INTRODUCTION
p. xi. F. R. Schreiber. Sybil. New York: Warner Books, 1973.
p. xi. C. H. Thigpen & H. Cleckley. The Three Faces of Eve. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1957.
p. xvii. M. Steinberg. Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Dissociative Disorders-Revised (SCID-D-R). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press, 1994. To date, there are more than 65 scientific publications documenting the reliability and clinical utility of the SCID-D-R. Its reliability for detecting and distinguishing patients suffering from dissociation from those with anxiety, depression, and other disorders has been replicated and published by clinical investigators worldwide. For a review of SC1DD-R research, see:
M. Steinberg. Advances in the clinical assessment of dissociation: the SCID-D-R. The Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic (2000) 64(2), 146–163.
p. xix. Y. Aderibigbe, R. Bloch & W. Walker. Prevalence of depersonalization and derealization experiences in rural population. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology. In press. The investigators asked 1,008 adults about experiences of depersonalization and derealization in the past year. The reported prevalence rates were 19.1 percent for depersonalization, 14.4 percent for derealization, and 23.4 percent for either dissociative experience. A majority of those reporting depersonalization (54 percent), and 10 percent of the total sample met Steinberg criteria (1995) for severe or recurrent depersonalization (resulting in dysfunction or distress).
I. IN THEIR OWN WORDS
p. 7. E. R. S Nijenhuis et al. Dissociative pathology discriminates between bipolar mood disorder and dissociative disorder (letter). British Journal of Psychiatry (1997) 170, 581.
2. A HEALTHY DEFENSE GONE WRONG
p. 10. R. Noyes, Jr. & R. Kletti. Depersonalization in response to life-threatening danger. Comprehensive Psychiatry (1977) 18, 375–384.
p. 10. R. Noyes, Jr. & R. Kletti. Panoramic memory: a response to the threat of death. Omega: The Journal of Death and Dying (1977) 8(3), 181–194.
p. 14. J. LeDoux. The Emotional Brain: The Mysterious Underpinnings of Emotional Life. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996, as reported by Stephen S. Hall, The anatomy of fear, The New York Times Magazine, February 28, 1999, 42, 44–47, 69–70, 72, 88–89, 91.
p. 15. D. Fink. The comorbidity of multiple personality disorder and DSM-III-R Axis II disorders. Psychiatric Clinics of North America (1991) 14, 547–566.
p. 15. J. P. Wilson, Z. Harel & B. Kahana (eds.). Human Adaptation to Extreme Stress: From the Holocaust to Vietnam. New York: Plenum Press, 1988.
p. 16 J. A. Chu & D. L. Dill. Dissociative symptoms in relation to childhood physical and sexual abuse. American Journal of Psychiatry (1990) 147, 887–892.
p. 16 J. Goodwin. Post-traumatic symptoms in abused children. Journal of Traumatic Stress (1988) J, 475–488.
p. 16. A. Miller. Thou Shalt Not Be Aware: Society’s Betrayal of the Child. New York: Meridian, 1984.
p. 17. D. Finkelhor, G. Hotaling, I. A. Lewis & C. Smith. Sexual abuse in a national survey of adult men and women: prevalence, characteristics, and risk factors. Child Abuse & Neglect (1990) 14(1), 19–28.
p. 17. J. L. Herman. Father-Daughter Incest. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1981.
p. 17. D. Russell. The incidence and prevalence of intrafamilial and extrafamilial sexual abuse of female children. Child Abuse & Neglect (1983) 7(2), 133–146.
p. 17. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. The Third National Incidence Study of Child Abuse and Neglect. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1996.
p. 17. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Child Maltreatment 1995: Reports from the States to the National Child Abuse and Neglect Data System. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997.
p. 18. W.J. Ray & M. Faith. Dissociative experiences in a college age population: follow-up with 1,190 subjects. Personality and Individual Differences (1995) 18, 223–230.
p. 18. M. Strong. A Bright Red Scream. New York: Viking, 1998.
3. DEBUNKING THE MYTHS
p. 19. K. S. Pope & S. Feldman-Summers. National survey of psychologists’ sexual and physical abuse history and their evaluation of training and competence in these areas. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice (1992) 23, 5, 353–361 p. 20. C. Classen, D. Spiegel & C. Koopman. Trauma and Dissociation. Bulletin of the Menninget Clinic (1993) 57, 2, 178–194.
p. 20. E. Cardena & D. Spiegel. Dissociative reactions to the Bay Area earthquake, American Journal of Psychiatry (1993) 150, 3, 474–478.
Numerous investigations during the past decade, both in the United States and abroad, have confirmed that dissociative disorders are common in the general population as well as among patient populations. Following are prevelance studies of dissociative disorders in general and outpatient populations:
p. 21. D. Davis & M. Davis. The prevalence of dissociative disorders within the mental health services of a British urban district. In: International Society for the Study of Dissociation (ed.), Proceedings of the Fourth international Conference of the International Society for the Study of Dissociation. Chester, UK (1997). The estimated life prevalence rates for a British sample as 15.2 percent for dissociative disorders in general and 5.7 percent for dissociative identity disorder.
p. 21. S. Graves. Dissociative disorders and dissociative symptoms at a community mental health center. Dissociation (1989) 2,119–127.
p. 21. M. Poustovoyt et al. Epidemology of the dissociative disorders in the conventionally healthy persons population. Acta Psychiatrica, Psychoterapeutica et Ethologica Tavica (2000) 5, 2–13. The authors surveyed 1,056 people in the Ukraine using a screening tool. They found that 12 percent had scores indicating considerable dissociative experiences, p. 21 C. A. Ross. Epidemology of multiple personality disorder and dissociation. Psychiatric Clinics of North America (1991) 14, 503–517. Ross surveyed 454 adults from the general population in Canada and found that 10 percent had a dissociative disorder of some type and 1 percent had DID.
p.21 W.J. Ray & M. Faith. Dissociative experiences in a college-age population: Follow-up with 1,190 subjects. Personality and Individual Differences (1995) 18, 223–230.
p. 21. V. Sar et al. Frequency of dissociative disorders in the general population: an epidemiological study in Turkey. In: International Society for the Study of Dissociation (ed.), Proceedings of the International Society for the Study of Dissociation, 1998. p. 21. Based on a survey of 624 women in the city of Sivas, Turkey, the authors estimated that 1.1 percent of women in the general population of Sivas had DID and 18.3 percent had a dissociative disorder,
p.21. V. Sar et al. Frequency of dissociative disorders among psychiatric outpatients in Turkey. Comprehensive Psychiatry (2000) 41, 216–222. In this study, dissociative disorders were common among 150 outpatients in Turkey. Twenty-three (15.3%) were found to have significant dissociative symptoms and eighteen (12%) were diagnosed as having a dissociative disorder.
p. 21. J. R. Vanderlinden et al. Dissociation and traumatic experiences in the general population of the Netherlands. Hospital & Community Psychiatry (1993) 44, 786–788. These authors found that dissociative experiences were in their sample of 378 individuals in the Netherlands.
p. 21. J. R. Vanderlinden et al. Dissociated experiences in the general population in the Netherlands and Belgium: A study with the Dissociative Questionnaire (DIS-Q). Dissociation (1991) 4, 180–184. Vanderlinden et al. surveyed 235 Dutch and 139 Flemish people using a screening tool and found that 3 percent reported serious dissociative symptoms and 1 percent showed scores as high as those seen in individuals with multiple personality,
p.21. R. C. Kessler et a). Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders in the United States: results from the National Cormobidity Survey. Archives of General Psychiatry (1994) 51:8–19. Kessler and colleagues report on the prevalence of a variety of psychiatric disorders, based on interviews of a national sample of 8,098 respondents. They found the twelve-month prevalence of major depressive episodes to be 10.3 percent and generalized anxiety disorder, 3.1 percent,
p.23. For a scholarly review of research in this field, see D. Brown, A. W. Scheflin & D. C. Hammond. Memory, Trauma Treatment, and the Law: An Essential Reference on Memory for Clinicians, Researchers, Attorneys, and Judges. New York: W W. Norton, 1998.
p. 23. International Society for the Study of Dissociation (ISSD). Guidelines for Treating Dissociative Identity Disorder (Multiple Personality Disorder) in Adults. Skokie, IL: ISSD, 1994.
p. 23. D. Schacter. Memory distortion: history and current status. In D. L. Schacter et al., eds. Memory distortion: How Minds, Brains, and Societies Reconstruct the Past. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, pp. 1–43. Schacter notes (p. 28): “A further question concerns whether people can falsely create an entire history of traumatic abuse when none occurred. There is no hard scientific evidence that shows such a phenomenon uniquivocally.”
p. 23. E. Bernstien & F W. Putnam. Development, reliability and validity of a dissociation scale. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease (1986) 174, 727–735. This study describes the reliability and validity of a widely used screening tool, the Dissociative Experiences Scale,
p.23. K. Riley. Measurement of dissociation. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease (1988) 176, 449–450. This investigation describes the reliability of another useful screening tool, the Questionnaire of Experiences of Dissociation,
p.23. J. LeDoux. The Emotional Brain. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996.
p. 23. M. B. Stein et al. Hippocampal volume in women victimized by child abuse. Psychological Medicine (1997) 27,951–959.
p. 23. B. A. Van der Kolk, J. Burbridge & J. Suzaki. The psychobiology of traumatic memory: clinical implications of neuroimaging studies. Annals of the New York Academy of Science (1997) 821, 99–113.
p. 23. p. Coons. Confirmation of child abuse in child and adolescent cases of multiple personality and dissociative disorder not otherwise specified. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease (1994) 182, 461–464.
p. 23. p. Barach. Therapeutic techniques used by therapists treating their first patient with dissociative identity disorder: diagnostic indicators, memory recovery techniques, therapeutic boundaries. In: The International Society for the Study of Dissociation (ed.). Proceedings of the International Society for the Study of Dissociation. San Francisco, 1996.
p. 23. J. Herman, & M. Harvey. Adult memories of childhood trauma: a naturalistic clinical study. Journal of Traumatic Stress (1997) 10, 557–571.
p. 23. Kenneth V. Lanning. Investigator’s Guide to Allegations of “Ritual” Child Abuse. National Center for the Analysis of Violent Crime, Federal Bureau of Investigation, Quantico, VA, 1992. Ken Lanning, the FBI agent in charge of ritual-abuse investigations, has written: “I believe that the majority of victims alleging ‘ritual abuse’ are in fact victims of some form of abuse or trauma” (p. 39).
p.25. L. Silvern et al. Retrospective reports of parental partner abuses: relationships to depression, trauma systems and self-esteem among college students. Journal of Family Violence (1995) 10(2), 177–202.
p. 25. L. M. Williams. Recall of childhood trauma: a prospective study of women’s memories of child sexual abuse. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology (1994) 62(6), 1167–1176. Dr. Williams’s follow-up of 129 women seventeen years after they were treated at an ER for sexual assault revealed that 38 percent of the women had amnesia for their abuse. She found that the factors relating to having amnesia included earlier age at onset of abuse, more violent abuse, and longer duration,
p.25. D. Elliott & J. Briere. Post-traumatic stress associated with delayed recall of sexual abuse: a general population study Journal of Traumatic Stress (1995) 8, 629–647. Drs. Elliot and Briere found that of 505 people who had been sexually abused 42 percent experienced some form of amnesia for their abuse. The factors influencing the delayed recall of the abuse included threats by perpetrators and a high level of distress associated with the abuse,
p.26. L. C. Terr. Too Scared to Cry: Psychic Trauma in Childhood. New York: Harper & Row, 1990. Dr. Terr found that children under age three at the time of exposure to documented trauma almost always experienced behavioral memory—including fears, dreams, and reenactments—of the trauma,
p.26. L. C. Terr. Childhood traumas: an outline and overview. American Journal of Psychiatry (1991) 148, 10–20. Dr. Terr summarizes the relationship between frequency of trauma and memory as follows: “Verbal recollections of single shocks in an otherwise traumafree childhood are delivered in an amazingly clear and detailed fashion. Children sometimes sound like robots as they strive to tell every detail as efficiently as possible” (p. 14), where memories of prolonged abuse develop into amnesias,
p.26. J. Briere & J. Conte. Self-reported amnesia for abuse in adults molested as children. Journal of Traumatic Stress (1993) 6(1), 21–31. Drs. Briere and Conte found that of 450 adults with sexual abuse histories 59 percent had experienced amnesia as a result of their abuse at some time prior to age eighteen,
p.26. J. Herman & E. Schatzow. Recovery and verification of memories of childhood sexual trauma. Psychoanalytic Quarterly (1987) 4(1), 1–14. Drs. Herman and Schatzow found that of 53 female incest survivors in group therapy 74 percent had been able to corroborate their abuse experiences from various sources, including perpetrator admissions and the discovery that another sibling had also been sexually abused,
p.26. M. Steinberg, P. Hall and D. Cicchetti. Recognizing the validity of dissociative symptoms and disorders using the SCID-D-R: Guidelines for clinical and forensic evaluations. The University of Southern California Interdisciplinary Law Journal. In press. The authors present systematic guidelines for detecting the validity of dissociative symptoms and disorders.
p. 27. S. Boon & N. Draijer. Diagnosing dissociative disorders in the Netherlands: a pilot study with the structured clinical interview for DSM-III R Dissociative Disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry (1991) 148(4), 458–462.
p. 27. T. Kundaker et al. The reliability and validity of the Turkish version of the SCID-D. In: Dissociative Disorders: Proceedings of the International Society for the Study of Dissociation, ed. The International Society for the Study of Dissociation. Chicago, 1998.
p. 27. F. W. Putnam: Diagnosis and Treatment of Multiple Personality Disorder. New York: The Guilford Press, 1989.
p. 27. G. Fraser et al. Contrasts between DID, paranoid schizophrenia, non-psychiatric controls, and a non-patient group simulating DID as a factitious disorder on normed tests and interviews. In: International Society for the Study of Dissociation (ed.). Proceedings for the 16th International Conference of the Society for the Study of Dissociation: Integrating Dissociation Theory into Clinical Practice and Psychological Research, pp. 12–13. Miami, FL: ISSD, 1999.
Another investigation conducted by Kluft found no malingerer able to be consistent in the characteristics of an assumed personality; the assumption of alters was polarized along good/bad or innocent/guilty personalities. See R. P. Kluft. The simulation and dissimulation of multiple personality disorder. American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis (1987) 30, 104–118.
A study purporting to show that people can readily enact a multiple personality when given “appropriate inducements” was conducted by Spanos, Weekes, and Bertrand on 48 college students role-playing accused murderers—not a typical DID case to begin with. The study involved simulated hypnotic interviews during which the “hypnotized” subjects were told that the interviewer wanted to communicate with another part of them. Subjects were then asked four questions: (1) Who are you? (2) Can you tell me about yourself? (3) Do you have a name I can call you by? (4) Tell me about yourself [repeating the alternate name]. What do you do? See N. P. Spanos, J. R. Weekes, and L. D. Bertrand. Multiple personality: a social psychological perspective. Journal of Abnormal Psychology (1985) 94, 362–376.
Although Spanos et al. reported that some subjects used an alternate name and said they could not remember anything beyond the initiation of the hypnotic procedure, there was no evidence that the researchers were able to elicit the full range of symptoms necessary for a diagnosis of DID. In fact, the use of an alternate name and the claimed presence of amnesia (based on yes/no responses) are insufficient to meet the DSM-IV criteria for such a diagnosis.
p. 27. G. Gleaves. The sociocognitive model of dissociative identity disorder: a re-examination of the evidence. Psychological Bulletin (1996) 120(1), 42–59.
p. 28. R. P. Kluft. An overview of the psychotherapy of dissociative identity disorder. American Journal of Psychotherapy (1999) 53, 289–318.
p. 28. F. W. Putnam et al. The clinical phenomenology of multiple personality disorder: 100 recent cases. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry (1986) 47, 285–293.
p. 28. J. Allen. Coping with Trauma: A Guide to Self-Understanding. Washington, D. C. : American Psychiatric Press, 1995.
4. THE FIVE CORE SYMPTOMS
The following two publications provide a review of the five core symptoms:
M. Steinberg. Handbook for the Assessment of Dissociation: A Clinical Guide. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press, 1995
_____. Advances in the clinical assessment of dissociation: the SCID-D-R. The Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic (Spring 2000) 64(2) 146–163.
The following two audiotapes provide a review of these symptoms and the assessment process:
M. Steinberg. A Clinician’s Guide to Diagnosing Dissociative Symptoms and Disorders: The SCID-D. Toronto: Multi-Health Systems, 1996, Audiocassette and manual.
_____. Tips and Techniques for Assessing and Planning Treatment with Dissociative Disorder Patients: A Practical Guide to the SCID-D. Toronto: Multi-Health Systems, 1996. Audiocassette and manual.
The SCID-D-R has been translated into French, Spanish, Japanese, Portuguese, Hebrew, Russian, Dutch, Norwegian, German, and Turkish. Numerous investigations in the United States and abroad have found that the SCID-D-R is a reliable tool for the identification of the five core dissociative symptoms and disorders, and that these symptoms are universal manifestations of the ways individuals survive trauma. Guidelines for clinicians in the administration and scoring of the SCID-D-R can be found in M. Steinberg. Interviewer’s Guide to the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Dissociative Disorders-Revised (SCID-D-R). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press, 1994.
5. THE. BLACK HOLE OF LOST MEMORIES
p.42. D. Laub & Ν. Auerhahn. Knowing and not knowing massive psychic trauma: forms of traumatic memory. International Journal of Psychoanalysis (1993) 74, 287–302.
p. 42. R.Joseph. The neurology of traumatic “dissociative” amnesia: commentary and literature review. Child Abuse & Neglect (1999) 8, 715–727.
p. 42. L. Nadel & W. Jake Jacobs. Traumatic memory is special. Current Directions in Psychological Science (1998) 7(5), 154–157.
p. 42. B. D. Perry, L. Conroy & A. Ravitz. Persisting psychophysiological effects of traumatic stress: the memory of “states.” Violence Update (1991) 1(8), 1–11.
p. 43. p. M. Coons & V. Milstein. Self-mutilation associated with dissociative disorders. Dissociation (1990) 3(2), 81–87.
p. 43. D. Miller. Women Who Hurt Themselves. New York, Basic Books, 1994.
p. 43. M. Strong. A Bright Red Scream. New York: Viking, 1998.
See also chapters 3 and 4 in M. Steinberg, Handbook for the Assessment of Dissociation: A Clinical Guide. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press, 1995.
6. WATCHING YOURSELF FROM A DISTANCE
p. 54. R. Noyes Jr. et al. Depersonalization in accident victims and psychiatric patients. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease (1977) 164, 401–407.
p. 58. J. P. Cattell & J. S. Cattell. Depersonalization: psychological and social perspectives. In American Handbook of Psychiatry, 2nd ed., ed. S. Arieti. New York: Basic Books, 1974, pp. 766–799. Cattell and Cattell found that depersonalization is the third most common clinical symptom among psychiatric patients, after anxiety and depression,
p.58. M. Roth. The phobic anxiety-depersonalization syndrome and some general aetiological problems in psychiatry. Journal of Neuropsychiatry (1960) 1, 293–306.
See also chapters 5 and 6 in M. Steinberg, Handbook for the Assessment of Dissociation: A Clinical Guide. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press, 1995.
p. 59. F. Miller & E. A. Bashkin. Depersonalization and self-mutilation. Psychoanalytic Quarterly (1974) 43(4), 638–649.
p. 61. R. J. Lifton. Understanding the traumatized self: imagery, symbolism, and transformation, in Human Adaptation to Extreme Stress: From the Holocaust to Vietnam, ed. J. P. Wilson et al. New York: Plenum Press, 1988.
7. A VISIT TO THE LAND OF OZ
p. 68. G. Florio & M. Matza. Gunshots, blood and chaos, The Philadelphia Inquirer, April 21, 1999, pp. Al, A16.
p. 71. V. Siomopoulos. Derealization and déjà vu: formal mechanisms. American Journal of Psychotherapy (1972) 26, 84–89.
p. 77. E. Pooley. Portrait of a deadly bond. Time May 10, 1999, pp. 26–32.
p. 78. Nancy Gibbs et al. Special report: the Littleton massacre. Time, May 3, 1999.
See also chapters 7 and 8 in M. Steinberg, Handbook for the Assessment of Dissociation: A Clinical Guide. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press, 1995.
8. WHEN YOU DON’T KNOW WHO YOU ARE
p. 82. J. Palmer. A new leaf: how a Wall Streeter turned restaurateur. Barron’s May 10, 1999, pp. 25–26, 28.
p. 83. K. Gergen. The Saturated Self: Dilemmas of Identity in Contemporary Life. New York: Basic Books, 1991.
p. 83. E. H. Erikson. Identity: Youth and Crisis. New York: W. W. Norton, 1968.
p. 83. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th ed. (DSM-IV). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association, 1994.
p. 92. C. Gilligan. In a Different Voice: Psychological Theory and Women’s Development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1982.
See also chapter 10 in M. Steinberg, Handbook for the Assessment of Dissociation: A Clinical Guide. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press, 1995.
9. ONE PERSON, MANY SELVES
See chapters 9 and 11 in M. Steinberg, Handbook for the Assessment of Dissociation: A Clinical Guide. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press, 1995.
10. MEN, ABUSE, AND DISSOCIATIVE DISORDERS
p. 118. M. Landsberg. Memories of molestation recovered by men, too. The Toronto Star, March 4, 2000.
p. 118. M. Hunter. Abused Boys: The Neglected Victims of Sexual Abuse. New York: Fawcett Columbine, 1990.
p. 119. E. Griffin-Shelly, L. R. Benjamin & R. Benjamin. Sex addiction and dissociation. Sexual Addiction and Compulsivity: The Journal of Treatment and Prevention (1995) 2, 295–306.
p. 119 G. Kolodner & R. Frances. Recognizing dissociative disorders in patients with chemical dependency. Hospital and Community Psychiatry (1993) 44 (II), 1041–1043.
13. JEAN W.: NIGHTMARE VISIONS
p. 216. G. Dunn et al. Dissociative symptoms in a substance abuse population. American Journal of Psychiatry (1993) 150, 1043–1047.
p. 238. For further reflections on forgiveness, see A. Miller, Breaking Down the Walls of Silence: The Liberating Experience of Facing Painful Truth. New York: Dutton, 1991.
pp. 247-48. The technique used to treat Jean was adapted from the nonhypnotic chair technique as described in J. G. Watkins & Η. Watkins, Ego States: Theory and Therapy. New York: Norton, 1997.
p. 249. J. Ford. Wonderful Ways to Love a Child. Berkeley, CA: Conari Press, 1994.
14. A DIFFERENT APPROACH: THE FOUR C’S
Ρ 256. J. L. Herman. Trauma and Recovery. New York, Basic Books: 1992.
p. 256. R. P. Kluft. The initial stages of psychotherapy in the treatment of multiple personality disorder patients. Dissodation (1993) 6(2/3), 145–161.
p. 259 The following are recommended books for adults that focus on comforting and parenting techniques:
A. Domar & Η. Dreher. Self-Nurture: Learning to Care for Yourself as Effectively as You Care for Everyone Else. New York: Viking-Penguin, 2000.
J. Ford. Wonderful Ways to Love a Child. Berkeley, CA: Conari Press, 1994.
J. Gray. Children Are from Heaven. New York: HarperCollins, 1999.
C. D. Kasl. Finding Joy: 101 Ways to Free Your Spirit. New York: HarperCollins, 1994.
J. Louden. The Woman’s Comfort Book: A Self-Nurturing Guide for Restoring Balance in Your Life. New York: HarperCollins, 1992.
. The Couple’s Comfort Book: A Creative Guide for Renewing Passion, Pleasure
and Commitment. New York: HarperCollins, 1994.
W. H. Missildine. Your Inner Child of the Past. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1963.
N.J. Napier. Getting Through the Day: Strategies for Adults Hurt as Children. New York: W. W. Norton, 1993.
V. Vienne. The Art of Imperfection—Simple Ways to Make Peace with Yourself. New York: Clarkson Potter, 1999.
p. 260. The following are some of my favorite therapeutic books for children of all ages:
A. Gash. What the Dormouse Said: Lessons for Groum-Ups from Children’s Books. Chapel Hill, NC: Algonquin Books, 1999. This book summarizes the “wisdom from more than two hundred best-loved children’s books.”
M. Gerstein. The Wild Boy—Based on a True Story of the Wild Boy of Aveyron. New York: Frances Foster Books, 1998.
C. Myers. Wings. New York: Scholastic Press, 2000.
S. Greenlee. When Someone Dies. Atlanta: Peachtree Publishers, 1992.
M. Itoh. I Want to Tell You About My Feelings. New York: William Morrow, 1992.
M. K. Shanley. She Taught Me to Eat Artichokes. Marshalltown, IA: Sta-Kris, 1993. This wonderful story of friendship and growth asks the following question: “We are most comfortable with the things we know the best. But if we always avoid the unfamiliar, how will we ever know what riches may be waiting for us, deep within the heart?”
p. 261. J. Viorst. Rosie and Michael. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1988.
p. 261. M. Waddell & B. Firth. Can’t You Sleep, Little Bear? Cambridge, MA: Candlewick Press, 1988.
p. 267. J. Frye. Betrayal Trauma: The Logic of Forgetting Childhood Abuse. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1998.
p. 268. M. Torem. Therapeutic writing as a form of ego-state therapy. American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis (1993) 33, 267–276.
p. 273. Hypnosis can be useful during the course of therapy for a variety of symptoms, including stress reduction, phobias, and anxiety. The following studies provide additional information about the applications of hypnosis:
C. D. Hammond. Hypnosis in the treatment of dissociative identity disorder. In Multiple Personality Disorder: Continuum of Care, ed. Β. M. Cohen & J. A. Turkus. New York: Brunner/Mazel. In press,
p.273. D. Spiegel: Hypnosis in the treatment of victims of sexual abuse. Psychiatric Clinics of North America (1989) 12, 295–305.
p. 273. Y. M. Dolan. Resolving Sexual Abuse: Solution-Focused Therapy and Ericksonian Hypnosis for Adult Survivors. New York: Norton, 1991. p. 273. J. G. Watkins & H. Watkins. Ego States: Theory and Therapy. New York: Norton, 1997. For further information about treatment of the five core symptoms, see the following two studies: P. Hall & M. Steinberg. Systematic assessment of dissociative symptoms and disorders in a clinical out-patient setting: three cases. Dissociation (1994) 7, 112–116; idem, The SCID-D diagnostic interview and treatment planning in dissociative disorders. Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic (1997) 67(1), 108–120.
The treatment of individuals with dissociative disorders also requires familiarity with unique parenting, couples and family issues, as well as spiritual issues. For further information, see the following three studies:
L. R. Benjamin & R. Benjamin. An overview of family treatment in dissociative disorders. Dissociation (1992) 5, 236–241.
_____. Various perspectives on parenting and their implications for the treatment of dissociative disorders. Dissociation (1994) 7, 246–260.
E. S. Bowman. Understanding and responding to religious material in the therapy of multiple personality disorder. Dissociation (1989) 2, 231–238.
15. ALIENS FROM INNER SPACE: UFO ABDUCTIONS, PAST LIVES, NEAR-DEATH EXPERIENCES
p. 275. B. Hopkins. Missing Time. New York: Ballantine Books, 1988.
p. 278. J. Frye. Betrayal Trauma: The Logic of Forgetting Childhood Abuse. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1998.
p. 278. C. McLeod, B. Corbisier & J. Mack. A more parsimonious explanation for UFO abduction. Psychological Inquiry (1996) 7(2), 156–168.
p. 278. A. Miller. Breaking Down the Walls of Silence: The Liberating Experience of Facing Painful Truth. New York: Dutton, 1991.
p. 278. J. Takhar & S. Fisman. Alien abduction in PTSD. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry (1995) 34(8), 974–975.
p. 282. J. Mack. Abduction: Human Encounters with Aliens. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1994.
p. 284. S. Powers. Dissociation in alleged extraterrestrial abductees. Dissociation: Progress in the Dissociative Disorders (1994) 7(1), 44–50.
p. 285. K. Ring & C. Rosing. The Omega project: a psychological survey of persons reporting abductions and other UFO encounters. Journal of UFO Studies (1990) 2, 59–98.
p. 287. B. Weiss. Many Lives, Many Masters. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1988.
p. 291. R. Noyes, Jr. & R. Kletti. Depersonalization in the face of life-threatening danger: a description. Psychiatry (1976) 39, 19–27.
p. 292. R. Moody. Life After Life. New York: Bantam Books. 1985.
p. 292. M. Morse. Closer to the Light. New York: Villard Books, 1990.
p. 292. B. Eadie. Embraced by the Light. Placerville, CA: Gold Leaf Press, 1992.
16. UNNECESSARY LOSSES
p. 296. M. Steinberg et al. Distinguishing between multiple personality disorder and schizophrenia using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Dissociative Disorders. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease (1994) 182, 495–502.
p. 297. R. P. Kluft. Treatment of multiple personality: a study of 33 cases. Psychiatric Clinics of North America (1984) 7, 9–29.