INDEX

• Abdullah Khan II (r. 1583–1598)
• Abul-Khayr, Khan (r. 1429–1467)
• Afro-Eurasia
  • global integration after 1500
  • human societies in 1250
  • trade circuits pre-1500
• agrarian regions
  • advances after 1500
  • agrarian crisis in Russia
  • agrarian societies in 16th century
  • balance of power with nomadic/pastoral regions
  • in Central Asia
  • after Golden Horde
  • Islam
  • mobilization
  • population increase
  • Rus’
  • smychka
  • state formation
  • trans-Eurasian contacts
• agriculture
  • advantages over pastoral nomadism
  • and commercial policy
  • early development
  • economy based on
  • government control
  • innovation
  • irrigation
  • land seizures
  • limits on growth
  • Northerliness and
  • “organic energy regime”
  • organization of
  • productivity
  • railways as market drivers of growth
  • slavery and
  • spread of
  • support for
• Akkerman, Ottoman capture of (1484)
• Alaska
• Alexander I, Tsar (r. 1801–1825)
  • army
  • death (1825)
  • Napoleon and
  • King of Poland (1815)
• Alexander II, Tsar (r. 1855–1881)
  • abolition of serfdom (1861)
  • assassination (1881)
  • Crimean War
  • “Great Reforms”
• Alexander III, Tsar (r. 1881–1894)
• Alexander Nevskii, Prince of Novgorod, Grand Prince of Vladimir
• Alexei, Tsar (r. 1645–1676)
• Alghu, Khan
• Algirdas (Olgerd) Prince of Lithuania (r. 1345–1377)
• Altan Khan (d. 1582)
• Americas
  • agriculture
  • European diseases
  • fur trade
  • global integration after 1500
  • human societies in 1250
  • pastoralism
  • Russian colonization
  • smychka
  • trade with
• Amur river, Khabarov expedition to (1650’s)
• Anatolia
  • and Basmachi movement
  • Ceshme, battle of (1770)
  • Karakorum and
  • Ottoman rule
  • Timur invades (1404)
  • trade
• Andropov, Yuri
• Andrusovo, treaty of (1667)
• Archangel (port)
• Ariq-Boke, Khan
• aristocracies and elites
  • banking and credit
  • building of
  • elite discipline see elite discipline
  • Europeanization
  • membership
  • mobilization strategies
  • monarchy and
  • political framework for
  • protection of
  • urbanization
  • wealth
• armies see military organisation
• artisans and builders
  • mobilization
  • movements of
  • settlements
  • support for
• asabiyya “group loyalty” (Arabic)
• Ashtarkhanid (Janid) dynasty
• Assembly of the Land see Zemskii Sobor
• Astrakhan
  • and Crimean khanate
  • and Ivan IV
  • khanate of
  • khans of
  • Muscovite conquest of (1556)
  • and Peter the Great
  • Saray and
  • trade
• Australasia
  • global integration after 1500
  • human societies in 1250
• Ayuka, Kalmyk leader (tayishi)
• Azerbaijan, as Inner Eurasian polity
• Azov (Tana) (seaport)

• Baikal, Lake
• Baraq, Khan
• Bashkiria, Russian expansion
• Batu, Khan (r. 1241–1255)
  • conquest of Pontic steppes (1237–1241)
  • family
  • Golden Horde
  • invasion of Rus'
  • mobilization system
  • and Mongke Khan
  • quriltai
  • reign
  • successors
  • “Ulus of Batu”
• Beijing (Daidu)
  • attacks on
  • as capital city
  • secretariat
  • travels to
• Belarus
  • independence after 1991
  • as Inner Eurasian polity
• Belgorod defence line (1635–1646)
• Berdibeg, Khan (r. 1357–1359)
• Berke, Khan (r. 1258–1267)
  • attack on Il-Khanate (1262)
  • death (1267)
  • family
  • founds Christian bishopric in Saray (1261)
  • Golden Horde
  • Muslim faith
  • reign
• Besh-Baligh (city), tribute-taking at
• Black Death
  • bubonic plague pandemics
  • climate change and
  • demographic effects
  • and Little Ice Age
  • outbreaks
  • spread
• Black Sea, Ottoman control of
• Blue Waters, battle of (1363)
• Brezhnev, Leonid
• Brezhnev doctrine
• Brezhnev era
• Britain
  • Archangel trade with Muscovy
  • Black Death (1349)
  • Crimean War (1854–1856)
  • India and
  • Opium Wars (1839–1842)
• bubonic plague see Black Death
• Buddhism
  • Buriatia
  • Dalai Lamas
  • Mongolia
  • settlements
  • Soviet suppression
  • Yellow Hat (Tibetan)
• builders see artisans and builders
• Bukhara
  • administration
  • cultural influence
  • Islam
  • Janid (Ashtarkhanid) dynasty
  • Kalmyk threat to
  • Kazakh rule
  • Khorezm and
  • loss of Ferghana valley
  • Mangit dynasty
  • population
  • reform
  • Russian expansion
  • slavery
  • Soviet rule
  • trade
  • travellers' descriptions of
  • and Uzbekistan
• “Bureau of Pacification”
• Buriatia
  • Buddhism
  • collective farms
  • gold
  • and Mongolian independence
  • Russian army recruitment
  • Russian rule
  • Siberian nationalism
  • Soviet Autonomous Republic
  • Stalinist purges
• Buyr, Lake, battle of (1388)
• Buyunduk, Khan (r. 1480–1511)

• Caffa (seaport)
• camels
  • caravans
  • collective farms
  • lorries instead of
  • military use
  • pastoralism
• capitalism and market driver of growth
• caravans
  • curtailment of
  • decline
  • licensing
  • protection of
  • replacement by railways
  • taxation of
  • trans-Eurasian trade
  • travels by
• Carpini, Giovanni
• Catherine I, Tsarina (r. 1725–1727)
• Catherine II, Tsarina (“the Great”) (r. 1762–1796)
• Central Asia
  • after breakup of Mongol empire
  • definition
  • geography
  • integration of empires and cultures
  • mobilization systems
  • Mongol Empire
  • Mongolian civil war
  • oases
  • pastoralism
  • regions
  • smychka
  • ulus
  • urbanization
  • Yuan dynasty
• Chabar, Khan
• Chagatay, Khan
• Chagatay Khanate
  • breakup
  • elite discipline
  • extent
  • following Qaidu's rule
  • and Golden Horde
  • Qaidu's reign
  • during Qaidu's rule
  • Qaidu's successors
  • smychka
  • Timur reunites (1370)
  • Timur's rule (1370–1405)
  • treaty of 1303
  • ulus of Chagatay
• Chernenko, Konstantin
• China, Empire (to 1911)
  • decline and collapse 1750–1911
  • global integration, 1750–1850
  • hegemony over Mongolia
  • influence on Inner Eurasia
  • Manchu dynasty see Qing dynasty
  • Milescu's visit to (1674)
  • military technology
  • Ming dynasty see Ming dynasty
  • mobilization, military
  • Mongol conquest of
  • and Mongolia see Mongolia
  • Muscovy and
  • Opium Wars (1839–1842)
  • Petlin's visit to (1619)
  • Qing dynasty see Qing dynasty
  • and Xinjiang see Xinjiang
  • Yuan dynasty see Yuan dynasty
  • and Zunghar empire
• China, People's Republic (1949–present)
  • Islam
  • Xinjiang
• China, Republic (1911–1949)
  • Mongolia and
  • Xinjiang and
• Chinggis Khan (r. 1206–1227)
  • birth
  • death (1227)
  • elite discipline
  • family
  • great quriltai (1206)
  • Karakorum, building of
  • Keshig (royal bodyguard)
  • leadership strengths
  • military organization
  • as mobilizer
  • and modern Mongolia
  • and Mongolian nationalism
  • religion
  • rise of
  • Stalin and
  • successors
  • Timur compared
  • Uighur kingdom
  • Uighur officials
  • uymaq (entourage, retinue)
  • uymaq “entourage, retinue”
  • youth
• Chinggisid family
  • decline
  • fall of Mongol Empire
  • genealogy
  • Mongke Khan's purge (1251)
  • treaty of 1303
• Christianity
  • Nestorian see Nestorian Christianity
  • Orthodox see Orthodox Church
  • Saray bishopric (1261)
• chronology
• Circassians
• climate
  • climate change to 2000
  • climate changeand Black Death
  • dzhut (climatic shock)
  • and Eurasian integration
  • Little Ice Age
  • “Medieval Climate Anomaly”
• Cold War, globalization and
• commerce, mobilization and
• commercial policy, agriculture and
• Communism
  • abolition of market driver of growth
  • China see China, People's Republic
  • Mongolia see Mongolia
  • reintroduction of market driver of growth
  • Russia see Soviet Union
• Constantinople
  • and Orthodox Church
  • Ottoman conquest (1453)
• Cossacks
  • attack on Sibir (1581)
  • first formal contacts with Muscovy (1557)
  • in Muscovite service
  • reach Sea of Okhotsk (1641)
• Crimean khanate
  • attack on Kiev (1482)
  • formation (1449)
  • Great Horde defeated by (1502)
  • heartland
  • importance
  • Kalmyk raids on
  • Lithuania/Poland attacked by
  • mobilization strengths
  • Moscow allied with
  • Muscovy attacked by
  • Muscovy conquest of
  • Muscovy expansion against
  • Ottoman protectorate over (1475)
  • slavery
  • smychka
  • in Ukraine
• Crimean War (1854–1856)
• Daidu see Beijing
• Dalai Lama see Buddhism
• Damascus
• Daniil, Prince of Moscow (r. 1261–1303)
• Dayan Khan (r. 1480?–1517?)
• decolonization, globalization and
• demography
  • agrarian regions
  • and Eurasian integration
  • global population levels to 1800
  • Inner Eurasian distinctiveness
  • population density
  • population growth to late 13th century
  • population levels
• discipline
  • elite discipline see elite discipline
  • in mobilizational systems
• Dmitri (Donskoi)
• Dmitrii, Prince (d. 1591)
• Dmitrii, Prince of Moscow (r. 1359–1389)
• drivers of growth
  • capitalism and
  • Communism and
  • fossil fuels revolution and
  • global markets as
  • globalization as
  • heartland regions as
  • Industrial Revolution
  • market driver see market driver of growth
  • military forces as
  • mobilization and
• Du'a Khan
• dzhut (climatic shock)

• ecology
  • Inner Eurasian distinctiveness
  • zone of ecological symbiosis
• economic reform, and elite discipline
• Edigu, Khan (r. 1395–1420)
  • ancestry
  • death (1420)
  • defeats Vitautas at Vorskla river (1399)
  • reign
  • succeeds Toqtamish
  • Timur and
• Egypt see Mamluk dynasty
• elite discipline
  • building of
  • and economic reform
  • importance of
  • maintenance of
  • mobilization and
  • oprichnina
  • smychka and
  • tradition of
  • unity and
• elites see aristocracies and elites
• Elizabeth, Tsarina (r. 1741–1762)
• Emir Timur see Timur
• empires, largest
• Erdeni Baatur Khung-Taiji, Oirat Emperor (r. 1635–1653)
• Ermak, Ataman
• Esen, Khan (r. 1438–1454)
• Eurasia
  • integration of empires and cultures
  • trans-continental travel
• Europe
  • Black Death (1349)
  • decolonization
  • as driver of growth
  • trans-Eurasian contacts
• Europeanization of Russian nobility
• Fedor I, Tsar (r. 1584–1598)
• Fedor II, Tsar (r. 1676–1682)
• fossil fuels revolution
  • and drivers of growth
  • global impact of
  • globalization and
  • in Inner Eurasia
  • and market driver of growth
  • mobilization and
  • theme of
• France see Napoleon

• Galdan Boshugtu Khan (r. 1678–1697)
• Genghis Khan see Chinggis Khan
• geography
  • Inner Eurasian distinctiveness
  • major regions of Inner Eurasia
  • mobilization and
  • spelling
  • terminology
• Germany see Hitler, Adolf
• Giray see Mengli-Giray
• glasnost “openness” (Russian)
  • concept
  • impact
  • Mongolia and
  • post-1991
• global markets as drivers of growth
• globalization
  • after breakup of Soviet Union
  • and Cold War
  • decolonization and
  • as driver of growth
  • entry of Russia and China, 1750–1850
  • first global world system, sixteenth century
  • and fossil fuels revolution
  • “Great Acceleration” after 1950
  • and Inner Eurasia as continuing concept
  • late twentieth century
  • and market driver of growth
  • seventeenth century
• Godunov, Boris, Tsar (r. 1598–1605)
• Golden Horde
  • Black Death (1346)
  • borderlands
  • breakup
  • capital city
  • and Crimean khanate
  • evolution
  • extent
  • formation
  • “Great Troubles” (1360–1380)
  • heartlands
  • Ivan Daniilovich and
  • Kulikovo, battle of (1380)
  • Mongol empire compared
  • Moscow and
  • and Orthodox Church
  • Qubilai and
  • Rus' and
  • structure
  • successor states
  • Timur and
  • “Uzbek” people
• Gorbachev, Mikhail see also glasnost; perstroika
• gosudarstvennost “strong stateism” (Russian)
• Great Horde (Kazakh) see Kazakh Great Horde
• Great Horde (Mongol)
  • destruction by Crimean khanate (1502)
  • emergence
  • Muscovy and
  • successor states
• “Great Troubles” (1360–1380)
• Guyug, Khan (r. 1246–1248)
• Haqq-Nazar, Khan (r. 1538–1580)
• heartland regions
  • as drivers of growth
  • “heartland” of Inner Eurasia defined
  • Mongolia as heartland
  • Russia as Inner Eurasian “heartland”
• history, historiography
  • chronology
  • first global world system, sixteenth century
  • human societies in 1250
  • nationalist
  • spelling
  • synoptic
• Hitler, Adolf
• Hohehot (Kokhe-Khota) (city)
• Hulegu, Il-Khan
• Ibn Battuta
• Ibn Khaldûn
• Il-Khanate
  • administration
  • and Alghu Khanate expansionism
  • Berke's attack on (1262)
  • collapse (from 1335)
  • diplomatic relations with Europe
  • rulers
  • supports Qubilai Khan
  • and Temür Khan
• India
  • British rule
  • Bukhara and
  • Ibn Battuta journeys to
  • Muscovy and
  • and Peter the Great
  • Timur attacks (1398)
  • trade
  • trans-Eurasian contacts
• Industrial Revolution and drivers of growth
• Inner Eurasia
  • agrarian era (1260–1850)
  • central themes
  • continuing concept of
  • extent
  • fossil fuel era (1859–2000)
  • geographical concept
  • geographical distinctiveness
  • and globalization see globalization
  • “heartland”
  • historiography
  • new states after 1991
  • Outer Eurasian geography compared
  • population see demography
  • regional divisions
• institutional modernization and market driver of growth
• interioroty, rainfall and
• irrigation agriculture
• Islam
  • Abu-Bakr first caliph
  • Central Asian forms
  • chief regional cities
  • and Communist China
  • fundamentalism
  • identification as Muslims
  • iqta system of land grants
  • Jadidist movement
  • post-Soviet resurgence
  • and Russian expansionism
  • shamanism and
  • and Soviet Union
  • spread of
  • Sufism see Sufism
  • trans-Eurasian travellers
  • understanding of
  • and Yang Zengxin
• Ivan, Tsarevich, murder of (1581)
• Ivan Daniilovich, Grand Prince of Moscow (1327)
• Ivan III (The Great), Grand Prince of Moscow (r. 1462–1505)
• Ivan IV (The Terrible) Tsar of Muscovy (r. 1547–1584)
  • and Anthony Jenkinson
  • and Assemblies of the Land
  • and Baltic
  • brutality
  • and Circassians
  • conquers Astrakhan
  • conquers Kazan’ khanate (1552)
  • and Cossacks
  • creates Simeon Bekbulatovich as Grand Prince of Rus’ (1575)
  • and Crimean khanate
  • crowned as “Tsar” (1547)
  • death (1584)
  • death of first wife (Anastasia Romanovna, 1560)
  • and elite discipline
  • establishes fort at Tersk (1567)
  • extension of fortified lines
  • founds strel'tsy (elite infantry)
  • law code (sudebnik) of 1550
  • Livonia campaign (1558–1583)
  • local government reforms
  • minority
  • murders Tsarevich Ivan (1581)
  • oprichnina see oprichnina
  • Peter the Great compared
  • and serfdom
  • Stalin compared
  • successors
• Ivan V, Tsar (r. 1682–1696)

• Janibeg, Khan (r. 1342–1357)
• Janid (Ashtarkhanid) dynasty
• Japan
  • Russo-Japanese War (1904–1905)
  • Soviet victory in Manchuria (1939)
• Jebtsundamba Khutugtu see Zanabazar
• Jenkinson, Anthony
• Jochi Khan
• Juvaini, Ata-Malek

• Kaiping (Shangdu, Xanadu)
• Kalmyk
  • Bukhara and
  • migration to Nogai steppe (1630)
  • Russian expansion
  • treaty with Muscovy (1655)
  • treaty with Muscovy (1669)
• Kama River region
• Karabalghasun (city)
• Karakorum
  • Buddhism
  • building of (1235)
  • as capital city (1235–1266)
  • Carpini's journey to (1246)
  • cosmopolitanism
  • decline
  • destruction
  • elections of Khans
  • famine
  • lamasery of Erdeni Zuu
  • Marco Polo's journey to (early 1270s)
  • Oirat rule
  • population
  • Qubilai Khan's aid to
  • quriltai of 1246
  • quriltai of 1260
  • reconstruction of
  • spelling
  • tax revenues
  • travellers' descriptions
  • wealth
  • Yuan dynasty rule
• Kasim Khan (r. c.1509–1523)
• Kazakh confederation
• Kazakh dynasty
  • code of laws (Zhety Zhargy)
  • conquest of Sibir (1563)
  • expansion
  • foundation (1467)
• Kazakh Great Horde
  • foundation (1523)
  • Kenisary revolt (1837–46)
  • Oirat attacks on
  • Russian conquest of
  • and Russian expansion
• Kazakh hordes
• Kazakh steppes
  • confederations
  • extent
  • hordes
  • khans
  • mobilization
  • region
  • Russian expansion
  • smychka
• Kazakhstan
  • economic development after 1950
  • independence after 1991
  • Russian rule
  • Semirechie region
  • Soviet rule
  • Virgin Lands Program
• Kebeg, Khan (r. 1309, 1318–1326)
• Kenisary revolt (1837–46)
• Keshig (Mongolian royal guard)
• Khabarov expedition to Amur river (1650’s)
• Khiva
  • agriculture
  • army
  • capital city
  • defeats Peter the Great (1717)
  • defeats Russian force (1839)
  • Kalmyk raids on
  • Kazakh attack on
  • population
  • regional dynasty
  • Russian legal reform
  • Russian protectorate (1873)
  • Russian settlers
  • Russian trade mission (1858)
  • slavery
  • and Soviet Union
  • trade
  • Turkic language
  • and Turkmen nomads
• Khmelnitskii, Bogdan
• Khorezm
  • Abul-Khayr's raid on (1431)
  • armies
  • Black Death (1345)
  • Bukhara and
  • capital city
  • caravans
  • destruction (1388)
  • economic power
  • “Great Troubles”
  • independence
  • Karakorum and
  • and Khiva see Khiva
  • Khorezmian People's Soviet Republic
  • Qongrat dynasty
  • Russian protectorate (1873)
  • Saray and
  • Soviet Union
  • uluses
  • Yadigarid dynasty
• Khotan (city), Yuan forces leave (1289)
• Khwaja Ahrar
• khwajas (Sufi teachers)
• Kiev
  • and Chernobyl disaster (1986)
  • distances from
  • and Khmelnitskii revolt (1648)
  • Lithuanian capture (1362)
  • Lithuanian control
  • Lithuanian threat
  • Muscovy and
  • spelling
  • Stolypin assassination (1911)
  • trade
  • Ukrainian election protests (2004)
  • Ukrainian independence (1991)
  • and Ukrainian nationalism
• Kievan Rus’
  • Batu's invasion (1237)
  • borderland culture
  • Crimean attack on (1482)
  • economic weakness
  • forts and fortification lines
  • fur trade
  • and Golden Horde
  • Lithuania and
  • military weakness
  • mobilization
  • monarchical weakness
  • political divisions
  • and Pontic steppes
  • population growth
  • smychka
  • and Ukrainian nationalism
  • urban centres
  • and Volga Bulgharia
  • western borderlands
• Kokhe-Khota (Hohehot) (city)
• “Komsomol” economy
• Kreva, Union of Lithuania and Poland, (1385)
• Khrushchev, Nikita
• Kublai Khan see Qubilai Khan
• Kuchum Khan
• Kulikovo, battle of (1380)
• Kurbskii, Andrei, Prince
• Kyrgyzstan
  • independence after 1991
  • as Inner Eurasian polity

• land seizures
• largest world empires
• Lenin, Vladimir
• Ligdan Khan (r. 1604–1634)
• Ling-pei (Chinese province of Mongolia)
• Lithuania (to 1385)
  • For Union with Poland see Lithuania/Poland (1385–1795)
  • Blue Waters, battle of (1363)
  • capture of Kiev (1362)
  • foundation (1240–1263)
  • and Golden Horde
  • as Inner Eurasian polity
  • and Moscow Principality
  • rise of
  • and Tver' Principality
• Lithuania/Poland (1385–1795)
  • Andrei Kurbskii flees to
  • Andrusovo treaty with Muscovy (1667)
  • aristocracy (szlachta)
  • Belarus and
  • conflicting political and economic directions
  • and Crimean khanate
  • cultural diversity
  • decline
  • economy
  • emergence and expansion
  • expansion in West
  • extent
  • extinction
  • former territories in modern Ukraine
  • as Inner Eurasian polity
  • and Kazan’ khanate
  • military success
  • mobilization potential
  • mobilization system
  • monarchical power
  • Moscow (Principality) and
  • Muscovy and
  • Muscovy truce (1618)
  • Muscovy war (1654–1667)
  • Orthodox Church
  • and Ottoman empire
  • as Outer Eurasian polity 494
  • partitions of
  • population
  • rise of
  • and Russian Empire
  • slave raids from Pontic steppes
  • territorial losses
  • Union of Kreva (1385)
  • Union of Lublin (1569)
  • Vitautas, Grand Duke see Vitautas
• Lithuania (1795 to present)
  • census of 1897
  • independence (1918)
  • and Ukrainian nationalism
  • World War I
• Little Ice Age
• Liu Ming (Chinese architect of Karkorum)
• Livonia
  • Muscovite campaign in (1558–1583)
  • war between Muscovy and Sweden (1590)
• Lublin, Union of Lithuania and Poland (1569)

• mahallas (urban neighborhoods)
• Mahmud Yalavach
• maliks (local kings)
• Mamaq, Emir
  • capital city (Saray)
  • death (1381)
  • defeat by Moscow at Kulikovo (1380)
  • defeat by Toqtamish (1381)
  • reign
• Mamluk dynasty (Egypt)
  • defeats Mongol army at ’Ain Jalut (1260)
  • embassy to Berke Khan (1263–1264)
  • slave trade with
  • Sultan Baybars alliance with Berke Khan
• Manchu dynasty see Qing dynasty
• Manchuria
  • Russo-Japanese War (1904–1905)
  • Soviet defeat of Japan (1939)
• Mangit dynasty
• Mao Zedong
• market driver of growth
  • capitalism and
  • Communist abolition of
  • Communist reintroduction of
  • drivers of growth
  • fossil fuels revolution and
  • globalization and
  • and “Great Reforms” of Alexander II
  • institutional modernization and
  • mobilization and
  • and monopoly over resources
  • neoliberalsim and
  • railways and
  • Russian industrialization and
• Marx, Karl
• Marxism
• Mas'ud Beg
• “Medieval Climate Anomaly”
• Mendovg (Mindaugas)
• Mengu-Temur, Khan (r. 1267–1280)
• Mesopotamia, Mongol conquest
• mestnichestvo “family precedence” (Russian)
• Metropolitan Peter
• migrations, agriculture and
• Mikhail Yaroslavich, Grand Prince of Tver' (1304)
• Milescu, Nikolay Gavrilovich
• military organization
  • alliances
  • elite discipline
  • mobilization
  • smychka and
• Mindaugas (Mendovg)
• Ming dynasty
  • conquest of Mongolia
  • trade agreement with Altan Khan (1571)
  • trade with Oirat
• mobilization
  • agrarian regions
  • central theme of
  • commerce and
  • concept of
  • and drivers of growth
  • and elite discipline
  • and fossil fuels revolution
  • geography of
  • global speedup in seventeenth century
  • and market driver of growth
  • military campaigns
  • “mobilization pump”
  • progress of
  • reason for success, puzzle as to
  • smychka and
  • in steppes
  • systems of
  • as “tribute-taking”
• “Moghulistan”, definition
• Mongke, Khan (r. 1251–1259)
  • and Batu Khan
  • death (1259)
  • empire of
  • great seal (tamga)
  • lack of successor
  • purge of Chinggisid family (1251)
  • and Qaidu Khan
• Mongol empire
  • breakup
  • capital city see Karakorum
  • Chinese military technology, adoption of
  • Chinggisid family see Chinggisid family
  • economic organisation
  • elections of Khans
  • elite discipline
  • and Eurasian integration
  • fall of
  • foundation
  • Golden Horde compared
  • greatest extent
  • kinship
  • leadership
  • military campaigns
  • military technology transfer
  • mobilization, artisans and builders
  • mobilization, economic
  • mobilization, final years of empire
  • mobilization, military
  • mobilization, systems
  • Mongolia as heartland of
  • purges
  • rapid rise
  • reason for success, puzzle as to
  • secretariats
  • smychka
  • Soviet Union compared
  • trade networks
  • and Yuan China
• Mongolia
  • after breakup of empire
  • Buddhism
  • as Chinese province of Ling-pei
  • Chinese rule 1750–1900
  • Chinggis Khan as national symbol
  • civil war
  • climate
  • Communist rule, beginnings to 1930
  • decline under Yuan dynasty
  • defeat by Ming dynasty
  • definition
  • economic development after 1950
  • empire see Mongol empire
  • geography
  • glasnost and
  • as “heartland”
  • Islam
  • Khalkha see Khalkha
  • migrations
  • nationalism
  • Oirat see Oirat; Zunghar Empire
  • perestroika and
  • Qing dynasty claim to
  • reform and independence after 1985
  • rent-seeking
  • Russian and Soviet influence
  • sixteenth-century
  • Stalinism 1930–1950
  • Virgin Lands Program
  • after Yuan dynasty
• Mongolian steppes
• monopoly over resources
• Moscow, Principality of (to 1500)
  • For post-1500 period see Muscovy
  • Black Death (1353)
  • civil war of succession (1433–1453)
  • and Crimean khanate
  • economic growth during fifteenth century
  • elite discipline
  • expansion during fifteenth century
  • grants of land
  • Kulikovo, battle of (1380)
  • Lithuania and
  • mestnichestvo (family precedence)
  • mobilization strengths
  • Orthodox Church
  • reference to
  • rise, 1240–1400
  • Toqtamish sacks (1382)
  • Tver' and
• Muhammad Shibani Khan (r. 1496–1510
• Muscovy (1500 to 1700)
  • For pre-1500 period see Moscow, Principality of
  • Andrusovo treaty with Lithuania/Poland (1667)
  • Archangel trade with Europe
  • Assembly of the Land (Zemskii Sobor)
  • attack on Smolensk (1632)
  • ban on peasants leaving landlords for 1 year (1581)
  • and Bashkiria
  • Belgorod defence line
  • China and
  • and Circassians
  • Code of Laws (1497)
  • coinage riots of 1656
  • conquers Astrakhan
  • conquers Kazan’ khanate (1552)
  • and Cossacks
  • and Crimean khanate
  • decree allowing forcible return of all peasants who had moved in last 5 years (1597)
  • and elite discipline
  • elite discipline
  • expansion during sixteenth century
  • expansion eastwards in seventeenth century
  • expansion westward in seventeenth century
  • extension of fortified lines
  • famine (1601–1602)
  • fort at Tersk (1567)
  • fort at Tobolsk (1601)
  • fort at Tomsk (1604)
  • fort at Turukhansk (1607)
  • forts and fortification lines
  • forts at Belgorod (1635–1646)
  • and Great Horde
  • India and
  • as Inner Eurasian “heartland”
  • and Kalmyk
  • and Kazakh steppes
  • Khabarov expedition to Amur river (1650’s)
  • and Khmelnitskii revolt
  • Lake Baikal reached (1631)
  • law code (sudebnik) of 1550
  • Lithuania/Poland war (1654–1667)
  • Livonia campaign (1558–1583)
  • Livonia War with Sweden (1590)
  • local government reforms
  • mestnichestvo (family precedence)
  • Milescu's visit to China (1674)
  • mobilization
  • mobilization, economic
  • mobilization, military
  • mobilization, system collapse
  • mobilization, system recovery
  • mobilization, system renewal
  • “National” army (1611–1612)
  • “New Formation” military units
  • oprichnina see oprichnina
  • Orthodox Church
  • Ottoman empire, war with (1676–1681)
  • Petlin's visit to China (1619)
  • population growth
  • reference to
  • riots of 1648
  • Riurikid dynasty ends (1598)
  • serfdom
  • Siberia conquest
  • in sixteenth century
  • smychka
  • southern expansion
  • southern frontier by 1700
  • Stenka Razin revolt (1671)
  • strel'tsy (elite infantry)
  • strel'tsy revolt (1698)
  • Time of Troubles (1598–1603)
  • Transoxiana and, 196m
  • truce with Lithuania/Poland (1618)
  • truce with Sweden (1617)
  • Tula armaments factory (1632)
  • Tula arsenal founded (1632)
  • Tver' and
  • Ugra river, battle of (1480)
  • Ugrians and Voguls, conquest of (1499)
  • Urals iron production begins (1630)
  • and Urals region
  • westward expansion
  • Yakutsk founded (1632)
  • Zemskii Sobor (Assembly of the Land)
  • and Zunghar Empire

• Nakshab (Qarshi) (city)
• Napoleon (Bonaparte)
• Naqshbandiyya Sufi order
• Narva, battle of (1700)
• “National” army (Muscovy, 1611–1612)
• nationalist historiographies
• neoliberalsim
• Nestorian Christianity
  • missionary activities
  • Qaidu Khanate
• New Saray see Saray
• new states after 1991
  • choice between neoliberal and Chinese models of reform
  • economic challenges for
  • elite continuity
  • globalization and
  • political challenges for
• Nicholas I, Tsar (r. 1825–1855)
• Nicholas II, Tsar (r. 1894–1917)
• Nikon, Patriarch
• Nogai steppe, Kalmyk migration to (1630)
• nomadism
  • advantages of agriculture over
  • balance of power with agrarian regions
  • inherent instability
  • mobilization
• nomenklatura (Soviet leadership cadre)
  • and Belarusian nationalism
  • collectivization and
  • co-option through
  • dissent within
  • elite continuity post-1991
  • and elite discipline
  • oligarchs and
  • and Peter the Great's Table of Ranks
  • power and privilege
  • purpose
  • regional indigenous elites
  • and regional policy
• Northerliness and agricultural productivity
• Novgorod
  • Alexander Nevskii becomes prince
  • Black Death (1352)
  • escape from Mongol invasion
  • fur trade
  • Ivan IVs sack and massacre (1570)
  • Lithuania and
  • mobilizational weakness
  • Mongol dominance
  • Muscovite attack (1471)
  • Muscovite conquest (1478)
  • oprichnina devastation of
  • population
  • population decline
  • trade decline
  • trade networks

• oases
  • mobilization
  • oases societies in 16th century
  • population growth
  • smychka
• Ogodei, Khan (r. 1227–1241)
  • builds Karakorum (1235)
  • death (1241)
  • family
  • religion
  • succeeds Chinggis Khan (1227)
  • successors
  • ulus
• Oirat
  • Altan Khan's suzerainty (late 1550’s)
  • Buddhism
  • collapse
  • decline
  • defeat by China in Zunghar wars
  • defeat by Dayan Khan (1510)
  • defeat of Abul-Khayr (1457)
  • defeat of Khalkha (1688)
  • emergence
  • hegemony over Mongolia
  • invasion of China (1449)
  • invasion of eastern Mongolia (1452/3)
  • as Kalmyk
  • mobilization
  • Muscovy and
  • quriltai at Tarbagatai (1640)
  • trade
  • Zunghar Empire see Zunghar Empire
• Okhotsk, Cossacks arrive at (1641)
• Olgerd (Algirdas) Prince of Lithuania (r. 1345–1377)
• Oljeitu Il-Khan
• oprichnina
  • abolition (1572)
  • Boris Godunov and
  • destructiveness
  • elite discipline
  • institution
  • oprichniki
  • sack of Novogorod (1570)
  • Stalin and
  • Stalin's purge of 1936–1939 compared
• Ordu-Baliq (city)
• “organic energy regime”, agriculture and
• Orthodox Church
  • Constantinople and
  • foundation of Patriarchate (1589)
  • and Golden Horde
  • Judaism and
  • Lithuania/Poland
  • Metropolitan Peter moves to Moscow (1320’s)
  • Moscow Principality
  • Muscovy
  • post-Soviet resurgence
  • reforms of 1648–1649
  • Rus'
  • and Russian expansionism
  • and Russian nationalism
  • and Soviet Union
  • Tobolsk Diocise
• Otrepev, Grigorii, Tsar (“false Dmitrii”) (r. 1605–1606)
• Ottoman empire
  • Anatolia
  • capture of Akkerman (1484)
  • capture of Constantinople (1453)
  • conquest of Crimean khanate
  • control of Black Sea
  • Crimean khanate
  • defeat by Timur (1402)
  • emergence and expansion
  • as Inner Eurasian polity
  • and Lithuania/Poland
  • Muscovy, war with (1676–1681)
  • Pontic steppes
  • Syria
• Outer Eurasia
  • empires in sixteenth century
  • extent
  • Inner Eurasian geography compared
  • integration of empires and cultures
  • mobilization strategies
  • population see demography
• Ozbeg, Khan (r. 1313–1341)
  • and Black Death (1346)
  • Gediminas and
  • and Ivan Daniilovich
  • and Mikhail Yaroslavich
  • Muslim faith
  • orda (ceremonial tent)
  • qarachi beys (council of emirs)
  • sister
  • “Uzbek” people of
  • and Yurii Daniilovich

• Pacific region
  • global integration after 1500
  • human societies in 1250
• pastoralism
  • advantages of agriculture over
  • Americas
  • balance of power with agrarian regions
  • after Golden Horde
  • inherent instability
  • livestock
  • mobilization
  • pastoralist societies in 16th century
  • smychka
• peasants
  • migrations
  • mobilization
  • serfdom
  • “yoking together” (smychka) with proletariat
• Pereiaslav, Treaty of (1654)
• perestroika “restructuring” (Russian)
  • collectivization and
  • commencement of
  • concept of
  • era of
  • failure of
  • and “Komsomol” economy
  • Mongolia and
  • nomenklatura and
  • post-1991
  • privatization and
• Persia
  • agrarian population
  • Caucasus and
  • cultural influence
  • and Golden Horde
  • Inner Eurasian campaigns
  • Khivan raids on
  • Mongol conquest
  • Mongol rule see Il-Khanate
  • as Outer Eurasian polity
  • Rabban Sauma's journey to
  • and Russian Empire
  • and Soviet Union
  • Timur invades (1386, 1392)
  • trade
  • trans-Eurasian contacts
  • Transoxiana and
• Peter I (“the Great”), Tsar (r. 1696–1725)
  • defeat by Khiva (1717)
  • economic reforms
  • Europeanization of nobility
  • expansionist campaigns
  • founds St. Petersburg
  • government reforms
  • India and
  • military reforms
  • overthrows regency of Sophia
  • Table of Ranks (1722)
• Petlin, Ivan
• plague see Black Death
• Poland, see Lithuania/Poland
• Politburo (Soviet Union)
• Polo, Marco
• Poltava, battle of (1709)
• Pontic steppes
  • Batu's conquest of (1237–1241)
  • borderland culture
  • Crimean khanate see Crimean khanate
  • and Eurasian integration
  • grain production
  • industry
  • Kalmyk raids on
  • khanates
  • and Kievan Rus'
  • Kucuk Kainarca, treaty of (1774)
  • migrations
  • mobilization
  • Muscovite expansion into
  • nomadism
  • and Ottoman empire
  • pastoralism
  • region of
  • Russian Empire
  • slave raids on Lithuania/Poland
  • smychka
  • Soviet Union
  • trade
  • trade decline
  • Ukraine
  • ulus of Nogai
  • uluses
• population see demography
• Post-Soviet Inner Eurasian Republics (PSIERs) see new states after 1991
• proletariat, “yoking together” (smychka) with peasants
• Putin, Vladimir

• Qaidu, Khan (r. 1271–1301)
• qarachi beys (council of emirs)
• Qarshi (Nakshab) (city)
• Qasim Khan see Kasim Khan
• Qayaliq (city)
• Qing dynasty
  • attack on Khabarov expedition (1652)
  • claim to Mongolia
  • end (1911)
  • foundation (1616)
  • last military success
  • rise
  • rule in Mongolia
  • rule in Xinjiang
  • steppe origins
• Qo Orlog, Kalmyk leader (tayishi)
• Qubilai, Khan (r. 1260–1294)
  • aid to Karakorum
  • becomes Khagan
  • conflict with Ariq-Boke
  • defeats Ariq-Boke (1264)
  • founds Yuan dynasty
  • maintains Mongol status
  • mobilization strengths
  • and Qaidu
  • Southern China campaign
  • successors
• quriltai (Mongol council)
  • of 1206 (great quriltai)
  • of 1246
  • of 1259
  • of 1260
  • of 1364
  • of 1370
  • of 1640
  • allocation of land by
  • decline
  • failure to summon
  • Khural and

• Rabban Bar Sauma
• railways and market driver of growth
• rainfall and interioroty
• Razin, Stenka
• rent-seeking
  • definition
  • Mongolia
  • Soviet Union
  • as tribute-taking
  • Turkmenistan
  • Uzbekistan
  • Xinjiang
• Riurikid dynasty see Muscovy
• Romanov, Filaret, Metropolitan
• Romanov, Mikhail, Tsar (r. 1613–1645)
• Romanov dynasty (1613–1917)
  • beginning
  • and Ivan IV
• Romanova, Anastasia
• Romanova, Sophia
• ruling class see aristocracies and elites
• Rus'
  • Black Death (1352)
  • and Golden Horde
  • Mongol invasion
  • Orthodox Church
• Russia
  • expansion shown as logistic curve
  • polities see Moscow, Principality of (to 1500); Muscovy (1500 to 1700); Rus'; Russian Empire (1700–1917); Russian Federation (1991–present); Soviet Union (1917–1991)
• Russian Empire (1700–1917)
  • For pre-1500 period see Moscow, Principality of
  • For pre-1700 period see Muscovy
  • abolition of serfdom (1861)
  • Alaska colony
  • collapse, reasons for
  • Crimean War (1854–1856)
  • defeat by Sweden at Narva (1700)
  • defeat of Sweden at Poltava (1709)
  • economic and social change after 1850
  • economic growth 1750–1850
  • economic reforms of Peter the Great
  • elite discipline
  • elite fragmentation after 1850
  • eve of World War I
  • evolution and expansion
  • expansion during early eighteenth century
  • expansion during late eighteenth century
  • expansion in early nineteenth century
  • expansion in late nineteenth century
  • expansion under Peter the Great
  • fiscal development 1750–1850
  • fossil fuels revolution
  • global integration, 1750–1850
  • gosudarstvennost (strong stateism)
  • Great Power status
  • “Great Reforms” of Alexander II
  • greatest extent
  • ideological approach to expansion
  • as Inner Eurasian “heartland”
  • Islam
  • and Kazakh Great Horde
  • Kazakh steppes, expansion into, 196m
  • Kazakhstan
  • and market driver of growth
  • military reforms of Peter the Great
  • mobilization, early eighteenth century
  • mobilization, fiscal
  • mobilization, military
  • mobilization, reasons for final collapse
  • mobilization, strategies
  • mobilization, strengths
  • mobilization, weaknesses
  • nobility, Europeanization of
  • Orthodox Church
  • Persia and
  • political and social crisis 1900–1906
  • political changes after 1850
  • reason for success, puzzle as to
  • reference to
  • reform dilemmas after Crimean War
  • reforms of Alexander II (“Great Reforms”)
  • reforms of Peter the Great
  • reforms of Stolypin 1906–1911
  • Revolution of February 1917
  • Revolution of October 1917
  • rise of
  • Siberia, expansion into
  • St. Petersburg becomes new capital (1711)
  • Table of Ranks (1722)
  • Transoxiana
  • World War I
• Russian Federation (1991–present)
  • consolidation and stabilization 1995–2000
  • as Inner Eurasian heartland
  • as Inner Eurasian polity
  • legitimization
  • resurgence of centralism under Putin
  • strength
  • transition to market economy 1991–1995
• Russo-Japanese War (1904–05)
  • “mobilization pump”
  • Russian defeat

• Saray
  • Batu's winter camp
  • Black Death (1346)
  • capital city
  • Carpini's journey to (1246)
  • Christian bishopric (1261)
  • decline
  • emirs of
  • fur trade
  • Golden Horde revived
  • and "Great Troubles” (1360–1380)
  • Islam
  • mobilization center
  • Muscovy and
  • New Saray
  • population
  • and Rus' principalities
  • tax revenues
  • Timur's sackings (1390, 1395)
  • trade
  • tribute-taking
  • ulus
  • urbanization
• Semirechie region
  • definition
  • Giray and Janibek lead migration to (1458)
  • grain exports
  • Great Horde
  • Islam
  • Jadidist movement
  • Kazakh control
  • Kyrgyz migration to
  • Kyrgyz-Russian conflict (1916)
  • Oirat control
  • pastoralism
  • railways
  • Russian Civil War
  • Russian settlement in
  • Silk Roads
  • smychka
  • trade
• serfdom (Russia)
  • abolition (1861)
  • decree of 1649
• shamanism, Islam and
• Shangdu see Kaiping
• Shibanid dynasty (1429–1598)
• Shuiskii, Vasilii, Tsar (r. 1606–1610)
• Siberia
  • economic development after 1950
  • Muscovite conquest
  • Russian migration
  • Russian rule 1750–1850
  • Russian rule 1850–1914
  • Soviet rule
  • trakt (Russian road, 1763)
  • Trans-Siberian railroad
  • Virgin Lands Program
• Sibir, Khanate of
• Silk Roads
  • decline in trade levels
  • and Eurasian integration
  • gateways to
  • Oirat control
  • Pegolotti's guide (1340)
  • routes
  • taxation
• Simeon, Prince of Moscow
• Simeon Bekbulatovich, Grand Prince of Rus’ (1575)
• slavery
• Smolensk, Muscovite attack on (1632)
• smychka “yoking together” (Russian)
  • agrarian regions
  • Americas
  • balance of power within
  • breakdown during 15th century
  • cultural adaptation within
  • and elite discipline
  • forms of agrarian smychka
  • mobilization and
  • Mongol empire
  • process of
  • regional versions of
  • stability or instability of
  • strengths and weaknesses of
  • tensions within
• Soviet Union (1917–1991)
  • balance of modernity and tradition
  • building of socialism
  • Civil War 1918–1921
  • Cold War
  • collectivization
  • command economy, successes
  • defeat of Japan in Manchuria (1939)
  • destalinization
  • economic changes in 1950s
  • economic difficulties in late 1920’s
  • economic growth and slowdown after 1950
  • economic recovery after World War II
  • elite discipline
  • industrialization
  • Islam
  • Kazakhstan
  • “Komsomol” economy
  • mestnichestvo
  • mobilization, efficiency and
  • mobilization, industrialization and
  • mobilization, post-World War II
  • mobilization, success and decline after 1950
  • mobilization, summit of success
  • mobilization, systemic problems after 1950
  • mobilizational machine
  • New Economic Policy
  • new mobilizational order
  • nomenklatura see nomenklatura
  • Orthodox Church
  • perestroika see perestroika
  • peripheral regions, control of
  • Persia and
  • Politburo
  • purge of 1936–1939
  • reason for success, puzzle as to
  • reference to
  • rent-seeking
  • Revolution of October 1917
  • rise and fall
  • Siberia
  • smychka
  • social changes in 1950s
  • Stalinism see Stalin, Joseph
  • superpower status
  • suppression of religion
  • Transoxiana
  • Virgin Lands Program see Virgin Lands Program
  • World War II (“Great Patriotic War”)
  • Xinjiang and
• spelling conventions in book
• St. Petersburg
  • Academy of Sciences (1724)
  • becomes Russian capital
  • foundation
  • name changes
  • railways
  • Revolution of 1905
• Stalin, Joseph
  • Chinggis Khan compared
  • collectivization policy
  • death (1953)
  • destalinization
  • industrialization policy
  • mental and physical decline
  • mobilizational machine
  • and Mongolia
  • and oprichnina
  • World War II
• state formation
  • after 1991 see new states after 1991
  • agrarian regions
• steppes
  • mobilization strategies
  • population growth
  • regions
• Stolypin, P. A.
• strel'tsy “musketeers” (Muscovy)
  • foundation (1550)
  • revolt (1698)
• Stroganov family of merchants
• Sufism
  • influence of
  • khwajas (teachers)
  • mobilization potential
  • Naqshbandiyya order
  • trade
  • Yasawiyya order
• Sultan Tawke (r. 1680–1715)
• Sweden
  • defeated by Peter the Great at Poltava (1709)
  • defeats Peter the Great at Narva (1700)
  • Livonia War with Muscovy (1590)
  • truce with Muscovy (1617)
• synoptic history
• Syria
  • Damascus see Damascus
  • Ottoman rule
  • Saray and
  • Timur invades (1399)

• Table of Ranks (Russian Empire)
• Tajikistan
  • independence after 1991
  • as Inner Eurasian polity
• Talas (city)
• Tamerlane see Timur
• Tana (Azov) (seaport)
• Tarim basin, oases
• Tarmashirin, Khan (r. 1326–1334)
• Taulkel Khan (r. 1586–1598)
• Temriuk Aidar, Prince of Circassians
• Temujin see Chinggis Khan
• Temür, Khan
• Tersk, Muscovite fort at (1567)
• Tibetan (Yellow Hat) Buddhism see Buddhism
• Time of Troubles (1598–1603)
• Timur (Emir Timur, Tamerlane) (r. 1370–1405)
  • birth (c. 1336)
  • campaigns
  • capital city (Samarkand)
  • Chagatay ulus reunified
  • Chinggis Khan compared
  • death (1405)
  • Edigu and
  • elite discipline
  • emir of Transoxiana (1370)
  • firearms used
  • Golden Horde devastated
  • Khorezm destroyed (1388)
  • the “lame” (Aqsaq Timur)
  • leadership strengths
  • Lenin compared
  • as mobilizer
  • Ottomans defeated (1402)
  • Persia invaded (1386, 1392)
  • reign
  • rise
  • Saray sacked (1390, 1395)
  • smychka
  • Stalin compared
  • successors
  • Toqtamish and
  • and Tughlugh-Temur
  • uymaq (entourage, retinue)
  • and Uzbekistan nationalism
• Tiumen’ (city)
• Tiumen’ region
• Tobolsk
  • Diocise of
  • fort at (1601)
  • slavery
  • trade
  • trakt and
• Tode-Menghu, Khan (r. 1280–1287)
• Tomsk, fort at (1604)
• topography, Inner Eurasian distinctiveness
• Toqta, Khan (r. 1291–1312)
• Toqtamish, Khan
  • Algirdas and
  • captures Saray (1376, 1380)
  • defeats Mamaq (1381)
  • flees to Lithuania
  • raids Moscow (1382)
  • reunites Golden Horde
  • Toqtamish, Khan (Continued)
  • sacks Moscow (1382)
  • successors
  • Timur defeats (1390, 1395)
  • Timur supports
  • Vitautas and
• trade
  • Afro-Eurasian trade circuits pre-1500, 4m
  • with Americas
  • and Eurasian integration
• trakt (Russian road through Siberia, 1763)
• Transoxiana
  • Central Asia designation
  • as centre of khanate rule
  • change during 1600–1750
  • definition
  • ecology
  • Ibn Battuta's journey to
  • invasion by Tughlugh-Temur (1360)
  • Islam
  • Khanates before Russian conquest
  • mahallas
  • maliks (local kings)
  • Mas'ud Beg governor of
  • mobilization
  • oases
  • Persia and
  • population growth
  • Qaidu Khanate
  • and quriltai of 1246
  • region
  • regional dynasties after Shibanid rule
  • regions of
  • Russian conquest
  • Russian migration
  • Russian rule
  • secretariat
  • Shibanid rule
  • smychka
  • Soviet rule
  • Sufism
  • Timur emir of (1370)
  • trade
  • Turkic language
  • ulus of Jochi and Batu
  • urbanization
  • Uzbek settlement in
• transport see caravans; railways
• Trans-Siberian railroad
• travel, trans-Eurasian
• tribute-taking
  • mobilization as
  • rent-seeking as
  • secretariats
• Trotsky, Leon
• Tughlugh-Temur, Khan (r. 1347–1363)
• Tula
  • armaments factories
  • fortified lines
• Turkmenistan
  • independence after 1991
  • as Inner Eurasian polity
  • rent-seeking
• Turukhansk, fort at (1607)
• Tver'
  • conquered by Moscow (1485)
  • decline
  • defeat by Muscovy
  • defeats Moscow (1317)
  • Dmitrii Mikhailovich Grand Prince of (1322)
  • escape from Mongol invasion
  • firearms production
  • Lithuania and
  • Mikhail Yaroslavich Grand Prince of (1304)
  • rise of
  • Russian province of
  • sack of (1327)
  • strategic position

• Ugrian lands, Muscovite conquest of (1499)
• Uighur Autonomous Region of Xinjiang
• Uighur Empire
• Uighur kingdom
• Uighuristan
  • definition
  • Mongol raids on
• Ukraine
  • independence after 1991
  • as Inner Eurasian polity
  • Khmelnitskii revolt (1648)
  • Kiev see Kiev; Kievan Rus’
• Ulugh (Muhammad) Beg (r. 1411–1449)
• Ulus of Batu
• Ulus of Chagatay see Chagatay Khanate
• United Kingdom see Britain
• United States
  • Alaska purchase (1867)
  • and Comanche Empire
• unity and elite discipline
• Urals
  • iron production begins (1630)
  • Russian expansion
• urban areas, urbanization
  • aristocracies and elites
  • in Central Asia
• Uzbek dynasty
  • expansion
  • foundation
  • rulers of Transoxiana
  • strength
• Uzbek steppes
  • lands of
  • mobilization
• Uzbekistan
  • contribution to Soviet economy
  • independence after 1991, 408
  • as Inner Eurasian polity
  • rent-seeking
  • Soviet Republic of
  • urbanization

• Vasilii I, Prince of Moscow (r. 1389–1425)
• Vasilii II, Grand Prince of Moscow (r. 1425–1462)
• Vasilii III, Grand Prince of Moscow (r. 1505–1533)
• Vilnius
• Virgin Lands Program (Soviet Union)
  • commencement (1954)
  • failure
  • impact
  • introduction of
  • Mongolian version
• Vitautas, Grand Duke of Lithuania (r. 1392–1430)
• Vladimir
  • Alexander Nevskii Grand Prince of
  • capital city
  • and Lithuania/Poland
  • Mongol invasion
• Vogul lands, Muscovite conquest of (1499)
• Vorskla river, battle of (1399)

• weather see climate
• William of Rubruck
• Winius, Andries
• world empires, largest
• world history see history, historiography

• Xanadu see Kaiping
• Xinjiang
  • Chinese Communist rule, 432
  • Chinese rule 1750–1900
  • definition
  • economic development after 1991
  • “Moghulistan”
  • rent-seeking
  • smychka
  • Soviet influence
  • Uighur Autonomous Region (1955)
  • warlord rule 1911–1949

• Yadigarid dynasty (Khorezm, est. 1515)
• Yakutsk (city)
  • “Committee of Public Safety” (1918)
  • foundation (1632)
  • Khabarov expedition to Amur river (1650’s)
  • slavery
• Yasa (Mongol law code)
• Yasawiyya Sufi order
• Yellow Hat (Tibetan) Buddhism see Buddhism
• Yeltsin, Boris
• Yuan dynasty
  • “Bureau of Pacification”
  • collapse (1368)
  • foundation (1271)
  • last representative
  • and Mongol empire
  • Mongolia after
  • Mongolia during
  • as northern dynasty
  • rule in Xinjiang
  • withdrawal from Central Asia (late 1280’s)
• Yurii Daniilovich, Grand Prince of Moscow (1316)

• Zanabazar, Jebtsundamba Khutugtu
• Zemskii Sobor “Assembly of the Land” (Muscovite)
  • of 1556
  • of 1612
  • Catherine the Great and
  • end (1683)
• Zhety Zhargy (Kazakh code of laws)
• Zunghar Empire
  • aftermath of destruction of
  • attacks on Kazakhs (1698, 1723)
  • capital city
  • Comanche Empire compared
  • defeat by China (1696)
  • description of 1718 battle with China
  • destruction by China/Khalkha alliance (1755–1758)
  • foundation
  • Galdan's reign
  • invades eastern Mongolia (1688)
  • invades Xinjiang (1713)
  • Muscovy and
  • recovery under Tsewang Rabtan (1697–1727)
  • rise of
  • and Russian Empire
  • Tibet conflict with China (1720)
  • Zungharian lands
• Zungharia
  • agriculture
  • Alghu Khanate
  • Chagatay Khanate
  • Chinese conquest see Zunghar Empire
  • definition
  • devastation
  • Islam
  • Kalmyk migration to (1771)
  • Moghulistan
  • nomad incursions
  • Oirat rule see Oirat; Zunghar Empire
  • pastoralism
  • region
  • revolt against Tarmashirin (1334)
  • smychka
  • steppes
  • trade
  • and Xinjiang