Introduction
1. John Gunther, Inside Latin America (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1942), 296.
2. Ibid., 281. For United States population data, see: http://www.npg.org/facts/us_historical_pops.htm. For the current Brazilian population, see: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/br.html.
3. Stefan Zweig, Brazil: Land of the Future (New York: Viking Press, 1941), 128.
4. Frank D. McCann, “Brazil and World War II: The Forgotten Ally. What Did You Do in the War, Zé Carioca?” Tel Aviv University, 1997, 19. This article was published in Estudios Interdisciplinarios de América Latina y el Caribe 6, no. 2 (July–December 1995), 35–70, http://www.tau.ac.il/eial/VI_2/mccann.htm.
Prologue: The Good Neighbor
1. Inaugural Address, Swearing-In Ceremony for Franklin D. Roosevelt, Joint Congressional Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies, March 4, 1933.
2. Cordell Hull, The Memoirs of Cordell Hull, vol. 1 (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1948), 308.
3. Hull, The Memoirs of Cordell Hull, vol. 1, 310.
4. NARA/RG165/304, Records of the War Department, Military Intelligence Division, Brazil, Brazilian Statements Regarding Argentina, November 23, 1943, 1.
5. Hull, The Memoirs of Cordell Hull, vol. 1, 170.
6. NARA/RG84/18, General Records of the Embassy in Rio de Janeiro, Embassy in Rio to State Department, April 23, 1937, 1.
7. Ibid, 2.
8. NARA/RG84/21, General Records of the Embassy in Rio de Janeiro, Embassy in Rio to State Department, December 17, 1937, 1.
9. Ibid.
10. Ibid.
11. Antonio Pedro Tota, The Seduction of Brazil: The Americanization of Brazil During World War II (Austin: University of Texas Press, 2009), 112.
12. Hull, The Memoirs of Cordell Hull, vol. 1, 495.
13. NARA/RG84/23, General Records of the Embassy in Rio de Janeiro, Embassy in Rio to State Department, Address of President Vargas to the Nation, November 11, 1937, 1.
15. For more background on this topic, see Jeffrey Lesser, Welcoming the Undesirables: Brazil and the Jewish Question (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1995).
Chapter 1: The Key
1. Waldo Frank, South American Journey (London: Travel Book Club, 1946), 202.
2. Ibid.
3. John W. F. Dulles, Vargas of Brazil: A Political Biography (Austin and London: University of Texas Press, 1967), 205.
4. PRO/FO/371/30372, Personalities in Brazil in 1942, 20–21.
5. Dulles, Vargas of Brazil, 9.
6. Alzira Vargas do Amaral Peixoto, Getúlio Vargas: Meu Pai (Rio de Janeiro: Editôra Globo, 1960), 119.
7. Dulles, Vargas of Brazil, 168.
8. Peixoto, Getúlio Vargas: Meu Pai, 120.
9. Getúlio Vargas, Diário: Volume II, 1937–1942 (Rio de Janeiro: Editora Siciliano/Fundação Getúlio Vargas, 1995), 130.
10. Peixoto, Getúlio Vargas: Meu Pai, 124.
11. Vargas, Diário, 130.
12. Peixoto, Getúlio Vargas: Meu Pai, 124.
13. Dulles, Vargas of Brazil, 183.
14. Robert M. Levine, The Vargas Regime: The Critical Years, 1934–1938 (New York and London: Columbia University Press, 1970), 164.
15. Peixoto, Getúlio Vargas: Meu Pai, 125.
16. NARA/RG84/37, General Records of the Embassy in Rio de Janeiro, Caffery to Secretary of State, May 12, 1938.
17. FGV/CPDOC, Revolta Integralista, May 11, 1938.
18. FGV/CPDOC, Belmiro Valverde/Verbete.
19. NARA/RG84/37, General Records of the Embassy in Rio de Janeiro, Caffery to Secretary of State, May 12, 1938.
20. Levine, The Vargas Regime, 164.
21. FGV/CPDOC, Revolta Integralista, May 11, 1938.
22. FGV/CPDOC, Belmiro Valverde/Verbete.
23. NARA/RG84/37, General Records of the Embassy in Rio de Janeiro, Caffery to Secretary of State, May 12, 1938.
24. Ibid.
25. Levine, The Vargas Regime, 164.
26. Ibid.
27. Thomas E. Skidmore, Politics in Brazil, 1930–1964: An Experiment in Democracy (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2007), 342n56.
28. Dulles, Vargas of Brazil, 186.
29. Peixoto, Getúlio Vargas: Meu Pai, 130.
30. Levine, The Vargas Regime, 164.
31. PRO/FO/371/30361, Letter from Noel Charles to Anthony Eden, April 27, 1942.
32. Dulles, Vargas of Brazil, 186.
33. Peixoto, Getúlio Vargas: Meu Pai, 133.
34. Vargas, Diário, 131.
35. Dulles, Vargas of Brazil, 189.
36. Frank, South American Journey, 202.
Chapter 2: The Left Eye of Vargas
1. NARA/RG84/37, General Records of the Embassy in Rio de Janeiro, Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Rio de Janeiro to Foreign Diplomatic Corps, May 12, 1938.
2. Getúlio Vargas, Diário: Volume II, 1937–1942 (Rio de Janeiro: Editora Siciliano/Fundação Getúlio Vargas, 1995), 132.
3. Robert M. Levine, The Vargas Regime: The Critical Years, 1934–1938 (New York and London: Columbia University Press, 1970), 164.
4. John W. F. Dulles, Vargas of Brazil: A Political Biography (Austin and London: University of Texas Press, 1967), 188.
5. FGV/CPDOC, Revolta Integralista, May 11, 1938.
6. FGV/CPDOC, Severo Fournier/Verbete.
7. Ibid.
8. Dulles, Vargas of Brazil, 189.
9. FGV/CPDOC, Severo Fournier/Verbete.
10. Dulles, Vargas of Brazil, 187.
11. FGV/CPDOC, Severo Fournier/Verbete.
12. Fournier, like many of the plotters of May 11, was released early from prison. During his time in jail, however, he contracted tuberculosis and died soon after his release.
13. Thomas E. Skidmore, Politics in Brazil, 1930–1964: An Experiment in Democracy (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2007), 342n56.
14. FGV/CPDOC/GV, Aranha to Vargas, June 26, 1938.
15. Vargas, Diário, 142–143.
16. Ibid., 144.
17. Ibid., 145.
18. Dulles, Vargas of Brazil, 188.
19. Ibid., 244.
20. Vargas kept a diary until a car accident in 1942. A round of golf would often be the only entry for a particular day.
21. Waldo Frank, South American Journey (London: Travel Book Club, 1946), 201.
22. Frank, South American Journey, 23.
23. NARA/RG84/147, General Records of the Embassy in Rio de Janeiro/Radio Script for Orson Welles and Osvaldo Aranha, National Broadcasting Company, April 16, 1942.
24. PRO/FO/371/25817, Records of Leading Personalities in Brazil for 1941, October 25, 1941, 3.
25. Alzira Vargas do Amaral Peixoto, Getúlio Vargas: Meu Pai (Rio de Janeiro: Editôra Globo, 1960), 235.
26. NARA/RG84/31, General Records of the Embassy in Rio de Janeiro, Caffery to State Department, January 28, 1938.
27. NARA/RG84/15, General Records of the Embassy in Rio de Janeiro, Biographical Sketch of Mr. Jefferson Caffery, June 23, 1937.
28. NARA/RG84/37, General Records of the Embassy in Rio de Janeiro, Revision of Post Report, April 7, 1938.
29. PRO/FO/371/30365, From Charles to Foreign Office, February 5, 1938.
30. PRO/FO/371/30365, Foreign Office to Charles, April 21, 1938.
31. NARA/RG84/37, General Records of the Embassy in Rio de Janeiro, Hull to Caffery, May 12, 1938.
32. NARA/RG84/37, General Records of the Embassy in Rio de Janeiro, Caffery to Secretary of State, May 13, 1938.
33. Ibid.
34. Levine, The Vargas Regime, 165.
35. John Lewis Landis, George F. Kennan: An American Life (New York and London: Penguin Books, 2011), 323.
Chapter 3: Dangerous Games
1. FGV/CPDOC/OA, Documenos Pessoais, September 1, 1939.
2. Stefan Zweig, Brazil: Land of the Future (New York: Viking Press, 1941), 179.
3. NARA/RG84/37, General Records of the Embassy in Rio de Janeiro, Caffery to Sumner Welles, November 11, 1938.
4. Ibid.
5. NARA/RG84/37, General Records of the Embassy in Rio de Janeiro, Aranha to Welles, November 8, 1938.
6. Ibid., 5–6.
7. Getúlio Vargas, Diário: Volume II, 1937–1942 (Rio de Janeiro: Editora Siciliano/Fundação Getúlio Vargas, 1995), 252.
8. Ibid.
9. Frank D. McCann, “Brazil and World War II: The Forgotten Ally. What Did You Do in the War, Zé Carioca?” Tel Aviv University, 1997, 9.
10. Ibid.
11. Ibid.
12. Vargas, Diário, 252.
13. For more detail on this, see Jeffrey Lesser, “Immigration and Shifting Concepts of National Identity in Brazil During the Vargas Era,” Luso-Brazilian Review 31, no. 2 (Winter 1994): 23–44.
14. Ibid.
15. NARA/RG84/21, General Records of the Embassy in Rio de Janeiro, Nazi-Fascist Propaganda in Brazil, December 17, 1937, 2–3.
17. NARA/RG84/37, General Records of the Embassy in Rio de Janeiro, Decree Law No. 383, April 18, 1938.
18. NARA/RG84/37, General Records of the Embassy in Rio de Janeiro, Caffery to Secretary of State, March 28, 1938, 5–6.
19. Ibid.
20. NARA/RG84/37, General Records of the Embassy in Rio de Janeiro, Caffery to Secretary of State, September 22, 1938.
21. Ibid., 2.
22. PRO/FO/371/30361, Visit of Wilson-Young to Southern Brazil to Investigate Reports of Enemy Sabotage, April 27, 1942.
23. PRO/FO/371/30361, Charles to Anthony Eden, April 27, 1942.
24. PRO/FO/371/30361, Visit of Wilson-Young to Southern Brazil to Investigate Reports of Enemy Sabotage, April 27, 1942.
25. Ibid.
26. PRO/FO/371/30361, Foreign Office Minutes, June 2, 1942.
27. Vargas, Diário, 252.
28. Ibid.
29. Waldo Frank, America Hispana: A Portrait and a Prospect (New York and London: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1931), 198.
30. Vargas, Diário, 252.
31. Ibid., 253.
Chapter 4: A Shot Across the Bow
1. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (USMM), World War II Timeline.
2. John W. F. Dulles, Vargas of Brazil: A Political Biography (Austin and London: University of Texas Press, 1967), 210.
3. FRUS/740.0011/1939/3730, Caffery to Secretary of State, June 12, 1940.
4. FRUS/740.0011/1939/3721, Caffery to Secretary of State, June 11, 1940.
5. Ibid.
6. NARA/RG165/260, Records of the War Department, Military Intelligence Division, Chief of US Naval Mission to Brazil to Chief of Naval Operations, June 26, 1940.
7. Ibid.
8. FRUS/740.0011/1939/3711a, Secretary of State to Caffery, June 11, 1940.
9. FRUS/740.0022/1939/3680, Caffery to Secretary of State, June 11, 1940.
10. PRO/FO/371/25807, Annual Report on Brazil for 1940.
11. FRUS/740.001/1939/3712, Caffery to Secretary of State, June 11, 1940.
12. FRUS/740.0011/1939/3730, Armour to Secretary of State, June 12, 1940.
13. FGV/CPDOC/Companhia Siderúrgica Nacional (CSN), Verbete.
14. Getúlio Vargas, Diário: Volume II, 1937–1942 (Rio de Janeiro: Editora Siciliano/Fundação Getúlio Vargas, 1995), 319.
15. FRUS/740.0011/1939/3721, Undersecretary of State to Roosevelt, June 12, 1940.
16. Dulles, Vargas of Brazil, 211.
17. FRUS/740.0011/1939/3947, Memorandum by Secretary of State, June 13, 1940.
18. FRUS/740.0011/1939/3731a, President Vargas to Brazilian Embassy in Washington, June 14, 1940.
19. PRO/FO/371/25807, Annual Report on Brazil for 1940.
20. Ibid.
21. FRUS/832/6511/63, Memorandum of Conversation by Advisor on International Economic Affairs, January 22, 1940.
22. Ibid.
23. FRUS/832.6511/100, Memorandum by the Chief of the Division of the American Republics, April 11, 1940.
24. Dulles, Vargas of Brazil, 207.
25. FRUS/832.6511/109, Secretary of State to Caffery, May 31, 1940.
26. FRUS/832.6511/110, Caffery to Secretary of State, June 1, 1940.
27. FRUS/832.6511/132, Caffery to Secretary of State, September 5, 1940.
28. Dulles, Vargas of Brazil, 207.
29. FRUS/832.6511/169, Aranha to Welles, September 30, 1940.
30. FRUS/832.6511/169, Welles to Aranha, October 1, 1940.
31. FRUS/832.6511/164, Caffery to Secretary of State, October 4, 1940.
32. FGV/CPDOC, Companhia Siderúrgica Nacional (CSN), Verbete.
33. Dulles, Vargas of Brazil, 208.
34. FRUS/832.6511/164, Caffery to Secretary of State, October 4, 1940.
35. The steel mill was privatized in 1993 and was renamed the President Vargas Steelworks.
36. FGV/CPDOC, Companhia Siderúrgica Nacional (CSN), Verbete.
37. The population of the city in 2010 was 257,686 inhabitants.
38. FGV/CPDOC, Companhia Siderúrgica Nacional (CSN), Verbete.
Chapter 5: Discordant Allies
1. PRO/FO/371/25807, Annual Report on Brazil for 1940, 6.
2. Ibid.
3. PRO/FO/371/24172, Brazilian Embassy in London to Foreign Office, November 19, 1939.
4. PRO/FO/371/24172, Foreign Office Minutes, November 12, 1940.
5. PRO/FO/371/24172, British Embassy in Washington to Foreign Office, November 18, 1939.
6. Ibid.
7. Ibid.
8. Ibid.
9. FRUS/832.24/255, Burdett to Secretary of State, November 1, 1940.
10. PRO/FO/371/24172, British Embassy in Washington to Foreign Office, November 18, 1939.
11. Ibid.
12. PRO/FO/371/24172, Telegram from Gibraltar to Foreign Office, December 4, 1940.
13. Ibid.
14. PRO/FO/371/24172, Ministry of Economic Warfare to Rab Butler, November 23, 1940.
15. PRO/FO/371/24172, Telegram from Gibraltar to Foreign Office, December 5, 1940.
16. Ibid.
17. FGV/CPDOC/OA, Documenos Pessoais, November 22, 1940.
18. Getúlio Vargas, Diário: Volume II, 1937–1942 (Rio de Janeiro: Editora Siciliano/Fundação Getúlio Vargas, 1995), 354.
19. Ibid.
20. FGV/CPDOC/OA, Documenos Pessoais, November 22, 1940.
21. John W. F. Dulles, Vargas of Brazil: A Political Biography (Austin and London: University of Texas Press, 1967), 215.
22. FRUS/810.20/1262, Caffery to Secretary of State, July 25, 1941.
23. Dulles, Vargas of Brazil, 215.
24. Frank D. McCann, “The Brazilian Army and the Problem of Mission, 1939–1964,” Journal of Latin American Studies 12, no. 1 (May 1980): 117.
25. Shawn C. Smallman, Fear and Memory in the Brazilian Army and Society, 1889–1954 (Chapel Hill and London: University of North Carolina Press, 2002), 72.
26. McCann, “The Brazilian Army and the Problem of Mission,” 117.
27. Ibid.
28. Smallman, Fear and Memory in the Brazilian Army and Society, 74.
29. FRUS/832.24/268, Burdett to Secretary of State, November 27, 1940.
30. NARA/RG165/77/262, Records of the War Department, Military Intelligence Division Brazil, Sibert to War Department, August 17, 1940.
31. NARA/RG165/260, Records of the War Department, Military Intelligence Division, State Department Report, No. 1227, Rio de Janeiro, April 3, 1939.
32. Smallman, Fear and Memory in the Brazilian Army and Society, 72.
33. Dulles, Vargas of Brazil, 215.
34. NARA/RG165/260, Records of the War Department, Military Intelligence Division Brazil, Sibert to War Office, September 20, 1940.
35. FRUS/832.24/268, Burdett to Secretary of State, November 27, 1940.
36. FRUS/832.24/258, Burdett to Secretary of State, November 22, 1940.
37. FRUS/832.24/259, Burdett to Secretary of State, November 23, 1940.
38. FRUS/832.24/258, Secretary of State to Burdett, November 23, 1940.
39. FRUS/832.24/258, Burdett to Secretary of State, November 22, 1940.
40. FRUS/832.24/264, Burdett to Secretary of State, November 26, 1940.
41. FRUS/832.24/266, Burdett to Secretary of State, November 27, 1940.
42. FRUS/832.24/264, Burdett to Secretary of State, November 26, 1940.
43. Ibid.
44. FRUS/832.24/260, Burdett to Secretary of State, November 25, 1940.
45. FRUS/832.24/267, Burdett to Secretary of State, November 27, 1940.
46. Ibid.
47. PRO/FO/371/24171, Foreign Office Minutes, November 19, 1940.
48. PRO/FO/371/24171, Butler in Washington to Sir A. Cadogan, Foreign Office, November 20, 1940.
49. PRO/FO/371/24171, Halifax to Butler, December 5, 1940.
50. PRO/FO/371/24171, Halifax to Lothian, December 5, 1940.
51. PRO/FO/371/25807, Annual Report on Brazil for 1940, 7.
52. Ibid.
53. Ibid.
54. PRO/FO/371/24172, Halifax to Knox, December 6, 1940.
55. FRUS/832.24/276, Johnson to Secretary of State, December 5, 1940.
56. Dulles, Vargas of Brazil, 207.
57. Ibid.
58. Vargas, Diário, 357.
59. Ibid.
60. FRUS/832.24/281, Burdett to Secretary of State, December 7, 1940.
61. FRUS/832.24/287, Burdett to Secretary of State, December 11, 1940.
62. FRUS/832.24/292, Burdett to Secretary of State, December 13, 1940.
63. Ibid.
64. FRUS/832.24/295, Burdett to Secretary of State, December 14, 1940.
65. Vargas, Diário, 359.
66. FRUS/832/304, Burdett to Secretary of State, December 21, 1940.
Chapter 6: Escape from Rio
1. NARA/RG84/31, General Records of the Embassy in Rio de Janeiro, Basic Post Report, April 7, 1938, 19.
2. Ibid., 18.
3. Ibid., 19.
4. Stefan Zweig, Brazil: Land of the Future (New York: Viking Press, 1941), 186.
5. NARA/RG84/31, Basic Post Report, April 7, 1938, 10.
6. Getúlio Vargas, Diário: Volume II, 1937–1942 (Rio de Janeiro: Editora Siciliano/Fundação Getúlio Vargas, 1995), 358.
7. Ibid., 362.
8. NARA/RG84/31/, Basic Post Report, April 7, 1938, 5.
9. Zweig, Brazil: Land of the Future, 206.
10. John W. F. Dulles, Vargas of Brazil: A Political Biography (Austin and London: University of Texas Press, 1967), 124.
11. PRO/FO/371/25807, Annual Report on Brazil for 1940.
13. Vargas, Diário, 360.
14. Ibid.
15. Ibid.
16. Ibid., 362.
17. Ibid.
18. NARA/RG165/260, Records of the War Department, Military Intelligence Division, Speech by President Vargas, January 31, 1940.
19. Ibid.
20. Dulles, Vargas of Brazil, 216.
21. Vargas, Diário, 367.
22. Dulles, Vargas of Brazil, 216.
23. Ibid.
24. PRO/FO/371/30366, Annual Report on Brazil for 1941.
25. Vargas, Diário, 371.
26. Ibid.
27. Ibid.
28. Dulles, Vargas of Brazil, 216.
29. Waldo Frank, South American Journey (London: Travel Book Club, 1946), 29.
30. Ibid., 30.
31. Ibid., 199.
32. Dulles, Vargas of Brazil, 217.
33. Ibid.
34. PRO/FO/371/30366, Annual Report on Brazil for 1941.
35. Dulles, Vargas of Brazil, 217.
36. PRO/FO/371/30366, Annual Report on Brazil for 1941.
37. Dulles, Vargas of Brazil, 217.
38. Vargas, Diário, 371.
Chapter 7: Deepening Ties and Widening Divides
1. Frank D. McCann, “Brazil and World War II: The Forgotten Ally. What Did You Do in the War, Zé Carioca?” Tel Aviv University, 1997, 11.
2. NARA/RG84/183, General Records of the Embassy in Brazil, Intercepted Private Correspondence, June 25, 1943.
3. Cary Reich, The Life of Nelson A. Rockefeller: Worlds To Conquer, 1908–1958 (New York and London: Doubleday, 1996), 204.
4. Reich, The Life of Nelson A. Rockefeller, 203.
5. Ibid.
6. Joseph P. Persico, The Imperial Rockefeller: A Biography of Nelson A. Rockefeller (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1982), 33.
7. Douglas Waller, Wild Bill Donavan: The Spymaster Who Created the OSS and Modern American Espionage (New York and London: Free Press, 2011), 25–26.
8. Reich, The Life of Nelson A. Rockefeller, 205–206.
9. Reich, The Life of Nelson A. Rockefeller, 205.
10. PRO/371/30368, Ministry of Information, Overseas Planning Committee, Plan for Propaganda for Brazil, June 4, 1942, 6.
11. Ibid.
12. Ibid.
13. PRO/FO/371/25800, German Activities in Brazil, Embassy in Rio, May 30, 1941.
14. PRO/FO/371/25800, Foreign Office to Embassy in Rio, March 27, 1941.
15. PRO/FO/371/25800, Embassy in Rio to Foreign Office, April 6, 1941.
16. Bob Thomas, Walt Disney: An American Original, New York: Disney Editions, 1994, 171.
17. Thomas, Walt Disney, 170.
18. Getúlio Vargas, Diário: Volume II, 1937–1942 (Rio de Janeiro: Editora Siciliano/Fundação Getúlio Vargas, 1995), 420.
19. PRO/FO/371/25800, Intercepted Private Correspondence, M. I. 5, May 26, 1941.
20. Ibid.
21. PRO/FO/371/30372, Personalities in Brazil in 1942, 16.
22. Ibid.
23. PRO/FO/371/25800, Intercepted Private Correspondence, M. I. 5, May 26, 1941.
24. Jornal do Brasil, May 3, 1941, 6.
25. PRO/FO/371/30368, Plan for Propaganda for Brazil, June 4, 1942, 6.
26. PRO/FO/371/25806, Embassy in Rio to Foreign Office, July 5, 1941.
27. Ibid.
28. Ibid.
29. FRUS/810.20/822, Memorandum by the Chief of Staff of the United States Army (Marshall) to Undersecretary of State (Welles), June 17, 1941.
30. FRUS/810.20/892, Caffery to Secretary of State, June 27, 1941.
31. Ibid.
32. FRUS/810.20/1333, Caffery to Secretary of State, August 21, 1941.
33. FRUS/810.20/1327a, Acting Secretary of State to Caffery, July 10, 1941.
34. Ibid.
35. Vargas, Diário, 406.
36. Cordell Hull, The Memoirs of Cordell Hull, vol. 2 (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1948), 941.
37. FRUS/810.20/1331, Caffery to Secretary of State, July 28, 1941.
38. Ibid.
39. FRUS/810.20/1331, Secretary of State to Caffery, August 18, 1941.
40. Ibid.
41. FRUS/810.20/1331, Caffery to Secretary of State, August 21, 1941.
42. FRUS/810.20/1098a, Acting Secretary of State to Caffery, July 9, 1941.
43. FRUS/832.24/10–141, Lend-lease Agreement Between the United States and Brazil, October 1, 1941.
44. John W. F. Dulles, Vargas of Brazil: A Political Biography (Austin and London: University of Texas Press, 1967), 221.
45. FRUS/832.248/262, Caffery to Secretary of State, June 4, 1941.
46. Vargas, Diário, 431.
47. FRUS/810.20/699, Caffery to Secretary of State, July 2, 1941.
48. Ibid.
Chapter 8: Right Behind You
1. Getúlio Vargas, Diário: Volume II, 1937–1942 (Rio de Janeiro: Editora Siciliano/Fundação Getúlio Vargas, 1995), 440.
2. John Gunther, Inside Latin America (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1942), 287.
3. Vargas, Diário, 440.
4. Gunther, Inside Latin America, 286–287.
5. FRUS/740.0011/18611, Welles to President Roosevelt, January 18, 1942.
6. John W. F. Dulles, Vargas of Brazil: A Political Biography (Austin and London: University of Texas Press, 1967), 220.
7. Vargas, Diário, 443.
8. Ibid., 450.
9. FRUS/740.0011/18611, Welles to President Roosevelt, January 18, 1942.
10. Ibid.
11. Ibid.
12. Ibid.
13. Dulles, Vargas of Brazil, 223.
14. FRUS/740.0011/18611, Welles to President Roosevelt, January 18, 1942.
15. Vargas, Diário, 451.
16. Dulles, Vargas of Brazil, 223.
17. Vargas, Diário, 451.
18. Dulles, Vargas of Brazil, 223.
19. FRUS/740.0011/18611, Welles to President Roosevelt, January 18, 1942.
20. Ibid.
21. Ibid.
22. Ibid.
23. Vargas, Diário, 453.
24. Ibid.
25. FRUS/832.24/634, President Roosevelt to Welles, January 19, 1942.
26. Vargas, Diário, 454.
27. Gunther, Inside Latin America, 288.
28. Vargas, Diário, 454.
29. Dulles, Vargas of Brazil, 224.
30. Vargas, Diário, 454.
31. Ibid.
32. Ibid.
33. Dulles, Vargas of Brazil, 224.
34. Vargas, Diário, 454.
35. Cordell Hull, The Memoirs of Cordell Hull, vol. 2 (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1948), 1149.
36. Ibid.
37. Dulles, Vargas of Brazil, 224.
38. Hull, The Memoirs of Cordell Hull, vol. 2, 1149.
39. Ibid.
40. Cary Reich, The Life of Nelson A. Rockefeller: Worlds To Conquer, 1908–1958 (New York and London: Doubleday, 1996), 271.
41. Hull, The Memoirs of Cordell Hull, vol. 2, 1149.
42. Vargas, Diário, 454.
43. Gunther, Inside Latin America, 282.
44. Vargas, Diário, 454.
45. FRUS/832.24/651, Hull to Welles, January 19, 1942.
46. FRUS/832.24/634, President Roosevelt to Welles, January 19, 1942.
47. Vargas, Diário, 457.
48. Ibid.
49. Ibid.
50. FGV/CPDOC, Reunião dos chanceleres do Rio de Janeiro.
51. Ibid.
52. Jornal do Brasil, January 29, 1942.
Chapter 9: Welles Checks Out and Welles Checks In
1. Getúlio Vargas, Diário: Volume II, 1937–1942 (Rio de Janeiro: Editora Siciliano/Fundação Getúlio Vargas, 1995), 458.
2. FRUS/832.24/651, Caffery to Secretary of State, January 31, 1942.
3. Ibid.
4. FRUS/832.24/673, Caffery to Secretary of State, February 7, 1942.
5. PRO/FO/128/406, Political Situation in Brazil, August 21, 1942.
6. FRUS/832.24/673, Caffery to Secretary of State, February 7, 1942.
7. Ibid.
8. FRUS/832.24/674, Secretary of State to Caffery, February 9, 1942.
9. John W. F. Dulles, Vargas of Brazil: A Political Biography (Austin and London: University of Texas Press, 1967), 226.
10. Vargas, Diário, 467.
11. Ibid.
12. FRUS/811.248/395a, Welles to Caffery, March 2, 1942.
13. Dulles, Vargas of Brazil, 227.
14. FRUS/832.796/767, Caffery to Secretary of State, February 3, 1942.
15. Frank D. McCann, “Brazil and World War II: The Forgotten Ally. What Did You Do in the War, Zé Carioca?” Tel Aviv University, 1997, 13.
16. Manoel Thomaz Castello Branco, O Brasil na II Grande Guerra (Rio de Janeiro: Biblioteca do Exército, 1960), 54–58.
17. Cary Reich, The Life of Nelson A. Rockefeller: Worlds To Conquer, 1908–1958 (New York and London: Doubleday, 1996), 230.
18. Antonio Pedro Tota, The Seduction of Brazil: The Americanization of Brazil During World War II (Austin: University of Texas Press, 2009), 43.
19. Orson Welles and Peter Bogdanovich, This Is Orson Welles (New York: Da Capo Press, 1998), 149.
20. Ibid.
21. Catherine L. Benamou, It’s All True: Orson Welles’s Pan-American Odyssey (Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, 2007), 47.
22. Welles and Bogdanovich, This Is Orson Welles, 154.
23. Ibid., 149.
24. Ibid., 159.
25. For a detailed account of the filming, see Benamou, It’s All True: Orson Welles’s Pan-American Odyssey.
26. NARA/RG84/187, Records of the Embassy in Rio, Radio Script of Pan-American Day Broadcast, April 16, 1942, 6.
27. Ibid., 9.
28. FGV/CPDOC/OA/CP, Aranha to Welles, August 13, 1942.
29. Dulles, Vargas of Brazil, 234.
30. FRUS/832.8595/1, Caffery to Secretary of State, March 11, 1942.
31. Vargas, Diário, 469.
32. Ibid.
33. Ibid.
34. FRUS/800.8830/1601, Caffery to Secretary of State, June 6, 1942.
35. Ibid.
36. FRUS/832.8595/4, Welles to Caffery, March 27, 1942.
37. Vargas, Diário, 475.
38. McCann, “Brazil and World War II,” 13.
39. Ibid.
Chapter 10: A Question of Succession
1. Robert M. Levine, Father of the Poor? Vargas and His Era (New York and Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), 69.
2. Jornal do Brasil, May 3, 1942, 6.
3. PRO/FO/128/406, Charles to Foreign Office, June 26, 1942.
4. PRO/FO/128/406, Charles to Foreign Office, June 8, 1942.
5. Ibid.
6. PRO/FO/128/406, Consul in Bahia to Charles, August 21, 1942.
7. John W. F. Dulles, Vargas of Brazil: A Political Biography (Austin and London: University of Texas Press, 1967), 234.
8. NARA/RG84/147, General Records of the Embassy in Brazil, Speech by Caffery, July 4, 1942.
9. NARA/RG84/153, General Records of the Embassy in Brazil, Caffery to Secretary of State, June 29, 1942.
10. FGV/CPDOC, Biography of Vargas.
11. NARA/RG84/147, General Records of the Embassy in Brazil, Dowling to Secretary of State, July 13, 1942.
12. Ibid.
13. FGV/CPDOC, Biography of Vargas.
14. Dulles, Vargas of Brazil, 230.
15. Ibid., 229.
16. PRO/FO/128/406, British Consulate in São Paulo to Embassy in Rio, October 12, 1942.
17. NARA/RG84/261, General Records of the Embassy in Brazil, Memorandum, American Embassy in Rio, February 4, 1944.
18. Ibid.
19. Ibid.
20. Robert M. Levine, “Brazil’s Jews During the Vargas Era and After,” Luso-Brazilian Review 5, no. 1 (Summer 1968): 54.
21. For more details on Einstein’s quest for visas for Jewish refugees, see Jeffrey Lesser, Welcoming the Undesirables: Brazil and the Jewish Question (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995), 130–131.
22. NARA/RG84/261, General Records of the Embassy in Brazil, Confidential Memorandum, American Consular Section in Rio, February 11, 1944.
23. NARA/RG84/261, General Records of the Embassy in Brazil, Simmons to Secretary of State, February 12, 1944.
24. Ibid.
25. Ibid.
26. NARA/RG84/261, General Records of the Embassy in Brazil, Simmons to Secretary of State, June 20, 1944.
27. NARA/RG84/261, General Records of the Embassy in Brazil, Confidential Memorandum, American Consular Section in Rio, February 11, 1944.
28. Maria Luiza Tucci Carneiro, O Anti-Semitismo na Era Vargas (São Paulo: Editora Perspectiva, 2001), 218.
29. Ibid.
30. Isabel Vincent, “Luis Martins de Souza Dantas: Brazil’s Schindler,” Macleans, May 15, 2005.
31. Lesser, Welcoming the Undesirables, 141.
32. Ibid., 139.
33. Germans in Paris arrested the ambassador after he tried to resist the German occupation of the embassy following Brazil’s declaration of war in August 1942. He was imprisoned in Germany and was eventually released as part of a prisoner swap in 1944, after which he returned briefly to Rio. He spent his retirement living in Paris in a modest apartment following the death of his wife. He died on April 16, 1954. His work in helping to save Jewish refugees was never officially recognized by the Estado Novo or subsequent Brazilian governments.
34. Jeffery Lesser highlights two figures for Jews entering Brazil with permanent or temporary visas in 1939: 4,601 according to Jewish groups and 4,223 according to official Brazilian figures. In 1942, the number of Jews entering Brazil was 108 out of a total of less than 2,500 immigrants to Brazil in that year. See Lesser, Welcoming the Undesirables, 124, 144.
35. Lesser, Welcoming the Undesirables, 136.
36. NARA/RG84/137, Simmons to Secretary of State, October 27, 1942.
Chapter 11: The Decision
1. PRO/FO/128/406, Memorandum, September 1, 1942.
2. Ibid.
3. NARA/RG165/299, Records of the War Department, Military Intelligence Division, Press Cutting, August 19, 1942.
4. NARA/RG165/299, Records of the War Department, Military Intelligence Division, Estimate of the Effects of the Declaration of War by Brazil, September 22, 1942, 1.
5. Ibid.
6. Ibid., 4.
7. PRO/FO/128/406, Memorandum, September 1, 1942.
8. NARA/RG165/299, Records of the War Department, Military Intelligence Division, Press Cutting, August 19, 1942.
9. PRO/FO/128/406, Memorandum, September 1, 1942.
10. NARA/RG165/299, Records of the War Department, Military Intelligence Division, Memorandum for the Assistant Chief of Staff, August 20, 1942.
11. NARA/RG165/264, Records of the War Department, Military Intelligence Division, Brazil at War, September 4, 1942, 6.
12. Ibid.
13. NARA/RG165/299, Records of the War Department, Military Intelligence Division, Memorandum for the Assistant Chief of Staff, August 20, 1942.
14. Ibid.
15. NARA/RG84/135, General Records of the Embassy in Rio, Simmons to Undersecretary of State, August 19, 1942.
16. Ibid.
18. NARA/RG84/177, General Records of the Embassy in Rio, Note Handed to Representatives of the Governments of Germany and Italy by the Brazilian Government, August 24, 1942, 2.
19. John W. F. Dulles, Vargas of Brazil: A Political Biography (Austin and London: University of Texas Press, 1967), 235.
20. NARA/RG165/264, Records of the War Department, Military Intelligence Division, Brazil at War, September 4, 1942, 5.
21. NARA/RG84/136, General Records of the Embassy in Rio, Brazilian Declaration of War, August 24, 1942.
22. NARA/RG84/136, General Records of the Embassy in Rio, Radio Broadcast from Berlin to Brazil, August 22, 1942.
23. Ibid.
24. NARA/RG165/299, Records of the War Department, Military Intelligence Division, Estimate of the Effects of the Declaration of War by Brazil, September 22, 1942.
25. Ibid., 2.
26. Ibid.
27. NARA/RG165/299, Records of the War Department, Military Intelligence Division, Memorandum for the Assistant Chief of Staff, August 20, 1942.
28. Ibid.
29. Cary Reich, The Life of Nelson A. Rockefeller: Worlds To Conquer, 1908–1958 (New York and London: Doubleday, 1996), 241.
30. NARA/RG165/299, Records of the War Department, Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs, Brazil and the War, September 24, 1942.
31. Dulles, Vargas of Brazil, 235.
32. Dulles, Vargas of Brazil, 236.
33. Ibid.
34. New York Times, November 8, 1942.
35. NARA/RG165/264, Records of the War Department, Military Intelligence Division, Brazil’s Reaction to the American Offensive, December 4, 1942, 3.
36. NARA/RG165/264, Records of the War Department, Military Intelligence Division, Reactions in Brazil to the Allied Victory in Tunisia, May 31, 1943, 1.
37. Ibid.
Chapter 12: Lights Out over Rio
1. NARA/RG165/261, Records of the War Department, Military Intelligence Division, Caffery to Secretary of State, September 7, 1942.
2. Ibid.
3. NARA/RG165/261, Records of the War Department, Military Intelligence Division, Simmons to Secretary of State, September 4, 1942.
4. PRO/FO/128/406, Blackout, August 21, 1942.
6. NARA/RG165/261, Records of the War Department, Military Intelligence Division, Blackout in Rio, May 17, 1943.
7. John W. F. Dulles, Vargas of Brazil: A Political Biography (Austin and London: University of Texas Press, 1967), 240.
8. FRUS/740.0011/27475, Caffery to Secretary of State, January 26, 1943.
9. FRUS/740.0011/27586, Caffery to Secretary of State, January 29, 1943.
10. FRUS/740.0011/27588, Caffery to Secretary of State, January 30, 1943.
11. Ibid.
12. Ibid.
13. Ibid.
14. Ibid.
15. Ibid.
16. Ibid.
17. FRUS/740.0011/27590, Caffery to Secretary of State, January 30, 1943.
18. Ibid.
19. Ibid.
20. Ibid.
21. New York Times, January 29, 1943.
22. Ibid.
Chapter 13: The Dinner Party
1. NARA/RG84/177, General Records of the Embassy in Rio, Caffery to Secretary of State and President Roosevelt, January 31, 1943.
2. NARA/RG84/247, General Records of the Embassy in Rio, Request that Rio de Janeiro Be Reclassified for the Purpose of Cost of Living Allowances, Caffery to Secretary of State, January 31, 1944.
3. Ibid.
4. Ibid.
5. Ibid.
6. NARA/RG84/247, General Records of the Embassy in Rio, Notes to Cost of Living Statement, January 31, 1944, 1.
7. Ibid., 4.
8. NARA/RG84/177, General Records of the Embassy in Rio, Caffery to Secretary of State and President Roosevelt, January 31, 1943.
9. Ibid.
10. Ibid.
11. Ibid.
12. Ibid.
13. Ibid.
14. NARA/RG165/304, Records of the War Department, Military Intelligence Division, From Embassy in Rio to War Department, November 18, 1943.
15. Frank D. McCann, “Brazil and World War II: The Forgotten Ally. What Did You Do in the War, Zé Carioca?” Tel Aviv University, 1997, 20.
16. NARA/RG84/177, General Records of the Embassy in Rio, Caffery to Secretary of State and President Roosevelt, January 31, 1943.
17. McCann, “Brazil and World War II,” 20.
18. Frank D. McCann, “Brazil, the United States, and World War II: A Commentary,” Diplomatic History 3, no. 1 (January 1979): 70.
19. NARA/RG84/177, General Records of the Embassy in Rio, Caffery to Secretary of State and President Roosevelt, January 31, 1943.
20. Ibid.
21. Ibid.
22. Ibid.
23. Ibid.
24. NARA/RG165/304, Records of the War Department, Military Intelligence Division, From Embassy in Rio to War Department, November 18, 1943.
25. Ibid.
26. NARA/RG165/304, Records of the War Department, Military Intelligence Division, Brazilian Statements Regarding Argentina, November 23, 1943, 1.
27. Ibid.
28. Ibid.
29. Ibid.
30. Ibid., 2.
31. Ibid.
32. Ibid.
33. Ibid.
34. Ibid., 3.
35. Ibid.
36. McCann, “Brazil, the United States, and World War II,” 72.
37. Antonio Pedro Tota, The Seduction of Brazil: The Americanization of Brazil During World War II (Austin: University of Texas Press, 2009), 82.
38. Ibid., 38.
39. NARA/RG84/196, General Records of the Embassy in Rio, President Vargas Statement on National Rubber Month, June 1, 1943.
40. NARA/RG84/196, General Records of the Embassy in Rio, Rubber Development Cooperation, June 1, 1943.
41. Ibid.
42. NARA/RG84/196, General Records of the Embassy in Rio, President Roosevelt to President Vargas, June 16, 1943.
43. NARA/RG84/196, General Records of the Embassy in Rio, Record of Telephone Conversation with Associated Press, May 26, 1943.
44. Ibid.
45. Ibid.
46. NARA/RG84/196, General Records of the Embassy in Rio, Rubber Development Cooperation, April 14, 1943.
47. NARA/RG84/196, General Records of the Embassy in Rio, Rubber Development Cooperation, June 11, 1943.
48. NARA/RG84/196, General Records of the Embassy in Rio, Memorandum on Report on Synthetic Rubber as Published in Time Magazine, June 30, 1943.
49. Ibid.
50. Ibid.
51. NARA/RG84/196, General Records of the Embassy in Rio, Rubber Development Cooperation, July 10, 1943.
52. Ibid.
Chapter 14: Late Arrivals
1. NARA/RG84/177, General Records of the Embassy in Rio, American Consul, São Paulo, January 26, 1943.
2. Ibid.
3. Ibid.
4. Frank D. McCann, “Brazil and World War II: The Forgotten Ally. What Did You Do in the War, Zé Carioca?” Tel Aviv University, 1997, 20.
5. Ibid.
6. FGV/CPDOC, Verbete, FEB.
7. NARA/RG84/177, General Records of the Embassy in Rio, Caffery to Secretary of State, September 8, 1943.
8. NARA/RG84/177, General Records of the Embassy in Rio, Speech by President Vargas, September 7, 1943.
9. John W. F. Dulles, Vargas of Brazil: A Political Biography (Austin and London: University of Texas Press, 1967), 242.
10. McCann, “Brazil and World War II,” 23.
11. Ibid.
12. PRO/CAB/122/954, Halifax to Eden, December 23, 1943, 1.
13. FGV/CPDOC, Verbete, FEB.
14. Ibid.
15. PRO/CAB/122/954, Halifax to Eden, December 23, 1943, 2.
16. Ibid.
17. Ibid.
18. Ibid.
19. Ibid.
20. Dulles, Vargas of Brazil, 242.
21. NARA/RG84/177, General Records of the Embassy in Rio, Speech by President Vargas, November 10, 1943.
22. Ibid.
23. NARA/RG84/177, General Records of the Embassy in Rio, Simmons to Secretary of State, November 11, 1943.
24. Ibid.
25. Ibid.
26. Neill Lochery, Lisbon: War in the Shadows of the City of Light, 1939–1945 (New York: PublicAffairs, 2011), 187.
27. NARA/RG84/208, General Records of the Embassy in Rio, Letter to Aranha, September 20, 1943, 1–2.
28. Cordell Hull, The Memoirs of Cordell Hull, vol. 2 (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1948), 1336.
29. Ibid.
30. Ibid., 1337.
31. Ibid.
32. Dulles, Vargas of Brazil, 245.
33. Ibid.
34. George M. Lauderbaugh, “Bolivarian Nations: Securing the Northern Frontier,” in Latin America During World War II, eds. Thomas M. Leonard and John F. Bratzel (Plymouth, UK: Rowan and Littlefield Publishers, 2007), 113.
35. Max Paul Friedman, Nazis and Good Neighbors: The United States Campaign Against the Germans of Latin America in World War II (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003), 91.
36. Ibid.
Chapter 15: The Promise
1. NARA/RG84/260, General Records of the Embassy in Rio, Simmons to Secretary of State, February 1, 1944.
2. Ibid.
3. NARA/RG84/260, General Records of the Embassy in Rio, Simmons to Secretary of State, February 19, 1944.
4. Ibid.
5. Diário Carioca, February 19, 1944.
6. NARA/RG84/260, General Records of the Embassy in Rio, Simmons to Secretary of State, March 3, 1944.
7. Ibid.
8. NARA/RG84/262, General Records of the Embassy in Rio, Address by President Vargas, April 15, 1944.
9. NARA/RG84/262, General Records of the Embassy in Rio, Simmons to Secretary of State, April 17, 1944.
10. PRO/FO/371/37846, Broadmead to Eden, April 18, 1944, 2.
11. NARA/RG84/262, General Records of the Embassy in Rio, Simmons to Secretary of State, April 17, 1944.
12. New York Times, July 13, 1944.
13. Ibid.
14. Ibid.
15. Ibid.
16. Washington Post, April 26, 1944.
17. PRO/FO/371/37846, Halifax to Eden, May 2, 1944.
18. Ibid.
19. PRO/FO/371/37846, Broadmead to Eden, June 12, 1944.
20. PRO/FO/371/37846, Foreign Office Minutes, June 30, 1943.
21. John W. F. Dulles, Vargas of Brazil: A Political Biography (Austin and London: University of Texas Press, 1967), 242–243.
22. PRO/WO/204/5588, Historical Account of the Brazilian Liaison Detachment, January 6, 1945, 3.
23. Ibid., 17.
24. Ibid., 15.
25. Ibid.
26. Ibid., 16.
Chapter 16: A Farewell to Aranha
1. NARA/RG84/260, General Records of the Embassy in Rio, Caffery to Secretary of State, September 13, 1944.
2. Ibid.
3. PRO/FO/371/37846, Gainer to Cabinet Office, August 23, 1944.
4. Ibid.
5. PRO/FO/371/37846, Gainer to Secretary of State, August 16, 1944.
6. NARA/RG84/260, General Records of the Embassy in Rio, Caffery to Secretary of State, September 13, 1944.
7. PRO/FO/371/37846, Gainer to Secretary of State, August 16, 1944.
8. Ibid.
9. Ibid.
10. Ibid.
11. PRO/FO/371/37846, Gainer to Cabinet Office, August 23, 1944.
12. Ibid.
13. NARA/RG84/260, General Records of the Embassy in Rio, Caffery to Secretary of State, September 13, 1944.
14. NARA/RG84/260, General Records of the Embassy in Rio, Caffery to Secretary of State, September 8, 1944.
15. PRO/FO/371/37846, Gainer to Cabinet Office, August 23, 1944.
16. Ibid.
17. Ibid.
18. Ibid.
20. John W. F. Dulles, Vargas of Brazil: A Political Biography (Austin and London: University of Texas Press, 1967), 255.
21. PRO/FO/371/51899, Annual Report for Brazil for 1945, January 22, 1946.
22. Dulles, Vargas of Brazil, 256.
23. PRO/FO/371/51899, Annual Report for Brazil for 1945, January 22, 1946, 1.
24. PRO/FO/371/51938, Records of Leading Personalities in Brazil in 1946, 5.
25. Ibid.
Chapter 17: The Challenge
1. John W. F. Dulles, Vargas of Brazil: A Political Biography (Austin and London: University of Texas Press, 1967), 259.
2. PRO/FO/371/51899, Annual Report for Brazil for 1945, January 22, 1946, 2.
3. Dulles, Vargas of Brazil, 258.
4. PRO/FO/371/51899, Annual Report for Brazil for 1945, January 22, 1946, 2.
5. Ibid.
6. Ibid.
7. PRO/FO/371/51938, Records of Leading Personalities in Brazil in 1946, 6.
8. PRO/FO/371/51899, Annual Report for Brazil for 1945, January 22, 1946, 2.
9. Ibid., 7–8.
10. Ibid.
11. Ibid.
12. Dulles, Vargas of Brazil, 257.
13. PRO/FO/371/51899, Annual Report for Brazil for 1945, January 22, 1946, 8.
14. Ibid.
15. Correio de Manhã, April 13, 1945, 1.
16. Ibid.
17. FRUS/810.20/7-2645, Berle to Secretary of State, July 26, 1945.
18. Ibid.
19. Correio de Manhã, April 14, 1945, 1.
20. Frank D. McCann, “Brazil and World War II: The Forgotten Ally. What Did You Do in the War, Zé Carioca?” Tel Aviv University, 1997, 25.
21. O Cruzeiro do Sul, February 25, 1945, 1.
22. Correio de Manhã, February 24, 1945, 1.
23. McCann, “Brazil and World War II,” 25.
24. Dulles, Vargas of Brazil, 244.
Chapter 18: The Exit
1. John W. F. Dulles, Vargas of Brazil: A Political Biography (Austin and London: University of Texas Press, 1967), 274.
2. Ibid., 273.
3. PRO/FO/371/51899, Annual Report for Brazil for 1945, January 22, 1946, 2.
4. Stanley E. Hilton, “The Overthrow of Getúlio Vargas in 1945: Diplomatic Intervention, Defense of Democracy, or Political Retribution?” Hispanic American Historical Review 67, no. 1 (February 1987): 15.
5. Ibid.
6. Dulles, Vargas of Brazil, 267.
7. PRO/FO/371/51899, Annual Report for Brazil for 1945, January 22, 1946, 2.
8. Ibid., 3.
9. Hilton, “The Overthrow of Getúlio Vargas in 1945,” 32.
10. PRO/FO/371/51899, Annual Report for Brazil for 1945, January 22, 1946, 3.
11. Hilton, “The Overthrow of Getúlio Vargas in 1945,” 33.
12. Dulles, Vargas of Brazil, 273.
13. Hilton, “The Overthrow of Getúlio Vargas in 1945,” 33.
14. PRO/FO/371/51899, Annual Report for Brazil for 1945, January 22, 1946, 3.
15. Hilton, “The Overthrow of Getúlio Vargas in 1945,” 34.
16. Dulles, Vargas of Brazil, 273.
17. Correio de Manhã, October 30, 1945, 1.
18. Jornal do Brasil, October 30, 1945, 1.
19. PRO/FO/371/51899, Annual Report for Brazil for 1945, January 22, 1946, 3.
20. Ibid., 8.
21. Hilton, “The Overthrow of Getúlio Vargas in 1945,” 34.
22. PRO/FO/371/51900, Gainer to Bevin, February 22, 1946, 2.
23. Ibid.
24. Dulles, Vargas of Brazil, 281.
25. PRO/FO/371/51902, Memorandum on Brazilian Elections, August 16, 1946, 2.
26. Ibid.
27. Dulles, Vargas of Brazil, 280.
28. PRO/FO/371/51902, Political Situation in Brazil, August 14, 1946.
Chapter 19: The Final Act
1. John W. F. Dulles, Vargas of Brazil: A Political Biography (Austin and London: University of Texas Press, 1967), 305.
2. NARA/RG84/37/General Records of the Embassy in Rio de Janeiro, Caffery to Secretary of State, March 28, 1938, 5–6. See also PRO/FO/371/30362, Charles to Foreign Office, September 8, 1942.
3. Ibid.
4. Robert M. Levine, Father of the Poor? Vargas and His Era (New York and Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), 82.
5. Dulles, Vargas of Brazil, 313.
6. Ibid., 318.
7. Levine, Father of the Poor? Vargas and His Era, 87.
8. Dulles, Vargas of Brazil, 320.
9. Correio de Manhã, August 24, 1954, 1.
10. F. Zenha Machado, Os Últimas Dias do Govêrno de Vargas: A Crise Política de Agôsto de 1954 (Rio de Janeiro: Editora Lux, 1955), 81.
11. FGV/CPDOC/AVAP/VPR/EA, Alzira Vargas, Fatos e Fotos, July 5, 1963.
12. Dulles, Vargas of Brazil, 328.
13. Ibid.
14. FGV/CPDOC/AVAP/VPR/EA, Alzira Vargas, Fatos e Fotos.
15. Ibid.
16. Correio de Manhã, August 25, 1954, 1.
17. FGV/CPDOC/AVAP/VPR/EA, Alzira Vargas, Fatos e Fotos.
18. Ibid.
19. Levine, Father of the Poor? Vargas and His Era, 88.
20. Dulles, Vargas of Brazil, 333.
21. Correio de Manhã, August 25, 1954, 1.
22. Ibid.
23. Correio de Manhã, August 25, 1954, 3.
24. Jornal do Brasil, August 24, 1954, 1.
25. Correio de Manhã, August 25, 1954, 1.
26. Correio de Manhã, August 26, 1954, 1.
Epilogue: The Legacy
1. FGV/CPDOC/AVAP/VPR/EA, Alzira Vargas, Fatos e Fotos, July 5, 1963.
2. Ibid.
3. FGV/CPDOC/Belmiro Aranha/Verbete.