zielnik Polski” (“Polish Herbal”)
Zielone Świątki
Zingiber officinale. See ginger
“Ziołolecznictwo i Leki Roślinne” (“Herbology and Healing Plants” / Muszyński)
złocien balsamiczny. See costmary
złocien maruna. See feverfew
złotogłów. See lily, Turk’s cap
Zug, Szymon Bogumił
Zygmunt I (the Old), King
Zygmunt II August, King
Zygmunt III Waza, King
żytnik. See rye
żywokost. See comfrey