SOURCE NOTES
A Generation Later . . .
1. Samuel Adams, Writings, vol. 4, 124. Complete publication data for all works cited can be found in the bibliography.
2. John Adams, Works, vol. 9, 401, 636.
3. William Wirt Henry, Patrick Henry, 592.
The Search Begins
1. Columbus’s Book of Prophecies is largely a compilation of a number of the teachings and prophecies in the Bible on the subject of the earth, distant lands, population movements, and undiscovered tribes, as well as similarly pertinent writings of the ancient Church fathers. Much of this work was originally translated by the late August J. Kling, who quoted these excerpts in an article in The Presbyterian Layman, October 1971.
2. Sacvan Bercovitch, The Puritan Origins of the American Self, 28.
3. Sacvan Bercovitch, Typology and Early American Literature, 76.
4. Cotton Mather, Magnalia Christi Americana, vol. 1, 7–11.
5. Ibid., 52.
6. Daniel Webster, Writings and Speeches, vol. 13, 492.
Chapter 1: Christ-bearer
1. The original journal of Christopher Columbus has been lost, but much of it was retold by Bishop Bartolomé de Las Casas, a sixteenth-century historian who was with Columbus in Española on his third voyage. This passage is from the translation by Cecil Jane, The Voyages of Christopher Columbus, 146, 147.
2. As recorded by Oviedo, official chronicler of the court of Ferdinand and Isabella, from subsequent interviews with the participants. However, the exact details are a matter of conjecture. Since comparatively little source material on Columbus is available in English, we found we had to rely greatly on his two major modern biographers, Samuel Eliot Morison and Björn Landström, for the narrative details of his life. To these two discerning scholars we acknowledge our debt and our gratitude. This incident was referred to in Morison’s Admiral of the Ocean Sea, 285–91.
3. These figures are from the first four chapters of Björn Landström’s Columbus. An ocean sailor himself, Landström brings his own navigational expertise to bear in his evaluation.
4. Morison, Admiral of the Ocean Sea, 57–60.
5. Landström, Columbus, 37, 38.
6. Samuel Eliot Morison, European Discovery of America, 40.
7. Delno C. West and August Kling, The Libro de las Profecias of Christopher Columbus, 111.
8. Ibid., 55.
9. Ibid., 60–63.
10. Ibid., 53. (The authors have given the literal Latin translation in the text.)
11. Morison, Admiral, 172.
Chapter 2: In Peril on the Sea
1. This quote and those to follow are from Landström, Columbus, 66–75.
2. Quoted in West and Kling, Libro, 65.
Chapter 3: “If Gold Be Your Almighty”
1. Landström, Columbus, 103.
2. Ibid.
3. Ibid., 106.
4. Christopher Columbus, His Own Book of Privileges (1893), facsimile edition of manuscripts in the Foreign Office in Paris. (This copy in the Beinecke Rare Book Library, Yale University, New Haven, Conn.)
5. Morison, Admiral, 404–5.
6. This unbridled lust and rape was to receive its own uniquely fitting punishment. Many of the women were carriers of a strange and deadly disease that would become known as syphilis, and the men thus infected were sentenced to a lingering, excruciatingly painful insanity and death. The sailors returning from this voyage introduced this new plague to Spain, and from there it was shared with the rest of the civilized world.
7. Landström, Columbus, 133.
8. Morison, Admiral, 523–26.
9. Landström, Columbus, 152.
10. This quote and the following one are from Morison, Admiral, 617–19.
11. This quote and the following one are from Jane, The Voyages, 299, 304.
Chapter 4: Blessed Be the Martyrs
1. Luther Weigle, The Pageant of America. (The author was for many years dean of the Yale Divinity School and was the Chairman of the committee responsible for the Revised Standard Version of the Bible.)
2. An ethnological study in Southern California indicated (from aerial surveys and extensive examination of ancient growing fields and watering systems) that the population of northern Latin America at the beginning of the sixteenth century was between 85 and 115 million. A reliable census, taken a century later by Spain’s administrators in the New World, fixes the population at 10 million. If the study is accurate, this means that the Conquistadors and their successors were responsible for the greatest demographic annihilation in history.
3. Henry Morton Robinson, Stout Cortez: A Biography of the Spanish Conquest, 47–48.
4. Landström, Columbus, 133.
5. This quote and the four that follow are from Weigle, Pageant, 24–30.
6. Charles E. Kistler, This Nation Under God, 18.
7. Weigle, Pageant, 28.
Chapter 5: The Lost Colony
1. Giles Milton, Big Chief Elizabeth, 42.
2. Ibid., 43.
3. This quote and the previous one are from Captain John Smith, Writings, 820.
4. Ibid., 822.
5. Milton, Elizabeth, 58. The Elizabethan spelling was Algonkian.
6. This may well mark the beginning of the fur trade, which would eventually bring far more wealth to England than any gold or silver mines.
7. Smith, Writings, 826.
8. Milton, Elizabeth, 78.
9. Smith, Writings, 900.
10. Quoted in Milton, Elizabeth, 154–55.
11. There has been scholarly speculation that Fernandez may have been secretly in the employ of Sir Francis Walsingham, Elizabeth’s Secretary of State, who was one of the courtiers determined to bring Raleigh down. This would explain his repeated efforts to derail the expedition. See Lee Miller’s Roanoke: Solving the Mystery of the Lost Colony (Arcade, 2001).
12. Smith, Writings, 915.
13. Milton, Elizabeth, 237. He would later write this in a letter to Richard Hakluyt.
Chapter 6: Garboil
1. This quote and the following one are from the Virginia Company’s pamphlet: A True and Sincere Declaration of the Purpose and Ends of the Plantation begun in Virginia, published in London in 1610.
2. Smith, Writings, 42.
3. Ibid., 923–24.
4. Quote from von Buseck article.
5. Smith, Writings, 930.
6. Ibid., 933.
7. Ibid., 47–48.
8. Ibid., 809.
9. Ibid., 47.
10. Ibid., 8.
11. Ibid., 8–9.
12. Ibid., 1086.
13. The authenticity of this famous story is murky. The question is, why did Smith not include it in his A True Relation account (1608) of his encounter with Powhatan but wait until his 1624 Generall Historie to print the story? Some historians have speculated that since the Virginia Company Partners heavily edited his Relation, perhaps they censored it. Others have suspected that he made it all up or that he simply plagiarized a similar tale by Juan Ortiz, the Spaniard captured by natives in Florida, who became De Soto’s translator.
14. Smith Writings, 323.
15. Ibid., 404.
16. Ibid., 328.
17. John Smith, Travels and Works, vol. 1, 152; and Barbour, Jamestown Voyages, vol. 2, 44, as quoted in Morgan, American Slavery, 73.
18. Smith, Writings, 328–29.
19. Ibid., 330.
20. Alexander Brown, The Genesis of the United States, vol. 1, 256.
21. Ibid., 369.
22. Ibid., 4.
Chapter 7: “Damn Your Souls! Make Tobacco!”
1. Smith, Writings, 357–58.
2. Milton, Elizabeth, 341–42.
3. Smith, Writings, 84–86.
4. Ibid., 374.
5. George F. Willison, Behold Virginia!, 112.
6. Brown,Genesis, 339.
7. Smith, Writings, 782–83.
8. Ibid., 1100.
9. Ibid., 1014.
10. Ibid., 413.
11. George Bancroft, Bancroft’s History of the United States, vol. 1, 141.
12. Smith Writings, 414–15.
13. Ibid., 416.
14. Ibid., 1164.
15. Willison, Behold Virginia! 345.
Chapter 8: To the Promised Land
1. Cotton Mather, Magnalia Christi Americana, 1855 edition, 110.
2. William Bradford, Of Plimoth Plantation, Wright and Potter edition, 3. While there are several modern editions of this classic available, anyone seriously interested should be sure to get an unexpurgated edition, for at least one modern edition we know of has elected to leave out “irrelevant theological meditations.”
3. Ibid., 13.
4. Ibid., 36.
5. Fleming, One Small Candle, 31.
6. Bradford, Plimoth, Wright and Potter edition, 34, 35.
7. Jesper Rosenmeier, “Bradford’s of Plymouth Plantation,” in Typology and Early American Literature, Sacvan Bercovitch, ed., 76.
8. Bradford, Plimoth, Wright and Potter edition, 41, 42.
9. Fleming, Candle, 36.
10. Bradford, Plimoth, Wright and Potter edition, 72.
11. This quote and the following ones from Robinson’s letter are from Bradford, Plimoth, Wright and Potter edition, 76, 79–81.
12. Perry Miller and Thomas H. Johnson, The Puritans, vol. 1, 246.
13. This quote and the ones to follow, including Cushman’s letter, are all from Bradford, Plimoth, Wright and Potter edition, 85–89.
14. From a photograph of the original in Kate Caffrey’s The Mayflower, 115.
15. This quote and the ones to follow are from Bradford, Plimoth, Wright and Potter edition, 94–96.
Chapter 9: “God Our Maker Doth Provide”
1. This quote and the following story are from Bradford, Plimouth, Wright and Potter edition, 101, 103.
2. From Bradford and Winslow’s Morte’s Relation, as quoted in Alexander Young’s Chronicles of the Pilgrim Fathers, 158, 159.
3. Fleming, One Small Candle, 133.
4. Bradford, Plimoth, Wright and Potter edition, 106.
5. Fleming, Candle, 136.
6. This quote and the following one are from Bradford, Plimoth, Wright and Potter edition, 113, 114.
7. Ibid., 492.
8. For many of the specific details of this remarkable story, we are indebted to Stanley E. Goodman’s “Squanto” in They Knew They Were Pilgrims, L. D. Geller, ed., 25–31.
9. Bradford, Plimoth, Wright and Potter edition, 117.
10. For the following details we are indebted to Fleming, Candle, 208–13.
11. Bradford, Plimoth, Wright and Potter edition, 129.
12. From the original sermon, the first American sermon ever published. Robert Cushman, “The Sin and Danger of Self-Love,” 33.
13. Bradford, Plimoth, Wright and Potter edition, 162.
14. Bradford, Of Plymouth Plantation, Samuel Eliot Morison, ed., 114.
15. Ibid., 120–21.
16. This quote and the following one are from Edward Winslow, quoted in Young’s Chronicles, 347–50.
17. Bradford, Plimoth, Wright and Potter edition, 171.
18. Young, Chronicles, 350.
19. “Emmanuel Altham to Sir Edward Altham,” quoted in Sydney V. James, Jr.’s Three Visitors to Early Plymouth, 23ff.
20. Fleming, Candle, 218.
Chapter 10: Thy Kingdom Come
1. Fleming, Candle, 22.
2. Bercovitch, Puritan Origins, 17.
3. Ibid., 18.
4. This quote and the two to follow are from the Winthrop Papers, Massachusetts Historical Society, vol. 1, 196, 201.
5. Francis J. Bremer, John Winthrop: America’s Forgotten Founding Father, 173–74.
6. Ibid., 103.
7. Ibid., 115.
8. William Warren Sweet, The Story of Religion in America, 48.
9. Winthrop Papers, vol. 2, 138–43.
10. Edmund S. Morgan, The Puritan Dilemma, 47.
11. Bremer, Winthrop, 161.
12. Winthrop Papers, vol. 2, 152.
13. Perry Miller, Errand into the Wilderness, 11.
14. This quote and the following one are from Morison, “John Winthrop and the Founding of New England” in Colonial America, edited by David R. B. Ross, Alden T. Vaughan, and John B. Duff, 25.
Chapter 11: A City upon a Hill
1. Morgan, Dilemma, 54.
2. J. Franklin Jameson, ed., Johnson’s Wonder-Working Providence 1628-1651, 61.
3. Bremer, Winthrop, 169.
4. Winthrop Papers, vol. 2, 160, 161.
5. Bremer, Winthrop, 200.
6. Ibid., 192.
7. Winthrop Papers, vol. 2, 292–95. Oddly, for a document that has been referred to as the “Ur-text of American literature,” we do not know exactly when Winthrop preached his Model of Christian Charity to the emigrants, and the timing of it is not mentioned in either Cotton Mather’s Magnalia Christi Americana or in Edward Johnson’s Wonder-Working Providence.
8. Edward Johnson, Providence, 46, 47.
9. Cotton Mather, Magnalia Christi Americana, vol. 2, as quoted in Bercovitch, Puritan Origins, 1.
10. Bremer, Winthrop, 193.
11. Ibid., 194.
12. Ibid., 193.
Chapter 12: The Puritan Way
1. Morgan, Dilemma, xi. In this quote the author was also speaking against the popular negative image of the Puritans.
2. Miller and Johnson, Puritans, vol. 1, 284.
3. Edmund S. Morgan, The Puritan Family, 10.
4. This quote and the following one are from John Demos, ed., Remarkable Providences, 222–39.
5. Winthrop, History of New England, vol. 2, 12–13.
6. This quote and those immediately following are from Barrett Wendell, Cotton Mather, 119, 198.
7. Winthrop Papers, vol. 3, 223, 224.
8. This quote and the two following are from Morgan, Family, 7, 19, 143.
9. Bremer, Winthrop, 194.
10. W. De Loss Love Jr., The Fast and Thanksgiving Days of New England, 104.
11. Edward Johnson, Wonder-Working Providence, 77, 78.
12. Morgan, Dilemma, 60.
13. This quote and the following one are from Love, Fast and Thanksgiving Days, 105, 106.
14. Quoted in Sanford H. Cobb, The Rise of Religious Liberty in America, 162.
15. Alice Morse Earle, The Sabbath in Puritan New England, 68.
16. Ibid., 315.
17. This quote and the following one are from Sweet, The Story of Religion, 57, 58.
18. Earle, Sabbath, 275–78.
Chapter 13: The Pruning of the Lord’s Vineyard
1. Mather, Magnalia, vol. 2, 430.
2. Morgan, Dilemma, 116.
3. Roger Williams, The Complete Writings of Roger Williams, vol. 7, 37, as quoted in Bercovitch, Puritan Origins, 110.
4. Bradford, Plimouth, Wright and Potter edition, 370.
5. The Complete Writings of Roger Williams, John Russell Bartlett, ed., vol. 6, 141.
6. Clifford Shipton, “Puritanism and Modern Democracy,” New England Historical and Genealogical Register, July 1947, 189.
7. Roger Williams, Writings, vol. 6, 350.
8. Morgan, Dilemma, 152.
9. Winthrop, History, vol. 1, 313–16.
10. Thomas Hooker, The Christian’s Two Chief Lessons.
11. Miller and Johnson, The Puritans, 188.
12. Perry Miller, Errand, 44.
13. Clinton Rossiter, “Thomas Hooker,” New England Quarterly, vol. 25, 479–81.
14. John C. Miller, The Colonial Image, 25.
Chapter 14: God’s Controversy with New England
1. Mather, Magnalia, vol. 2, 306.
2. Winthrop, History, vol. 1, 119, 120.
3. Mather, Magnalia, vol. 2, 295, 296.
4. Ibid., 300.
5. Winthrop, History, vol. 1, 126.
6. Mather, Magnalia, vol. 2, 356.
7. Bradford, Plimouth, Morrison edition, 253–54.
8. Bradford, Plimouth, Wright and Potter edition, 508, 509.
9. Mather, vol. 1, 63, as quoted in Stephen Foster, Their Solitary Way, 121.
10. This quote and the following one are from Foster, Way, 124, 132.
11. Winthrop, History, vol. 2, 277.
12. Love, Fast and Thanksgiving Days, 181.
13. Johnson, Providences, 253.
14. This quote and the following one are from Rosenmeier in Typology, Bercovitch, ed., 104.
15. Foster, Way, 58.
16. Mather, Magnalia, vol. 1, 7, 8.
17. Love, Fast and Thanksgiving Days, 191.
Chapter 15: As a Roaring Lion
1. Winthrop, History, vol. 1, 387, 388.
2. For the sequence of these events we are much indebted to Douglas Edward Leach’s excellent work, Flintlock and Tomahawk.
3. Although our scene is imagined, the place and the approximate date of Philip’s opening attack can be ascertained from John Fiske’s The Beginnings of New England, 214.
4. George N. Williams, Wilderness and Paradise in Christian Thought, 112.
5. Old Sudbury, 23.
6. Demos, Providences, 287.
7. John Miller, The Colonial Image, 260–62.
8. This quote and the following one are from Leach, Flintlock and Tomahawk, 195, 198.
9. Demos, Providences, 305.
10. John Miller, Image, 289.
11. This quote and the following one are from Mather, Magnalia, vol. 2, 392–403.
12. John Miller, Image, 185, 186.
13. Eve LaPlante, Salem Witch Judge, 136.
14. Ibid., 156.
15. Ibid., 138–39.
16. Sweet, The Story of Religion, 61. The author gives the figure of half a million witches executed in Europe from the fourteenth century to the eighteenth.
17. LaPlante, Judge, 175.
18. Ibid., 180.
19. Ibid., 193.
20. Ibid., 196.
21. John Miller, Image, 190.
Chapter 16: A Sunburst of Light
1. H. Richard Niebuhr, The Kingdom of God in America, 126.
2. Jonathan Edwards, The Works of President Edwards, Isaiah Thomas, ed., vol. 3, 14–19.
3. This quote and the following one are from John Pollock, George Whitefield and the Great Awakening, 18, 19.
4. John Wesley, Journal, 64.
5. Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan, part 1, chapter 8.
6. This quote and the facts in the following two paragraphs are from Pollock, Whitefield, 83, 112, 115.
7. This quote and the following two quotes are from Russell T. Hitt, Heroic Colonial Christians, 171, 198.
8. Pollock, Whitefield, 164.
9. These references to Whitefield’s visit to Philadelphia are from Pollock, Whitefield, 117–21.
10. Ibid., 156.
11. From Whitefield’s journal, as quoted by Peter Gomes in “George Whitefield in the Old Colony: 1740,” in L. D. Geller, ed., They Knew They Were Pilgrims, 93.
12. Pollock, Whitefield, 162.
13. Whitefield’s journal, quoted in Gomes, They Knew They Were Pilgrims, 93.
14. Pollock, Whitefield, 250.
15. Ibid., 246.
16. Ibid., 248.
17. This quote and the following quotes are all from Pollock, Whitefield, 268–70.
Chapter 17: When Kings Become Tyrants
1. Perry Miller, Orthodoxy in Massachusetts, 220.
2. Fiske, Beginnings, 247.
3. Wendell, Cotton Mather, 46.
4. This quote and the following one are from David Lovejoy, The Glorious Revolution in America, 154, 155.
5. Ibid., 176.
6. This is the famous quote of John Bradshaw, President of the high court that had tried Charles I in 1649 (Encyclopaedia Britannica, vol. 4, 60) as quoted in Foster, Their Solitary Way, 165.
7. John Wingate Thornton, The Pulpit of the American Revolution, 74.
Chapter 18: “No King but King Jesus!”
1. Printed in the Maryland Gazette, September 29, 1774, and quoted in Hezekiah Niles, Principles and Acts of the Revolution in America, 164.
2. Thornton, Pulpit, 73, 74.
3. This quote and the following one are from Clinton Rossiter, Seedtime of the Republic, 241–45.
4. Mather, Magnalia, vol. 1, 26, as quoted in A. W. Plumstead, The Wall and the Garden, 28.
5. Bancroft, History, vol. 6, 102.
6. This quote and the two following quotes are from Bancroft, vol. 6, 140–42.
7. Ibid., 195.
8. Edmund Morgan, “The Puritan Ethic and the American Revolution,” William & Mary Quarterly, vol. 24, no. 1, 17.
9. This quote and the following one are from Bancroft, History, vol. 6, 440–42.
10. Kistler, This Nation, 56.
11. Niles, Principles and Acts of the Revolution in America, 198.
12. Cushing Stout, The New Heavens and the New Earth, 59.
13. William V. Wells, Life and Public Services of Samuel Adams, vol. 3, 504.
14. John Adams, Diary and Autobiography, vol. 1, 270–71.
15. Quoted in Pauline Maier, The Old Revolutionaries, 37.
16. James K. Hosmer, American Statesman: Samuel Adams, 271.
17. Bancroft, History, vol. 7, 73, 74. One eighteenth-century pound sterling equaled sixteen ounces of silver, currently worth around $18.00 per ounce.
18. Ibid., 99.
19. B. J. Lossing, Biographical Sketches of the Lives of the Signers of the Declaration, 35.
20. John R. Musick, Great Americans of History: John Hancock, 156.
21. Dennis Fradin, Samuel Adams: the Father of American Independence, 90.
22. Charles Francis Adams, Familiar Letters of John Adams and His Wife Abigail Adams, During the Revolution, 87–88.
23. Thornton, Pulpit, 195–96.
24. Bancroft, History, vol. 7, 229.
25. William Wirt Henry, Patrick Henry: Life, Correspondence, and Speeches, vol. 1, 125.
26. Henry Mayer, A Son of Thunder, 160.
27. Henry, Patrick Henry, vol. 1, 83.
28. Henry, Patrick Henry, vol. 2, 261, 264, 267.
29. Ibid., 262–70. Though Patrick Henry may have prepared this speech ahead of time, there is no mention of his using notes. This famous speech by one of America’s greatest orators (which American schoolchildren were once required to memorize) was apparently delivered under the inspiration of the moment.
30. Ibid., 270–71. Edward Carrington, who later served as a colonel in the Continental Army, was unable to get into the church because of the crowd. Relegated to a window view of Patrick Henry, he was so overcome by the power of the speech that he declared, “Let me be buried at this spot!” His wish was granted.
Chapter 19: “If They Want to Have a War . . .”
1. For the events of the night of April 18–19, 1775, we are indebted to David Hackett Fischer, Paul Revere’s Ride, 108–12, 174–79.
2. Revere saw Adams and Hancock safely out of Lexington and then dashed back into the town to rescue (with a Patriot named John Lowell) a heavy trunk of incriminating papers that Adams and Hancock had left behind at Buckman Tavern. They were lugging the heavy trunk across the Common behind the militia just before the shooting began. But somehow they were unseen by the British, and they managed to carry the heavy trunk to a hiding place in a nearby wood, where they waited until the Redcoats had left the town.
3. For the events of April 19, 1775, we are indebted to The Boston Globe’s special section “The Lexington-Concord Alarm,” March 9, 1975, 39–71.
4. David Hackett Fischer, Paul Revere’s Ride, 257.
5. Fischer, Revere’s Ride, 205.
6. Franklin P. Cole, They Preached Liberty, 38.
7. The Boston Globe, “The Battle of Bunker Hill,” June 8, 1975, 15, 16.
8. Page Smith, A New Age Now Begins, 508.
9. Samuel Langdon, sermon reprinted in Plumstead, The Wall, 364–73.
Chapter 20: “The Great Spirit Protects That Man!”
1. For the story of the Battle of Bunker Hill, we are indebted to The Boston Globe, “Bunker Hill,” 20–39.
2. Winston S. Churchill, A History of the English-Speaking Peoples, vol. 3, 152.
3. The Boston Globe, “Bunker Hill,” 30.
4. Ibid., 35.
5. Ibid., 38.
6. This quote and the following one are from The Spirit of ’76, Henry Steele Commager and Richard B. Morris, eds., 122–24.
7. George F. Scheer and Hugh F. Rankin, Rebels and Redcoats, 62.
8. Ibid., 62, 63.
9. The Boston Globe, “Bunker Hill,” 39.
10. This quote and the following one are from The Boston Globe, “Washington’s First Victory,” March 7, 1976, 5.
11. This quote and the following two quotes are from Richard Brookhiser, Founding Father, 107, 109, 111.
12. Ibid., 110.
13. Quoted in Peter Lillback, George Washington’s Sacred Fire, 577–78.
14. George Washington, Writings of George Washington, vol. 37, John C. Fitzpatrick, ed., 526.
15. The other members of this illustrious committee were Robert Carter Nicolas, John Randolph, Richard Bland, Benjamin Harrison, and Edmund Pendleton. With the exception of Nicolas and the addition of Peyton Randolph, these men would comprise the Virginia delegation to the First Continental Congress five years later.
16. Lillback, Sacred Fire, 292.
17. Ibid., 55–57.
18. Michael Novak and Jana Novak, Washington’s God, 11–12.
19. This quote and the one following from Lillback, Sacred Fire, 137.
20. Novak and Novak, Washington’s God, 17.
21. Lillback, Sacred Fire, 139.
22. William Johnson, George Washington, the Christian, 36.
23. Ibid., 41–42.
24. Kistler, This Nation, 54.
25. This quote and the following two quotes are all from Bancroft, History, vol. 4, 190.
Chapter 21: “Give ’Em Watts, Boys!”
1. Smith, A New Age, 572.
2. Johnson, George Washington, 69–70.
3. Washington, Writings, vol. 3, 309.
4. Johnson, George Washington, 209.
5. Washington, Writings, vol. 5, 367.
6. Ibid., vol. 3, 341.
7. From the original printed sermon, Boston, 1775.
8. Philip Davidson, Propaganda and the American Revolution, 205, 206.
9. Bancroft, History, vol. 7, 307.
10. W. P. Breed, Presbyterians and the Revolution, 85.
11. From the fourth installment of George Cornell’s series, “The Founding Faith,” Associated Press, April 16, 1976.
12. Breed, Presbyterians, 80–82.
13. Bruce Lancaster and J. H. Plumb, The American Heritage Book of the Revolution, 119, 120.
14. The Boston Globe, “Washington’s First Victory,” March 7, 1976, 34.
15. Ibid., 35.
16. Lancaster and Plumb, American Heritage Book, 123.
17. Frank S. Mead, ed., The Encyclopedia of Religious Quotations, 265.
18. The Papers of George Washington: Revolutionary War Series, vol. 3, Philander D. Chase, ed., 89.
19. The Boston Globe, “Washington’s First Victory,” 65.
20. James Thomas Flexner, “Providence Rides a Storm,” American Heritage 19 (December 1967), 17.
21. Ibid., 98.
22. H. Niles, Principles and Acts, 480.
23. J. Franklin Jameson, The American Revolution Considered as a Social Movement, 91, 92.
24. From the original sermon, Princeton, May 17, 1776.
25. Thornton, Pulpit, 311.
Chapter 22: “We Have Restored the Sovereign”
1. L. H. Butterfield, ed., Adams Family Correspondence, vol. 2, 16.
2. This quote and the following one are from Commager and Morris, The Spirit, 230–33.
3. Ibid., 265–66.
4. Ibid., 241.
5. Ibid., 265.
6. Ibid., 260–61.
7. David Barton, pamphlet entitled “Was the American Revolution a Biblically Justified Act?” 4.
8. Samuel Adams, Writings, vol. 4, 38. Letter to the Earl of Carlisle, Lord Viscount Howe, Sir William Howe, William Eden and George Johnstone, printed in the Massachusetts Spy, July 16, 1778.
9. Annals of America, vol. 2, Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1968, 276.
10. Actually, the first Americans to declare their independence were the citizens of Mecklenburg County, North Carolina, in May 1775.
11. Russell Kirk, The Roots of American Order, 342–43, 404.
12. Dan Smoot, America’s Promise, 6.
13. Edward Frank Humphrey, Nationalism and Religion, 85.
14. For the details of this story we are indebted to Robert E. Lewis, Pace Magazine, July/August 1976, 25.
15. The New York delegates supported independence, but they had pledged not to vote until they received instructions from their constituents. The instructions had not yet arrived.
16. Kistler, This Nation, 71.
Chapter 23: Crucible of Freedom
1. Kistler, This Nation, 73.
2. This quote and the following one are from Adams Family Correspondence, vol. 2, 28, 30–31.
3. Butterfield, ed., Letters of Benjamin Rush, vol. 1, 534.
4. Richard Wheeler, ed., Voices of 1776, 144–50.
5. Bancroft, History, vol. 9, 79.
6. Scheer and Rankin, Rebels and Redcoats, 167.
7. Ibid., 171.
8. Commager and Morris, The Spirit, 464.
9. Ibid., 495–96, for this quote and the following one.
10. David Hackett Fischer, Washington’s Crossing, 227.
11. This quote and the following two are from Commager and Morris, The Spirit, 513.
12. Ibid., 518–19 for this quote and the following one.
13. For these facts and much of the description that follows we are indebted to Henry Armitt Brown, The Valley Forge Oration, 1878, as reprinted in Verna M. Hall’s The Christian History of the American Revolution, 56–59, and John W. Jackson, Valley Forge: Pinnacle of Courage.
14. Jackson, Valley Forge, 43.
15. Ibid., 56.
16. Wheeler, Voices, 288.
17. Hall, Revolution, 61–62.
18. Washington, Writings, vol. 2, 291–92.
19. Ibid., vol. 10, 192.
20. John Joseph Stoudt, Ordeal at Valley Forge, 135.
21. Washington, Writings, vol. 2, 343.
22. Henry Melchior Muhlenberg, Notebook of a Colonial Clergyman, 195.
23. Mason Weems in William Johnson, George Washington, 103.
24. Lillback, Sacred Fire, 629–38. Although some historians have challenged the accuracy of this story, Lillback’s argument for its authenticity seems convincing to the authors.
25. Wheeler, Voices, 287.
26. Stoudt, Ordeal, 146.
Chapter 24: “The World Turned Upside Down”
1. For these details and the ones to follow, we are indebted to Page Smith, A New Age, 1008–13.
2. Washington, Writings, vol. 11, 354.
3. Washington, Writings, vol. 20, 95.
4. Benson J. Lossing, The Pictorial Field-Book of the Revolution, vol. 2, 596–605, and Benson J. Lossing, Our Country, vol. 4, 1068–69.
5. Sir Henry Clinton, The American Rebellion, 261.
6. Lossing, Pictorial Field-Book, 601–4.
7. Lancaster and Plumb, The American Heritage, 320.
8. Page Smith, New Age, 1704.
9. Wheeler, Voices, 454.
10. Washington, Writings, vol. 23, 247.
11. Washington, Writings, vol. 12, 343.
12. From the original sermon.
13. This quote and the following ones are from Scheer and Rankin, Rebels and Redcoats, 504, 506, 507.
Chapter 25: “Except the Lord Build the House . . .”
1. Frank Moore, ed., The Patriot Preachers of the American Revolution, 358–60.
2. Ibid., 305–6.
3. Ibid., 334–35.
4. From the original sermon, Boston, 1813.
5. Quoted in Stephen E. Berk, Calvinism Versus Democracy, 24.
6. Washington, Writings, vol. 26, 496.
7. Daniel Wait Howe, The Puritan Republic of the Massachusetts Bay in New England, 397.
8. Allan Nevins on Washington, in the Encyclopaedia Britannica, vol. 23, 1970 edition, 243.
9. Page Smith, New Age, 1792–97.
10. Norman Cousins, ed., In God We Trust, 42.
11. David Barton, Original Intent, 111–12.
12. This quote and the following one are from James Madison, Papers, vol. 10, 208 (letter to Thomas Jefferson, October 24, 1787); and James Madison (writing under Publius), The Federalist Papers, Mary E. Webster, ed., 37.
13. Annals of America, Britannica, vol. 3, 122.
14. Cecelia Marie Kenyon in the Encyclopaedia Britannica, vol. 9, 1970 edition, 138.
15. The Federalist Papers, as quoted in Annals of America, vol. 3, 216, 217.
16. These two quotes are from John Adams, Papers, vol. 1, 83; and John Adams, Works, vol. 6, 484.
17. Time magazine, special issue, “The New Nation, September 26, 1789,” 14.
18. July 31, 1788, as quoted in Esmond Wright, Causes and Consequences of the American Revolution, 183.
19. Richard Niebuhr, “The Idea of Covenant and American Democracy,” in Church History, vol. 23, 134.
20. Washington, Writings, vol. 30, 292–93.
21. Kirk, The Roots of American Order, 343.
22. Charles Roy Keller, The Second Great Awakening, 36.
23. Quoted in Cushing Stout, The New Heavens and New Earth, 79.
24. This quote and the following three quotes are from Cousins, In God We Trust, 149, 161–63.
25. Washington, Writings, vol. 35, 229.
26. John Adams, Works, vol. 9, 229.
27. Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America, vol. 1, 391.
28. Guideposts, “A Letter from the President of the United States,” May 1975, 16–18.
29. J. A. Carroll and M. W. Ashworth, George Washington, vol. 7 of the Douglas Southall Freeman biography, 438.
The Search Ends
1. Chard Powers Smith, Yankees and God, 289, 290.
2. National Courier, September 3, 1976, 20.
3. Bercovitch, Puritan Origins, 95, 96.
Appendix One: The Mystery of the Lost Colony
1. Horwitz, A Voyage Long and Strange, 314.
2. Smith, Writings, 930.
3. Ibid., 1072–73.
4. Ibid., 1085.
5. Milton, Elizabeth, 341.
6. Ibid.
7. Ibid., 342.
8. Ibid.
9. Horwitz, Voyage, 314.
10. Ibid., 314–15.
Appendix Two: The Christian Faith of George Washington
1. Lillback, Sacred Fire, 801–13.
2. Washington, Writings, vol. 21, letter dated February 26,1781.
3. Lillback, Fire, 352.
4. Ibid., 333.
5. Ibid., 305.
6. Washington, Writings, vol. 30, entry of April 1789.
7. Ibid., vol. 26, letter dated June 8, 1783.
8. Lillback, Fire, 264.
9. Washington, Writings, vol. 3, order for July 4, 1775.
10. Lillback, Fire, 268–69.
11. Ibid., 1051.
12. Ibid., 721.
13. Ibid., 424.
14. Ibid.
15. Ibid., 410–11.
16. Ibid., 415–16.
17. Ibid., 420–21.
18. Ibid., 577–78.
19. Washington, Writings, vol. 9, letter dated October 19, 1777.
20. Lillback, Fire, 578.
Appendix Three: The Christian Faith of Other Founding Fathers
1. William V. Wells, The Life and Public Services of Samuel Adams, vol. 3, 372–73.
2. From the Last Will & Testament of Samuel Adams, attested December 29, 1790.
3. Dumas Malone, Dictionary of American Biography, vol. 2, 477–78; Appleton’s Cyclopedia of American Biography, vol. 1, James Grant Wilson and John Fiske, ed., 327–28.
4. The Life, Public Services, Addresses and Letters of Elias Boudinot, vol. 1, J. J. Boudinot, ed., 261–62.
5. Elias Boudinot, The Age of Revelation, or The Age of Reason Shown to be An Age of Infidelity, xv.
6. Letter from Charles Carroll to Charles W. Wharton Esq., September 27, 1825.
7. The Political Writings of John Dickinson, vol. 1, 111–12.
8. Dumas Malone, Dictionary of American Biography, 299–300.
9. Quoted in James H. Hutson, The Founders on Religion, 24.
10. Benjamin Franklin, Papers, vol. 3, 226–27, “Proclamation for a General Fast on December 9, 1747”; Benjamin Franklin, Proposals Relating to the Education of Youth in Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 1749, 22.
11. Jared Sparks, Life of Benjamin Franklin, Containing the Autobiography, with Notes, 352; see also Franklin, Works (1840), vol. 10, 208–9n, to Granville Sharp on July 5, 1785.
12. Benjamin Franklin, Papers, (1963), vol. 6, 469, to George Whitefield on July 2, 1756.
13. Kistler, This Nation, 83.
14. William Wirt Henry, Patrick Henry, vol. 2, 519.
15. Ibid., 632.
16. Ibid., 631.
17. David Barton, The Role of Pastors and Christians in Civil Government, 26.
18. Malone, Dictionary, vol. 10, 5–9.
19. William Jay, The Life of John Jay, vol. 1, 443.
20. Henry Johnston, The Correspondence and Public Papers of John Jay, vol. 1, (digital edition), 515–17.
21. Jay, The Life of John Jay, vol. 1, 519–20.
22. William B. Reed, Life and Correspondence of Joseph Reed, vol. 2, 35–37.
23. Robert Treat Paine, Papers, vol. 1, Stephen T. Riley and Edward W. Hanson, ed., 49.
24. From the Last Will & Testament of Robert Treat Paine, attested May 11, 1814.
25. Malone, Dictionary, vol. 16, 227–30.
26. Benjamin Rush, The Autobiography of Benjamin Rush, George W. Corner, ed., 166.
27. Malone, Dictionary, vol. 17, 88–90; Sanderson, Biography of the Signers, 250–76.
28. Lewis Henry Boutell, The Life of Roger Sherman, 272–73.
29. Roger Sherman Boardman, Roger Sherman, Signer and Statesman, 320.
30. Correspondence between Roger Sherman and Samuel Hopkins, Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society, October 22, 1888, 2–27.
31. Malone, Dictionary, vol. 18, 45–46; B. J. Lossing, Biographical Sketches of the Signers, 77–80; Sanderson, Biography of the Signers, 86–103.
32. From the Last Will & Testament of Richard Stockton, attested May 20, 1780.
33. Barton, Pastors & Christians, 25.
34. John Witherspoon, The Works of John Witherspoon, 276–79.