[562] Anderson Cooper and Michael Ware. Israeli Forces Strike Deep Into Lebanon. Aired August 1, 2006. Program transcript. Anderson Cooper 360 Degrees. CNN.com. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0608/01/acd.01.html
[563] “According to [Lebanese leader Walid] Jumblatt, Iranian arms are now shipped through tunnels on the Syrian border built with the connivance of Lebanese security officials (Lebanese Broadcasting Corporation, September 25).” Andrew McGregor. Concerns Mount over Hezbollah’s Rearmament. Terrorism Focus. Volume 3, Issue 38 (October 3, 2006). The Jamestown Foundation. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://jamestown.org/terrorism/news/article.php?articleid=2370149
[564] Behrouz Mehri. Iran successfully tests ‘strategic missile.’ USA Today, September 24, 2004. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2004-09-25-iran-missile_x.htm
[565] Dany Shoham. Guile, Gas and Germs: Syria’s Ultimate Weapons. The Middle East Quarterly, Summer 2002. The Middle East Forum. Retrieved October 12, 2006, from the World Wide Web http://www.meforum.org/article/493
[566] In its founding document, The Hizballah Program, Hisbollah makes plain its nature as a subsidiary of the Iranian Islamic Revolution. The Hizballah Program says, “We obey the orders of one leader, wise and just, that of our tutor and faqih (jurist) who fulfills all the necessary conditions: Ruhollah Musawi Khomeini. God save him!” Ruhollah Musawi Khomeini is the Ayatollah Khomeini, the George Washington and Thomas Jefferson of the Iranian Revolutionary state. See: The Hizballah Program. Translation of “Nass al-Risala al-Maftuha allati wajahaha Hizballah ila-l-Mustad’afin fi Lubnan wa-l-Alam,” published February 16, 1985 in al-Safir (Beirut), and also in a separate brochure. In The Jerusalem Quarterly, number Forty-Eight, Fall 1988. Retrieved October 14, 2006, from the World Wide Web http://www.ict.org.il/Articles/Hiz_letter.htm
[567] Sahih Bukhari. Book 52, Hadith 176-177. Translated by M. Muhsin Khan. SearchTruth.com. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://www.searchtruth.com/searchHadith.php?keyword=There+is+a+Jew+hiding+behind+me&translator=1&search=1&book=&start=0&records_display=10&search_word=exact
[568] Hizballah. The Hizballah Program. Translation of “Nass al-Risala al-Maftuha allati wajahaha Hizballah ila-l-Mustad’afin fi Lubnan wa-l-Alam,” published February 16, 1985 in al-Safir (Beirut), and also in a separate brochure. In The Jerusalem Quarterly, number Forty-Eight, Fall 1988. Retrieved October 14, 2006, from the World Wide Web http://www.ict.org.il/Articles/Hiz_letter.htm
[569] “Predators at the top of the fool chain are said to exercise a major controlling influence over the larger ecosystem, a special status indicated by a variety of terms, including ‘top predator’, ‘top carnivore’, ‘summit predator’, and ‘keystone predator (Terborgh 1988; Mills et al. 1993: 220).
“A top predator is an animal at the apex of the food chain that connects all organisms in an ecosystem... Top predators perform several functions that are essential to the maintenance of natural systems as we currently enjoy them. Top predators stimulate evolutionary adaptations in prey species, influence to varying degrees the composition and structure of ecosystems, support an interconnected chain of other species and signal the integrity of ecosystems. (Curlee and Clark 1995: 19)
John Knight. Waiting for Wolves in Japan: An Anthropological Study of People-Wildlife Relations. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, 2003.
[570] Wikipedia. Saliva. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saliva
[571] Wikipedia. Ruminant. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruminant
Wikipedia. Cud. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cudbioethicist
[572] A. Guillaume. The Life of Muhammad: A Translation of Ibn Ishaq’s Sirat Rasul Allah. New York: Oxford University Press, 1955 , eighteenth printing, 2004: p. 461.
[573] A. Guillaume. The Life of Muhammad: A Translation of Ibn Ishaq’s Sirat Rasul Allah. New York: Oxford University Press, 1955 , eighteenth printing, 2004: p. 462. See also: al-Tabari. The History of al Tabari (“Tarikh al-rusul wa’l muluk”), Volume VIII, The Victory of Islam. Trans. Michael Fishbein. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1997, p. 30.
[574] A. Guillaume. The Life of Muhammad: A Translation of Ibn Ishaq’s Sirat Rasul Allah. New York: Oxford University Press, 1955 , eighteenth printing, 2004: p. 462. See also: al-Tabari. The History of al Tabari (“Tarikh al-rusul wa’l muluk”), Volume VIII, The Victory of Islam. Trans. Michael Fishbein. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1997, p. 30.
[575] A. Guillaume. The Life of Muhammad: A Translation of Ibn Ishaq’s Sirat Rasul Allah. New York: Oxford University Press, 1955 , eighteenth printing, 2004: pp. 461-462. See also: al-Tabari. The History of al Tabari (“Tarikh al-rusul wa’l muluk”), Volume VIII, The Victory of Islam. Trans. Michael Fishbein. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1997, p. 30.
[576] al-Tabari. The History of al Tabari: English translation of “at Tareekh al Tabari”: Volume VIII, p. Albany: State University of New York Press: p. 30. A. Guillaume. The Life of Muhammad: A Translation of Ibn Ishaq’s Sirat Rasul Allah. New York: Oxford University Press, 1955 , eighteenth printing, 2004: p. 462.
[577] al-Tabari. The History of al Tabari: English translation of “at Tareekh al Tabari”: Volume VIII, p. Albany: State University of New York Press: p. 30. A. Guillaume. The Life of Muhammad: A Translation of Ibn Ishaq’s Sirat Rasul Allah. New York: Oxford University Press, 1955 , eighteenth printing, 2004: p. 462.
[578] “Valhalla.” Encyclopædia Britannica. 2006. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 12 Oct. 2006 <http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9074709>.
[579] A History of the Vikings. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1930, reprinted by New York: Dover Press, 2004: p. 119.
[580] Thomas S. Noonan. European Russia, c. 500=c. 1050. In The New Cambridge Medieval History. Edited by Timothy Reuter. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1999: p. 508. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangians; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rurik; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rus%27_%28people%29
[581] Daniel J. Boorstin. The Discoverers: A History of Man’s Search To Know His World And Himself. New York: Vintage Books, 1985.
[582] Wikipedia. Qing Dynasty. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qing_Dynasty
[583] Wikipedia. Taiwan. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan
[584] Wikipedia. Imperial Examination. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_examination
[585] Wikipedia. Imperial Examination. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_examination
[586] Ross E. Dunn. The Adventures of Ibn Battuta: A Muslim Traveler of the Fourteenth Century. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. 1986.
[587] “Islam is an Arabic word the root of which is Silm and Salam. It means among others: peace, greeting, salutation, obedience, loyalty, allegiance, and submission to the will of the Creator of the Universe.” University of Southern California. USC-MSA Compendium of Muslim Texts. Islamic Glossary. Muslim Student Association. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/reference/glossary/term.ISLAM.html
[588] Dr. Muhammad Ali Hashimi. The Ideal Muslimah: The True Islamic Personality of the Muslim Woman as Defined in the Quran and the Sunnah. Translated by Nasiruddin Al-Khattab Saudi Arabia: International Islamic Publishing House, 1998. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/humanrelations/womeninislam/idealmuslimah/
[589] Dr. Muhammad Ali Al-Hashimi. Hajar, Um Isma’il. The IDEAL MUSLIMAH: The True Islamic Personality of the Muslim Woman as Defined in the Quran and Sunnah. Translated by Nasiruddin Al-Khattab. Published by International Islamic Publishing House. USC-MSA Compendium of Muslim Texts. University of Southern California. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/humanrelations/womeninislam/idealmuslimah/. Also available at http://members.tripod.com/oum_abdulaziz/famous13.htm (Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web)
[590] Sahih Bukhari translated by M. Muhsin Khan. (Book #52, Hadith #220) in SearchTruth.com. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://www.searchtruth.com/searchHadith.php?keyword=terror&translator=1&search=1&book=&start=0&records_display=10&search_word=all
[591] Mohammed is quoted in the Hadith as saying one variation after another of these key lines. See: Sahih Muslim translated by Abdul Hamid Siddiqui. Book #004, Hadith #1062; Book #004, Hadith #1063; Book #004, Hadith #1066; Book #004, Hadith #1067. In SearchTruth.com. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://www.searchtruth.com/searchHadith.php?keyword=terror&translator=2&search=1&book=&start=0&records_display=10&search_word=all
[592] The Holy Quran. Book 3, verse 151. Translation by Abdullah Yusufali. Complete online text. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://www.wam.umd.edu/~stwright/rel/islam/
[593] The Holy Quran. Book 8, verse 12. Translation by Abdullah Yusufali. Complete online text. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://www.wam.umd.edu/~stwright/rel/islam/
[594] The Holy Quran. Book 8, Verses 59-60. Translation by Abdullah Yusufali. Complete online text. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://www.wam.umd.edu/~stwright/rel/islam/
[595] The Holy Quran. Chapter 59 verse 13. Translation by Abdullah Yusufali. Complete online text. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://www.wam.umd.edu/~stwright/rel/islam/
[596] William R. Miller, Robert A. Rosellini and Martin E.P. Seligman, “Learned Helplessness and Depression,” in Jack D. Maser and Martin E.P. Seligman, Psychopathology: Experimental Models
[597] William R. Miller, Robert A. Rosellini and Martin E.P. Seligman, “Learned Helplessness and Depression,” in Jack D. Maser and Martin E.P. Seligman, Psychopathology: Experimental Models
[598] see ..\..\text\approaching awe—haidt & keltner.pdf p. 12. ..\..\newpara\laurence guinness\Research 12\The correspondence between attachment to parents and god.pdf
[599] Psychology in Prisons. Contributors: Pamela J. Baldwin - author, David J. Cooke - author, Jacqueline Howison - author. Publisher: Routledge. Place of Publication: London. Publication Year: 1990. Page Number: 119-120. An Ethic for Enemies: Forgiveness in Politics. Contributors: Donald W. Shriver Jr. - author. Publisher: Oxford University Press. Place of Publication: New York. Publication Year: 1995. Page Number: 178. THE NEW ZEALAND MEDICAL JOURNAL Vol 117 No 1205 ISSN 1175 8716 NZMJ 5 November 2004, Vol 117 No 1205 Page 1 of 14 URL: http://www.nzma.org.nz/journal/117-1205/1150/ © NZMA Effects of nursing industrial action on relatives of Intensive Care Unit patients: a 16-month follow-up Peter Dzendrowskyj, Geoff Shaw, Lucy Johnston p. 10-11.
[600] Marcia Barinaga. “Neurobiology: Social status sculpts activity of crayfish neurons.” Science, 19 January 1996: 290-291.
[601] Incipient Status in Small Groups. Contributors: Berger - author, Ellsworth - author, Goffman - author, Mazur - author, Mishler - author, Rubin - author, Simmel - author, Waxler - author. Journal Title: Social Forces. Volume: 58. Issue: 1. Publication Year: 1979. Page Number: 34. International Journal of Primatology Publisher: Springer Science+Business Media B.V., Formerly Kluwer Academic Publishers B.V. ISSN: 0164-0291 (Paper) 1573-8604 (Online) DOI: 10.1023/A:1005425520658 Issue: Volume 21, Number 2 Date: April 2000 Pages: 255 - 267 Functional Implications of Allogrooming in Cercocebus torquatus
[602]. Robert M. Sapolsky, “Lessons of the Serengeti: Why Some of Us Are More Susceptible to Stress,” The Sciences, May/June, 1988, p. 42. B. Moghaddam, M.L. Bolinao, B. Stein-Behrens, R. Sapolsky. “Glucocorticoids mediate the stress-induced extracellular accumulation of glutamate.” Brain Research, August 1994: 251-4. Robert M. Sapolsky. “Stress, Social Status, and Reproductive Physiology in Free-Living Baboons.” In Psychobiology of Reproductive Behavior: An Evolutionary Perspective, edited by David Crews. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1987. Robert M. Sapolsky. “Stress in the Wild.” Scientific American. January 1990: 116-123. Robert M. Sapolsky. Why Zebras Don’t Get Ulcers : An Updated Guide to Stress, Stress-Related Diseases, and Coping. New York: W H Freeman & Co,1998. David Berreby. Us and Them: Understanding Your Tribal Mind. New York: Little, Brown and Company, 2005.
[603] Anna Freud. The Ego and Mechanisms of Defense. New York: International Universities Press, 1946.
[604] “Those who reject Our Signs We shall soon cast into the fire: as often as their skins are roasted through We shall change them for fresh skins that they may taste the penalty: for Allah is Exalted in Power Wise.” Holy Quran. An Nisaa, 56. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web: http://www.wam.umd.edu/~stwright/rel/islam/Quran/4.html. English translations of the Qu’ran are available online from many Islamic sources, though these sources tend to appear and disappear rapidly. As of June 7, 2005, 625 online sources—primarily Islamic sources—included this quote. For one example, see: The Holy Quran. Translation by Abdullah Yusufali. Complete online text. http://www.wam.umd.edu/~stwright/rel/islam/
[605] Muhammad H. Haykal. The Life Of Muhammad. Translated by Isma’il Raji al-Faruqi. Islamic Book Trust, Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia 2002: p. 300.
[606] Muhammad H. Haykal. The Life Of Muhammad. Translated by Isma’il Raji al-Faruqi. Islamic Book Trust, Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia 2002: p. 361.
[607] Muhammad H. Haykal. The Life Of Muhammad. Translated by Isma’il Raji al-Faruqi. Islamic Book Trust, Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia 2002: p. 361.
[608] Caroline Elkins won a Pulitzer Prize for general nonfiction for her book Imperial Reckoning: The Untold Story of Britain’s Gulag in Kenya. For more on her point of view see WHY MALAYA IS NO MODEL FOR IRAQ. Royal Screwup by Caroline Elkins The New Republic Online December 19, 2005 Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://www.tnr.com/doc.mhtml?i=20051219&s=elkins121905
[609] D. K. Letourneau, L. A. Dyer. Density Patterns of Piper Ant-Plants and Associated Arthropods: Top-Predator Trophic Cascades in a Terrestrial System.” Biotropica, Vol. 30, No. 2 (Jun., 1998) , pp. 162-169. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0006-3606%28199806%2930%3A2%3C162%3ADPOPAA%3E2.0.CO%3B2-M&size=LARGE. Guy Woodward and Alan G. Hildrew. Invasion of a stream food web by a new top predator. Journal of Animal Ecology, Volume 70 Issue 2 Page 273 March 2001 Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/links/doi/10.1046/j.1365-2656.2001.00497.x. David M. Post, M. Elizabeth Conners, Debra S. Goldberg. Prey Preference by a Top Predator and the Stability of Linked Food Chains Ecology, Vol. 81, No. 1 (Jan., 2000) , pp. 8-14. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0012-9658%28200001%2981%3A1%3C8%3APPBATP%3E2.0.CO%3B2-F&size=LARGE
[610] “the Amazon rain forest may be largely a human artifact. … In a widely cited article from 1989, William Balée, the Tulane anthropologist, cautiously estimated that about 12 percent of the nonflooded Amazon forest was of anthropogenic origin—directly or indirectly created by human beings. In some circles this is now seen as a conservative position. “I basically think it’s all human-created,” Clement told me in Brazil. He argues that Indians changed the assortment and density of species throughout the region. So does Clark Erickson, the University of Pennsylvania archaeologist, who told me in Bolivia that the lowland tropical forests of South America are among the finest works of art on the planet. “Some of my colleagues would say that’s pretty radical,” he said, smiling mischievously. According to Peter Stahl, an anthropologist at the State University of New York at Binghamton, “lots” of botanists believe that “what the eco-imagery would like to picture as a pristine, untouched Urwelt [primeval world] in fact has been managed by people for millennia.” The phrase “built environment,” Erickson says, “applies to most, if not all, Neotropical landscapes.”… Edward O. Wilson Edward O. Wilson Millennia of exuberant burning shaped the plains into vast buffalo farms. When Indian societies disintegrated, forest invaded savannah in Wisconsin, Illinois, Kansas, Nebraska, and the Texas Hill Country. Is it possible that the Indians changed the Americas more than the invading Europeans did? “The answer is probably yes for most regions for the next 250 years or so” after Columbus, William Denevan wrote…. A keystone species, according to the Harvard biologist Edward O. Wilson, is a species “that affects the survival and abundance of many other species.” Keystone species have a disproportionate impact on their ecosystems. Removing them, Wilson adds, “results in a relatively significant shift in the composition of the [ecological] community.” …When disease swept Indians from the land, …After disease killed off the Indians, Kay believes, buffalo vastly extended their range. Their numbers more than sextupled. The same occurred with elk and mule deer.” Charles C. Mann. 1491. The Atlantic Monthly, March 2002. Retrieved From the Worldwide Web November 19, 2002 http://www.theatlantic.com/issues/2002/03/mann.htm
[611] Charles C. Mann. 1491: New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus. New York: Knopf, 2005.
[612] Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus#Chronology
[613] A. Guillaume. The Life of Muhammad: A Translation of Ibn Ishaq’s Sirat Rasul Allah. New York: Oxford University Press, 1955 , eighteenth printing, 2004: p. 500.
[614]. “Islam,” Smithsonian World, Program 305, Steve York, producer/director, Adrian Malone, executive producer, Sandra W. Bradley, senior producer, Michael Olmert, writer, co-produced by The Smithsonian Institution and WETA, Washington, D.C., first aired July 22, 1987.
[615] A quote from the hadith cited in: Mansour Abdul Hakeem. “Hadith: The Sword and the Spear.” Nida’ul Islam. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://www.islam.org.au/articles/33/english/hadith(e).pdf
[616] Sarwat Saulat, The Life of The Prophet, Islamic Publications Ltd., Lahore, Pakistan, 1983: p. 102.
[617] Maulana A. S. Muhammad Abdul Hai (Rah.). Holy Life Of Hazrat Muhammad (Hayyat-E-Tayyaba). Delhi, India: Islami Academy, 1984. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://www.al-islamforall.org/litre/Englitre/Hmohd.htm
[618] “After the forced evacuation of Banu al-Nadir from Madinah and the events of the ‘second Badr,’ the campaigns of the Ghatafan and Dawmat al-Jandal…the Muslims…state of privation and need was largely ameliorated.” Muhammad H. Haykal. The Life Of Muhammad. Translated by Isma’il Raji al-Faruqi. Islamic Book Trust, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 2002: p. 299. Then the Battle of the Trench “with its resultant destruction of the Banu Qurayzah enabled the Muslims to establish themselves as Madinah’s absolute masters. …All Arab tribes admired Muslim power, dominion, and the new prestige of Muhammad as sovereign of Madinah. The Islamic message, however, was not meant for Madinah alone, but for the whole of mankind. The Prophet and his companions still faced the task of preparing for the greater task ahead, namely bringing the word of God to the wide world….” Muhammad H. Haykal. The Life Of Muhammad. Translated by Isma’il Raji al-Faruqi. Islamic Book Trust, Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia 2002: p. 316
[619] Wikipedia. Muhammad Husayn Haykal. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Husayn_Haykal
[620] see Supreme Council for Islamic Affairs, http://www.islamic-council.com/index.html. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web
[621] “Islamic Book Trust Kuala Lumpur was established in 1991 with the objective of promoting Islamic books and literature.” Islamic Book Trust Online Bookstore. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://www.ibtbooks.com/about_us.php
[622] for more on the Witness-Pioneer, see http://www.witness-pioneer.org/. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web Muhammad Husayn Haykal. The Life of Muhammad. Translated by Isma’il Razi A. al-Faruqi. Published online by The Witness Pioneer, an organization “striving towards spreading and establishing the message of Islam....” Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://www.witness-pioneer.org/vil/Books/MH_LM/default.htm
[623] Muhammad H. Haykal. The Life Of Muhammad. Translated by Isma’il Raji al-Faruqi. Islamic Book Trust, Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia 2002: p. 316
[624] A. Guillaume. The Life of Muhammad: A Translation of Ibn Ishaq’s Sirat Rasul Allah. New York: Oxford University Press, 1955 , eighteenth printing, 2004: p. 452. For an even more vivid account of this incident, see: al-Tabari. The History of al Tabari (“Tarikh al-rusul wa’l muluk”), Volume VIII, The Victory of Islam. Trans. Michael Fishbein. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1997: pp. 11-12.
[625] A. Guillaume. The Life of Muhammad: A Translation of Ibn Ishaq’s Sirat Rasul Allah. New York: Oxford University Press, 1955 , eighteenth printing, 2004: p. 452.
[626] This quote is frequently used in Internet communications between modern Muslims. On March 7, 2006, this text appeared on 185 spots on the Internet in English and an uncountable number of sites in Arabic. It was particularly popular in postings on grassroots Muslim websites like myiwc.com, the Islamic Web-Community, american_muslims@yahoogroups.com, and khalifa.com (a group that calls for a one-world global caliphate). The quote’s source is Sahih Muslim. The Book of Faith (Kitab Al-Iman)’ of Sahih Muslim. Translated by Abdul Hamid Siddiqui. Book #041, Hadith #6904. In SearchTruth.com. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://www.searchtruth.com/searchHadith.php?keyword=the+ends+of+the+world+together+for+my+sake.&translator=2&search=1&book=&start=0&records_display=10&search_word=all. The full quote: “Thauban reported that Allah’s Messenger (may peace be upon him) said: Allah drew the ends of the world near one another for my sake. And I have seen its eastern and western ends. And the dominion of my Unimah would reach those ends which have been drawn near me and I have been granted the red and the white treasure and I begged my Lord for my Ummah that it should not be destroyed because of famine, nor be dominated by an enemy who is not amongst them to take their lives and destroy them root and branch, and my Lord said: Muhammad, whenever I make a decision, there is none to change it. Well, I grant you for your Ummah that it would not be destroyed by famine and it would not be dominated by an enemy who would not be amongst it and would take their lives and destroy them root and branch even if all the people from the different parts of the world join hands together (for this purpose), but it would be from amongst them, viz. your Ummah, that some people would kill the others or imprison the others.”
[627] A. Guillaume. The Life of Muhammad: A Translation of Ibn Ishaq’s Sirat Rasul Allah. New York: Oxford University Press, 1955 , eighteenth printing, 2004: p. 452.
[628] Sarwat Saulat, The Life of The Prophet, Islamic Publications Ltd., Lahore, Pakistan, 1983. A. Guillaume. The Life of Muhammad: A Translation of Ibn Ishaq’s Sirat Rasul Allah. New York: Oxford University Press, 1955 , eighteenth printing, 2004: p. 653. Muhammad H. Haykal. The Life Of Muhammad. Translated by Isma’il Raji al-Faruqi. Islamic Book Trust, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 2002: p. 360-361. Hazrat Moulana Sayyed Abul Hassan Ali Nadwi(R.A.). The Seerah Of Muhammad(Sallallahu Laiyhi Wassallam): (The Last Prophet: A Model For All Time). Al-Islaah Publications. Retrieved November 15, 2013, From The World Wide Web: http://alislaah3.tripod.com/alislaah/id12.html.
[629] The governor of Egypt was named Muqawqis. Hazrat Moulana Sayyed Abul Hassan Ali Nadwi(R.A.). The Seerah Of Muhammad(Sallallahu Laiyhi Wassallam): (The Last Prophet: A Model For All Time). Al-Islaah Publications. Retrieved August 31, 2005, From The World Wide Web: http://alislaah3.tripod.com/alislaah/id12.html.
[630] The Governor of Syria was Harith Gassani.
[631] The ruler of Bahrain was al-Mundhir bin Sawa.
[632] Muhammad H. Haykal. The Life Of Muhammad. Translated by Isma’il Raji al-Faruqi. Islamic Book Trust, Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia 2002: p. 363.
[633] Sarwat Saulat’s The Life of The Prophet. P. 223. Hazrat Moulana Sayyed Abul Hassan Ali Nadwi(R.A.). The Seerah Of Muhammad(Sallallahu Laiyhi Wassallam): (The Last Prophet: A Model For All Time). Al-Islaah Publications. Retrieved November 15, 2013, From The World Wide Web: http://alislaah3.tripod.com/alislaah/id12.html.
[633] Sarwat Saulat’s The Life of The Prophet. P. 223. Muhammed H. Haykal (2002). The Life of Muhammad. Translated from the eighth edition by Isma’il Raji al-Faruqi. Kuala Lumpur: Islamic Book Trust. Pp: 374-379.Dr. A. Zahoor and Dr. Z. Haq. “Prophet Muhammad’s Letters To Kings (628 Ce)” Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web. Copyright © 1990, 1997. http://www.cyberistan.org/islamic/letters.html Restatement Of History Of Islam: The Conquest of Khyber. Ahlul Bayt Digital Islamic Library Project material selected from our Library that is particularly appropriate for those who are new to Islam. Al-Islam.org. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://al-islam.org/restatement/29.htm
[634] Ibn Ishaq shows that he sees Mohammed’s letters as ultimatums backed by force when he reports that Hercules, the head of the Eastern Roman Empire, “gathered the Romans [the Christians of the Eastern Roman Empire’s lands in the Middle East] together” and explained that he wanted to give in to Mohammed’s demand and “follow him [Mohammed] that it may be well with us in this world and the next.” The Romans were outraged. They saw this shift of religion as more than just a matter of belief. They saw it as an Arab bid to subjugate them. According to Ibn Ishaq, ”They said, ‘Are we to be under the hands of the Arabs when we are a people with a greater kingdom, a larger population, and a finer country?” Then comes the kicker, the line that indicates that Ibn Ishaq views the “invitations” as military threats. Hercules says to his people, “Come and I will pay him [Mohammed] the poll-tax every year and avert his onslaught and get rest from the war by the money I pay him.” A. Guillaume. The Life of Muhammad: A Translation of Ibn Ishaq’s Sirat Rasul Allah. New York: Oxford University Press, 1955 , eighteenth printing, 2004: pp. 656-657.
[635] Maulana A. S. Muhammad Abdul Hai. Holy Life Of Hazrat Muhammad (Hayyat-E-Tayyaba). Al-Islam Society. (Al-Islam propagation society is a Non-profit socio-educational organization founded with the objective of facilitating the spread of accurate and authentic knowledge about Islam among the different nations of the world. Our aim is to work for proper understanding of Islam by all and to work to strengthen the moral and social fabric of the peoples of the world. We envisage a universal society which is bound by mutual understanding and brotherhood and which is honoured by the presence of Islam.”) Al-Islamforall.org. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://www.al-islamforall.org/litre/Englitre/Hmohd.htm.
[636] A. Guillaume. The Life of Muhammad: A Translation of Ibn Ishaq’s Sirat Rasul Allah. New York: Oxford University Press, 1955 , eighteenth printing, 2004: p. 657.
[637] Muhammad H. Haykal. The Life Of Muhammad. Translated by Isma’il Raji al-Faruqi. Islamic Book Trust, Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia 2002: p. 365.
[638] A. Guillaume. The Life of Muhammad: A Translation of Ibn Ishaq’s Sirat Rasul Allah. New York: Oxford University Press, 1955 , eighteenth printing, 2004: p. 654.
[639] Map of the Byzantine Empire around 550. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Byzantium550.png.
[640] Dr. A. Zahoor and Dr. Z. Haq. “Prophet Muhammad’s Letters To Kings (628 Ce)” Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web. Copyright © 1990, 1997. http://www.cyberistan.org/islamic/letters.html. See also A. Guillaume. The Life of Muhammad: A Translation of Ibn Ishaq’s Sirat Rasul Allah. New York: Oxford University Press, 1955 , eighteenth printing, 2004: p. 655. Muhammad H. Haykal. The Life Of Muhammad. Translated by Isma’il Raji al-Faruqi. Islamic Book Trust, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 2002: p. 364.
[641] Quran Chapter 3, verse 12. The Holy Quran. Translation by Abdullah Yusufali. Complete online text. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://www.wam.umd.edu/~stwright/rel/islam/
[642] Quran Chapter 3, verse 152. The Holy Quran. Translation by Abdullah Yusufali. Complete online text. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://www.wam.umd.edu/~stwright/rel/islam/
[643] Quran Chapter 7, verse 4. The Holy Quran. Translation by Abdullah Yusufali. Complete online text. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://www.wam.umd.edu/~stwright/rel/islam/
[644] Aisha Bint Muhammad. Ibn Taymiyyah. Jannah.org. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://www.jannah.org/articles/taymiyyah.html
[645] Imam Ibn Taymiyyah. The Religious and Moral Doctrine On Jihad. From “al-Siyaasa al-shar`iyya fee islaah al-raa`ee wa al-raa`iyya” (Governance according to God’s Law in reforming both the ruler and his flock). Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://www.islaam.com/ilm/ibnta.htm.
[646] Muhammad H. Haykal. The Life Of Muhammad. Translated by Isma’il Raji al-Faruqi. Islamic Book Trust, Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia 2002: p. 365.
[647] President Dwight D. Eisenhower’s Annual Message To The Congress On The State Of The Union, 1958. C-Span.org. http://www.c-span.org/executive/transcript.asp?cat=current_event&code=bush_admin&year=1958
[648] Abbas J. Ali and Robert Camp. The Middle East Conflict: Perpetual Jihad. Public Administration and Management: An Interactive Journal. 9 (1), 2004: pp. 46-69. Suhas Majumdar. Jihad: The Islamic Doctrine of Perpetual War. New Delhi. Voice of Dharma Books. 1994. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://www.bharatvani.org/books/jihad/ Robert Spencer and David Pryce-Jones. Islam Unveiled: Disturbing Facts About the World’s Fastest Growing Faith. New York: Encounter Books, 2002. Zaid Shakir: “Jihad is Not Perpetual Warfare.” Seasons. Autumn-Winter 2003-4.
[649] The Social Structure of Islam: Being the Second Edition of the Sociology of Islam. Contributors: Reuben Levy - author. Publisher: Cambridge University Press. Place of Publication: Cambridge, England. Publication Year: 1957. Page Number: 422.
[650] In 600 Iraq was a province of the Persian Sasanian empire, to which it had belonged for three centuries. It was probably the most populous and wealthy area in the Middle East, and the intensive irrigation agriculture of the lower Tigris and Euphrates rivers and of tributary streams such as the Diyala and Karun formed the main resource base of the Sasanian monarchy. …The first conflict between local Bedouin tribes and Sasanian forces seems to have been in 634, when the Arabs were defeated at the Battle of the Bridge. There a force of some 5,000 Muslims under Abu ‘Ubayd al-Thaqafi was routed by the Persians. In 637 a much larger Muslim force under Sa’d ibn Abi Waqqas defeated the main Persian army at the Battle of Al-Qadisiyyah and moved on to sack Ctesiphon. By the end of the following year (638), the Muslims had conquered almost all of Iraq, and the last Sasanian king, Yazdegerd III, had fled to Iran, where he was killed in 651. The first conflict between local Bedouin tribes and Sasanian forces seems to have been in 634, when the Arabs were defeated at the Battle of the Bridge. There a force of some 5,000 Muslims under Abu ‘Ubayd al-Thaqafi was routed by the Persians. In 637 a much larger Muslim force under Sa’d ibn Abi Waqqas defeated the main Persian army at the Battle of Al-Qadisiyyah and moved on to sack Ctesiphon. By the end of the following year (638), the Muslims had conquered almost all of Iraq, and the last Sasanian king, Yazdegerd III, had fled to Iran, where he was killed in 651. To cite this page: Iraq Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved December 28, 2004, from Encyclopædia Britannica Premium Service. <http://www.britannica.com/eb/article?tocId=22883>
[651] The Social Structure of Islam: Being the Second Edition of the Sociology of Islam. Contributors: Reuben Levy - author. Publisher: Cambridge University Press. Place of Publication: Cambridge, England. Publication Year: 1957. Page Number: 276. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web The Legacy of Jihad in Palestine By Andrew G. Bostom FrontPageMagazine.com | December 7, 2004 http://www.frontpagemag.com/Articles/ReadArticle.asp?ID=16235 The essential pattern of the jihad is captured in the following quote from the Islamic expert Bat Ye’or: “In the History of al-Tabari (Ta’rikh al-rusul wa’l-muluk), ed. by Ehsan Yarshater, vol. 12, transl. and ann. by Yohanan Friedmann, State University of New York Press, 1992) in the volume describing the conquest of Iraq by the Arab-Muslim armies, we read the recommendation given by Umar b. al-Khattab to the commander of the troops he sent to al-Basrah (636 C.E.). Umar said: “Summon the people to God; those who respond to your call, accept it from them, (This is to say, accept their conversion as genuine and refrain from fighting them) but those who refuse must pay the poll tax out of humiliation and lowliness. (Quran 9:29) If they refuse this, it is the sword without leniency.” Bat Ye’or. The Ideology of Jihad, Dhimmitude and Human Rights. Lecture given November 12, 2002 at Georgetown University. In The Hoya: Georgetown University’s Newspaper of Record. Retrieved March 16, 2006, from the World Wide Web http://www.thehoya.com/viewpoint/111202/view_bat.cfm
[652] Yusuf Abdul Rahman. Islam and Muslims In China. 1997.Retrieved from the World Wide Web March 03, 2004, http://www.islamawareness.net/Asia/China/
[653] The Christian-Muslim Frontier: A Zone of Contact, Conflict, or Cooperation. Contributors: Mario Apostolov - author. Publisher: Routledge Curzon. Place of Publication: New York. Publication Year: 2004. Page Number: 27; The Social Structure of Islam: Being the Second Edition of the Sociology of Islam. Contributors: Reuben Levy - author. Publisher: Cambridge University Press. Place of Publication: Cambridge, England. Publication Year: 1957. Page Number: 452.
[654] n.a. Islam In Our Near North. Learning Islam. Islam Australia Network. October 13, 2007. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://islam.ii.net/channel/near_north.html
[655] Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://www.swagga.com/queen.htm
DAHIA-AL KAHINA QUEEN KAHINA
She fought against the Arab incursion in North Africa where under her leadership Africans fought back fiercely and drove the Arab army northward into Tripolitania. Queen Kahina was of the Hebrew faith and she never abandoned her religion. Her opposition to the Arab incursion was purely nationalistic, since she favored neither Christians nor Muslims. Her death in 705 A.D by Hassen-ben-Numam ended one of the most violet attempts to save Africa for the Africans. She prevented Islam’s southward spread into the Western Sudan. After her death the Arabs began to change their strategy in advancing their faith and their power in Africa. The resistance to the southward spread of Islam was so great in some areas that some of the wives of African kings committed suicide to avoid falling into the hands of the Berbers and Arabs who showed no mercy to the people who would not be converted to Islam
[656] Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture. Contributors: John S. Bowman - editor. Publisher: Columbia University Press. Place of Publication: New York. Publication Year: 2000. Page Number: 569. Al-Walid. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Walid
[657] Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qutaibah_bin_Muslim
[658] Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Hajjaj_bin_Yousef
[659] Jamil Ahmad. Tariq Bin Ziyad. Renaissance: A Monthly Islamic Journal. An Affiliate of Al Mawrid Institute of Islamic Studies. Lahore, Pakistan. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://www.renaissance.com.pk/marletf95.html. Ivan Van Sertima, editor. The Golden Age of the Moor (Journal of African Civilizations, Vol 11, Fall 1991). New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Press, 1991: p. 54.
[660] David Nicolle, illustrated by Angus McBride. Armies of the Muslim Conquest. London: Osprey Publishing, 1993. p. 4.
[661] Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture. Contributors: John S. Bowman - editor. Publisher: Columbia University Press. Place of Publication: New York. Publication Year: 2000. Page Number: 334.
[662] Professor K.S. Lal. Voice of Dharma, New Delhi. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web voi.org/books/tfst/chii23.htm. See also K.S. Lal. Muslim Slave System in Medieval India. Voice of Dharma. Aditya Prakashan, New Delhi. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web: http://www.voi.org/books/mssmi/, http://www.voi.org/books/mssmi/ch3.htm. In reading Indian sources on Islam, keep in mind that many Hindu Indians hate Muslims for the 1,300-year-long Islamic history of military assault, rape, pillage, conquest in their country, and ongoing war in their country. So Indian scholars tend to emphasize the darkest side of Islam. But the bias goes two ways. Many Muslims consider Hindu India one of the Great Satans. So statements from Indians tend to be radically anti-Islamic. And statements from Muslims about Indian Hindus and Buddhists are often vitriolic, militant, and wrathful.
[663] Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture. Contributors: John S. Bowman - editor. Publisher: Columbia University Press. Place of Publication: New York. Publication Year: 2000. Page Number: 263.
[664] “The historian Will Durant wrote in The Story of Civilization (1972) that the Muslim conquest of India was “probably the bloodiest story in history.” The exact number of people killed during the invasions will never be known. Estimates are based upon the Muslim chronicles and demographic calculations. Prof. K.S. Lal estimated in his book The Growth of Muslim Population in India that between the years 1000 CE and 1500 CE the population of Hindus decreased by eighty million.” Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_invasion_of_India
[665] Prof. Yusuf Al-Qaradawi claims that the Islamic meme motivated its Arab followers to leave the desert for the cities…the cities others had established…and to stay there. According to Al-Qaradawi, Mohammed himself—in the Hadith—cursed Bedouins who grew homesick in the cities they’d conquered and wanted to return to their desert homes. Colonialism was a holy obligation. Prof. Yusuf Al-Qaradawi. The Sunnah: A Source of Civilization. Translated by El-Falah. Prophetmuhammadforall.org. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://www.prophetmuhammadforall.org/webfiles/downloads/english/sunnah.pdf
[666] Book Title: A Modern History of Somalia: Nation and State in the Horn of Africa. Contributors: I. M. Lewis - author. Publisher: Westview Press. Place of Publication: Boulder, CO. Publication Year: 1988. Page Number: 25.
[667] Wikipedia. Battle of Talas. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Talas Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://campus.northpark.edu/history/WebChron/China/Talas.CP.html Battle of Talas River 751 Back to “First Age of Islamic Expansion” Chronology Back to “T’ang Dynasty” Chronology Back To “Abbasid Caliphate” Chronology For much of the early 700s, the Chinese Empire, under the T’ang dynasty, was successful in its foreign affairs. They recovered crucial lands they had previously lost and stabilized the Tibetan frontier. They secured trade routes through central Asia and contained threats from the Khitan and Hsi peoples. In the late 740s, Chinese troops claimed lordship over Kabul and Kashmir of India. But their string of victorious campaigns could not last forever, as China discovered at Talas River in 751. Islam’s widespread emergence coupled with China’s over-expansion, led to the Battle at Talas River, the only battle between Arab Muslim forces and the army of the Chinese Empire. The Chinese troops were led by Kao Hsien-chih, who had been successful in battles in Gilgit and in the Farghana region. But his success did not carry over, as the Muslim armies were victorious. The Muslims chose not to pursue the Chinese into central Asia. While the battle in itself was of minor importance, its ramifications on the future were very significant. The Arabs were put in a position to extend their Islamic influence throughout central Asia and its silk routes. The T’ang (in China) lost a good amount of power and their westward advance was halted. Muslim shipping in the Indian Ocean improved, which restricted the ocean’s contacts with Hindu and Buddhist areas. The Muslims were never able to take control of the Himalayan northern borderlands. Paper manufacturing, an unexpected byproduct from the Battle of Talas, was first spread to Samarkand and Baghdad, then from there carried to Damascus, Cairo, and Morocco, and finally entered Europe through Italy and Spain. This diffusion originated when Chinese prisoners who knew how to make paper, an art discovered in China at least 650 years earlier, were taken by the Arabs at the Talas River. But most importantly, the Battle of Talas led to the An Lushan revolt, which broke out in 755. This rebellion paralyzed China for years and weakened the Tang dynasty until it collapsed a century and a half later. Sources: Twitchett, Denis, The Cambridge History of China (Cambridge University, Cambridge, 1979). McNeil, William, The Rise of the West (University of Chicago, Chicago, 1963). Kennedy, Hugh, The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates (Longman, London, 1986). Garraty, John A. and Gay, Peter, The Columbia History of the World (Harper and Row; New York, 1972). Edited by: Frederick Skoglund Researched by: Joel Card Written by: Kim Wentzler December 15, 1998 Text copyright 1996-9 by David W. Koeller. dkoeller@northpark.edu. All rights reserved.
[668] Just one Islamic ruled slave-trading territory in Africa, the Empire of Zanzibar, covered two million square kilometers. It was said that “when the flute plays in Zanzibar, all Africa dances.” All About Zanzibar. “Slaves & Ivory.” Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://www.allaboutzanzibar.com/indepth/history/id-01-01-34-slaves.htm
[669] The Scourge of Slavery. Christian Action Magazine. Christian Action for Reformation and Revival. South Africa. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://www.christianaction.org.za/articles_ca/2004-4-TheScourgeofSlavery.htm. Remember this as you read these figures. “Some historians argue that abolitionists inflated the numbers of slaves in their reports in order to heighten indignation and gain support for their cause. Numbers are also a problem because of high mortality rates, especially in transport.” (Merchants and Faith: Muslim Commerce and Culture in the Indian Ocean. Contributors: Patricia Risso - author. Publisher: Westview Press. Place of Publication: Boulder, CO. Publication Year: 1995. Page Number: 92.) But also keep in mind that if the statistics are even twice as large as the reality, the number of African lives affected by the Islamic slave trade still boggles the imagination.
[670] Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://www.witness-pioneer.org/vil/Books/SH_CA/chapter_1.htm (The Witness Pioneer (WP) is spreading and establishing the message of Islam...) Early History of Spread of Islam in (former) Soviet Union Back Contents Next Click to subscribe to witness-pioneer mailing list Chapter 1: Early History of Spread of Islam in (former) Soviet Union The former Soviet Union consisted of fifteen Republics, six of them were Muslim majority. These were Azerbeizan, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikhistan and Kirghizia. There were also a large number of Muslims in Russian federation under USSR. Tatars and Bashkhirs of Volga-Ural region and most of the population of North Caucasus of Russian federation were Muslims. Besides a large number of Tatar Muslims live in Siberia and other regions. Crimea on the north of Black sea was Muslim majority area. But after second world war, the Communist Soviet government expelled all Tatars from Crimea and exiled them to Siberia, showing the reason that they helped the Germans during second world war. Later Crimea was included in another Soviet state Ukraine and Christian Slavs from Ukraine made settlement in Crimea. The Muslim population of Soviet Union are mainly concentrated in three regions. These are Central Asia, Volga-Ural and Caucasus. Firstly there are five Muslim states on the north of Afghanistan and Iran. These are Kazakhstan, Kirghizia, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan and Tajikistan. Secondly the Muslim settlements on the banks of Volga river and Muslim regions of Tataria and Bashkhiria on the Ural mountains. Lastly the region between Black sea and Kashpian Sea. About one fourth of the area of Soviet Union was Muslim majority. If we exclude Siberia then it can be said that around half of the area of Soviet Union was Muslim majority, because the ice-covered barren Siberia occupies half of Soviet Union. Total population of Soviet Union was 22 crores(in 1975), of them Muslims are around 4 crores. There is shortage of authentic information about the exact population of Muslims in Soviet Union. In 1913 there were around one crore and eighty lac Muslims in Tsar ruled Russia [Bennigsen. A. Islam in The Soviet Union, Pail Mall Press, London]. In 1960 it was assumed that Muslim population of Soviet Union was more than three crore [Bennigsen. A. Islam in The Soviet Union, Pail Mall Press, London]. Depending on these statistics it is assumed that Muslim population of Russia is now around 4 crore(in the year 1975). Almost 85% of the Muslim population of Soviet Union are Turkish in origin and Turkish speaking. People of Kazakhstan, Kirghizia, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan of Central Asia, Tataria and Bashkhiria of Volga-Ural, and Azerbeizan of South Caucasus mountains are Turkish speaking. Beside these there are several Turkish speaking population in North Caucasus, Siberia, Lithuania and Belarus. The rest 15% Muslim population of Soviet Union are mainly the Farsi speaking population of Tajikhistan. Beside Turkish and Farsi speaking population, there are Muslim population in Caucasus with different local languages (e.g. Dagestani, Chechen, Inguish, Kabarda, Adizei) and few Arabic speaking Muslims. It can be inferred from this discussion that only with the exception of Tajikhistan and North Caucasus whole of the Muslim population of Soviet Union are Turkish speaking and Turkish in origin. It is true that Turkish language in different parts of Soviet Union have different dialects. Soviet government have divided Turkish Muslim population on the basis of this difference. But the linguistic and nationalist unity of Turkish people cannot be overlooked. According to Alexander Bennigsen one Uzbek feel no problem to understand the language of Kazakh, Turkmen or Azeri people [Bennigsen. A. Islam in The Soviet Union, Pail Mall Press, London]. “The call of Islam reached Central Asia and South Caucasus Mountains in the eighth century. At that time the whole of Central Asia(except Northern part of Kazakhstan) and Caucasus came under Muslim Rule. In course of time most of the population of these areas accepted Islam and became Muslims. Islam entered in different parts of Russia from Central Asia and Caucasus. The Tatars of Volga-Ural accepted Islam in the middle age. The Tatars are also Turkish speaking and Turkish in origin. The nomads of North Kazakhstan and Kirghiz peoples of Kirghizistan accepted Islam between 16th and 19th century. Almost all Muslims of Lithuania, Siberia and Belarus are Tatar-Turk. They settled there during the reign of Tsar. Most of the Muslim regions came under Russian control during Tsars reign. Yet propagation and expansion of Islam continued up to the beginning of 20th century. Different tribes of Volga like Mari, Mordvinian, Udmut and Chuvas accepted Islam during this time. Back Contents Next [ Library ] [ Al-Quran ] [ Hadeeth ] [ Books ] [ Articles ] Send mail to webmaster@wponline.org with questions or comments about this web site. Copyright © 2002 WPONLINE.ORG Last modified: September 16, 2002 Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://www.britannica.com/eb/article?tocId=9037242 “Golden Horde”
The empire of the Golden Horde at its greatest
extent.
From A. Hermann, An Historical Atlas of China
also called Kipchak Khanate Russian designation for the Ulus Juchi, the western part of the Mongol Empire, which flourished from the mid-13th century to the end of the 14th century. The people of the Golden Horde were a mixture of Turks and Mongols, with the latter generally constituting the aristocracy.
The ill-defined western portion of the empire of Genghis Khan formed the territorial endowment of his oldest son, Juchi. Juchi predeceased his father in 1227, but his son Batu (q.v.) expanded their domain in a series of brilliant campaigns that included the sacking and burning of the city of Kiev in 1240. At its peak the Golden Horde’s territory included most of European Russia from the Urals to the Carpathian Mountains, extending east deep into Siberia. On the south the Horde’s lands bordered on the Black Sea, the Caucasus Mountains, and the Iranian territories of the Mongol dynasty known as the Il-Khans.
Batu founded his capital, Sarai Batu, on the lower stretch of the Volga River. The capital was later moved upstream to Sarai Berke, which at its peak held perhaps 600,000 inhabitants. The Horde was gradually Turkified and Islamized, especially under their greatest khan, Öz Beg (1313–41). The Turkic tribes concentrated on animal husbandry in the steppes, while their subject peoples, Russians, Mordvinians, Greeks, Georgians, and Armenians, contributed tribute. The Russian princes, particularly those of Muscovy, soon obtained responsibility for collecting the Russian tribute. The Horde carried on an extensive trade with Mediterranean peoples, particularly their allies in Mamluk Egypt and the Genoese.
The Black Death, which struck in 1346–47, and the murder of Öz Beg’s successor marked the beginning of the Golden Horde’s decline and disintegration. The Russian princes won a signal victory over the Horde general Mamai at the Battle of Kulikovo (q.v.) in 1380. Mamai’s successor and rival, Tokhtamysh, sacked and burned Moscow in retaliation in 1382 and reestablished the Horde’s dominion over the Russians. Tokhtamysh had his own power broken, however, by his former ally Timur, who invaded the Horde’s territory in 1395, destroyed Sarai Berke, and deported most of the region’s skilled craftsmen to Central Asia, thus depriving the Horde of its technological edge over resurgent Muscovy.
In the 15th century the Horde disintegrated into several smaller khanates, the most important being those of the Crimea, Astrakhan, and Kazan. The last surviving remnant of the Golden Horde was destroyed by the Crimean Khan in 1502. “Golden Horde” Encyclopædia Britannica from Encyclopædia Britannica Premium Service. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article?tocId=9037242 [Accessed January 2, 2005].
also spelled Uzbek, in full Ghiyath Al-din Muhammad Öz Beg Mongol leader and khan of the Golden Horde, or Kipchak empire, of southern Russia, under whom it attained its greatest power; he reigned from 1312 to 1341. Öz Beg was a convert to Islam, but he also welcomed Christian missionaries from western Europe into his realm. Öz Beg encouraged the predominance of the princes of Moscow among his Christian vassals; his name survives today in that of the Uzbek people and of Uzbekistan. “Öz Beg” Encyclopædia Britannica from Encyclopædia Britannica Premium Service. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article?tocId=9057862 [Accessed January 4, 2005].
[671] Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circassian_beauties
[672] Paul the First Hermit. Wikipedia. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_the_First_Hermit
[673] Chronique de Jean, évêque de Nikiou, translated from the Ethiopian with notes by Hermann Zotenberg, Paris, 1879, pp. 243-244. Translated in Philip K. Hitti (1996) The Arabs: A Short History. Washington, DC: Regnery Publishing: 93.
[674] Section 59, Verses 1-6. The Holy Quran. Translation by Abdullah Yusufali. Complete online text. http://www.wam.umd.edu/~stwright/rel/islam/.
[675] Sepeos, excerpted in Bat Ye’or. The Decline of Eastern Christianity under Islam: From Jihad to Dhimmitude: 7th - 20th Century. Madison, NJ: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press/Associated University Presses (1996): 228.
[676] Dr. A. Zahoor. Islamic Civilization: Morality in War Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://www.cyberistan.org/islamic/sibai6.html
[677] The Origins of the Islamic State (Kitab Futuh al-Buldan) by Abu Al-Abbas Ahmad Bin Jab Al-Baladhuri, Philip K. Hitti - Gorgias Press LLC, 2002
[678] Andrew G. Bostom. The Legacy of Jihad in Palestine. FrontPageMagazine.com | December 7, 2004. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://www.frontpagemag.com/Articles/ReadArticle.asp?ID=16235
[679] Michael the Syrian. Excerpted in Bat Ye’or. The Decline of Eastern Christianity under Islam: 442, 431.
[680] Chronique de Jean, Évêque de Nikiou, translated from the Ethiopian with notes by Hermann Zotenberg, Paris, 1879, p. 261. Translated in Philip K. Hitti (1996) The Arabs: A Short History. Washington, DC: Regnery Publishing: 93.
[681] Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umar_ibn_al-Khattab
[682] “The native infidel population had to recognize Islamic ownership of their land, submit to Islamic law, and accept payment of the poll tax (jizya).” Andrew G. Bostom. The Legacy of Jihad in Palestine. FrontPageMagazine.com | December 7, 2004. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://www.frontpagemag.com/Articles/ReadArticle.asp?ID=16235
[683] “Umar b. al-Khattab(634-644) replies to the Muslims who demand the sharing-out of the lands of Iraq and Syria(-Palestine) among the conquerors. Quoted in Ye’or, Bat, “The Dhimmi: Jews and Christians under Islam,” (Rutherford NJ, Fairleigh Dickenson University Press, London and Toronto, Associated University Presses, 1985) 165.
[684] The Moral System of Islam, III&E Brochure Series; No. 6 (published by The Institute of Islamic Information and Education (III&E)). USC-MSA Compendium of Muslim Texts. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web ttp://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/humanrelations/moralsystem.html. Reprinted with the permission of World Assembly of Muslim Youth (WAMY), P.O. Box 10845, Riyadh 11443, Saudi Arabia.
[685] Colossus of Rhodes. Wikipedia. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colossus_of_rhodes#Construction_and_fate
[686] Noam Chomsky. Hegemony or Survival: America’s Quest for Global Dominance (The American Empire Project). New York: Owl Books, 2004.
[687] Howard Zinn. People’s History of the United States: 1492 to Present (P.S.). New York: Harper Perennial Modern Classics: 2005.
[688] Sarwat Saulat, The Life of The Prophet, Islamic Publications Ltd., Lahore, Pakistan, 1983.
[689]. John L. Esposito, The Islamic Threat: myth or reality, New York: Oxford University Press, 1992: p. 171.
[690] Peter Brown, The Body and Society: Men, Women, and Sexual Renunciation in Early Christianity, Columbia University Press, New York, 1988. Rev. Robert F. McNamara. St. Simeon Stylite. Saints Alive. St. Thomas the Apostle Roman Catholic Church, Rochester, NY, March 11, 2005. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://www.stthomasirondequoit.com/SaintsAlive/id747.htm
[691] Simeon Stylites. Wikipedia. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simeon_Stylites
[692] The Crusades, C. 1071-C. 1291 by Jean Richard. Translated by Jean Birrell. Cambridge University Press, 1999: pp 146-148
[693] Al-Makrisi: Account of the Crusade of St. Louis. Medieval Sourcebook. Fordham University. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/makrisi.html. Marshall W. Baldwin, ed., A History of the Crusades: The First Hundred Years, University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia , Pennsylvania, 1955. Ernle Bradford (1974), The Sword and the Scimitar: The Saga of the Crusades, G.P. Putnam’s Sons, New York. Amin Maalouf. The Crusades Through Arab Eyes. Schocken, 1989.
[694] Rosalind Hill, ed. Gesta Francorum et Aliorum Hierosolimitanorum Deeds of the Franks and other Pilgrims to Jerusalem. London: Thomas Nelson and Sons, Ltd., 1962.
[695] Aziz Atiya. Crusade, Commerce and Culture. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, Indiana, 1962. Marshall W. Baldwin, ed.. A History of the Crusades: The First Hundred Years, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1955. Ernle Bradford. The Sword and the Scimitar: The Saga of the Crusades, G.P. Putnam’s Sons, New York, 1974. Frederic Duncalf, “The First Crusade: Clermont to Constantinople,” in A History of the Crusades: The First Hundred Years. Marshall W. Baldwin, ed.. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1955.
[696] Amin Maalouf. The Crusades Through Arab Eyes. New York: Schocken, 1989.
[697] N. I. Matar. The Renegade In English Seventeenth-Century Imagination. Studies in English Literature, 1500-1900. Vol. 33, issue 3. 1993. p. 489. Alan Trevarthen. Spanish Raid 4 & Barbary pirates. Downloaded from the World Wide Web February 14, 2014, http://archiver.rootsweb.ancestry.com/th/read/CORNISH/2001-05/0988752812
[698] White Gold: The Extraordinary Story of Thomas Pellow and North Africa’s One Million European Slaves Giles Milton. Hodder & Stoughton Ltd 2004, p 13.
[699] “The earliest geographic treatise composed in Arabic was that of Ibn Khurdadhbih, chief intelligence officer for the Caliphate in Media. Writing around the middle of the ninth century, Ibn Khurdadhbih describes the commodities imported into Islam from the Mediterranean region. They include Slavic, Romi, Frankish, and Lombard slaves; Spanish and Romi maidens, beaver pelts, furs, storax, mastic and coral.” A footnote reads: “by ‘Frankish’ the Arabic authors meant West European, and by ‘Roman’ they meant Greek, Roman, or simply Christian.” Alauddin Samarrai. Medieval Commerce and Diplomacy: Islam and Europe, A.D. 850-1300. St. Cloud State University. p.3. White Gold: The Extraordinary Story of Thomas Pellow and North Africa’s One Million European Slaves Giles Milton. Hodder & Stoughton Ltd 2004, p 271. Robert C. Davis. Christian Slaves, Muslim Masters : White Slavery in the Mediterranean, the Barbary Coast and Italy, 1500-1800 (Early Modern History) by Robert C. Davis. Palgrave MacMillan, 2004. When Europeans Were Slaves: Research Suggests White Slavery Was Much More Common Than Previously Believed. Ohio State University News. March 8, 2004. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://researchnews.osu.edu/archive/whtslav.htm. Rory Carroll. New book reopens old arguments about slave raids on Europe. The Guardian. March 11, 2004. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk_news/story/0,3604,1166720,00.html
[700] “When the events of Badr were over, God revealed al-Anfal (Surah 8) [Chapter 8 of the Quran, whose title means ‘Spoils Of War, Booty’] in its entirety.” al-Tabari. The History of al Tabari: English translation of “at Tareekh al Tabari.” Albany: State University of New York Press, Tabari: Volume VII, p. 80. For the translation of the chapter title “al-Anfal” as “Spoils of War,” see University of Southern California. USC-MSA Compendium of Muslim Texts. Translations of the Quran, Chapter 8. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/quran/008.qmt.html.
[701] Rory Carroll. New book reopens old arguments about slave raids on Europe. The Guardian. March 11, 2004. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk_news/story/0,3604,1166720,00.html. Peter Hammond. Christian Action Magazine. The Scourge of Slavery. vol. 4, 2004. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://www.christianaction.org.za/articles_ca/2004-4-TheScourgeofSlavery.htm. Cindy Vallar. Captives of the Barbary States. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://www.cindyvallar.com/BCcaptives.html
[702] According to Barbary Pirate buff Cindy Vallar, 83 of the captives were taken to the port of Algiers. Cindy Vallar. Captives of the Barbary States. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://www.cindyvallar.com/BCcaptives.html
[703] A Critique of the Origins of Islamic Economic Thought by Yassine Essid Brill Academic Publishers, 1995: pp 32-33.
[704] Khalid M. Baheyeldin. “Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn al-Walid al-Tartushi.“ In “The Baheyeldin Dynasty.” 2002. http://baheyeldin.com/history/abu-bakr-muhammad-ibn-al-walid-al-tartushi.html
[705] Reuben Levy, The Social Structure of Islam: Being the Second Edition of the Sociology of Islam (Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1957)pp. 434, 456, Questia, 25 Nov. 2005 <http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=10599969>
[706] Shakespeare identified Othello in the title of his play as “Othello, The Moor of Venice.” “Moor” is a term that means a Muslim from North Africa. (“Moor.” Oxford English Dictionary (unabridged). Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002. “Moor.” Random House Webster’s Unabridged Dictionary. V3.0. New York: Random House, 1998. “Moors.” Wikipedia. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moors). However Thomas R Arp and Greg Johnson point out that Iago refers to Othello’s baptism and to a discussion with Desdemona, the heroine, in which “he clearly alludes to their shared belief in Christian salvation.” See Thomas R Arp, Greg Johnson. Perrine’s Literature: Structure, Sound, and Sense. Boston: Thomson Higher Education, 2006: p. 56.
[707] Tom Scott, Regional Identity and Economic Change: The Upper Rhine, 1450-1600 (Oxford: Oxford University, 1997) 5, Questia, 25 Nov. 2005 <http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=49490796>. Jason Goodwin. Lords of the Horizons: A History of the Ottoman Empire. Picador, 2003. “the Moorish invasion of Spain in AD 711, which destroyed the Visigothic Empire, and this reshuffled the power alignments of all of western Europe. It also made the Mediterranean for a time an Islamic lake” http://www.biblebelievers.org.au/sephard.htm
[708] “5/9/1795. Repeat this date after me. ...the Mediterranean Sea was an Islamic lake.” Sheikh Hilaly Sermon at Sidon Mosque 13.02.04 This translation comes from the Australian Embassy in Beirut and was obtained by the ABC (Australian Broadcasting Company). Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://www.abc.net.au/religion/stories/s1058934.htm
The Mediterranean ceased to be an Islamic Lake in June of 1985, when the American marines stormed “the shores of Tripoli” and forced the basha who harbored the Islamic navy, the “Barbary Corsairs,” into signing a peace treaty—The Treaty of Tripoli June 3, 1805. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripoli#Tripolitan_War. “Treaty of Peace, Amity, and Commerce Between the President and Citizens of the United States of America, and the Basha, Bey, and Subjects of Tripoli, in Bombay, Concluded June 4, 1805; Ratified by the Senate April 12, 1806,” Treaties and Conventions Concluded between the United States of America and Other Powers, Since July 4, 1776, published by the Department of State, 1889, page 1084.In Jim Allison, ed. The Constitutional Principle. Treaty of Tripoli, 1796, 1806. July 15, 1998. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://members.tripod.com/~candst/tripoli1.htm
[709] The term “Islamic Lake” is used in book after book after book. For an example, see Carlos Fuentes. The Buried Mirror: Reflections On Spain and the New World.
“Mare Nostrum, the Mediterranean, had been to all effects and purposes an Islamic Lake for nearly eight hundred years [by 1492]...But soon the rise of a new Muslim power, the Ottoman Empire, once more threatened the Mediterranean.” Houghton Mifflin, 1999.
Dr. Mohsin Farooqui, an Islamic writer, puts it differently. In his view, the Muslim Turks “were masters of Mediterranean Sea.” Dr. Mohsin Farooqi. Europe Under Muslim Rule. Retrieved From the Worldwide Web November 07, 2002. http://www.jamatdawa.org/english/articles/history/europe_under_islam_iv.htm
[710] Wikipedia. Battle of Lepanto 1571. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Lepanto_%281571%29
[711] Rudolph Schevill. Cervantes. New York: F. Ungar Publishing Company, 1966.
[712] Wikipedia. Battle of Lepanto 1571. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Lepanto_%281571%29
[713] Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janissary. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devshirmeh
[714] Dr. Mohsin Farooqi. Europe Under Muslim Rule. Retrieved From the Worldwide Web November 07, 2002. http://www.jamatdawa.org/english/articles/history/europe_under_islam_iv.htm
[715] Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria
[716] Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_Empire. See also www.theottomans.org/english/history/history1800_3.asp; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia#Turkish_conquest
[717] Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Macedonia
[718] The Balkan states formerly known as Yugoslavia were a battleground for Christianity and Islam for centuries. Serbia, Macedonia and Bosnia and Herzegovina fell to the Muslim Ottomans in the 14th and 15th Century. Montenegro never succumbed to the Ottomans. Slovenia sought protection from the Muslim Ottomans by tucking itself into the Habsburg Empire, and Croatia was the scene of struggle between the Ottomans and the Christian Habsburgs. The Habsburgs finally prevailed. I. M. Lewis. A Modern History of Somalia: Nation and State in the Horn of Africa. London: Longman Group, 1980..
[720]. John L. Esposito, The Islamic Threat: myth or reality, New York: Oxford University Press, 1992: p. 171.
[721] Chapter 8. verse 12. The Holy Quran. Translation by Abdullah Yusufali.
[722] Ali A. Mazrui Director, Institute of Global Cultural Studies and Albert Schweitzer Professor in the Humanities State University of New York at Binghamton, New York, USA and Albert Luthuli Professor-at-Large University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria Andrew D. White Professor-at-Large Emeritus and Senior Scholar in Africana Studies Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA Chancellor, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology Kenya Pax Islamica: Muslim Values Between War And Peace. Lecture given at the American University School of Public Service, Washington, DC, November 12, 2003. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://www.swahilionline.com/features/articles/mazrui/mazrui10.htm
[723]. Basil Davidson, Africa In History, p. 219.
[724] Wikipedia. Dar al-Harb. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dar_al-Harb
[725]. David Robinson. Muslim Societies in African History. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 2004: p. 18. D.S. Roberts, Islam: A Concise Introduction, pp. 42 43. The interpretation cited as nearly universal by Roberts is probably derived from verses 191-193 of the Quranic chapter Al-Baqara, whose passages say, “slay them wherever ye catch them and turn them out from where they have turned you out; for tumult and oppression are worse than slaughter; ... Such is the reward of those who suppress faith. ...And fight them on until there is no more tumult or oppression and there prevail justice and faith in Allah.” “Justice,” in the eyes of many ancient and modern Muslims, means the imposition of Quranic law. “Faith” is understood to be faith in Islam. Hence the passage, in the eyes of many, instructs the pious to use slaughter to impose Quranic law and Islam, since slaughter is preferable to the continuance of non-Islamic codes and beliefs (“tumult and oppression”).
[726] Maulana A. S. Muhammad Abdul Hai (Rah.). Holy Life Of Hazrat Muhammad (Hayyat-E-Tayyaba). Delhi, India: Islami Academy, 1984. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://www.al-islamforall.org/litre/Englitre/Hmohd.htm
[727] the date of establishment of the Dutch East India Company. See Wikipedia. Dutch East Indian Company. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company
[728] Edward Gibbon. The Decline And Fall Of The Roman Empire. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://www.ccel.org/g/gibbon/decline/volume2/chap68.htm#Assault
[729] Edward Gibbon. The Decline And Fall Of The Roman Empire. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://www.ccel.org/g/gibbon/decline/volume2/chap68.htm#Assault
[730] United Nations Development Programme—Arab Fund for Economic and Social Development. Arab Human Development Report 2002: Creating Opportunities for Future Generations. Dr. Farrukh Saleem. What went wrong? Capital Suggestion. The News International, Pakistan. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://www.jang.com.pk/thenews/nov2005-daily/08-11-2005/oped/o6.htm
[731] Al Qaeda Manual. Second Lesson Necessary Qualifications And Characteristics For The Organization ‘S Member. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://www.disastercenter.com/terror/Al_Qaeda_Manual_SECOND_LESSON.htm
[732] Sarwat Saulat, The Life of The Prophet, Islamic Publications Ltd., Lahore, Pakistan, 1983.
[733] Yousef Al-Qaradhawi and Other Sheikhs Herald the Coming Conquest of Rome. December 6, 2002 No. 447. Retrieved June 22, 2005, from the World Wide Web: http://www.memri.de/uebersetzungen_analysen/themen/islamistische_ideologie/isl_rom_18_12_02.pdf
[734] The first Muslim siege of Constantinople took place in 677 AD. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web: Islamic World. Khilafah al-’Alam al-Islami. The Umayyad Khilafah. http://islamic-world.net/islamic-state/umayyads.htm
[735] Edward Gibbon. The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, Volume III. New York: The Modern Library, no date.
[736] Daniel J. Boorstin. The Discoverers: A History of Man’s Search To Know His World And Himself. New York: Vintage Books, 1985.
[737] Metropolitan Museum. Byzantium: Materials and Techniques Retrieved July 7, 2005, from the World Wide Web http://www.metmuseum.org/explore/Byzantium/materials.html. Glasstopia. Glass is… History of Glass. Tama University, Tokyo, Japan. Retrieved July 10, 2005, from the World Wide Web http://www.glasstopia.com/e_site/glassis/history/w_history/originofglass/originofglass.html
[738] Metropolitan Museum. Byzantium: Materials and Techniques Retrieved July 7, 2005, from the World Wide Web http://www.metmuseum.org/explore/Byzantium/materials.html
[739] Glasstopia. Glass is… History of Glass. Tama University, Tokyo, Japan. Retrieved July 10, 2005, from the World Wide Web http://www.glasstopia.com/e_site/glassis/history/w_history/originofglass/originofglass.html .
[740] Ernle Bradford (1974), The Sword and the Scimitar: The Saga of the Crusades, G.P. Putnam’s Sons, New York.
[741] Edward Gibbon. The Decline And Fall Of The Roman Empire. Retrieved July 9, 2005, from the World Wide Web http://www.ccel.org/g/gibbon/decline/volume2/chap68.htm#Assault
[742] Quran, verses 22:39, Chapter 41, and Quran, 2:190]]
[743] Wikipedia. Basilic. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilic
[744] Edward Gibbon (no date). The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, Volume III. New York: The Modern Library. Edward Gibbon. The Decline And Fall Of The Roman Empire. Retrieved July 9, 2005, from the World Wide Web http://www.ccel.org/g/gibbon/decline/volume2/chap68.htm#Assault The Decline And Fall Of The Roman Empire by Edward Gibbon—In The East Chapter LXVIII.
[745] “From the first hour (73) of the memorable twenty-ninth of May, disorder and rapine prevailed in Constantinople till the eighth hour of the same day.” Edward Gibbon. The Decline And Fall Of The Roman Empire.
[746] Arvind Ghosh. Quran And The Kafir: All That An Infidel Needs To Know About The Quran But Is Embarrassed To Ask Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://islamreview.org/QuranKafir/chapter13.html
[747] Yousef Al-Qaradhawi and Other Sheikhs Herald the Coming Conquest of Rome. The Middle East Research Institute. Special Dispatch Series - No. 447. December 6, 2002. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://www.memri.org/bin/articles.cgi?Area=sd&ID=SP44702
[748] Islamic World. Official Website of the Khilafah Institute. Khilafah al-’Alam al-Islami. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://islamic-world.net/islamic-state/
[749] Osama bin Laden. Complete Text Of Sheikh Osama Bin Laden’s Latest Message To Ummah May 12, 2004. Jihad Unspun. Retrieved from the World Wide Web May 14, 2004http://www.jihadunspun.net/intheatre_internal.php?article=572&list=/home.php&
[750] Steve Sailer. Baby Gap: How birthrates color the electoral map. The American Conservative. December 20, 2004. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://www.amconmag.com/2004_12_06/cover.html. See also: Robin D. Perrin. American Religion in the Post-Aquarian Age: Values and Demographic Factors in Church Growth and Decline. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, Vol. 28, No. 1 (Mar., 1989), pp. 75-89 doi:10.2307/1387253.
[751] Jack Wertheimer. Low fertility and intermarriage are pushing American Jewry toward extinction. Jewish World. http://www.aish.com/jewishissues/jewishsociety/Jews_and_the_Jewish_Birthrate.asp. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web Reprinted from COMMENTARY, October 2005
[752] Ali A. Mazrui. Pax Islamica: Muslim values between war and peace. Lecture given at the American University School of Public Service, Washington, DC, November 12, 2003. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://www.swahilionline.com/features/articles/mazrui/mazrui10.htm
[753] The Africans, with Ali Mazrui (PBS 1986). For more on Mazrui and his television series see: Richard Zoglin. One Man’s View of a Continent the Africans PBS. Time Magazine, Oct. 13, 1986. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,962528,00.html
[754] Ali A. Mazrui. Islamic Doctrine and the Politics of Induced Fertility Change: An African Perspective. Population and Development Review, Vol. 20, Supplement: The New Politics of Population: Conflict and Consensus in Family Planning, (1994), p. 122.
[755] Ali A. Mazrui. Islamic Doctrine and the Politics of Induced Fertility Change: An African Perspective. Population and Development Review, Vol. 20, Supplement: The New Politics of Population: Conflict and Consensus in Family Planning, (1994), pp. 125.
[756] Ali A. Mazrui. Islamic Doctrine and the Politics of Induced Fertility Change: An African Perspective. Population and Development Review, Vol. 20, Supplement: The New Politics of Population: Conflict and Consensus in Family Planning, (1994), p. 131.
[757] Ali A. Mazrui. Islamic Doctrine and the Politics of Induced Fertility Change: An African Perspective. Population and Development Review, Vol. 20, Supplement: The New Politics of Population: Conflict and Consensus in Family Planning, (1994), p. 131.
[758] Ali A. Mazrui. Islamic Doctrine and the Politics of Induced Fertility Change: An African Perspective. Population and Development Review, Vol. 20, Supplement: The New Politics of Population: Conflict and Consensus in Family Planning, (1994), p. 132.
[759] Ali A. Mazrui. Islamic Doctrine and the Politics of Induced Fertility Change: An African Perspective. Population and Development Review, Vol. 20, Supplement: The New Politics of Population: Conflict and Consensus in Family Planning, (1994), p. 125.
[760] Ali A. Mazrui. Islamic Doctrine and the Politics of Induced Fertility Change: An African Perspective. Population and Development Review, Vol. 20, Supplement: The New Politics of Population: Conflict and Consensus in Family Planning, (1994), p. 132.
[761] Quran. chapter 33, verse 50. The Holy Quran. Translation by Abdullah Yusufali. Complete online text. http://www.wam.umd.edu/~stwright/rel/islam/
[762] Ali A. Mazrui. Islamic Doctrine and the Politics of Induced Fertility Change: An African Perspective. Population and Development Review, Vol. 20, Supplement: The New Politics of Population: Conflict and Consensus in Family Planning, (1994), pp. 128.
[763] Timothy M. Savage. Europe and Islam: Crescent Waxing, Cultures Clashing. The Washington Quarterly, Summer 2004, 27:3 pp. 25–50. © 2004 by The Center for Strategic and International Studies and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology
[764] The Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life. An Uncertain Road: Muslims and the Future of Europe. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://pewforum.org/docs/index.php?DocID=60
[765] Timothy M. Savage. Europe and Islam: Crescent Waxing, Cultures Clashing. The Washington Quarterly, Summer 2004, 27:3 pp. 25–50. © 2004 by The Center for Strategic and International Studies and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology
[766] Agner Fog. Cultural r/k Selection. Journal of Memetics - Evolutionary Models of Information Transmission, 1997. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://cfpm.org/jom-emit/1997/vol1/fog_a.html. J. D. Nichols, W. Conley, B. Batt, A. R. Tipton. Temporally Dynamic Reproductive Strategies and the Concept of R- and K-Selection American Naturalist, Vol. 110, No. 976 (Nov. - Dec., 1976), pp. 995-1005. Lloyd Demetrius. Reproductive Strategies and Natural Selection American Naturalist, Vol. 109, No. 967 (May - Jun., 1975), pp. 243-249.
[767] Frequently that violence is imposed on the animals that use the r strategy, not generated by those animals. Some animals—guppies for example—switch into the r mode when they’re being rapaciously attacked by a predator. Reznick, D. N., & Endler, J. (1982). The impact of predation on life history evolution in Trinidadian guppies (Poecilia reticulata). Evolution, 36: 160-177.
[768] Edward O. Wilson, Sociobiology: The Abridged Edition, The Belknap Press of Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1980.
[769] Francis Heylighen and Jan L. Bernheim. From Quantity to Quality of Life: r-K selection and human development. Principia Cybernetica Web. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://pcp.vub.ac.be/Papers/r-KselectionQOL.pdf
[770] Reznick, D. N., & Endler, J. (1982). The impact of predation on life history evolution in Trinidadian guppies (Poecilia reticulata). Evolution, 36: 160-177.
Reznick, D. N., Bryga, H. & Endler, J. A. (1990, July 26). Experimentally induced life-history evolution in a natural population. Nature, 346, 357-359.
Reznick, D. N., Shaw, F. H., Rodd, F. H., & Shaw, Ruth G. (1997, March 28). Evaluation of the Rate of Evolution in Natural Populations of Guppies (Poecilia reticulata) Science, 275, 1934-1937.
[771] R. H. K. Mann. The growth and reproductive strategy of the gudgeon, Gobio gobio (L.), in two hard-water rivers in southern England Journal of Fish Biology Volume 17, Issue 2: Page 163 - August 1980 doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.1980.tb02750.x
[772] Edward O. Wilson, Sociobiology: The Abridged Edition, The Belknap Press of Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1980.
[773] Yousef Al-Qaradhawi and Other Sheikhs Herald the Coming Conquest of Rome. The Middle East Research Institute. Special Dispatch Series - No. 447. December 6, 2002. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://www.memri.org/bin/articles.cgi?Area=sd&ID=SP44702
[774] Jocelyne Cesari. European Islam: A Profile. In Shireen T. Hunter, ed. Islam in Europe and in the United States, A Comparative Perspective, Center for Strategic and International Studies, Washington, DC, 2002, pp 11-15. http://euro-islam.info/PDFs/CSCI_Book.pdf
[775] Paul Harris, Burhan Wazir, Jason Burke. ‘We will replace the Bible with the Quran.” London: The Observer, November 4, 2001. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://observer.guardian.co.uk/islam/story/0,,587375,00.html
[776] “On October 13, 2004 the disbandment of Al Muhajiroun was announced. However, it is believed that The Saviour Sect is to all intents and purposes Al Muhajiroun operating under a new name.” Wikipedia. Al-Muhajiroun—Disbandment. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Muhajiroun#Disbandment
[777] Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://www.israelnationalnews.com/news.php3?id=68558 Arutz Sheva—IsraelNationalNews.com BRITISH MUSLIM LEADER JUSTIFIES CHECHEN SCHOOL ATTACK
[778] Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://observer.guardian.co.uk/islam/story/0,1442,587375,00.html Islam and the West: Observer special Paul Harris and Burhan Wazir in London Jason Burke in Peshawar Sunday November 4, 2001 The Observer
[779] Ali A. Mazrui. Islamic Doctrine and the Politics of Induced Fertility Change: An African Perspective. Population and Development Review, Vol. 20, Supplement: The New Politics of Population: Conflict and Consensus in Family Planning, (1994), p. 125.
[780] Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://observer.guardian.co.uk/islam/story/0,1442,587375,00.html Islam and the West: Observer special Paul Harris and Burhan Wazir in London Jason Burke in Peshawar Sunday November 4, 2001 The Observer
[781] Friday May 9 4:53 PM EDT Study says practicing Muslims will outnumber practicing Christians in Britain soon Copyright _ 1997 Nando.net Copyright _ 1997 Agence France Presse LONDON (May 10, 1997 7:31 p.m. EDT)
[782] Stephen Bates. Decline in churchgoing hits CoE hardest. The Guardian. April 14, 2001. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk_news/story/0,3604,473089,00.html
[783] United Nations Population Fund. New Demographic Regime: Population Challenges and Policy Responses. Geneva, Switzerland: United Nations Publication, 2005: p. 16. Timothy M. Savage. Europe and Islam: Crescent Waxing, Cultures Clashing. The Washington Quarterly, Summer 2004, 27:3 pp. 25–50. © 2004 by The Center for Strategic and International Studies and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology
[784] Timothy M. Savage. Europe and Islam: Crescent Waxing, Cultures Clashing. The Washington Quarterly, Summer 2004, 27:3 pp. 25–50. © 2004 by The Center for Strategic and International Studies and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology
[785] Malcolm Turnbull. Demographic Change and International Affairs Monday, December 13, 2004 Address by Malcolm Turnbull MP to the NSW Branch Australian Institute of International Affairs
[786] Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_Turnbull
[787] Malcolm Turnbull. Demographic Change and International Affairs Monday, December 13, 2004 Address by Malcolm Turnbull MP to the NSW Branch Australian Institute of International Affairs
[788] Bin Laden’s exact words were: “These youths love death as you loves life.” Osama bin Laden. Complete Text Of Sheikh Osama Bin Laden’s Latest Message To Ummah May 12, 2004. Jihad Unspun. Retrieved from the World Wide WebMay 14, 2004http://www.jihadunspun.net/intheatre_internal.php?article=572&list=/home.php&
[789] bin Laden. Complete Text Of Sheikh Osama Bin Laden’s Latest Message To Ummah May 12, 2004. Jihad Unspun. Retrieved from the World Wide WebMay 14, 2004http://www.jihadunspun.net/intheatre_internal.php?article=572&list=/home.php&
[790] Pervez Musharraf. Book Extract: How We Found Pearl buried in ten pieces. London: Times Online. September 26, 2006. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,3-2374550,00.html
[791] One suspected bomber was born in Jamaica and grew up in England. Another is a Cairo-born student who studied biochemistry and chemical engineering at the undergraduate and graduate level in the US. Several kilos of ammonium nitrate are found in one of his two apartments—a “bomb factory” in Leeds. One suspect, Hasib Hussain is 18 years old, comes from a modest neighborhood in Leeds, was a cricket and soccer player, but was taken off the college track by his teachers and the cricket pitch on which he played with his team was shut down. He turned to Islam. Two bombers have made trips to Pakistan that apparently changed their lives. Another, 22-year-old Shehzad Tanweer, was born in Bradford, England, came from an upper middle-class family that owned a chip shop, was proud to be British, played cricket the week before the attack, but went to Pakistan to learn the Koran by heart and may have visited a militant Islamic private school for the wealthy and the planner of a Pakistani grenade attack that killed five. David Rising. London Police Identify Bombings Suspects. Associated Press, July 26, 2005. Printed in London: The Guardian July 26, 2005
Retrieved July 26, 2005, from the World Wide Web http://www.guardian.co.uk/worldlatest/story/0,1280,-5168957,00.html. BBC News. Bombings police search seized car.
Retrieved July 26, 2005, from the World Wide Web http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/4716535.stm. BBC-News. Failed bomb attacks: What we know. Retrieved July 26, 2005, from the World Wide Web http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/4717677.stm. BBC-News. Man ‘saw Shepherd’s Bush bomber.’ Retrieved July 26, 2005, from the World Wide Web http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/4705303.stm.
[792] Dutch desert their changing country By Ambrose Evans-Pritchard in The Hague (Filed: 11/12/2004) http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2004/12/11/wneth11.xml&sSheet=/portal/2004/12/11/ixportal.html
[793] Daisy Sindelar. Netherlands: Week Of Violence Leaves People Questioning Tradition Of Tolerance. Radio Free Europe. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2004/11/4cf75cb4-c2fa-4a15-b977-d142d89acf89.html. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polder_Model
[794] Muslim Schools Under Fire By Dutch By Marcel Van De Hoef .c The Associated Press AP-NY-03-18-02
[795] Muslim Schools Under Fire By Dutch By Marcel Van De Hoef .c The Associated Press AP-NY-03-18-02
[796] Lorenzo Vidino is deputy director at the Investigative Project, a Washington D.C.-based counterterrorism research institute. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://www.meforum.org/article/687 The Muslim Brotherhood’s Conquest of Europe by Lorenzo Vidino
[797] Lorenzo Vidino is deputy director at the Investigative Project, a Washington D.C.-based counterterrorism research institute. Lorenzo Vidino. The Muslim Brotherhood’s Conquest of Europe. The Middle East Forum. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://www.meforum.org/article/687 .
[798] Lorenzo Vidino. The Muslim Brotherhood’s Conquest of Europe. The Middle East Forum. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://www.meforum.org/article/687 .
[799] Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood
[800] Lorenzo Vidino is deputy director at the Investigative Project, a Washington D.C.-based counterterrorism research institute. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://www.meforum.org/article/687 The Muslim Brotherhood’s Conquest of Europe by Lorenzo Vidino
[801] Belgium is ‘launch pad for terrorists’ By Ambrose Evans-Pritchard in Brussels (Filed: 04/06/2002) http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2002/06/04/wbelg04. xml&sSheet=/news/2002/06/04/ixworld.html
[802] Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardennes
[803] Belgium is ‘launch pad for terrorists’ By Ambrose Evans-Pritchard in Brussels (Filed: 04/06/2002) http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2002/06/04/wbelg04. xml&sSheet=/news/2002/06/04/ixworld.html
[804] Belgium was consolidated as an independent nation in 1830. Wikipedia. Belgium—History. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium#History. Germany was united as a nation in 1871. Wikipedia. Germany—German Empire. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany#German_Empire_.281871.E2.80.931918.29
[805] In France, “asking people about their religious affiliation in a population census is forbidden. However, it is believed that between 4 and 5 million Muslims” live in France. Jean-Yves Camus, Islam in France. May 10, 2004. Interdisciplinary Center Herzliya http://www.ict.org.il/articles/articledet.cfm?articleid=514 “approximately 4 to 6 million people of Islamic faith”
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_France. Hadi Yahmid of Islam Online uses two different figures for France’s Islamic population—five million in one article and six million in another. He writes, “Muslims make up some five million of France’s 60 million people, the biggest Muslim minority in Europe.” This statement appears in Hadi Yahmid, IOL Correspondent. Paris Police Face Non-abating Immigrants Outrage IslamOnline.net & News Agencies October 31, 2005
http://islamonline.net/English/News/2005-10/31/article04.shtml In another Islam Online article, Yahmid writes that France has, “Six million Muslims, or 10 percent of the overall [French] population.” Hadi Yahmid. French Muslims Live In “Ethnic Ghettos”: Report. July 7, 2004 (IslamOnline.net) Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://www.islamonline.net/English/News/2004-07/07/article04.shtml
[806] Melissa Block. French Riots Underscore Racial Inequity. National Public Radio. November 7, 2005. http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4993214. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web Chirac promises tough response as riots continue. Japan Today. November 7, 2005 http://www.japantoday.com/e/?content=news&cat=8&id=354484
[807] John Leicester. Violence in France Enters 10th Night—Security Tightens as Riots Spread Across the Country. November 6, 2005. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://aolsvc.news.aol.com/news/article.adp?id=20051103223709990011&ncid=NWS00010000000001
[808] John Leicester. Violence in France Enters 10th Night—Security Tightens as Riots Spread Across the Country. November 6, 2005. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://aolsvc.news.aol.com/news/article.adp?id=20051103223709990011&ncid=NWS00010000000001
[809] Chris Burns, Hayat Mongodin, and Associated Press. Unrest reaches French capital Riots, arson take new turn, spreads across country. CNN, Sunday, November 6, 2005. http://edition.cnn.com/2005/WORLD/europe/11/05/france.riots/
[810] John Leicester. Violence in France Enters 10th Night—Security Tightens as Riots Spread Across the Country. November 6, 2005. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://aolsvc.news.aol.com/news/article.adp?id=20051103223709990011&ncid=NWS00010000000001. IslamOnline.net & Reuters. France Getting Calmer After Weeks of Unrest. Retrieved November 15, 2013. http://www.islamonline.net/English/News/2005-11/17/article03.shtml
[811] National Public Radio, Hourly Newscast, November 5, 2005, 3pm EST, Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web npr.org.
[812] Martin Walker. EU aid as French riots slacken. UPI, Nov 14, 2005. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://news.monstersandcritics.com/europe/article_1062055.php/EU_aid_as_French_riots_slacken
[813] Tom Heneghan. French youths riot again despite curfew threat. Reuters, November 8, 2005. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://today.reuters.com/business/newsarticle.aspx?type=tnBusinessNews&storyID=nL08772457&imageid=2005-11-07T215351Z_01_TOU02D_RTRIDSP_2_FRANCE-RIOTS.jpg&cap=A%20suburban%20bus%20burns%20in%20Reynerie,%20near%20the%20southwestern%20city%20of%20Toulouse,%20after%20youths%20set%20fire%20to%20it%20and%20three%20cars%20on%20the%2012th%20night%20of%20violence%20November%207,%202005.%20France%20announced%20plans%20on%20Monday%20to%20impose%20curfews%20on%20rundown%20suburbs%20hit%20by%20violence%20to%20try%20to%20halt%20almost%20two%20weeks%20of%20unrest%20in%20which%20one%20man%20has%20been%20killed%20and%20thousands%20of%20cars%20have%20been%20torched.%20REUTERS/Stringer. John Leicester. Violence in France Enters 10th Night—Security Tightens as Riots Spread Across the Country. November 6, 2005. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://aolsvc.news.aol.com/news/article.adp?id=20051103223709990011&ncid=NWS00010000000001
[814] Tom Hundley. Riots could happen in rest of Europe. Chicago Tribune, November 20, 2005. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/chi-0511200308nov20,1,4542635.story?coll=chi-newsnationworld-hed chicagotribune.com
[815] Abigail R. Esman. Fire and Fury on the Euro-Arab Street. The Nation, November 14, 2005. Retrieved November 23, 2005, from the World Wide Web http://news.yahoo.com/s/thenation/20051114/cm_thenation/20051128esman&printer=1;_ylt=ApLj0N.hYnXax_xl9G4rzy8__8QF;_ylu=X3oDMTA3MXN1bHE0BHNlYwN0bWE
[816] Jean Chichizola. A new jihad, according to Islamist sites. Paris: Le Figaro, November 14, 2005 Retrieved October 13, 2006, from the World Wide Web http://www.lefigaro.fr/cgi/edition/genimprime?cle=20051114.FIG0379. n.a. Has an Intifada Begun in France? Assyrian International News Agency—News and Analysis of Assyrian and Assyrian-Related Issues Worldwide. November 18, 2005 Retrieved November 21, 2005, from the World Wide Web http://www.aina.org/news/20051118140740.htm.
[817] Tom Hundley. Riots could happen in rest of Europe. Chicago Tribune, November 20, 2005. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/chi-0511200308nov20,1,4542635.story?coll=chi-newsnationworld-hed chicagotribune.com
[818] The French riots continued from October 27, 2005 to November 18, 2005. IslamOnline.net & Reuters. France Getting Calmer After Weeks of Unrest. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://www.islamonline.net/English/News/2005-11/17/article03.shtml France Getting Calmer After Weeks of Unrest French policemen arrive at site of protest against government’s handling of recent unrest in Paris. (Reuters) PARIS, November 17, 2005 (IslamOnline.net & News Agencies)
[819] Craig S. Smith with Ariane Bernard. Immigrant Rioting Flares in France for Ninth Night. The New York Times, November 5, 2005. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://www.nytimes.com/2005/11/05/international/europe/05france.html?ei=5094&en=269c3943cbe7ce00&hp=&ex=1131166800&partner=homepage&pagewanted=print
[820] Hadi Yahmid. Paris Police Face Non-abating Immigrants Outrage Additional Reporting. October 31, 2005 (IslamOnline.net & News Agencies) http://islamonline.net/English/News/2005-10/31/article04.shtml
[821] Muslims issue fatwa against riots Monday, Reuters, November 7, 2005 Posted: 0239 GMT (1039 HKT) http://edition.cnn.com/2005/WORLD/europe/11/06/france.riots.fatwa.reut/?section=cnn_latest
[822] Tom Heneghan. The sight of imams and local Muslim leaders in the suburbs calming down angry teenagers who reject all other authority RPT-Anti-riot fatwa sparks feud among French Muslims Reuters Foundation AlertNet http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/L0775633.htm
[823] A. Savyon. Reactions in the Arab and Muslim World to the Rioting in France. The Middle East Media Research Institute Inquiry and Analysis Series - No. 251 November 11, 2005. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://memri.org/bin/articles.cgi?Page=archives&Area=ia&ID=IA25105
[824] The Holy Quran. Translation by Abdullah Yusufali. Complete online text. http://www.wam.umd.edu/~stwright/rel/islam/
[825] Chapter 2, verse 191. The Holy Quran. Translation by Abdullah Yusufali. Complete online text. Retrieved November 19, 2001, from the World Wide Web http://www.wam.umd.edu/~stwright/rel/islam/
[826] “war is guile.” Ali quoted in Sahih Bukhari, Virtues and Merits of the Prophet (pbuh) and his Companions, Volume 4, Book 56, Number 808: USC-MSA Compendium of Muslim Texts. University of Southern California. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/fundamentals/hadithsunnah/bukhari/056.sbt.html#004.056.808. (Bukhari is one of the Islamic holy books, one of the Hadith.)
“When the Prophet (peace_be_upon_him) intended to go on an expedition, he always pretended to be going somewhere else, and he would say: War is deception.” Book 14, Number 2631. Sunan Abu-Dawud. USC-MSA Compendium of Muslim Texts. University of Southern California. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/fundamentals/hadithsunnah/abudawud/014.sat.html#014.2631
Sunan Abu-Dawud is another of the Islamic holy books, the Hadith. Even God uses guile in Islam to deceive the enemy. Ishaq quotes Allah as saying, “I deceived them with My firm guile so that I delivered you from them.” In fact, Ishaq says that when it comes to deception, “God is the best of plotters.” A. Guillaume. The Life of Muhammad: A Translation of Ibn Ishaq’s Sirat Rasul Allah. New York: Oxford University Press, 1955: p. 323.
[827] This blunt quote from Mohammed, “War is deceit,” comes to us from Mohammed’s first and most important biographer, Ibn Ishaq: A. Guillaume. The Life of Muhammad: A Translation of Ibn Ishaq’s Sirat Rasul Allah. New York: Oxford University Press, 1955 , eighteenth printing, 2004: p. 458.
[828] See the stories of the lies an Islamic agent sowed among the Jews and the Meccans during the Battle of the Trench. Mohammed told his covert operative, Nu’aym, to “Go and awake distrust among the enemy to draw him off us if you can, for war is deceit.” Remember, Mohammed was talking to a man who must have been very aware of Mohammed’s pronouncements on the use of lies in the murder of Ka’b the poet: “O apostle of God,” said one of the brothers, “we shall have to tell lies.” Mohammed answered with an uncaring, “Say what you like, for you are free in the matter.”
The agent approached a group of Jews who had been his best friends from childhood, and “remind[ed] them of his affection for them and of the special tie between them.” In reality, friendship was not Nu’aym’s intention. His goal was the death of the Jews to whom he was pretending warmth and loyalty. With this bait, Nu’aym lured the Jews into a trap that would make them hated by their Meccan allies. One of Nu’aym’s standard phrases for winning the trust of those he was about to betray went like this: “You are my stock and my family and the dearest of men to me.” So when you hear a phrase of that sort from a militant Muslim who tells you he wants peace and friendship, be very, very careful. A. Guillaume. The Life of Muhammad: A Translation of Ibn Ishaq’s Sirat Rasul Allah. New York: Oxford University Press, 1955 , eighteenth printing, 2004: pp. 458-459.
[829] A. Savyon. Reactions in the Arab and Muslim World to the Rioting in France. The Middle East Media Research Institute Inquiry and Analysis Series - No. 251 November 11, 2005. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://memri.org/bin/articles.cgi?Page=archives&Area=ia&ID=IA25105
[830] A. Savyon. Reactions in the Arab and Muslim World to the Rioting in France. The Middle East Media Research Institute Inquiry and Analysis Series - No. 251 November 11, 2005. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://memri.org/bin/articles.cgi?Page=archives&Area=ia&ID=IA25105
[831] A. Savyon. Reactions in the Arab and Muslim World to the Rioting in France. The Middle East Media Research Institute Inquiry and Analysis Series - No. 251 November 11, 2005. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://memri.org/bin/articles.cgi?Page=archives&Area=ia&ID=IA25105
[832] Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://www.upi.com/SecurityTerrorism/view.php?StoryID=20051118-113424-7573r United Press International 11/18/2005 6:41:00 PM -0500 Foreign agitators in French riots? PARIS, Nov. 18. B. Raman. South Asia Analysis Group Paper no. 1614 16. 11. 2005 HIZBUT TEHRIR BEHIND FRENCH INTIFADA by, Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://www.saag.org/%5Cpapers17%5Cpaper1614.html
[833] Jamaat ul-Fuqra. South Asia Intelligence Review. http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/pakistan/terroristoutfits/jamaat-ul-fuqra.htm
[834] Friday, 28 December, 2001, 13:32 GMT Who is Richard Reid? Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/1731568.stm
[835] Richard Reid (shoe bomber). Wikipedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Reid_%28shoe_bomber%29
[836] Michael Elliott. The Shoe Bomber’s World. Time Magazine—Web Exclusive. February 16, 2002. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,203478,00.html
[837] Michael Elliott. The Shoe Bomber’s World. Time Magazine—Web Exclusive. February 16, 2002. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,203478,00.html. Wikipedia. Shoe Bomber. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoe_bomber
[838] Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://www.upi.com/SecurityTerrorism/view.php?StoryID=20051118-113424-7573r United Press International 11/18/2005 6:41:00 PM -0500 Foreign agitators in French riots? PARIS, Nov. 18. B. Raman. South Asia Analysis Group Paper no. 1614 16. 11. 2005 HIZBUT TEHRIR BEHIND FRENCH INTIFADA by, Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://www.saag.org/%5Cpapers17%5Cpaper1614.html
[839] Mark Krikorian, Executive Director of the Center for Immigration Studies, Frank Gaffney, President of the Center for Security Policy, and Stephen Steinlight, Fellow at the Center for Immigration Studies. The French Riots and U.S. Immigration Policy: Lessons for U.S. Lawmakers?” C-Span, November 14, 2005. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://72.14.207.104/search?q=cache:EaT-eSGBbPMJ:www.cspan.org/VideoArchives.asp%3FCatCodePairs%3D,%26ArchiveDays%3D100%26Page%3D3+%22Stephen+Steinlight%22+2005&hl=en&client=googlet
[840] Mark Krikorian, Executive Director of the Center for Immigration Studies, Frank Gaffney, President of the Center for Security Policy, and Stephen Steinlight, Fellow at the Center for Immigration Studies. The French Riots and U.S. Immigration Policy: Lessons for U.S. Lawmakers?” C-Span, November 14, 2005. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://72.14.207.104/search?q=cache:EaT-eSGBbPMJ:www.cspan.org/VideoArchives.asp%3FCatCodePairs%3D,%26ArchiveDays%3D100%26Page%3D3+%22Stephen+Steinlight%22+2005&hl=en&client=googlet
[841] Khadija Abdul Qahaar. An Important Message from the Publisher. Jihad Unspun, November 14, 2005. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://www.jihadunspun.net/home.php
[842] Estimates of the size of the Muslim population in the United States vary from a low of 1.2 million to a high of seven million. The most credible sources estimate between 1.2 million and two million. Abdul Malik Mujahid. Muslims in America: Profile. Alexandria, Va. Allied Media Corp. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://www.allied-media.com/AM/AM-profile.htm
B.A. Robinson. HOW MANY MUSLIMS ARE IN THE U.S. AND THE REST OF THE WORLD. Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance. September 18, 2002. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://www.religioustolerance.org/isl_numb.htm
Number of Muslims in the United States. Adherents.com Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://www.adherents.com/largecom/com_islam_usa.html
[843] CN8 Your Morning, Comcast, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and New England cable channel. On the web site of “Walid Shoebat—Former PLO Terrorist” http://www.shoebat.com/media/cn8_2006_01.wmv—Shoebat has appeared on CNN News International, CNN USA, Fox News’ O’Reilly Factor, has testified on Capitol Hill, and is author of Why I Left Jihad
[844] As reported by the San Ramon Valley Herald. Cited in CAIR: ‘Moderate’ friends of terror by Daniel Pipes New York Post April 22, 2002, http://www.danielpipes.org/article/394
[845] Osama bin Laden. Complete Text Of Sheikh Osama Bin Laden’s Latest Message To Ummah May 12, 2004. Originally downloaded from Jihad Unspun, a militant Islamic website. Retrieved once again November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://www.mail-archive.com/tumpat@yahoogroups.com/msg00023.html
[846] Abu Abdullah Usama bin Ladin. Declaration Of War Against The Americans Occupying The Land Of The Two Holy Places. August 26, 1996. Retrieved from the World Wide Web May 05, 2004 http://www.intellnet.org/documents/300/080/382.htm
[847] Ali A. Mazrui. Islamic Doctrine and the Politics of Induced Fertility Change: An African Perspective. Population and Development Review, Vol. 20, Supplement: The New Politics of Population: Conflict and Consensus in Family Planning, (1994), pp. 121-134.
[848] Craig S. Smith with Ariane Bernard. Immigrant Rioting Flares in France for Ninth Night. The New York Times, November 5, 2005. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://www.nytimes.com/2005/11/05/international/europe/05france.html?ei=5094&en=269c3943cbe7ce00&hp=&ex=1131166800&partner=homepage&pagewanted=print
[849] Dr. Ali Mohammed Naqvi. Islam and Nationalism. Islamic Propagation Organization Translated by: Dr. Alaeddin Pazargadi. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://al-islam.org/islamandnationalism/10.htm
[850] Saudi Cleric on American Democracy, Globalization, and Haircuts. MEMRI TV Monitor Project. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://www.memritv.org/Transcript.asp?P1=316
[851] Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://www.almajdtv.net/index.asp
[852] United Nations Development Programme and Arab Fund for Economic and Social Development. Arab Human Development Report 2002: Creating Opportunities for Future Generations. New York: The Regional Bureau for Arab States, United Nations Development Programme, 2002.
[853] Richard Fletcher. Moorish Spain. Berkeley: University of California Press: 1993. Joseph F. O’Callaghan. A History of Medieval Spain. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1975. Wikipedia. Caliph. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caliph
[854] Caliphate—The History of the Caliphate. Wikipedia. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caliphate#The_history_of_the_caliphate
[855] One Córdoban (Spanish) Caliph’s harem had 6,300 women. Alexander Murray. Reason and Society in the Middle Ages. Oxford University Press, 1978: p. 50.
See also: Fatema Mernissi. The Forgotten Queens of Islam. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1993
Leslie P. Peirce. The Imperial Harem: Women and Sovereignty in the Ottoman Empire. New York: Ox ford University Press, 1993.
[856] R H P Mason. A History of Japan. Tokyo: Tuttle Publishing, 1997: p. 336.
[857]. “Islam,” Smithsonian World, Program 305, Steve York, producer/director, Adrian Malone, executive producer, Sandra W. Bradley, senior producer, Michael Olmert, writer, co-produced by The Smithsonian Institution and WETA, Washington, D.C., first aired July 22, 1987.
[858] Philip Jenkins. The Next Christendom: The Coming of Global Christianity. New York: Oxford University Press, 2002, p. 3, 34.
[859] n.a. Church In Siberia Grows. News About Religion In Russia, Zenit (an international news agency focused on Catholic Church issues), May 18, 1999. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://www.stetson.edu/~psteeves/relnews/9905b.html
n.a. A Russian Evangelical Alliance is Back on the Scene. Pakistan Christian Post. April 4, 2006. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://www.pakistanchristianpost.com/newsviewsdetails.php?newsid=131
Yeltsin hands back new religion law - President Boris Yeltsin of Russia Christian Century, August 13, 1997
[860] Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://www.nafta-sec-alena.org/DefaultSite/index_e.aspx
[861] Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://www.cafta.org/
[862] Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://www.aseansec.org/
[863] Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://www.apec.org/
[864] Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web. World Muslim Congress—History. http://www.motamaralalamalislami.org/history.html
[865] Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://www.oic-oci.org/
[866] Fred Bergsten. America’s two-front economic conflict. Foreign Affairs. March/April 2001, pp. 16-17.
[867] Fred Bergsten. America’s two-front economic conflict. Foreign Affairs. March/April 2001, pp. 16-17.
[868] For an example, see: George Staunton. An Authentic Account of an Embassy from the King of Great Britain to the Emperor of China. Volumes 1 and 2. Replica of 1797 edition by W. Bulmer and Co., London. Boston, MA: Adamant Media, 2005.
[869] Daniel J. Boorstin. The Discoverers: A History of Man’s Search To Know His World And Himself. New York: Vintage Books, 1985. Dennis & Ching Ping Bloodworth. The Chinese Machiavelli: 3,000 Years of Chinese Statecraft. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1976.
[870] China Seeks Big Role on World Stage By KEVIN GRAY .c The Associated Press MONTEVIDEO, Uruguay (AP) AP-NY-04-16-01. http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/200104/10/eng20010410_67298.html, downloaded 8/9/01
People’s Daily 4/10/01 Jiang: China Never Gives in to Outside Pressure President Jiang Zemin said Monday in Buenos Aires that China “never gives in to any outside pressure on principle issues related to China’s state sovereignty and territorial integrity.”
[871] China’s Growing Interest in Latin America Kerry Dumbaugh, Specialist in Asian Affairs Mark P. Sullivan, Specialist in Latin American Affairs Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division. CRS Report for Congress. April 20, 2005. http://fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/45464.pdf. President Hu Jintao Visit’s Latin America; Attends APEC - A Special Press Summary. Virtual Information Center. 11/24/2004. http://www.vic-info.org/RegionsTop.nsf/0/78ec98f24a331ca20a256f56007dc031?OpenDocument .
[872] China, EU discuss strategic partnership (Xinhua) Updated: 2005-05-18 21:05. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2005-05/18/content_443745.htm
[873] Russia and China announce strategic partnership in a bid to counter expanding Western military and fiscal influences Babu Ghanta, Special Correspondent February 03, 2005. India Daily. http://www.indiadaily.com/editorial/02-03b-05.asp
[874] ASEAN and China form strategic partnership. Jusuf Wanandi, Jakarta. The Jakarta Post.com. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://www.thejakartapost.com/misc/PrinterFriendly.asp
[875] Association of Southeast Asian Nations. Member Countries. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://www.aseansec.org/4736.htm
[876] Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China. Build a new international order on the basis of the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence. 11/17/2000. http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/ziliao/3602/3604/t18016.htm
[877] U.S. Census Bureau. Historical Estimates of World Population. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/worldhis.html
[878] “We can easily establish that fact that total Muslim Population in 2006 is 1.6 billion which is far greater than currently estimated 1.2 or 1.3 billion” says the homepage of the Islamic website Islamicpopulation.com. Muslim Population Worldwide. Islamicpopulatio.com. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://www.islamicpopulation.com/ See also: “Islam is the fastest growing religion and the second largest religion in the world.” Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://www.islamicweb.com/begin/results.htm
[879] China Population Information and Research Center. China Population. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://www.cpirc.org.cn/en/eindex.htm
[880] The population of the European Union was 456 million in 2003. And the population of the US in 2006 was 300 million. Putting the Western World’s population in 2005 at over 756 million. See: European demography in 2003: EU25 population up by 0.4% to reach 456 million—One in 14 people in world live in EU25. Eurostat News Release 105/2004, August 31, 2004 Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://epp.eurostat.cec.eu.int/cache/ITY_PUBLIC/3-31082004-BP/EN/3-31082004-BP-EN.PDF#search=%22european%20union%20population%22. U.S. Census Bureau. U.S. and World Population Clocks. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://www.census.gov/main/www/popclock.html
[881] The total human population of the planet in 1750 was roughly 629,000. By 1800 it had increased to 813,000. U.S. Census Bureau. Historical Estimates of World Population. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/worldhis.html
[882] Charles Mackay, LL. D. Extraordinary Popular Delusions and The Madness of Crowds. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux 1932. Originally published 1841. business cycle. (2006). Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved May 21, 2006, from Encyclopædia Britannica Premium Service http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9106213.
[883] For post-1981 crashes that did NOT go global in a major way, see Wikipedia. List of Stock Market Crashes. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_stock_market_crashes. Wikipedia. Asian Financial Crisis. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_financial_crisis. Wikipedia. Dot Com Bubble. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dot-com_bubble.
[884] Robert J. Samuelson. Great Depression. The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics. The Library of Economics an Liberty. http://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/GreatDepression.html; Essays on the Great Depression by Ben S. Bernanke. Princeton University Press, 2000. p 44. Nathan Miller. New World Coming: The 1920s and the Making of Modern America. Scribner, 2003, 375
[885] List of Recessions. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_recessions
[886] Yuri Kageyama. Japan Warns About Economic Recovery. The Associated Press Tokyo. July 11, 2002. Japan Upgrades Economic Assessment The Associated Press, Tokyo, October 8, 2002. Adam Posen. For Japan, It’s Every Which Way But Back. Retrieved October 20, 2002, From The World Wide Web Http://Www.Washingtonpost.Com/Wp-Dyn/Articles/A50655-2002oct19.Html Sunday, October 20, 2002.
[887] Wrote Fareed Zakaria, the former editor of Foreign Affairs and International Editor for Newsweek, “In the last two years Indonesia’s economy has shrunk by almost 80 percent, Thailand’s by 50 percent, South Korea’s by 45 percent, Malaysia’s by 25 percent.” Fareed Zakaria. Will Asia Turn Against the West? New York Times, July 10, 1998.
[888] At First China Was Worried That It Would Be Sucked Into The Economic Vacuum With Its Neighbors. It Need Not Have Feared. Its Economic Growth Rate Never Fell Below 7%—An Astonishingly High Figure. Tiffany Wu. Intel Boosts China Investment Amid Global Slowdown SHANGHAI, Reuters Sept 21, 2001. Tamora Vidaillet ANALYSIS-China Frets Over Growth As Global Prospects Dim. BEIJING, Reuters Oct 18 , 2001 ELAINE KURTENBACH. China To Keep Growth At 7 Percent. The Associated Press HONG KONG. October 19, 2001. Edwin Chan. INTERVIEW-Applied Materials Sees $500 Mln China Orders Reuters, SHANGHAI, March 26, 2002.
[889] C. Fred Bergsten, Bates Gill, R. Nicholas Lardy, Derek J. Mitchell. China: What the World Needs to Know Now about the Emerging Superpower. Institute for International Economics (IIE) and Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS). Washington, DC: The CSIS Press. April 2006. ^^@^^2/14/2014 8:00 PM^^
[890] Said a September 2001 article in Singapore’s Straits Times, “The economic ascent of China is casting a lengthening shadow on the region.” Quoted in Joe Studwell. The China Dream: The Quest for the Last Great Untapped Market on Earth. New York: Grove/Atlantic, 2002: p. 359.
[891] “The economies of Southeast Asian countries were the fastest-growing in the world until 1997, when a currency crash sent the region into a slump. Japan’s economy also remains in a funk. China, with annual growth of about 7 percent, is now the regional star.…. For China’s eastern neighbors - Japan, Taiwan and South Korea in particular - their own competitiveness increasingly depends on shifting manufacturing to China to take advantage of its lower costs and get closer to its huge market.” Elaine Kurtenbach. China’s Neighbors Watch Warily. The Associated Press. October 21, 2002.
[892] Antoaneta Bezlova. The Dragon stirs in a wary world. Asia Times Online. Retrieved December 30, 2004, from the World Wide Web http://www.atimes.com/atimes/China/FL25Ad01.html. “On June 28, the BBC reported that China had passed the U.S. as the world’s biggest recipient of foreign direct investment. China attracted $53 billion worth of new factories in 2003, whereas the U.S. took in only $40 billion; India, $4 billion; and Russia, a measly $1 billion.” Chalmers Johnson. Sailing Toward a Storm in China: U.S. Maneuvers Could Spark a War. Los Angeles Times, July 15, 2004.
[893] n.a. Liberalise or lose investment, US lobby warns ASEAN. Reuters, August 7, 2001.
[894] n.a. Wake up to China’s WTO entry, Supachai warns Asia. Reuters, November 6, 2001.
[895] Barry Eichengreen, Yeongseop Rhee, And Hui Tong. The Impact of China on the Exports of Other Asian Countries. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, September 2004. NBER Working Paper No. W10768. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=592147
[896] Figures on India’s middle class varied wildly. The optimists put it at 700 million. The pessimists at 250 million. India’s National Council of Applied Economic Research (http://www.ncaer.org/) was the estimator that put the figure for India’s middle class at 700 million in 2003. (Michael Schuman. Hey, Big Spenders: India’s young are becoming world-class consumers, and multi-nationals are taking note. Time Asia. August 25, 2003. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://www.time.com/time/asia/magazine/article/0,13673,501030901-477977,00.html)
Gurcharan Das, author of India Unbound and a former CEO of Procter & Gamble India, was less ebullient in his figures. He calculated the size of India’s middle class at 250 million as of 2004. (Gurcharan Das. The Respect They Deserve: India’s rich are doing well, and good for them—but the growing middle class is the real story.Time Asia. November 29, 2004. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://www.time.com/time/asia/covers/501041206/two_indias_vpt_das.html
Gurcharan Das. India’s Growing Middle Class. The Globalistl. November 05, 2001. See also: Scott Baldauf. Boom splits India’s middle class. Christian Science Monitor. May 13, 2004.)
[897] Says Gurcharan Das, former head of Procter & Gamble India and the author of India Unbound: The Social and Economic Revolution From Independence to the Global Information Age, India’s “unique development model—relying on domestic consumption and high-tech services—has brought a quarter century of record growth despite an incompetent and heavy-handed state.” Gurcharan Das. The India Model. Foreign Affairs, July/August 2006. For an example of what Das calls “exploding markets”—exploding domestic markets, see: Gurcharan Das. India Unbound: The Social and Economic Revolution From Independence to the Global Information Age. New York, Anchor Books, 2002: pp. 192-193
[898] Mars Pathfinder. Marsnews.com Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://www.marsnews.com/missions/pathfinder/
[899] Abu Bakr Naji. Translated by William McCants. “The Management of Savagery: The Most Critical Stage Through Which the Umma Will Pass.” Cambridge MA: John M. Olin Institute for Strategic Studies at Harvard University, 23 May 2006.
[900] Gregory Kipper. Investigator’s Guide to Steganography. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2004: p. 181.
[901] Candyce Kelshall. Radical Islam and LNG in Trinidad and Tobago. internet haganáh Confronting the Global Jihad. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://haganah.org.il/harchives/003378.html
[902] Ayatollah Khomeini, Sayings of the Ayatollah Khomeini, p. 4.
[903]. Shaul Bakash, The Reign of the Ayatollahs: Iran and the Islamic Revolution, p. 233. As R.K. Ramazani, the Harry Flood Byrd, Jr. professor of government and foreign affairs at the University of Virginia, put it, “Khomeini believes that the export of revolution is obligatory” in the interests of “an overarching concept of Islamic world order.” Ramazani pointed out that Khomeini “rejected...the very idea of the [secular, non Islamic] nation state.... In other words, in Khomeini’s ideal Islamic world order there would be no room for the modern secu¬lar... international system.” Khomeini, in Ramazani’s words, felt “it is Iran that is uniquely qualified as a nation to pave the way for the ultimate founding of world government.... In Khomeini’s words, ‘...the Iranian nation must grow in power and resolution until it has vouchsafed Islam to the entire world.’” (R.K. Ramazani, Revolutionary Iran: Challenge and Respect in the Middle East, pp. 20 24.)
[904] Reuh Alleah Khumaynei (Ayatollah Khomeini). Sayings of the Ayatollah Khomeini: Political, Philosophical, Social, and Religious. New York: Bantam Books, 1980: p. 28.
[905] One example: “The Annihilation of the Infidels is a Divine Decree. …Regardless of the norms of ‘humanist’ belief, which sees destroying the infidel countries as a tragedy requiring us to show some conscientious empathy and an atmosphere of sadness for the loss that is to be caused to human civilization - an approach that does not distinguish between believer and infidel. - I would like to stress that annihilating the infidels is an inarguable fact, as this is the [divine] decree of fate. …the Quran places these tortures [to be inflicted on the infidels] in the solid framework of reward and punishment.”An Al-Qa’ida-Affiliated Online Magazine: On the Importance of Jihad as a Means of Destroying the ‘Infidel Countries’ Author: Publication: MEMRI Date: September 4, 2002 URL: http://www.memri.org/bin/articles.cgi?Page=archives&Area=sd&ID=SP41802
[906] “with His permission were about to annihilate your enemy.” Book 3, verse 152. The Holy Quran. Translation by Abdullah Yusufali. Complete online text. Retrieved November 19, 2001, from the World Wide Web http://www.wam.umd.edu/~stwright/rel/islam/
The Quran’s one-time use of the phrase “with His permission [you] were about to annihilate your enemy” would seem insignifant on its own. But it’s used over and over again by Muslim scholars like the Ayatollah to emphasize the importance of exterminating those who refuse to believe in Islam and who, through their unbelief, threaten to “corrupt” the ummah of Islam, the social body of Islam.
[907] An Al-Qa’ida-Affiliated Online Magazine: On the Importance of Jihad as a Means of Destroying the ‘Infidel Countries.’ MEMRI Date: September 4, 2002 URL: http://www.memri.org/bin/articles.cgi?Page=archives&Area=sd&ID=SP41802
[908] Supreme Leader: Scientific progress should turn into predominant culture Tehran. Tehran, Aug 14, 2006 IRNA. Retrieved August 14, 2006, from the World Wide Web http://www.irna.ir/en/news/view/line-17/0608149165180424.htm
[909] Osama bin Laden. Complete Text Of Sheikh Osama Bin Laden’s Latest Message To Ummah May 12, 2004. Originally downloaded from Jihad Unspun, a militant Islamic website. Retrieved once again November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://www.mail-archive.com/tumpat@yahoogroups.com/msg00023.html
[910] Osama Bin Laden. Complete Text Of Sheikh Osama Bin Laden’s Latest Message To Ummah May 12, 2004. Retrieved from the World Wide WebMay 14, 2004 http://www.jihadunspun.net/intheatre_internal.php?article=572&list=/home.php&
[911] Osama bin Laden. Full text: bin Laden’s ‘letter to America’, November 24, 2002. The Observer. November 24, 2002. The Observer points out that, “The letter first appeared on the internet in Arabic and has since been translated and circulated by Islamists in Britain.” Retrieved November 25, 2002, from the World Wide Web http://www.observer.co.uk/worldview/story/0,11581,845725,00.html
[912] Osama bin Laden. Complete Text Of Sheikh Osama Bin Laden’s Latest Message To Ummah May 12, 2004. Originally downloaded from Jihad Unspun, a militant Islamic website. Retrieved once again September 15, 2006, from the World Wide Web http://www.mail-archive.com/tumpat@yahoogroups.com/msg00023.html
[913] Usama Bin Laden: Full Text of Message to Americans http://english.aljazeera.net http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/8E8EA580-943C-4FBF-9ABD- 21B47627FECD.htm Saturday, 18 October 2003.
[914] Osama Bin Laden. Full text: bin Laden’s ‘letter to America’ Retrieved October 13, 2005, from the World Wide Web http://observer.guardian.co.uk/worldview/story/0,11581,845725,00.html
[915] http://demand1.stream.aol.com/ramgen/cnn/aolbb/world/2004/08/17/rodgers.militant.muslims.cnn.rv8.rm CNN 8/17/2004
[916] Gunman Kills Dutch Film Director. November 2, 2004. BBC News. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/3974179.stm
[917] The man who describes modern jihadists as “knights” is Osama bin Laden. Retrieved from the World Wide WebJanuary 05, 2004http://www.jihadunspun.com/intheatre_internal.php?article=88298&list=/home.php& Transcript From Osama Bin Laden Tape Aired By Al-Arabiyya Dec 27, 2003 Translated By Naouar Bioud, CBS News London Desk
[918] Retrieved November 5, 2004, from the World Wide Web http://aolsvc.news.aol.com/news/article.adp?id=20041105170509990006 Updated: 07:31 PM EST Dutch Vow Tough Measures After Death Threat Letter on Dead Filmmaker’s Body Threatened Dutch Official By ANTHONY DEUTSCH, AP
[919] Sebastien Berger. Teachers tote guns to arm against Muslim militants. New Zealand Herald. July 16, 2005 16.07.05Retrieved September 25, 2005, from the World Wide Web http://www.nzherald.co.nz/category/print.cfm?c_id=340&objectid=10336080. Rungrawee C. Pinyorat. Beheadings, arming of Buddhists raising tensions in Thailand’s Muslim-dominated south. Associated Press, July 16, 2005. Retrieved July 16, 2005, from the World Wide Web http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/world/20050716-0958-thailand-islamicviolence.html.
[920] 6 Die In Gun Battle At Rail Station. New York Times. January 3, 2004. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D01E4D81731F930A35752C0A9629C8B63
[921] Amy Waldman. Violence in Kashmir Invades a Most Sacred Space. New York Times, June 16, 2004. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0B1EFB35540C758DDDAF0894DC404482
[922] Kashmir Violence Erupts. CBSNews.com, April 8, 2004. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2004/04/08/world/printable610950.shtml
[923] SuperFerry Travel and Leisure—Aboitiz Transport System Corporation. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://www.superferry.com.ph/
[924] Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Sayyaf
[925] In Depth: Madrid Train Attacks. BBC News. March 30, 2005. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/in_depth/europe/2004/madrid_train_attacks/default.stm. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_11,_2004_Madrid_attacks.
[926] Video claims al Qaeda to blame Spain arrests 5 in terror bombings. May 6, 2004. CNN. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://edition.cnn.com/2004/WORLD/europe/03/13/spain.blasts/
[927] Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://daily.nysun.com/Repository/getmailfiles.asp?Style=OliveXLib:ArticleToMail&Type=text/html&Path=NYS/2004/08/18&ID=Ar00901 Go To The New York Sun Home Page Publication:The New York Sun; Date:Aug 18, 2004; Section:Foreign; Page:9 THE MEMRI REPORT Iranian Talk Of an Attack On America By STEVEN STALINSKY
[928] Behrouz Mehri. Iran successfully tests ‘strategic missile.’ USA Today, September 24, 2004. Retrieved October 15, 2005, from the World Wide Web http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2004-09-25-iran-missile_x.htm. Ali Akbar Dareini, “Iran Says it Tested ‘Strategic Missile,’” Associated Press, 25 September 2004. Ali Akbar Dareini, “Iran Says it Tested ‘Strategic Missile,’” Associated Press, 25 September 2004. “Iran’s Guards Commander Threatens to Hit US Bases in Retaliation,” BBC, 1 October 2004. “Iran Has Missile With 2,000 km Range: Rafsanjani,” Xinhua, 5 October 2004. “US Views Iran’s Missile as Threat to American Interest,” Xinhua, 6 October 2004. Nuclear Threat Intiative. Iran Profile. Missile Chronology 2004. August 2005. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web. http://www.nti.org/e_research/profiles/Iran/Missile/1788_4594.html
[929] Nazila Fathi. Iranian President Stands by Call to Wipe Israel Off Map. New York Times. October 28, 2005. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://www.nytimes.com/2005/10/29/international/middleeast/29iran.html?oref=login. Trita Parsi. The Iran-Israel cold war. openDemocracy. October 28, 2005. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web
http://www.opendemocracy.net/democracy-irandemocracy/israel_2974.jsp. Safa Haeri. Pakistan and Israel deal Iran a blow.” Asia Times. September 3, 2005. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/GI03Df01.html. Safa Haeri. The World Community Can Not Tolerate The Islamic Republic. Iran Press Service. March 1, 2005. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web
http://www.iran-press-service.com/ips/articles-2005/march-2005/sholeh_1305.shtml. Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center at the Center for Special Studies (C.S.S). Special Information Bulletin, November 2003. Iran Calls for the Destruction of Israel. (A translation of the text which appeared on the “Shihab-3” missile Launcher during military parade in Teheran,”Holy Defense Week,” September 22, 2003). http://www.intelligence.org.il/eng/bu/iran/shihab_11_03.htm
[930] Hannah Allam. Iran’s missiles a ‘show of words.’ Knight-Ridder News Service, Lexington Herald Leader, April 10, 2006.http://www.kentucky.com/mld/heraldleader/news/world/14306197.htm, Iran continues to boast of its new weapons Midland Reporter-Telegram April 12, 2006, MyWestTexas.com. http://www.mywesttexas.com/site/news.cfm?newsid=16466550&BRD=2288&PAG=461&dept_id=475590&rfi=6
[931] Ali Akbar Dareini. Iran: We have joined ‘club’ of nuclear nations. April 12, 2006. Associated Press. In IndyStar.com. http://www.indystar.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20060412/NEWS06/604120496/1012
[932] Wikipedia. Pakistan. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan
[933]. Kathy Gannon. “New capability meant to bring pride to Islamic world—Pakistani Nuclear Testing.” Associated Press, 31 May 1998.
[934] Wikipedia. AQ Khan. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aq_khan
[935] Douglas Frantz. A High-Risk Nuclear Stakeout. The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved February 28, 2005, from the World Wide Web http://www.truthout.org/docs_2005/022705A
[936] B.Raman. A.Q.KHAN & OSAMA BIN LADEN. South Asia Analysis Group. Paper no. 960. March 24, 2004. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://www.saag.org/papers10/paper960.html
The writer is Additional Secretary (retd), Cabinet Secretariat, Govt. of India, New Delhi, and, presently, Director, Institute For Topical Studies, Chennai, and Distinguished Fellow and Convenor, Observer Research Foundation (ORF), Chennai Chapter. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200410/allison The Atlantic Monthly | October 2004 The Agenda National Security Tick, Tick, Tick Pakistan is a nuclear time bomb—perhaps the greatest threat to American security today. Here’s how to defuse it by Graham Allison
[937] William J. Broad and David E. Sanger. THE BOMB MERCHANT: Chasing Dr. Khan’s Network; As Nuclear Secrets Emerge, More Are Suspected. New York Times. December 26, 2004.
[938] William J. Broad and David E. Sanger. THE BOMB MERCHANT: Chasing Dr. Khan’s Network; As Nuclear Secrets Emerge, More Are Suspected. New York Times. December 26, 2004, Sunday.
[939] Nato School of Oberammergau, Germany. Pakistan launched a new Agosta B90. February 9, 2003. Retrieved December 15, 2003, from the World Wide Web http://www.natoschool-shape.de/text/site_polaris/Polaris_020903.doc
[940] Naval Technology - The Website for Defence Industries. SSK Agosta 90b Class Attack Submarine, France Retrieved from the World Wide Web April 14, 2004http://www.naval-technology.com/projects/agosta/
[941] Twenty First Century Submarines: Undersea Vessels of Today’s Navies by Steve Crawford. Zenith Imprint, 2003. Pp 36-37.
[942] Captain Iftikhar Riaz Qureshi PN Ex Commanding Officer PNS/M Khalid & PNS/M Saad. Saad’s launching Pakistan Navy Submarine Saad—Pride of Pakistan. The Daily Mail, Islamabad, Pakistan. December 12, 2003. Retrieved April 18, 2004, from the World Wide Web http://dailymailnews.com/200312/12/column.html
(This article was written by the Pakistani Naval Captain who helmed the first two Agosta 90B stealth submarines—the Khalid and the Saad—to enter the Pakistani Navy’s arsenal.) DCN. Company History. Retrieved from the World Wide WebMay 05, 2004http://www.dcn.fr/us/entreprise/histoire.html
DCN is the official, state-controlled French naval construction company responsible for developing and manufacturing state of the art ships for the French Navy and for export. In 1994, DCN completed a deal to sell its Agosta 90B attack submarine technology to Pakistan and to help Pakistan produce these submarines on its own at the Pakistani Navy’s Karachi shipyard.
Retrieved from the World Wide WebMay 05, 2004 http://www.dcn.fr/us/entreprise/histoire.html. Naval-technology.com The Website for the defence industries—navy.
Three Agosta 90Bs were ordered by the Pakistan Navy in September 1994. Retrieved August 13, 2005, from the World Wide Web http://www.naval-technology.com/projects/agosta/
[943] B. Muralidhar Reddy. Pak. plans to build four frigates with Chinese help. The Hindu. August 25, 2002. Retrieved from the World Wide WebDecember 15, 2003. http://www.thehindu.com/2002/08/25/stories/2002082503191000.htm
[944] Originally these cruise missiles were Harpoon-style missiles with a range of 165 miles. But in August 2005, Pakistan launched a Pakistani-designed and Pakistani-built nuclear-capable missile with a range of 350 miles…a range that significantly upgrades the attack capacity of Pakistan’s Agosta 90B submarines. Xinhuanet. Pakistan test-fires nuclear-capable cruise missile. Retrieved August 11, 2005, from the World Wide Web www.chinaview.cn. Basque news and Information Channel. Pakistan to design and make cruise missiles after first test. Retrieved August 11, 2005, from the World Wide Web http://www.eitb24.com/noticia_en.php?id=81849. Unofficial US Navy Site. The Harpoon Missile. Retrieved from the World Wide WebMarch 03, 2004 http://navysite.de/weapons/harpoon.htm
[945] Graham Allison. National Security Tick, Tick, Tick. The Atlantic Monthly. October 2004. Retrieved May 21, 2005, from the World Wide Web http://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200410/allison
[946] Defence Journal. SSK Agosta 90B Class Attack Submarine. Retrieved from the World Wide WebMarch 03, 2004http://www.defencejournal.com/2000/jan/ssk-agosta.htm.
Fourays (australian army aviation association). Agosta Class Submarine. Retrieved December 16, 2003, from the World Wide Web http://www.fourays.org/submarine/agosta2.htm. SUB.net it@lia: the Submarine Portal. SSK - World Diesel-electric Submarines Archive KHALID CLASS————flag pakistan Navy. Retrieved from the World Wide WebApril 07, 2004http://www.subnetitalia.it/skkkhalid.htm.
[947] The following article is significant because it indicates how much of the US population can be reached by sea-launched cruise missiles with a relatively short range—a range from 35 miles to 150 miles. Its key quote is this: “more than half of the nation’s population lives in…673 coastal counties.” Sid Perkins. Coastal Surge: Ecosystems likely to suffer as more people move to the shores Science News Online Week of March 27, 2004; Vol. 165, No. 13
[948] Department of the Navy. SURTASS LFA. Retrieved August 16, 2004, from the World Wide Web http://www.surtass-lfa-eis.com/WhyNeed/index.htm. Hwaa Irfan. Sonar in Underwater Warfare Technology. IslamOnline. 11/04/2002 Retrieved August 3, 2004, from the World Wide Web http://www.islamonline.net/english/Science/2002/04/article09.shtml
[949] Rahul Bedi. Vital intelligence on the Taliban may rest with its prime sponsor—Pakistan’s ISI. Jane’s Defence Weekly. October 1, 2001. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://www.janes.com/security/international_security/news/misc/janes011001_1_n.shtml
[950] Shamim-ur-Rahman. Extremism biggest danger: Musharraf: Indigenously built Agosta inducted. Dawn, Shawwal 18, 1424 (Dawn—a mainstream Pakistani newspaper—uses the Islamic dating system). Retrieved August 13, 2005, from the World Wide Web http://www.dawn.com/2003/12/13/top1.htm December 13, 2003
[951] Caroline Drees. U.S general says militants eye seaborne attack. Reuters. Aug 26, 2004. http://www.swissinfo.org/sen/swissinfo.html?siteSect=143&sid=5171895. Timur Moon. Anti-Islam axis goes nuclear. Al Jazeera. September 23, 2003. Retrieved August 3, 2004, from the World Wide Web http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/2D21761D-13C4-4921-8537-DF27AE41659D.htm.
[952] As early as 2004, the Israelis estimated the number of Hezbollah’s missiles at 12,000. But Hassan Nasrallah, Hezbollah’s leader, claimed the number was over 20,000. Fikret Ertan. “Nasrallah’s Messages.” Istanbul. Zaman Online, October 4, 2006.
Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://www.zaman.com/?bl=columnists&alt=&trh=20061004&hn=36830. Aaron Lerner. 12,000 Missiles covering much of Israel deters Action. IMRA Newsletter, January 21, 2004. Independent Media Review and Analysis, published in Kokhaviv Publications—Inter Net Press and Intelligence. Germany. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web
http://www.kokhavivpublications.com/2004/israel/01/0401210720.html. Jonathan Rosenblum. Elul for All. Cross-Currents (an orthodox Jewish site). August 29, 2006.
http://www.cross-currents.com/archives/2006/08/29/elul-for-all-2/.
[953] Here’s a thread of postings on the website of the Lebanese Broadcasting Corporation, postings responding to a documentary showing what one viewer proudly called “the real power of hizbollah”
How can we download the video
Now everyone can see the real power of hizbollah
houssam_d1
9/10/2006 1:01:49 PM
Posts: 1
Repeat
Please show us this program again because the time was late for us.
Thanks
Sanaa
9/10/2006 5:07:00 AM
Posts: 1
I Really like this Documentary
I Really like this Documentary and i am just asking from where can we buy it or if you will put it again and when?
Thank you
IO
9/8/2006 10:11:34 AM
Posts: 1
the video on the site
hope lbc would upload the video on the site
h
9/8/2006 12:44:01 AM
Posts: 1
Publish on Google....
If this is as good as I heard then we have a moral obligation to publish it and give the whole world a chnace to watch it. Although LBC is a business enterprise, I do believe that publishing this video on the internet (Google?) would be extremely rewarding to Lebanon and LBC in the long run.
to Israeli Site Vistors - Your errogance, ignorance, and sub-human moralities are not required. Go do what you do best when you’re not slottering innocent civilians - stay within the boundaries of your gay porn sites...
Darweesh
9/8/2006 12:30:59 AM
Posts: 1
let us live in peace ...arrafouna
let us finish from all this games and let us live in peace ...arrafouna 9/7/2006
He (Nasralla) went to far, if you play with a fire, eventually you will be burn.
I will not be suprsie that the Israeli will kill him. The problem is that he doesn’t care from Lebanon an i will tell you why:
1) He built in south Lebanon bunkers, to be ready for a war when the Iranian will give him the order.
2) The aim of Hisbulla wepons was not to be put in the Museum.
It was a matter of time that this war will be open.
LBC—The Lebanese Broadcasting Corporation. Forums. Topic: المقايضة الكبرى- وثائقي عن عملية تبادل الأسرى بين حزب الله واسرائيل
كيف ترى في رأيك توقيت بث هذه الحلقة؟
September 5, 2006-September 7, 2006. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web PMhttp://www.lbcgroup.tv/LBC/En/MainMenu/Forums/Thread+Posts?TID=19&FID=8
[954] “Our primary assumption in our fight against Israel states that the Zionist entity is aggressive from its inception, and built on lands wrested from their owners, at the expense of the rights of the Muslim people. Therefore our struggle will end only when this entity is obliterated. We recognize no treaty with it, no cease fire, and no peace agreements, whether separate or consolidated.
“We vigorously condemn all plans for negotiation with Israel, and regard all negotiators as enemies, for the reason that such negotiation is nothing but the recognition of the legitimacy of the Zionist occupation of Palestine. Therefore we oppose and reject the Camp David Agreements, the proposals of King Fahd, the Fez and Reagan plan, Brezhnev’s and the French-Egyptian proposals, and all other programs that include the recognition (even the implied recognition) of the Zionist entity.” The Hizballah Program. Translation of “Nass al-Risala al-Maftuha allati wajahaha Hizballah ila-l-Mustad’afin fi Lubnan wa-l-Alam,” published February 16, 1985 in al-Safir (Beirut), and also in a separate brochure. In The Jerusalem Quarterly, number Forty-Eight, Fall 1988. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://www.ict.org.il/Articles/Hiz_letter.htm
[955] Matthew Chance, Nic Robertson, Elise Labott and Karl Penhaul. IDF: Hezbollah leaders’ bunker hit. CNN.com, July 20, 2006. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://www.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/meast/07/19/mideast/index.html
[956] For a sense of Iran’s practice of continually upgrading its missiles, see: n.a. Iran Missile Milestones. January 2004. Iran Watch. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://www.iranwatch.org/wmd/wponac-missilemilestones.htm. And George Gedda. Iran working to upgrade missile range. Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, May 12, 2002. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4196/is_20020512/ai_n10786562.
[957] For a Sky News video showing these bunkers, see: Israeli Golani Brigade Exposed Bunkers in Southern Lebanon 2006. This appears on the Israeli site 4law.co.il (“The 4Law website provides free Internet access to legal and security Internet materials.”) Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://www.4law.co.il/leb1.html. and Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=1055204675690374049. See also: Abraham Rabinovich. Hezbollah trained for 6 years, dug deep bunkers. THE WASHINGTON TIMES, July 21, 2006. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://www.washtimes.com/world/20060720-095532-3181r.htm
Associated Press. IDF has razed Hezbollah bunkers in Lebanon within past 24 hours. September 1, 2006. From the Israeli newspaper Haaretz. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/pages/ShArt.jhtml?itemNo=757688
[958] Jerusalem Post Staff. Hezbollah bunkers under UN post. Jerusalem Post, August 27, 2006. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://www.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?c=JPArticle&cid=1154525953897&pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull. For additional information on Hezbollah’s bunkers, see: David S. Cloud And Helene Cooper. U.S. Speeds Up Bomb Delivery for the Israelis. New York Times, July 22, 2006. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/22/world/middleeast/22military.html?ex=1311220800&en=e256f1d8872a835d&ei=5088&partner=rssnyt&emc=. Seymour M. Hersh. Watching Lebanon—Washington’s interests in Israel’s war. The New Yorker, August 8, 2006.
[959] Matthew Chance, Nic Robertson, Elise Labott and Karl Penhaul. IDF: Hezbollah leaders’ bunker hit. CNN.com, July 20, 2006. Retrieved October 14, 2006, from the World Wide Web http://www.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/meast/07/19/mideast/index.html. Associated Press. Israeli Warplanes Target Suspected Hezbollah Bunker in Beirut. FoxNews.com, July 20, 2006. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,204482,00.html
[960] Chris Tinkler. These are the pictures that damn Hezbollah: Graphic images smuggled out from Lebanon show how Hezbollah is waging war amid suburban homes. Sunday Mail, Adelaide, Australia. July 29, 2006 Retrieved October 14, 2006, from the World Wide Web http://www.news.com.au/adelaidenow/story/0,22606,19960056-5006301,00.html
[961] Chris Tinkler. These are the pictures that damn Hezbollah: Graphic images smuggled out from Lebanon show how Hezbollah is waging war amid suburban homes. Sunday Mail, Adelaide, Australia. July 29, 2006 Retrieved October 14, 2006, from the World Wide Web http://www.news.com.au/adelaidenow/story/0,22606,19960056-5006301,00.html
[962] Chris Tinkler. These are the pictures that damn Hezbollah: Graphic images smuggled out from Lebanon show how Hezbollah is waging war amid suburban homes. Sunday Mail, Adelaide, Australia. July 29, 2006 Retrieved October 14, 2006, from the World Wide Web http://www.news.com.au/adelaidenow/story/0,22606,19960056-5006301,00.html
[963] Ali A. Mazrui. Islamic Doctrine and the Politics of Induced Fertility Change: An African Perspective. Population and Development Review, Vol. 20, Supplement: The New Politics of Population: Conflict and Consensus in Family Planning, (1994), p. 122.
[964] Yousef Al-Qaradhawi and Other Sheikhs Herald the Coming Conquest of Rome. December 6, 2002 No. 447. Retrieved June 22, 2005, from the World Wide Web: http://www.memri.de/uebersetzungen_analysen/themen/islamistische_ideologie/isl_rom_18_12_02.pdf
[965] A. Guillaume. The Life of Muhammad: A Translation of Ibn Ishaq’s Sirat Rasul Allah. New York: Oxford University Press, 1955 , eighteenth printing, 2004: p. 452.
[966] Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://www.memri.org/bin/latestnews.cgi?ID=SD65004. Special Dispatch Series - No. 650 January 27, 2004 No.650 Al-Qa’ida’s ‘Voice of Jihad’ Magazine: Issue No. 9
[967] Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://aolsvc.news.aol.com/news/article.adp?id=20040525060309990004 Updated: 02:33 PM EDT Al-Qaida Said to Have 18,000 Militants for Raids By BARRY RENFREW, AP LONDON (May 25, 2004)
[968] Osama bin Laden. Full text: bin Laden’s ‘letter to America’, November 24, 2002. The Observer. November 24, 2002. The Observer points out that, “The letter first appeared on the internet in Arabic and has since been translated and circulated by Islamists in Britain.” Retrieved November 25, 2002, from the World Wide Web http://www.observer.co.uk/worldview/story/0,11581,845725,00.html
[969] Bernard Lewis. At War: Does Iran have something in store? Wall Street Journal Tuesday, August 8, 2006
[970] Bernard Lewis. At War: Does Iran have something in store? Wall Street Journal Tuesday, August 8, 2006
[971] Seif Al-Din Al-Ansari in the sixteenth issue of the online magazine Al-Ansar, dated August 24, 2002, which is affiliated with Al-Qa’ida “Allah Will Torture Them [the Infidels] At Your Hands”An Al-Qa’ida-Affiliated Online Magazine: On the Importance of Jihad as a Means of Destroying the ‘Infidel Countries’ Author: Publication: MEMRI Date: September 4, 2002 URL: http://www.memri.org/bin/articles.cgi?Page=archives&Area=sd&ID=SP41802
[972] Quran, chapter 2,verse 24.
[973] On November 10, 2003, “Usama bin Laden got into the act and told the mass-circulation Dawn newspaper in Pakistan that his group possesses chemical and nuclear weapons.” And, “In a letter dated in May of 1998, bin Laden said: “We call for the Muslim brothers to imitate Pakistan as to the possession of nuclear, chemical and biological weapons.”“ ERRI DAILY INTELLIGENCE REPORT-Saturday, November 10, 2001-Vol. 7, No. 316 in Laden And Al-Qaida Make More Threats By Steve Macko
[974]. As long ago as 1983, the Chinese had sold Muslim Pakistan the technology for building atomic bombs the size of soccer balls. Pakistan, in turn, had built facilities for mass producing these weapons and was fully equipped with the ballistic missiles to deliver them. (John Dikkenburg, “‘Supermarket’ in the Pacific,” Asia Magazine, Hong Kong, reprinted in World Press Review, September, 1992, pp. 14-16.) By 1993, there were active nuclear weapons development programs in Iraq, Iran, Libya, and several other Islamic states. According to Harvard University’s Samuel P. Huntington, “a top Iranian official has declared that all Muslim states should acquire nuclear weapons....” (Samuel P. Huntington, “The Clash of Civilizations?” Foreign Affairs, Summer, 1993, p. 46.)
[975] Osama Bin Laden. Full text: bin Laden’s ‘letter to America’ Retrieved October 13, 2005, from the World Wide Web http://observer.guardian.co.uk/worldview/story/0,11581,845725,00.html
[976] n.a. Nejad acknowledges diff. btwn Judaism and Zionism. September 24, 2006. Aljazeera.com. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://www.aljazeera.com/me.asp?service_ID=11990
[977] n.a. Iranian leader: Wipe out Israel. CNN.com, Thursday, October 27, 2005, Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://www.cnn.com/2005/WORLD/meast/10/26/ahmadinejad/
[978] The Sword of Islam. David Darlow, producer/director, Brian Park and Fiona Moffitt, research, Rod Caird, executive producer, Granada TV, Manchester, England, 1987.
[979] Osama bin Laden. “Complete Text Of Sheikh Osama Bin Laden’s Latest Message To Ummah May 12, 2004.” Retrieved from the World Wide Web May 14, 2004 http://www.jihadunspun.net/intheatre_internal.php?article=572&list=/home.php&
[980] Peter Mandaville. Toward a Virtual Caliphate: Al-Qaida is not the only Muslim group harnessing the power of globalization. YaleGlobal, 27 October 2005. Retrieved September 16, 2006, from the World Wide Web http://yaleglobal.yale.edu/display.article?id=6416
[981] John Keegan. A History of Warfare. Encore Booknotes. C-Span2 BookTV. May 27, 2006.
[982] Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algerian_War_of_Independence#War_dead
[983] I owe this phrase to Richard Kidd, in personal conversation, 2001.
[984] For a brief history of the rise of the protest industry, see: Howard Bloom. Reinventing Capitalism: Putting Soul In the Machine—A Radical Reperception of Western Civilization. New York: Howardbloom.net. Early Draft available from http://www.stretchtheskies.com/?goto=wallet&direct=store&artist_key=892&product_key=29&aid= or from howardbloom.net.
[985] Adam Hochschild. Bury the Chains: Prophets and Rebels in the Fight to Free an Empire’s Slaves. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2005. “The Age of Abolition” is sometimes computed to have begun as early as 1748 with the criticism of slavery in Montesquieu’s Esprit des Lois. But the idea that all men are born free appeared in Captain Johnson’s History of the Pyrates, a book published in London in 1724 that some think was written by Daniel Defoe. And the first decree banning slavery appeared in Portugal in 1761. However it took time for the anti-slavery impulse to go from an idea that was occasionally bandied about to a mass movement. Robin Blackburn. The Overthrow of Colonial Slavery 1776-1848. New York: Verso, 1988: pp. 36, 45-46, 62. P J Marshall, Alaine Low. The Oxford History of the British Empire: Volume II: The Eighteenth Century. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998: p. xii. Wikipedia. William Wilberforce. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Wilberforce
[986] Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-slavery#National_abolition_dates
[987] The industrialist and philanthropist Andrew Carnegie and the father of psychology William James founded the American Anti-Imperialist League in 1899. Modern History Sourcebook. Retrieved From the Worldwide WebNovember 03, 2002 http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1899antiimp.html. Platform of the American Anti-Imperialist League (October 18, 1899) Retrieved From the Worldwide Web November 02, 2002 http://www.boondocksnet.com/ai/ailtexts/ailplat.html
[988] Hadhrat Mirza Ghulam Ahmad. Essence of Islam. Volume One. Chapter 3. Islamic Books Library @ Alislam.org. Al Islam: The Official Website of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://www.alislam.org/books/essence1/chap3.htm
[989] Matthew 5: 7.
[990] Matthew 5: 9.
[991] The anti-war movement—and the entire protest industry—were given one of their most powerful techniques in 1849 when Henry David Thoreau protested the Mexican-American War and wrote his pamphlet on Resistance to Civil Government—a pamphlet that introduced the concept of Civil Disobedience. Great American Essays (Unabridged). Portsmouth, Rhode Island: Jimcin Recordings. nd. Wikipedia. Civil Disobedience—Thoreau. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Disobedience_%28Thoreau%29
[992] Thomas Jefferson and John Adams. Declaration of Independence. 1776. These words were influenced by the creation myth of the Old Testament as seen through a deist Christian’s eyes. To see how, take a peek at the following. The Wikipedia explains that, “Avery Cardinal Dulles, a leading Roman Catholic theologian reports, ‘he [Thomas Jefferson] saw Christianity as the highest expression of natural religion and Jesus as an incomparably great moral teacher.” Avery Cardinal Dulles, “The Deist Minimum” First Things: A Monthly Journal of Religion and Public Life Issue: 149. (Jan 2005) pp 25+. Quoted in Wikipedia. Thomas Jefferson—Religious views. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_jefferson#Religious_views. See also Daniel J Boorstin. The Lost World of Thomas Jefferson Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1981. Originally published 1948: p. 61. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0226064972&id=G3DkY0AOc6UC&pg=PA61&lpg=PA61&dq=boorstin+%22all+men+are+created+equal%22&sig=pp9s0InfGlzWHC0xRfhUY5u428Q
[993] Paul G. Kengor, Associate Professor, Grove City College, Political Science. Discussing God and George W. Bush: A Spiritual Life and God and Ronald Reagan: A Spiritual Life, both published by Regan Books. Paul Kengor. 2006 CPAC: Paul Kengor “God and Ronald Reagan” and “God and George W. Bush.” C-Span2 BookTV May 28, 2006.
[994] Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina#Modern_Bosnia
[995] Ismail Royer. Alija Izetbegovic. Young Muslims in pursuit of Allah’s Pleasure. http://www.iviews.com Published Wednesday June 14, 2000. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://www.youngmuslims.ca/biographies/display.asp?ID=2
[996] “Alija Izetbegović Islamic activist and former president of Bosnia and Herzegovina 1996-2000. In 1970, Izetbegović published a manifesto entitled The Islamic Declaration, a work which contributed greatly to his later portrayal as an Islamic fundamentalist. He highlighted the decayed state of Islam and called for an religious and political regeneration across the Muslim world, although the book made no reference to Bosnia. In two particularly controversial passages, he declared that ‘there can be neither peace nor coexistence between the Islamic faith and non-Islamic social and political institutions’ and that ‘the Islamic movement must and can, take over political power as soon as it is morally and numerically so strong that it can not only destroy the existing non-Islamic power, but also to build up a new Islamic one.’” Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alija_Izetbegovi%C4%87. See also: Nebojsa Malic. Balkan Express. The Real Izetbegovic: Laying to Rest a Mythical Autocrat. October 23, 2003. http://www.antiwar.com/malic/m102303.html
[997] Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web Muslim Brigade, based in Zenica - the international Islamic mercenary force known as the mujahedeen. CENTRE FOR PEACE IN THE BALKANS http://www.balkanpeace.org/temp/tmp13.html
[998] “The roots of Muslim mercenaries fighting for the Bosnians stretch back to World War II....the former Mufti of Jerusalem, Hajj Amine al-Husseini helped organize the Bosnian Muslims into several units under [Nazi] SS command, especially the largely Muslim 13th SS ‘Handzar’ division. ...The Bosnian Muslim units, including the Handzar division, joined the Ustashi forces in terror comapigns and ethnic cleansing against the Serbs in what is today western Bosnia-Herzogovina and the Krajina region. …
Bosnian president Isetbegovic’s purpose in the wars against the Croats and the Serbs in the 1990 [sic] appeared to be to provoke the NATO intervention that preceded the Dayton peace accords of 1995. The building of the Bosnian Muslim army and the launching its campaigns was entrusted to Commander Ram Delic, whose plan was to precipitate Western intervention and enable the Muslim forces to conduct a major war against both Serbs and Croats. By 1993, Deleic, with help and encouragement from Muslim states abroad, and certainly with the knowledge if not the active help of the CIA, was importing foreign Muslim volunteers, especially moujahiddin veterans of the Afghan war. ...Iran, Syria, Turkey, Egypt and Saudi Arabia are believed to have pledged sophisticated weapons systems, including missiles, heavy artillery, and crews and ammunition. Iran delivered many of these supplies in C-130 cargo flights, detected by UN observers, to which the United States deliberately turned a blind eye.” John K. Cooley in George Baravelle, editor. Rethink: Cause and Consequences of September 11. Millbrook, NY. publisher=design.Method of Operation LTD. 2004
[999] n.a. Blair: Nato united. BBC News Online Network. April 26, 1999. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/328677.stm
[1000] Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina#Modern_Bosnia
[1001] Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNPROFOR
[1002] Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFOR and http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SFOR
[1003] Larry K. Wentz. Lessons From Bosnia: The IFOR Experience http://www.fas.org/irp/ops/smo/docs/ifor/bosch02.htm.
[1004] Dr. Alan Godlas. Sufism’s Many Paths. University of Georgia. In Overview Of World Religions, Division of Religion and Philosophy, Philosophy, Theology and Religion, St Martin’s College, Lancaster, England. Retrieved October 14, 2006, from the World Wide Web http://www.uga.edu/islam/Sufism.html
[1005] Dr. Alan Godlas. The Qadiriyyah. In Overview Of World Religions, Division of Religion and Philosophy, Philosophy, Theology and Religion, St Martin’s College, Lancaster, England. Retrieved October 14, 2006, from the World Wide Web http://philtar.ucsm.ac.uk/encyclopedia/islam/sufi/qadir.html
[1006] SHAYKH AL-ISLAM MUHADDITH AL A’ZAM MISSION, SILSILA QADIRIYA-CHISTIYA-ASHRAFIYA. Muhaddith al A’zam Worldwide Mission. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://www.islam786.org/silsilaechistiya.htm. Medieval Indian historian K. S. Lal says that the peaceful nature of the Sufis has been grossly exaggerated. “Chishtias are the most accommodative of the Sufi orders,” he writes. “Suhrawardis and Naqshbandis are Sufis of a different kind. Shaikh Ahmad Sirhindi and Shah Walliullah were Sufis of this second sort. The latter considered Mahmud of Ghazni the greatest Muslim after the pious Caliphs. He invited Ahmad Shah Abdali to invade India to destroy the power of the Hindus. And he is considered by Muslims as a leading light of Islamic philosophy.” Mahmud of Ghazni set records in bloodshed. To quote one of his Islamic admirers, “in more than 20 successful expeditions he amassed the wealth with which to lay the foundation of a vast empire that eventually included Kashmir, the Punjab, and a great part of Iran.” n.a. Mahmud Of Ghazni 971 A.D. - 1030 A.D. The Dynasties & Royal Governments of Afghanistan. Afghan Network. Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://www.afghan-network.net/Rulers/mahmud-ghazni.html.
[1007] Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture. Contributors: John S. Bowman - editor. Publisher: Columbia University Press. Place of Publication: New York. Publication Year: 2000. Page Number: 336, 340.
[1008] According to Wikipedia, Sufism is, “the islam of beauty and love…. Loving God & loving/helping every human being irrespective of his race, religion or nationality, and without consideration for any possible reward, is the key to ascension according to Sufis.” Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufism#Origins
[1009] Maitreya Sangha. Life of Akbar the Great. Messengers of Light. PANTHEON OF THE WORLD BROTHERHOOD OF LIGHT. A TRIBUTE TO THE MEMORY OF THE GREATEST HEROS IN WORLD HISTORY. http://sangha.net/messengers/akbar.htm#Life%20of%20Akbar%20th
[1010] Jainism: Jain Principles, Tradition and Practices. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://www.cs.colostate.edu/~malaiya/jainhlinks.html
[1011] RELIGIONS AND RELIGIOUS THOUGHTS OF INDIA. ZOROASTRIANISM IN INDIA. Culturopedia: Treasure House of India’s Culture and Heritage. India. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://www.culturopedia.com/Religions/zoroastrianism.html
[1012] The Empire of the Great Mughals: History, Art and Culture by Annemarie Schimmel. London: Reaktion Books, 2004: p. 38
[1013] Jean Jacques Waardenburg. Muslims and Others. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 2003: p. 119.
[1014] Merriam-Webster’s Encyclopedia of World Religions by Merriam-Webster. Merriam-Webster, 1999: p 28
[1015] Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture. Contributors: John S. Bowman - editor. Publisher: Columbia University Press. Place of Publication: New York. Publication Year: 2000. Page Number: 410.
[1016] Lyusi’s full name was Abu Ali al-Yusi.
[1017] David Robinson. Muslim Societies in African History. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 2004: p. 99-100.
[1018] Azyumardi Azra, Martin van Bruinessen, Julia Howell. Sufism and the ‘Modern’ in Islam An international conference organised by Griffith University (Brisbane), the International Institute for the Study of Islam in the Modern World (ISIM, Leiden), and the Centre for the Study of Islam and Society (PPIM, Jakarta) Jakarta, 4-7 September 2003. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://let.uu.nl/~martin.vanbruinessen/personal/conferences/sufism_and_the_modern.html. Willem A Bijlefeld (professor emeritus at Hartford Seminary, Hartford, Conn.). Sufism: General Information. BELIEVE Religious Information Source. Retrieved October 15, 2006, from the World Wide Web http://mb-soft.com/believe/txo/sufism.htm.
[1019] Elisabeth Sirriyeh. Sufis and Anti-Sufis: The Defence, Rethinking and Rejection of Sufism in the Modern World. Richmond, Surrey: Curzon Press, 1999. Neil Douglas-Klotz. The Sufi Book of Life: 99 Pathways of the Heart for the Modern Dervish. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://www.sufibookoflife.com/intro.html
[1020] Charles McLean Andrews. The Historical Development of Modern Europe: From the Congress of Vienna to the Present Time. London: G.P. Putnam’s Sons, 1898: p. 314. Art Biligisayar. Discover the Ottomans. TheOttomans.org. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://www.theottomans.org/english/history/history1700_7.asp and http://www.theottomans.org/english/history/history1800_7.asp. Wikipedia. List of Caliphs. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_caliphs
[1021] The Khilafat Movement by Gail Minault.New York: Columbia University Press, 1982. Retrieved August 12, 2005, from the World Wide Web en.wikipedia.org/wiki/pan-islamism
[1023] Gail Minault. The Khilafat Movement. New York: Columbia University Press, 1982.
[1024] Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture. Contributors: John S. Bowman - editor. Publisher: Columbia University Press. Place of Publication: New York. Publication Year: 2000. Page Number: 304.
[1025] Some of the Khalifat Movement’s leaders were pluralists, but not all. Writes Surya Prakash in The Pioneer of New Delhi, “Maulana Mohamed Ali, who presided over the All-India Khilafat Conference in 1921,” made the following statement about Mahatma Gandhi. “However pure Mr Gandhi’s character may be, he must appear to me from the point of view of religion inferior to any Mussalman.” (Surya Prakash. Muslim clergy’s contempt for courts. The Pioneer, New Delhi 22 November 2005)
[1026] Rahil Khan. Abul Kalam Azad. In Vinay Lal, ed. Manas: India and Its Neighbors. http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/southasia/History/Independent/Azad_indepindia.html. Pran Nath Chopra. Encyclopaedia of India. Delhi: Agam Prakashan, 1988.
[1027] Azad, (Maulana) Abul Kalam. In Sirajul Islam, ed. Banglapedia. Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://banglapedia.search.com.bd/HT/A_0376.htm
[1028] I’ve used the portrait of Azad drawn by the Banglapedia. In fact, Azad may have been far less of a pluralist than the Banglapedia admits. His primary goal, according to another chronicler of the Khalifat movement Gail Minault, was Muslim unity, Muslim obedience to the central authority of the Caliph, and, when necessary, jihad. Azad’s interpretation of jihad was as peaceful struggle. But Minault feels Azad left the possibility of militant jihad—Holy War—open. Here is Minault’s most pluralistic passage on Azad: “He then drew a contrast between those non-Muslims who (like the British) invade Muslim lands and threaten the Muslim religion, and those non-Muslims who (like the Hindus) live in peace with Muslims. The latter must be treated with friendship and trust, while all friendship with the former must be abandoned.” The Khilafat Movement by Gail Minault.New York: Columbia University Press, 1982: p. 95.
[1029] Muhammad bin Abdul Wahhab. Iraq Museum International Open Encyclopedia. http://www.baghdadmuseum.org/ref/index.php?title=Muhammad_bin_Abdul_Wahhab
Origins of Islamic Reformism in Southeast Asia: Networks of Malay-Indonesian and Middle Eastern ‘Ulama” in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries. by Azyumardi Azra. University of Hawaii Press, 2004. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Abd_al_Wahhab
[1030] Reza F. Safa. Inside Islam—A Former Radical Shiite Muslim Speaks Out: Exposing and Reaching the World of Islam. Lake Mary, Florida: Charisma House, 1997. Rachel Ehrenfeld. Funding Evil, Expanded Edition: How Terrorism Is Financed—And How to Stop It. Chicago: Bonus Books, 2003: pp. 25-26. Dore Gold. Hatred’s Kingdom: How Saudi Arabia Supports New Global Terrorism.Washington, DC: Regnery Publishing: pp. 126, 149. Militant Islam Monitor.org. The Islamisation of North America -The North American Islamic Trust and the Dow Jones Islamic Fund. January 12, 2006. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://www.militantislammonitor.org/article/id/1544
[1031] Retrieved from the World Wide Web May 05, 2004 http://www.intellnet.org/documents/300/080/382.htm Usama bin Ladin during the Jihad in Afghanistan Usama bin Ladin Abu Abdullah Usama bin Ladin DECLARATION OF WAR AGAINST THE AMERICANS OCCUPYING THE LAND OF THE TWO HOLY PLACES “Expel the Infidels from the Arab Peninsula” A Message from Usama bin Muhammad bin Laden unto his Muslim Brethren all over the World generally, and in the Arab Peninsula specifically
[1032] Hasan Al-Banna. Young Muslims in pursuit of Allah’s Pleasure. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://www.youngmuslims.ca/biographies/display.asp?ID=8
[1033] American Society of Authors and Writers. It Happened in History. Salman Rushdie. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://amsaw.org/amsaw-ithappenedinhistory-061904-rushdie.html
[1034] The fatwa against Rushdie says: “In the name of God Almighty. There is only one God, to whom we shall all return. I would like to inform all intrepid Muslims in the world that the author of the book entitled The Satanic Verses, which has been compiled, printed, and published in opposition to Islam, the Prophet, and the Quran, as well as those publishers who were aware of its contents, have been sentenced to death. I call on all zealous Muslims to execute them quickly, wherever they find them, so that no one will dare insult the Islamic sanctions. Whoever is killed on this path will be regarded as a martyr, God willing. In addition, anyone who has access to the author of the book, but does not possess the power to execute him, should refer him to the people so that he may be punished for his actions. May God’s blessing be on you all. Ruhollah Musavi Khomeini.” Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salman_rushdie#The_Satanic_Verses_controversy
[1035] Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salman_rushdie#The_Satanic_Verses_controversy
[1036] American Society of Authors and Writers. It Happened in History. Salman Rushdie. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://amsaw.org/amsaw-ithappenedinhistory-061904-rushdie.html
[1038] Cody’s Books: An Historical Berkeley Landmark and Independent Bookstore Begins Archive at the Bancroft Library. Cody’s Books Bene Legere—Newsletter of the Library Associates, number 53, Summer 1999. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/LDO/bene53/codys.html
[1039] Madalyn O’Hair. RED HERRING RUSHDIE Part II, American Atheists. http://www.atheists.org/Islam/herring2.html
[1040] Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salman_rushdie#The_Satanic_Verses_controversy
[1041] See Taslima Nasreen/Nasrin’s website. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://www.taslimanasrin.com/
[1042] Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taslima_Nasrin
[1043] A. Guillaume. The Life of Muhammad: A Translation of Ibn Ishaq’s Sirat Rasul Allah. New York: Oxford University Press, 1955 , eighteenth printing, 2004: p. 676.
[1044] Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Center_bombing#Before_the_attacks; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Center_bombing
Kentix Computing. Dead or Alive. Omar Abdul Rahman. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://www.deadoraliveinfo.com/dead.nsf/rnames-nf/Rahman+Omar+Abdul
[1045] Petri Liukkonen. Books and Writers. Naguib Mahfouz. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/mahfouz.htm
[1046] Mahfouz died August 30, 2006. Obituary: Naguib Mahfouz December 11, 1911 - August 30, 2006. New York Times, August 31, 2006. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,60-2335326,00.html
[1047] Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://nigeriaworld.com/columnist/brisibe/112602.html
[1048] Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://archives.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/africa/11/22/nigeria.missworld/
[1049] Quran. chapter 33, verse 50. The Holy Quran. Translation by Abdullah Yusufali. Complete online text. http://www.wam.umd.edu/~stwright/rel/islam/
[1050] “Nigeria.” Encyclopædia Britannica. 2006. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-55291.
[1051] Profile: Iranian academic facing death Hashem Aghajari. December 2, 2002. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/2518835.stm
[1052] New York Times journalist Thomas Friedman reports that Assad’s brother, Rifaat, who was responsible for the extermination, bragged that he’d killed 38,000. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hafez_al-Assad#Rise_to_power
[1053]. The New Encyclopaedia Britannica, Vol. I, p. 640 gives the figure of 10,000. British author David Pryce Jones says the death toll was actually “several tens of thousands.” (David Pryce Jones, “Self Determination, Arab Style,” Commentary, January, 1989, p. 43.) Twenty thousand is the most commonly used estimate.
[1054] Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_September_in_Jordan
[1055] Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_September_in_Jordan
[1056] Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arafat
[1057] Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin%5FHarrison, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wounded_Knee_Massacre, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_wars
[1058] Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah_War
[1059] David Lipsky. Absolutely American: Four Years at West Point. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2003: p. 198.
[1060] 9-11 Review A Resource for Understanding the 9/11/01 Attack Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://911review.com/
9-11 Research An Attempt to Uncover the Truth About September 11th, 2001 Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://911research.wtc7.net/
[1061] Alex Jones’ Infowars.com—Fighting the New World Order and the Police State in an infowar http://www.infowars.com/
Paul Joseph Watson. Martial Law 9/11: Rise Of The Police State: Weapon Of Mass Enlightenment. http://www.infowars.com/martial_law_911.htm
[1062] Michael Rivero. What Really Happened: The History the Government Hopes You Don’t Learn Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://www.whatreallyhappened.com/hoax.html
[1063] 9-11, Mossad, the CIA and “False Flag Operations. By Christopher Bollyn, December 16, 2001. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://www.the7thfire.com/Politics%20and%20History/9-11/911_as_a_mossad_false_flag_operation.htm
The Five Dancing Israelis Arrested On 9/11. What Really Happened: The History the Government Hopes You Don’t Learn. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://www.whatreallyhappened.com/fiveisraelis.html
[1064] Peter Bergen. Beware the Holy War. The Nation.June 20, 2005. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://www.thenation.com/doc.mhtml?i=20050620&s=bergen
[1065] Blowback; UNHOLY WARS Afghanistan, America and International Terrorism; By John K. Cooley Pluto Press. Karl E. Meyer. But why Afghanistan? Review of Blowback; UNHOLY WARS Afghanistan, America and International Terrorism; By John K. Cooley Pluto Press. The Los Angeles Times; Los Angeles, Calif.; Jan 16, 2000. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?TS=990068093&RQT=309&CC=1&Dtp=1&Did=000000045247460&Mtd=1&Fmt=4, downloaded 5/16/01
A fateful alliance Far Eastern Economic Review; Hong Kong; Sep 30, 1999; Ahmed Rashid; Volume: 162 Issue: 39 Start Page: 58-59 Unholy Wars: Afghanistan, America and International Terrorism by John K. Cooley is reviewed. The Stinger Missile and U.S. Intervention in Afghanistan. Political Science Quarterly, Summer 1999, Vol. 114 Issue 2, p219, 45p Author(s): Kuperman, Alan J. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan#History
[1066] Interview Usama bin Ladin gave to Al-Jazeera Arab television channel in 1998. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://www.robert-fisk.com/usama_interview_aljazeera.htm
[1067] Usama Bin Laden: Full Text of Message to Iraqis http://english.aljazeera.net http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/ACB47241-D25F-46CB-B673- 56FAB1C2837F.htm Sunday, 19 October 2003, 3:15 Makka Time, 0:15 GMT
[1068] Usama Bin Laden: Full Text of Message to Iraqis http://english.aljazeera.net http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/ACB47241-D25F-46CB-B673- 56FAB1C2837F.htm Sunday, 19 October 2003, 3:15 Makka Time, 0:15 GMT
[1069] Ed Hall. U.S. National Debt Clock. Based on figures from the U.S. Department of the Treasury. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://www.brillig.com/debt_clock/
[1070]. Paul Kennedy, “The (Relative) Decline of America,” The Atlantic, Vol 260, No. 2, August, 1987, p. 30.
[1071]. Needless to say, our addiction to debt had knocked us out of our old position as the world’s biggest lending power. By 1988, the country that had moved to the top of the lending pyra¬mid was Japan. (Swaminathan S. Anklesaria Aiyar, “The Power Passes,” Indian Express, New Delhi, reprinted in World Press Review, October, 1988, p. 55.)
[1072] Usama Bin Laden: Full Text of Message to Iraqis http://english.aljazeera.net http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/ACB47241-D25F-46CB-B673- 56FAB1C2837F.htm Sunday, 19 October 2003, 3:15 Makka Time, 0:15 GMT
[1073] Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamid_Mir
[1074] Posters commemorating 9/11 as a heroic event and al-Qaeda as its perpertrators were not limited to the Islamic world. They also appeared in Britain. In 2003, The Washington Times reported that, “The British-based Islamist group, Al-Muhajiroun is holding a conference on the second anniversary of September 11 to honor the 19 terrorists who hijacked the commercial jets used in attacks on the World Trade Center and Pentagon.
A poster touting the event to be held at four locations in England includes photographs of the al Qaeda hijackers and refers to them as ‘The Magnificent 19’—a word play on the 1960 film ‘The Magnificent Seven.’
Omar bin Bakri Muhammad, the group’s leader, told the London Arabic newspaper Al-Sharq al-Awsat that participants will discuss the motives of the hijackers, whom he called ‘heroes.’” Bill Gertz. Islamists to honor 9/11 hijackers.
THE WASHINGTON TIMES, August 29, 2003. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://www.washtimes.com/national/20030829-113829-1065r.htm
[1075] Dr Al-Gosaibi targets small businesses for Saudization The Saudi Arabia Information Resource. Saudi Ministry of Culture and Information. Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. July 9, 2004 http://www.saudinf.com/main/y7323.htm. See also http://www.lenovo.com/us/en/, Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web
[1076] Mark Hollingsworth. The king for a clean-up. The Guardian. August 2, 2005. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://www.guardian.co.uk/saudi/story/0,11599,1540758,00.html#article_continue
[1077] Halliburton. Wikipedia. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halliburton
[1078] Bechtel. Wikipedia. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bechtel#2000_and_beyond
[1079] For opposing views on the profits won by Bechtel and Halliburton from the Afghan and Iraqi Wars, see: Daniel Drezner. Fables of the Reconstruction Bush isn’t really favoring Halliburton and Bechtel. Slate, November 3, 2003. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://www.slate.com/id/2090636/.
[1080] And see the report this article critiques, Windfalls of War: U.S. Contractors in Afghanistan & Iraq. The Center for Public Integrity: Investigative Journalism in the Public Interest. Retrieved November 15, 2013, from the World Wide Web http://www.publicintegrity.org/wow/
[1081] Keep in mind that to the folks of the time—including the young Mohammed—Byzantium was the new Rome, and Byzantium’s empire was The Roman Empire, period. It’s we who insist on the silly and demeaning tactic of calling territories like 6th century AD Syria parts of “the Byzantine Empire.” See: Edward Gibbon. The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire—Volume IlI. New York: The Modern Library, New York, or, for a shorter version, Byzantine Empire. Encyclopædia Britannica, from Encyclopædia Britannica Deluxe Edition 2005 CD. Copyright © 1994-2004 Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. May 30, 2004.
[1082] Reuben Levy. The Social Structure of Islam: Being the Second Edition of the Sociology of Islam. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1957. p. 456
[1083] See the chapter on Inwar Ibrahim in: John L. Esposito, John Obert Voll. Makers of Contemporary Islam. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001: pp. 177-198.