The principal sources of information for this book are contained in the massive collections housed in the Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library in Abilene, Kansas, primarily the Walter Bedell Smith Papers and Eisenhower’s Pre-Presidential Papers. There are essentially two sets of Smith’s papers in the Eisenhower Library that correspond with Smith’s two careers—chief of staff to Eisenhower, and diplomat and intelligence chief. The Walter Bedell Smith, Military Associate, Diplomat, Director of the C.I.A., and Under Secretary of State Papers hold materials pertaining to his post-1945 career, with two very important exceptions. Boxes 7 to 10 contain Smith’s personal papers and correspondence for 1942 to the end of 1945, and Boxes 27 and 28 include Smith’s “210” Personnel File and a file entitled “Items of Particular Interest to General Smith.” Consistent with the practice of other World War II generals, Smith filed many of his most revealing letters in his 201 dossier. The second compilation of papers, the Walter Bedell Smith: Collection of World War II Documents, 1941–1945, houses the official documents during his tenure as chief of staff in AFHQ and SHAEF. The most important are the Cable Log and Eyes Only Cable Files for the headquarters and the correspondence files for Smith. Duplicates exist in the Modern Military Records Division of the National Archives and in British archives for AFHQ cables but not for SHAEF. The Eyes Only cables involve communications between AFHQ and SHAEF and superior bodies in Washington and London. The “official” correspondence files supplement those found in Smith’s personal papers.
The single greatest handicap in writing a biography is the absence of family correspondence—in Smith’s case, letters to his wife Nory. Presumably he withheld them when his collections of documents made their way first to the War Department Library, then to the War College, and finally to the National Archives. In his will he deeded his papers to the Eisenhower Library, apparently minus the letters to his wife. For more than a quarter of a century I have sought in vain to unearth these letters and must now conclude that Smith destroyed them.
The Eisenhower Pre-Presidential Papers are used primarily as a supplement to material contained in the first four volumes of The Papers of Dwight David Eisenhower. In addition to the Combined Chiefs of Staff, Eisenhower/Marshall, and Supreme Commander, Allied Forces cable files, the Supreme Commander, Allied Forces and D-day conference files are of particular importance in distilling Smith’s contributions, especially from his first chiefs of staff meeting on 21 January 1944 through the end of July 1944. The Eisenhower correspondence files also constitute a valuable source, principally those of Lord Alanbrooke, Harold Alexander, Henry H. Arnold, Omar Bradley, Harry C. Butcher, Winston S. Churchill, Mark W. Clark, Andrew B. Cunningham, Jacob Devers, James Gault, Leonard Gerow, Alfred Gruenther, Charles Hager, W. Averell Harriman, Arthur Harris, Everett Hughes, Hastings Ismay, William Leahy, Ben Lear, Trafford Leigh-Mallory, Robert Littlejohn, George C. Marshall, Lesley McNair, J. C. McNarney, Bernard Montgomery, Frederick Morgan, Louis Mountbatten, Robert Patterson, George S. Patton, Forrest C. Pogue, Charles Portal, Matthew Ridgway, Franklin D. Roosevelt, Walter Bedell Smith, Brehon Somervell, Carl F. Spaatz, Harold Stark, Henry Stimson, Kenneth Strong, Kay Summersby, Maxwell Taylor, Arthur Tedder, Harry S. Truman, Lucian Truscott, Orlando Ward, A. C. Wedemeyer, Henry Maitland Wilson, and John G. Winant.
Additional collections employed include the papers of Henry Aurand, Ray Barker, Harold R. Bull, Harry C. Butcher, Thomas Davis, John Foster Dulles, James Hagerty, Courtney Hodges (including First Army Diary by MAJ William Sylvan and CPT Francis Smith), Julius Holmes, C. D. Jackson, Leroy Lutes, Floyd Parks, James Robb, and Kay Summersby-Morgan; and the oral histories of Aurand, Barker, Thomas Betts, Charles Bolté, Charles Bonesteel III, Carter Burgess, Mark Clark, Lucius Clay, Jacob Devers, Dan Gilmer, Lutes, Arthur Nevins, and William Simpson. Of special interest are two diaries: the Desk Diary kept by Summersby, particularly for the period 1 June 1944 to 10 March 1945, and the original manuscript of Butcher’s My Three Years with Eisenhower, taken from his headquarters journal. Until Butcher’s assignment to the public relations section—undertaken by Eisenhower in part to curb Butcher’s access—the diary offers the best insider’s view of Eisenhower’s thinking on the issues he confronted and the personalities of the men closest to the supreme commander. The contents of the Butcher diary—really Eisenhower’s household and headquarters journal—differ substantially from the published version. Angered by some of the too candid entries, Eisenhower vetted the diary and insisted that the objectionable items be removed. After Eisenhower went to London, he sporadically wrote or dictated entries for inclusion in his diary. These, as well as important documents Eisenhower wanted set aside and a collection of media clippings, are also contained in the Butcher Papers. Since Smith mistrusted Butcher and Butcher disliked Smith, both the published diary and the censored excerpts provide unvarnished insights into Smith’s thinking and actions as chief of staff.
In many respects, the Combined Arms Research Library at the U.S. Army Command and General Staff College, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, parallels the Military History Institute, U.S. Army Heritage and Education Center, Carlisle, Pennsylvania. Both contain a complete collection of U.S. Army publications, including periodicals, manuals, large collections of unpublished items, and materials on the interwar army, including commandant annual reviews, rosters, curriculum schedules and texts, and other relevant sources for the Command and General Staff School. Of particular value are the interviews conducted by the authors of volumes in the United States Army in World War II series, housed at the Military History Institute: Forrest Pogue interviews with Alanbrooke, David Belchem, N. C. D. Brownjohn, Arthur Coningham, Robert Crawford, A. B. Cunningham, Humphrey Gale, James Gault, T. P. Gleave, Ismay, Alphonse-Pierre Juin, Alan Moorehead, Frederick Morgan, Charles Portal, James Robb, Leslie Scarman, Arthur Tedder, Ford Trimble, C. H. H. Vulliamy, Charles West, J. F. M. Whiteley, and E. T. Williams; Howard Smyth interviews with Alexander, Eisenhower, Lyman Lemnitzer, Smith, and Kenneth Strong; Roland Ruppenthal interview with Smith; Sidney Matthews interviews with Smith and Strong; and Pogue and G. A. Harrison interview with C. H. Bonesteel III. Additional sources include the Raymond Moses collection and memoranda; the Robert Colglazier Papers and oral history; the papers of Bradford Chynoweth, Charles Corlett, Robert Eichelberger, Hobart Gay, Chester Hanson, Robert McClure, Arthur Nevins, and Orlando Ward; the Clay Blair and John Hull collections; and the oral histories of Mark Clark, Theodore Conway, Thomas Handy, and Carter Magruder.
A reviewer once labeled Everett Hughes the “deep throat” of the Allied commands in Europe, and he did not mean it as praise. He did Hughes a disservice. A man of considerable gravitas, Hughes enjoyed unparalleled access to Eisenhower and Patton, and his diary and papers, housed in the Manuscripts Division of the Library of Congress in Washington, DC, provide the best insights into the structural problems besetting American headquarters and commands, as well as the foibles of the men who headed and staffed them. I also possess an edited and annotated copy of the Hughes diary. George S. Patton’s unexpurgated diary contains material exorcised from the published Patton Papers. Aside from the papers and diaries of Hughes and Patton, the Library of Congress also houses the papers of Carl F. Spaatz and George Van Horn Moseley. The papers of Smith’s mentor, Moseley, are an especially important source.
The George C. Marshall Papers contain a good deal more than appears in the published papers. The holdings of the George C. Marshall Research Center and Library at the Virginia Military Academy in Lexington, Virginia, also include the papers of Thomas T. Handy, Reginald MacDonald, and Frank MacCarthy. In addition to the Pogue interviews with Marshall, the library contains an interview conducted by L. M. Guyer and C. H. Connelly and two by Sidney Matthews, Howard Smyth, Roy Lemson, and David Hamilton.
Papers relating to Smith at the National Archives in Washington contain relatively little concerning his tenure in Washington. The Records of the Office of the Chief of Staff (RG 165.2) provide the best information on Smith’s time in Marshall’s secretariat and as secretary to the Combined and Joint Chiefs of Staff committees. A second records group (RG 218, The Records of the Joint Chiefs of Staff) provides minutes of the CCS and JCS meetings, as well as material on the Italian surrender and planning for Anvil and Overlord and the deception plan. RG 218 also contains the Leahy Papers. Other collections of importance are RG 59, Records of the State Department; RG 160, Records of the Headquarters, Army Service Forces; RG 319, Records of the Army Staff; RG 332, Records of U.S. Theaters of War, World War II; and RG 338 Records of U.S. Army Commands. The core collection is contained in RG 331, Records of the Allied Operational & Occupational Headquarters, World War II, including the General Records of AFHQ and SHAEF; the records of the General Staff Divisions, Committees (especially the Joint Intelligence Committee), and Special Staffs; correspondence and plans emanating from the air, naval, army group, and airborne army headquarters and AMGOT; and, most vital, the SHAEF Secretary of the General Staff Files. A large percentage of the pertinent files in RGs 319 and 331 (for 1944 and 1945), including material contained in the SGS files, are duplicated in the Pre-Presidential Papers and Smith Collection at the Eisenhower Library.
I made every effort to cite from published sources whenever possible. However, in true British empiricist fashion, Nigel Hamilton carefully employed the full range of Montgomery’s papers in his massive and authoritative three-volume biography of the field marshal, so I found no case where I needed to cite directly from Montgomery’s papers. Likewise, the Alanbrooke papers have been reproduced twice—once by Arthur Bryant in the late 1950s, and more comprehensively by Alex Danchev and Daniel Todman in 2001—so I had little reason to cite archival sources.
Other unpublished sources include the following: the papers of Viscount Montgomery of Alamein CBE, Imperial War Museum, London; the diary of Admiral of the Fleet Viscount Cunningham of Hyndhope, British Library, London; the papers of Sir Percy James Grigg, Admiral Sir Bertram Home Ramsay, and N. Gerald Hugh Wilkinson, Churchill Archives Centre, Churchill College, Cambridge University; the papers of Forrest Harding, Harding Museum, Franklin, Ohio; the papers of FM Alan Francis Brooke, 1st Viscount Alanbrooke of Brookeborough, LG Sir Humfrey Myddleton Gale, and Brigadier Eric Mockler-Ferryman, Liddell Hart Centre for Military Archives, King’s College, London; the George S. Patton Sr. Papers, Henry E. Huntington Library, San Marino, California; the James Reston Papers, University Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; American Relations, Indochina Files, National Archives of Australia, Canberra; Classified Naval Archives, containing transcripts of telephone communications between Smith and Handy, Naval Historical Center, Washington Navy Yard, Washington, DC; Bernard M. Baruch Papers, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey; the papers of Harry S. Truman, especially the Public Papers of Harry S. Truman, 1945–1953 and President’s Personal Files, Harry S. Truman Presidential Library, Independence, Missouri; Henry L. Stimson Papers, Sterling Memorial Library, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut; and Fort Custer Vertical Files and newspaper collection, Willard Library, Battle Creek, Michigan.
Whatever people think about David Irving, nobody can fault him for a lack of industry in conducting broad-ranging documentary searches. He reproduced a vast collection of primary sources gathered for his book The War between the Generals. I purchased that collection sometime in the early 1980s. Chiefly, I used these papers to cite a number of British sources: the papers of Sir James Grigg, Churchill Archives Centre, Churchill College, Cambridge University; the diary and papers of Lord Alanbrooke and the Hastings L. Ismay Papers, Liddell Hart Centre for Military Archives, King’s College, London; and War Office 205, Records of 21 Army Group and WO 214, and copies of documents from the Montgomery and de Guingand files from the National Archives (Public Record Office), Kew, London.
SHAEF’s five general staff divisions, the combat arms and services branches, and the publicity and psychological warfare sections wrote a total of 133 General Board Reports. Seldom utilized by historians, these reports, written immediately after the war, provide a wealth of information and, in some cases, collections of documents in their annexes. Many of the reports reflect the contentiousness that existed during the war, particularly over command and staff structures. Several of the principals—including Eisenhower, Smith, and Lee—carefully vetted some of the reports. I employed the following General Board Reports, listed with the issuing agency: General World War II European Theater of Operations, G-3, “Strategy of the Campaign in Western Europe, 1944–1945,” and G-4, “Study of the Organization of the European Theater of Operations”; G-1, “Reinforcement System and Reinforcement Procedures in European Theater of Operations”; G-4, “Study of the Administrative Functions of the Army Group Headquarters,” “Mechanics of Supply in Fast-Moving Situations,” and “Service Troop Basis”; G-5, “Civil Affairs and Military Government Organizations and Operations”; Judge Advocate, “The Military Justice Administration in the Theater of European Operations” and “Military Offender in Theater of Operations”; Medical Corps, “Combat Exhaustion”; Ordnance, “Ammunition Supply and Operations, European Campaign”; Provost Marshal, “Stragglers and Absentees without Leave”; and Theater Service Forces, “Organization and Functions of the Communications Zone,” “Mounting the Operation OVERLORD,” and “Supply and Maintenance on the European Continent D-Day to VE-Day.” Copies are in my possession.
The point of departure for any research on the military history of American participation in World War II is the Army’s “Green Series.” The United States Army in World War II series currently numbers more than 100 volumes. The following, listed in chronological order by year of release, were employed in this study: Kent Greenfield, Robert Palmer, and Bell Wiley, Organization of Ground Combat Troops (1947); Hugh Cole, The Lorraine Campaign (1950); Ray Cline, Washington Command Post: The Operations Division (1951); Maurice Matloff and Edwin M. Snell, Strategic Planning for Coalition Warfare, 1941–42 (1953); Roland Ruppenthal, Logistical Support of the Armies, 2 vols. (1953, 1959); John Millett, The Organization and Role of the Army Service Forces (1954); Robert Coakley and Richard Leighton, Global Logistics and Strategy, 1940–1943 (1955); Charles MacDonald, The Siegfried Line Campaign (1955); Constance Greene et al., The Ordnance Department: Planning Munitions for War (1955); George Howe, Northwest Africa: Seizing the Initiative in the West (1957); Marcel Vigneras, Rearming the French (1957); Joseph Bykofsky and Harold Larson, The Transportation Corps: Operations Overseas (1957); Martin Blumenson, Breakout and Pursuit (1961); Harry Coles and Albert Weinberg, Civil Affairs: Soldiers Become Governors (1964); Albert Garland and Howard Smyth, Sicily and the Italian Surrender (1965); Hugh Cole, The Ardennes: The Battle of the Bulge (1965); Ulysses Lee, The Employment of Negro Troops (1966); Lida Mayo, The Ordnance Department: On Beachhead and Battlefront (1968); Earl Ziemke, The U.S. Army in Occupation of Germany (1975); and Jeffery Clark and Robert Ross Smith, Riviera to the Rhine (1993).
The following select bibliography contains other published sources consulted during the writing of this book or works that may be of interest to readers:
Agarossi, Elena. A Nation Collapses: The Italian Surrender of September 1943. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.
Ambrose, Stephen. The Supreme Command. New York: Doubleday, 1970.
Atkinson, Rick. An Army at Dawn: The War in North Africa. New York: Henry Holt, 2002.
Atkinson, Rick. The Day of Battle: The War in Sicily and Italy. New York: Henry Holt, 2007.
Bland, Larry, ed. George C. Marshall: Interviews and Reminiscences for Forrest C. Pogue.
Lexington, VA: George C. Marshall Foundation, 1991. Bland, Larry, and Sharon Ritenour Steven, eds. The Papers of George Catlett Marshall. 5 vols. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1981–2003. The Soldierly Spirit, December 1880-June 1939 (1981); We Cannot Delay, July 1, 1939-December 6, 1941 (1986); The Right Man for the Job, December 7, 1941-May 31, 1943 (1991); Aggressive and Determined Leadership, June 1, 1943-December 31, 1944 (1996); The Finest Soldier, January 1, 1945-January 7, 1947 (2003).
Blumenson, Martin, ed. Patton Papers. 2 vols. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1972–1974.
Bradley, Omar N. A Soldier’s Story. New York: Holt, 1951.
Bradley, Omar N., and Clay Blair. A General’s Life. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1983.
Bryant, Arthur. Triumph in the West. London: Collins, 1959.
Bryant, Arthur. The Turn of the Tide: A History of the War Years Based on the Diaries of Field-Marshal Lord Alanbrooke, Chief of the Imperial General Staff. London: Collins, 1957.
Butcher, Harry. My Three Years with Eisenhower: The Personal Diary of Captain Harry C. Butcher, USNR, Naval Aide to General Eisenhower, 1942 to 1945. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1946.
Cameron, Allen, ed. Viet-Nam Crisis: A Documentary History, Vol. 1, 1940–1956. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1971.
Chandler, Alfred D., Jr., ed. The Papers of Dwight David Eisenhower: The War Years. 5 vols. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1970.
Chandler, Alfred D., Jr., and Louis Galambos, eds. The Papers of Dwight David Eisenhower: Occupation and Chief of Staff 3 vols. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978.
Chen Jian and Shen Zhihua, eds. “The Geneva Conference of 1954: New Evidence from the Archives of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China.” Cold War International History Project Bulletin, Issue 16. Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, 2008.
Churchill, Winston. The Second World War. 6 vols. London: Cassell, 1948–1954.
Chynoweth, Bradford. Bellamy Park: Memoirs of Bradford Grethen Chynoweth. Hicksville, NY: Exposition Press, 1975.
Clark, Mark. Calculated Risk. New York: Harper, 1950.
Collins, J. Lawton. Lightning Joe: An Autobiography. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1979.
Cunningham, Andrew B. A Sailor’s Odyssey. London: Hutchinson, 1951.
Danchev, Alex, and Daniel Todman, eds. War Diaries, 1941–1945: Field Marshal Lord Alanbrooke. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001.
De Gaulle, Charles. The War Memoirs of Charles de Gaulle. 3 vols. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1955–1960.
De Guingand, Francis. Generals at War. London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1964.
De Guingand, Francis. Operation Victory. London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1947.
Department of State. The Foreign Relations of the United States: Diplomatic Papers. 23 vols. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1955–2003. In order of publication: The Conferences at Malta and Yalta (1955); The Conferences at Cairo and Teheran, 1943 (1961); 1942, Europe (1962); 1943, Europe (1964); 1944, British Commonwealth and Europe (1965); 1944, Europe (1966); 1944, General (1966); 1945, European Advisory Commission, Austria and Germany (1968); 1945, Europe (1968); The Conferences at Washington, 1941–1942, and Casablanca, 1943 (1968); 1946, Eastern Europe, the Soviet Union (1969); Conferences at Washington and Quebec, 1943 (1970); Council of Foreign Ministers; Germany and Austria (1972); 1948, Eastern Europe, the Soviet Union (1974); 1950, Korea (1976); 1952–1954, Geneva Conference (1981); 1952–1954, Indochina, parts 1 and 2 (1982); 1952–1954, Western Europe and Canada, part 1 (1983); 1952–1954, The American Republics (1983); 1952–1954, National Security Affairs, part 1 (1984); 1952–1954, Iran (1989); 1952–1954, Guatemala, (2003).
DeWeerd, H. A. Selected Speeches and Statements of General of the Army George C. Marshall. Washington, DC: Infantry Journal, 1945.
De Wiart, Adrian Carton. Happy Odyssey: The Memoirs of Lieutenant-General Sir Adrian Carton de Wiart. London: Jonathan Cape, 1950.
Eden, Anthony. The Memoirs of Sir Anthony Eden: Full Circle. London: Cassell, 1960.
Eisenhower, Dwight. Crusade in Europe. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1948.
Eisenhower, Dwight. Letters to Mamie. Edited by John D. Eisenhower. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1978.
Farago, Ladislas. The Last Days of Patton. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1981.
Ferrell, Robert, ed. The Eisenhower Diaries. New York: Norton, 1981.
Galambos, Louis, ed. The Papers of Dwight David Eisenhower: The Chief of Staff. 4 vols. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978.
Galambos, Louis, ed. The Papers of Dwight David Eisenhower: Columbia University. 2 vols. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1984.
Galambos, Louis, and Daun van Ee, eds. The Papers of Dwight David Eisenhower: Keeping the Peace. 4 vols. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2001.
Galambos, Louis. The Papers of Dwight David Eisenhower: The Middle Way. 3 vols. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996.
Griffith, Robert. Ike’s Letters to a Friend, 1941–1958. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1984.
Hamilton, Nigel. The Full Monty: Montgomery of Alamein, 1887–1942. London: Penguin, 2001.
Hamilton, Nigel. Monty: Master of the Battlefield, 1942–1944. London: Hamish Hamilton, 1983.
Hamilton, Nigel. Monty: The Field Marshal, 1944–1976. London: Hamish Hamilton, 1986.
Hinsley, F. H. British Intelligence in the Second World War. Vol. 3, pts. 2–3. London: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, 1984, 1986.
Hoare, Samuel John Gurney. Ambassador on Special Mission. London: Collins, 1946.
Hobbs, Joseph. Dear General: Eisenhower’s Wartime Letters to Marshall. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 1999.
Irving, David. The War between the Generals. New York: Congdon and Lattès, 1981.
Ismay, Hastings. The Memoirs of General Lord Ismay. London: William Heinemann, 1960.
Kaplan, Diana, ed. Microfilm Edition of the Diaries of Henry Lewis Stimson in the Yale University Library. College Park: University Libraries, University of Maryland, 2006.
Kennan, George. Memoirs: 1925–1950. Boston: Little, Brown, 1967.
Kennedy, John. The Business of War. London: Hutchinson, 1957.
Kimball, Warren. Churchill & Roosevelt: The Complete Correspondence. 3 vols. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1984.
Kimball, Warren. Forged in War: Roosevelt, Churchill, and the Second World War. New York: Morrow, 1997.
Kimball, Warren, and Mark Stoler. The Juggler: Franklin Roosevelt as Wartime Statesman. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1991.
King, Ernest, and Walter Muir Whitehill. Fleet Admiral Kong: A Naval Record. New York: Norton, 1952.
Leahy, William D. I Was There: The Personal Story of the Chief of Staff to Presidents Roosevelt and Truman. New York: Whittlesey House, 1950.
Liddell Hart, Basil, ed. Rommel Papers. New York: De Capo, 1953.
Macmillan, Harold. The Blast of War, 1939–1945. London: Macmillan, 1967.
Macmillan, Harold. War Diaries: Politics and War in the Mediterranean, January 1943-May 1945. London: Macmillan, 1984.
Montgomery, Bernard. The Memoirs of Field-Marshal the Viscount Montgomery of Alamein. London: Collins, 1958.
Montgomery and the Eighth Army: A Selection from the Diaries, Correspondence and Other Papers of Field Marshal the Viscount Montgomery of Alamein, August 1942 to December 1943. Edited by Stephen Brooks. London: Army Records Society, 1991.
Morgan, Frederick. Overturn to Overlord. New York: Doubleday, 1950.
Murphy, Robert. Diplomat among Warriors. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1964.
Murray, G. E. Patrick. Eisenhower versus Montgomery: The Continuing Debate. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1996.
Pogue, Forrest. George C. Marshall. 3 vols. New York: Viking Press, 1963–1973.
Pogue, Forrest. The Supreme Command. Washington, DC: Office of the Chief of Military History, 1954.
Radford, Arthur W. From Pearl Harbor to Vietnam: The Memoirs of Admiral Arthur W. Radford. Edited by Stephen Jurika Jr. Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution Press, 1980.
Richardson, Charles. Send for Freddie. London: William Kimber, 1987.
Ridgway, Matthew. Soldier: The Memoirs of Matthew B. Ridgway. New York: Harpers, 1956.
Sherwood, Robert, ed. The White House Papers of Harry L. Hopkins. 2 vols. London: Eyre and Spottiswoode, 1948–1949.
Slessor, John. The Central Blue: Memories and Reflections. London: Cassell, 1956.
Smith, Walter Bedell. Eisenhower’s Six Great Decisions: Europe, 1944–1945. New York: Longmans Green, 1956.
Smith, Walter Bedell. My Three Years in Moscow. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1950.
Stacey, C. P. Victory Campaign: The Operations in North-West Europe, 1944–1945. Official History of the Canadian Army in the Second World War. Ottawa: The Queen’s Printer, 1960.
Stimson, Henry, and McGeorge Bundy. On Active Service in Peace and War. New York: Harper, 1948.
Stoler, Mark. Allies and Adversaries: The Joint Chiefs of Staff, The Grand Alliance and U.S. Strategy in World War II. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2000.
Stoler, Mark. Allies in War: Britain and America against the Axis Powers, 1940–1945. London: Hodder Arnold, 2005.
Stoler, Mark. The Politics of the Second Front. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1977.
Strong, Kenneth. Intelligence at the Top. London: Cassell, 1968.
Summersby, Kay. Eisenhower Was My Boss. New York: Prentice Hall, 1949.
Summersby-Morgan, Kay. Past Forgiving: My Love Affair with Dwight D. Eisenhower. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1975.
Taylor, Maxwell. Swords and Plowshares. New York: Norton, 1972.
Tedder, Arthur. With Prejudice: The War Memoirs of Marshal of the Royal Air Force Lord Tedder. London: Cassell, 1966.
Truman, Harry S. Memoirs. Vol. 2, Years of Trial and Hope. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1956.
Truscott, Lucian K., Jr. Command Missions: A Personal Story. New York: Dutton, 1954.
Wedemeyer, Albert C. Wedemeyer Reports! New York: Henry Holt, 1958.
Wilmot, Chester. The Struggle for Europe. New York: Harper and Row, 1952.
Wilson, Charles, Baron Moran. Churchill: Taken from the Diaries of Lord Moran. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1966.
Wingrove, Paul, ed. “Russian Documents on the 1954 Geneva Conference.” Cold War International History Project Bulletin, Issue 16. Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, 2008.