A
Abraham and Isaac 69
absolutism 20, 26, 93, 131, 204
abstraction 170
absurdity 55
Adams, John 107, 128, 129, 131
Alberti, Leon Battista 160, 161, 162
altruism 16–19
American Revolution 100, 102, 119, 129, 204
apartheid 142
Aquinas, Thomas 8–11, 59, 87, 90
Aristotelianism 8–11
Aristotle 8–11, 32, 67, 105, 106, 163, 170
assimilation 122
Augustine, St 63, 66, 68, 88, 90
B
Beauvoir, Simone de 147
Bellamy, Edward 98
Bentham, Jeremy 38, 48, 49, 50, 102
Big Bang, The 200–203
bin Laden, Osama 148, 149, 151
black-body radiation 197–8
Bradbury, Ray 178
Breton, André 172–5
Bryan, William Jennings 86, 87
Bush, George W. 20, 23, 72, 113
butterfly effect, the 190–91
C
Calvin, John 63
capitalism 102, 135, 137, 152–5
Carlyle, Thomas 167
categorical imperative 14–15, 34, 94, 95
Catholic Church 178
chaos 188–91
Christianity 10–11, 27, 56, 63, 71
Churchill, Sir Winston 104, 152
Cleisthenes 105
climate change 187
Clinton, Bill 80
Copenhagen interpretation 198
cosmic microwave background (CMB) 203
cosmological constant 201
cosmological principle 203
craniometry 143
creationism, creationists 74, 84–7, 183
cultural pluralism 120–21
D
Daisyworld 186
Darrow, Clarence 86
Darwin, Charles 17, 18, 99, 168, 180–83, 204
Darwin, Erasmus 181
Darwinism 86
de Chirico, Giorgio 175
De Tocqueville, Alexis 81, 114
Debord, Guy 159
Decatur, Stephen 116
Declaration of Independence (1776) 22, 128
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (1789) 22
democracy 22, 26, 72, 75, 83, 104–7, 113, 158
Descartes, René 30, 31, 33, 42, 66–7
‘difference principle’ 127
Diggers, the 99
Dobzhansky, Theodosius 18, 183
dogmatism 11, 26, 29, 30, 75, 204
Domenichino 162
double effect 94
substance 66
Ducasse, Isidor (‘Comte de Lautréamont’) 172
E
ecclesia 105
Einstein, Albert 116, 168, 192–5, 197, 198–9, 200, 201
Eisenhower, Dwight D. 89
Eliot, T.S. 170
Emerson, Ralph Waldo 117–18
empirical, empiricism, empiricists 31, 33, 34, 35, 69, 204
Enlightenment 22, 24, 33, 75, 82, 106, 108, 165, 168, 177, 204
Epictetus 62
Ernst, Max 175
eudaimonia (well-being) 9
eugenics 99
European Union (EU) 82
evolution 18, 19, 74, 79, 86, 180–83, 204
existentialism 52–5
F
faith 68–71
Falwell, Jerry 75
fascism, fascists 89, 104, 118, 136–9
fate 60–63
Fates, the 62
female circumcision 45, 122, 123
feminism 144–7
Five Ways (Aristotle) 11
Founding Fathers 118, 128, 131
‘fractal’ geometry 190
free will defence 58–9
freedom
intellectual 23
positive/negative 21–2
French Revolution (1789–99) 22, 23, 83, 90, 102, 108–9, 118, 119, 166, 204
Fry, Elizabeth 38
Fukuyama, Francis 157–8
functionalism 42–3
fundamentalism 44, 72–5, 85, 149
G
Gaia 184–7
Galapagos Islands 180
Galileo Galilei 178
Gentile, Giovanni 136
global warming 187
globalization 156–9
Glorious Revolution (1689) 102, 131, 204
God, and the beginning of time 202
Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von 165
golden rule, the 12–15
Goldman, Emma 146
good 56–9
greenhouse effect 186
Greer, Germaine 147
Gropius, Walter 171
Gulf War (1990–91) 150
H
Hare, R.M. 15
harm principle 21
Hawking, Stephen 202
Heidegger, Martin 54–5
Henry, Patrick 20
Herodotus 45
Hill, Paul 74
Hobbes, Thomas 10, 17, 82, 101, 106, 110, 124–5, 126
Hubble, Edwin 201
Hubble’s law 201–2
human rights 20, 23, 26, 119, 140
Hume, David 17, 19, 29, 31, 33–4, 65, 71
Hussein, Saddam 151
Huxley, Aldous 99
Huxley, T.H. 78
hypothetical imperatives 94
I
Industrial Revolution 153, 205
industrialization 109, 119, 135, 155
‘Intelligent Design’ 84, 87, 183
International Modern 171
IQ (intelligence quotient) testing 143
Iran-Iraq War (1980–88) 151
Islamism 148–51
Islamophobia 72
Israel 150
J
Jefferson, Thomas 77, 81, 129, 179
jihad 148, 150
John Paul II, Pope 85
Joyce, James 170
just war 89–91
K
Kallen, Horace 120
Kant, Immanuel 14, 23, 33, 34, 35, 93–5, 140–41, 167
Kennedy, John F. 13, 20, 91, 103
Keynes, John Maynard 153
Keynesians 153
Khomeini, Ayatollah 151
Kiekegaard, Søren 54
kin selection 19
King, Martin, Jr 142
Kipling, Rudyard 115
Koestler, Arthur 88
Kuhn, Thomas 46
Kuwait 90
L
laissez-faire 154
Laws, Curtis Lee 74
Lazarus, Emma 120
liberal democracies 22–3, 44, 157
liberalism 100–103, 123, 157, 205
democratic 138
new 102–3
secular 70
liberty 20–23, 24, 140, 155 see also freedom
Lincoln, Abraham 20
Locke, John 22, 27, 33, 82, 101, 102, 106–7, 124, 126
Lorenz attractor 190
Lorenz, Edward 188–91
Lovelock, James 184–7
Luther, Martin 68–9
M
Macmillan, Harold, Earl of Stockton 113
Magritte, René 175
Malebranche, Nicolas 67
Mannheim, Karl 97
Marx, Karl 78, 99, 132–5, 154, 155, 168, 205
Marxism, Marxist 114, 137, 138, 205
mathematics 35
of nature 161–2
matrix mechanics 199
Maupassant, Guy de 176
Mazzini, Giuseppe 117
Michelet, Jules 118
Mill, James 107
Mill, John Stuart 15, 21, 23, 25, 50, 70, 89, 102, 105, 110, 115, 145, 165
mind-body dualism 42, 43, 67, 204
Miró, Joan 175
modernism 168–71
monetarists 153
morality 14, 17, 18, 34, 44, 50, 56, 57, 95
Morris, William 98
multiculturalism 120–23
multiple realizability 41–2
Mussolini, Benito 89, 114, 136, 138, 139
N
natural selection 18, 19, 87, 182–3, 204
nature 11, 18, 31, 48, 161, 167, 170, 188
New Right 103
Newton, Sir Isaac 61, 189, 193, 197, 205
Nietzsche, Friedrich 17, 18, 19, 54, 76, 77
Nominalists 6
Nozick, Robert 49
O
Oppenheim, Meret 174
Orwell, George 99
P
Paley, William 87
Palin, Sarah 84
Pascal’s wager 77
Penguin Books 176–7
Pericles 105
photoelectric effect 198
Picasso, Pablo 178
Piero della Francesca 161, 162
Planck, Max 197–9
Plato 4–7, 8, 9–10, 32, 47, 57, 66, 67, 96, 98, 105–6
Platonic love 7
Platonism 4–7
Plato’s cave 6
Popper, Karl 96
positive freedom 21–2
postmodernism 169
Poussin, Nicolas 162–3
predestination 63
Primo da Rivera, José Antonio 137–8
Protagoras 47
punishment 36–9
Pyrrho of Elis 30
Pyrrhonism 31
Pythagoras 32
Q
quantum gravity 201
quantum mechanics 196–9
R
racism 140–43
rationalism, rationalists 10–11, 32–4, 205
Reagan, Ronald 100, 101, 103, 111, 127, 133
Realists (Platonists) 6
redshift 201
relativism 44–7
scientific 46
special theory 193–5
religious toleration 26–7
republicanism 128–31
retribution 37–8
Robertson, Reverend Pat 72, 146
Robespierre, Maximilien 23, 130
Roman model 129–30
Rosebery, Lord 115
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques 110, 124, 127, 167
Russell, Bertrand 69, 76, 78, 155
Russian Revolution (1917) 137
Ryle, Gilbert 66
S
Schelling, Friedrich von 166
Schoenberg, Arnold 171
science and race 142–3
scientific models 188–9
Scientific Revolution 11, 30, 119, 204
Scopes, John 86
Scott, Sir Walter 167
September 11 2001
attacks 16–17, 23, 72–3, 113, 148–9, 150
Shari’a law 149
Shaw, George Bernard 178
Shelley, Percy Bysshe 165
simulation argument 28
social contract 124–7
Socrates 17, 29–30, 78, 110, 177–8
Sophocles 32
speed of light 193–5
Spencer, Herbert 182
Statue of Liberty, New York 22, 120
Stravinsky, Igor 171
Sun-tzu 91
superstring theory 201
supervenience 42
‘survival of the fittest’ 182
T
Tebbit test 123
Thatcher, Margaret, Baroness 103, 111, 127
‘theatre of the absurd’ 55
tolerance/toleration 24–7, 46, 83
U
Übermensch (‘superman’) 54
uncertainty principle 198
universalizability 15
universals 6
US Constitution 80, 82, 87, 130, 179
Ussher, Archbishop James 85
utopia 96–9
V
Vasari, Giorgio 161
W
war 88–91
‘war on terror’ 20, 23, 72, 113, 150
wave mechanics 199
wave-particle duality 199
West, Rebecca 145
White Man’s Burden 115
Wollstonecraft, Mary 144, 145, 146
Wordsworth, William 108, 166, 167
World Islamic Front 148
Z