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Abwehr, 225, 227–28, 246, 263–64
“acoustical levitation device,” 44
Acoustics Laboratory (Riverbank), 25, 102
ADFGVX cipher, 104
Alexandrine von Taxis, 71
Allied bombing of Germany, 286–87, 301–2
All This and Heaven Too (Field), 184, 192–94, 233
America First Committee, 214
American Black Chamber, The (Yardley), 160–63, 165, 271, 332
American Expeditionary Forces (AEF), 101, 102–6, 108
American General Headquarters (GHQ), 102–6, 108
American Magazine, 296, 299
American University, 156
AMT VI, 225–26, 261, 265, 286–87
Amytal, 219, 270, 313
anagrams, 39, 322
Anderson, Jeanne, 339
Angooki Taipu A, 149–50
Angooki Taipu B, 149–50
anti-Jewish pogroms, 58, 59, 170
anti-Semitism, 59, 130, 182–83, 213–14
Argentina, 180–83
Becker in, 224–29, 263–66, 274, 275–78, 283–84, 287–91, 302
break with Nazi Germany, 285, 286–88, 289
coup d’état of 1943, 273, 274, 275, 284
fascist politics in, 182–83, 283–84
FBI in, 205–6, 288–91
German immigrants in, 181–82
Hellmuth Affair, 275–76, 278, 279–81, 287–91
Nazi radio operations, 228–29, 261–66, 283–84
Circuit 3-N, 260–61, 266–69, 272–75, 277–79, 285
Perón and, 265–66, 273, 275–76, 284, 303
secret weapons deal with Nazi Germany, 272–73, 274–77, 279–80
support for Nazi Germany, 183–84, 262–63, 265–66, 273–74
Utzinger in, 261–66, 276–78, 283–84, 287, 291–92, 297, 302–3
Arizona, USS, 237
Arlington Hall, 252–53, 269–70, 303, 316, 318. See also Signal Intelligence Service
Arlington National Cemetery, 304, 335, 338–39
Armatou, Louis “Frenchy,” 138–39
Armistice of World War I, 107–8
Army, U.S.
G-2 (intelligence), 201, 204, 231
jurisdictional squabbles, 254–55
“word-equivalent” alphabet, 75
Army Air Corps, 251, 315
Army Signal Corps, 120–22
Elizebeth in, 120–22
resignation, 126
William in, 98–99, 102, 120–22, 128
codebreaking, 125–26, 129–30, 140, 147–48
Army Signal Corps School, 67
Army War College, 100–101
Asama Maru, 166–67
Astaire, Fred, 181
atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, 312, 313–15
Aumann, Eduardo, 273
Aurora-Elgin and Fox River Electric Company, 22
Auschwitz concentration camp, 178, 302
Austria, 180, 181
“back-to-the-soil” movement, 59–60
Bacon, Francis, 38–42. See also Bacon’s cipher
Baconian theory of Shakespeare authorship, 38–42, 321–23
arguments against, 54–57, 61–62
basic theory of, 40–42
brief history of, 39–40
Bacon’s cipher (Baconian cryptology), 39–46, 321–23, 335
Riverbank research, 30, 33–34, 37–38, 40–48, 54–57, 65, 112–13
Bamford, James, 337
Bank of New York, 292
Barkley, Fred and Claire, 250
Barnum, P. T., 18
Battle of Midway, 212, 252
Battle of Stalingrad, 265
Battle of the Coral Sea, 212
Battle of the United States (film), 299–300
Batvinis, Raymond J., 234
Baxter, James Phinney, 44
Beaconsfield POW camp, 312
Beale Treasure, 156
Becker, Johannes Siegfried “Sargo,” 223, 223–29
appearance of, 224, 263
arrest and imprisonment of, 302–3
Bolivia coup plotting, 274, 277, 281, 283, 415n
espionage activities, 227–31, 241, 242, 245, 263–66, 268–69, 273, 274, 277–78, 281, 283–84, 287
FBI and, 223–24, 245, 247, 289–91
first spying missions, 224–25
Hellmuth Affair and, 289–91
in hiding, 296–97
Perón and, 263–66, 273, 274, 275–76, 283–84, 302
secret weapons deal, 275–76, 277–78
Bell Labs, 91
Berchtesgaden, 310
Berlin bombing, 286–87
Bezdek, Vladimir, 229
biliteral ciphers, 41–44, 57, 61, 66, 69, 75, 101, 102, 154
Biliteral Cypher of Sir Francis Bacon Discovered in His Works (Gallup), 43–44
binary code, 41
Blackburn, W. G. B., 206
Black Chamber, 100–101, 104, 109, 121, 147–48, 157, 169
The American Black Chamber (Yardley), 160–63, 165, 271, 332
Blackstone Hotel (Chicago), 331
Bletchley Park, 197, 217, 221, 267
coordination with coast guard, 259
Enigma and, 197, 200–201, 269, 285–86
William at, 270, 304, 312–13, 317
women in, 197
Bliss, Cornelius N., 66
Bliss Fabyan & Company, 23–24
Blue Enigma, 264, 268
Blumenfeld, Isadore “Kid Cann,” 384n
Bolivia, 180–81, 303
coup d’état of 1943, 283–84
German immigrants in, 181–82
Nazi clandestine activities in, 273, 274, 275–76
plotting of coup, 274, 277, 281, 415n
support for Nazi Germany, 183–84, 266
bombes, 124, 196–97
book ciphers, 84, 190–94, 231, 255
bootlegging. See rum-running
Bratzel, John, 246, 298
Braun, Eva, 311
Brazil, 180–83, 243–47
arrests and roundups in, 243–47, 253–54, 262
Becker in, 224, 225, 227
Engels in, 227–29, 241–42, 243, 245, 247
fascist politics in, 182–83, 274
FBI in, 205–6, 243–47, 253–54, 262, 289
German immigrants in, 181–82
Nazi clandestine activities in, 224, 225, 229–30, 241–44, 247, 262–63
support for Nazi Germany, 183–84, 262–63, 266
Brazilian Integralism, 182, 278, 284
Britain
Hindu-German Conspiracy, 80–83
in World War I, 63, 67, 86–88, 107
in World War II, 180–81, 187–88, 204, 213–18, 227, 242, 254–56, 279–81, 288–89, 301–2, 305. See also Bletchley Park
British Security Co-ordination (BSC), 214–18, 238, 254–55
Brummell, Beau, 29
Bryden, John, 242
Buenos Aires
Becker in, 224–29, 263–66, 274, 275–78, 283–84, 287–91, 302
FBI in, 205–6, 288–91
German immigrants in, 181–82
Hellmuth Affair, 275–76, 278, 279–81, 287–91
Nazi radio operations, 228–29, 261–66, 283–84
Circuit 3-N, 260–61, 266–69, 272–75, 277–79, 285
support for Nazi Germany, 183–84, 265–66, 273–74
Utzinger in, 261–66, 276–78, 283–84, 287, 291–92, 297, 302–3
Bullitt, William, 179
Burke, Billie, 51
Byrd, Richard, 51
Cabell, James Branch, 9–10
cabinet noir, 71
Cabo de Hornos (ship), 276, 279–80
cacao, 257–58
Callimahos, Lambros, 85
Camp 020, 280–81
Canine, Ralph, 333
Capone, Al, 135, 144, 145, 146–47
Capra, Frank, 299–300
Caracristi, Ann, 339
Carson, Anne, 63
Carter, Jimmy, 3
Cassie (nanny), 132
Chaplin, Charlie, 262
Chicago, 10–11, 12–13
Chicago Daily News, 25, 26, 27
Chicago Evening American, 158
Chicago Fire of 1871, 12
Chicago Herald, 24
Chicago & North Western Terminal, 16–17, 35
Chicago Stock Exchange, 51
Chicago Times, 13
Chicago Tribune, 13, 30
Chicago World’s Fair (1893), 13, 32
Childs, J. Rives, 85
Chile, 266
German immigrants in, 180–81
Nazi clandestine activities in, 226, 241, 243–44, 247, 259, 274, 277, 278
support for Nazi Germany, 183–84, 263
Chongqing bombing, 171
Christmas cards, 153–54, 217, 255–56, 300–301
Churchill, Winston, 212
CIA (Central Intelligence Agency), 189, 215–16, 240
ciphers. See also specific types of ciphers
defined, xvi
cipher board games, 154–55, 172
cipher discs, 86–88
cipher machines, 40, 44, 119–20, 122–26, 149–50, 170–71, 184, 187
Ciphers for the Little Ones (Fabyan), 57
“circuits,” 189
Circuit 3-N, 249, 260–61, 266–69, 272–75, 278–79, 285
“clandestine,” 184–85
clandestine circuits, 189–90. See also Circuit 3-N
Clark, Marvin, 138–39
Cleopatra (movie), 172
Coast Guard Cryptanalytic Unit, 133–47. See also Friedman, Elizebeth Smith, at Treasury and coast guard
creation of unit, 139–40, 141–42
FBI’s relationship with, 231–35
move to Naval Annex, 252–53, 269–70
transfer to navy jurisdiction, 235–36
code, defined, xvi
codebreakers. See also specific codebreakers
brief history of, 66–67, 71–72
defined, xvi
mental strain on, 125
personality of, 70, 125
sexism and, 70–71
codebreaking
basic task of, 70–71, 72–74
use of term, 84
coincidence counting, 113, 199
Columbia University, 141, 171
Condor airline, 182, 228
Consolidated Exporters Corporation, 135–39, 143–47, 331
Converter M-134, 149–50, 170–71
Cooley, Vernon, 142, 186–87
Cooper, Gary, 214
Coordinación Federal, 302
Copacabana Beach, 181
Cornell University, 58, 60, 96
Cornero, Tony “The Hat,” 138
C-rations, 309
“cribs” (crib-based detection), 197
Crimea, 256
Crosby, Francis, 289–90
“cryptanalysis,” William’s invention of term, 84
cryptanalysts. See also codebreakers
defined, xvi
cryptograms
defined, xvi
frequencies of letters, 69–70, 83–84
“The Gold-Bug” (Poe), 60–61
cryptographers, defined, xvi
Cryptography Engineering (Schneier, Ferguson, and Kohno), 119
Cryptolog (journal), 340
“cryptologic schizophrenia,” 237–38
cryptology, defined, xvi
Crypto-Set Headquarters Army Game, 155
Cuba, 180
Cuban Missile Crisis, 339
Cumming, Belle, 50, 159
Cunningham, Walter McCook, 322
Curie, Marie, 142
Czechoslovakia, 180, 308
Dachau concentration camp, 143, 178, 302
Dahl, Roald, 214–15
Darwin, Charles, 39
De Augmentis Scientarium (Bacon), 40
De Furtivis Literarum Notis (della Porta), 155–56
Delegacia de Ordem Politica e Social (DOPS), 245–46
Della Porta, Giambattista, 155–56
DeMille, Cecil B., 172
Detective Fiction Weekly, 169
Dickinson, Velvalee, 292–96
digital ciphers, 124
Dinieus, Edna Smith, 7, 170, 311
death of mother, 64–65
Mexican vacation, 207
William and, 60
disappearing ink, 184
DNA, 24
Doe, Harry, 144
Doll Lady. See Dickinson, Velvalee
Donovan, William, 240–41, 316
Dove, Billie, 51
Driscoll, Agnes Meyer, 131
Drosophila melanogaster, 49–50, 58
Dunninger, Joseph “Amazing Dunninger,” 321
Duquesne, Frederick Joubert, 232–34, 300
Eagle’s Nest (Kehlsteinhaus), 306, 310–11
Ecuador, 180–81
Edison, Thomas, 24
Einsatzgruppen, 178
Einstein, Albert, 24, 79, 308, 355n
Eisenhour, Bert, 30, 44, 48–49
electroshock therapy, 151, 219
Elizabeth I of England, 11–12, 38–39, 43, 57
Engels, Albrecht “Alfredo,” 227–29, 241–42, 243, 245, 247
Engledew Cottage, 46, 84, 97
Enigma, 125–26, 194–202, 263–64, 283
British codebreakers, 124, 196–97, 221
Circuit 3-N, 249, 260–61, 266–69, 272–75, 278–79, 285
Elizebeth’s work, 194, 197–202, 260–61, 267, 283, 284–86
Polish breakthroughs, 196–97, 200
William’s curiosity about, 125–26
Enola Gay, 313–14
Erasmus, 8, 9
Ezra, Isaac, 166–67, 331
Ezra, Judah, 166–67, 331
Fabyan, George
appearance of, 52–53
declining health and death of, 158–59, 322
Elizebeth and, 46, 51–52, 53, 156
departure and return from Riverbank, 113–15
first meeting and job offer, 5–6, 15–19
family background of, 23–24, 89–90
personality of, 51–53, 95
Riverbank Laboratories. See Fabyan, George, and Riverbank
rumors about, 21–22
Vierling compared with, 308
William and, 53, 58–59, 95, 112–13, 123–24, 131–32, 142, 158–60, 313
Fabyan, George, and Riverbank, 21, 21–22, 51–53, 95
Baconian cryptology, 34, 35, 44, 54–55, 57, 65, 112–13, 158, 322, 323
copyright issues, 78–79, 123–24, 156–57
dinnertime, 29–31
scientific research, 24–28, 53–54
size and scope of, 50
the Villa, 24, 25, 31–32, 46, 52, 98, 159
William and Elizebeth’s departure and return, 113–15
World War I work, 67, 77–78, 98–99, 100–102
Fabyan, Nelle, 26, 30, 32, 46, 51, 159–60
Fabyan Scouts, 52
Farley, John, 187, 201
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)
British spies and, 215–16, 254
coast guard’s relationship with, 231–35
Cryptographic Branch, 206
Dickinson case, 292–96
Duquesne spy ring, 232–34
Elizebeth and, 203–4, 206, 217–18
jurisdictional squabbles, 254–55
post-war activities, 321, 329
publicity seeking, 134–35, 298–300
Rumrich case, 204–5
South American counterintelligence, 205–6, 231–34, 243–47, 253–54, 262, 288–91
Becker and, 223–24, 245, 247, 289–91
Hellmuth Affair, 288–91
Utzinger and, 247, 291, 297
Special Intelligence Service (SIS), 205–6, 231–34
Teapot Dome case, 129–30
Technical Research Laboratory, 206, 217–18, 232
World War I and, 67
Federal Communications Commission (FCC), 206, 217, 229, 242, 245–46, 259–60, 290
Feinstein, Genevieve Grotjan, 209–11
Figl, (Andreas), 148
Fiske, Gertrude Horsford, 44
Fleming, Ian, 214–15
Flying to Rio (musical), 181
Ford, Henry, 130
Fort Meade, 332, 337
Fox River, 32, 33, 46, 94
Fox Valley Guards, 52, 66, 68
France, in World War II, 180–81, 207, 208, 253, 256
Frank, Waldo, 262–63
Freedom of Information Act, 337
Freeman, Walter, 151
Frémont, Jessie and John, 152–53
French Légion d’Honneur, 25
Frente de Guerra, 183
frequency tables, 72, 73, 74, 75, 367n
Fricke, Wilhelm, 312
Friedman, Barbara, 131–33
birth of, 131
cryptograms, 132–33, 153, 194
education of, 206–7, 321
father’s depression, 151
jobs and career, 301, 304
Leninism and, 251
NBC interview with mother, 164
in New York City, 251
travels of mother, 139
World War II and, 304, 305
Zionism and, 309–10
Friedman, Elizebeth Smith, xi–xv
appearance of, 5, 6
at Army Signal Corps, 120–22
resignation, 126
Bethesda, Maryland, house, 127–28, 133
Chicago move, 10–11
children and parenting, 131–33, 164–65, 206–7, 301, 304, 305, 321
Christmas cards, 153–54, 217, 255–56, 300–301
cipher board games, 154–55, 172
at coast guard. See Friedman, Elizebeth Smith, at Treasury and coast guard
death of, 338–39
death of mother, 64–65
desire to write, 126, 128–29
diary of, 9, 35, 96–97, 99, 103
early life of, 5, 6–7
education of, 7–10, 74, 156
end of war, 304–5
eye color of, 5, 349n
Fabyan and, 46, 51–52, 53, 156
departure and return from Riverbank, 113–15
first meeting and job offer, 5–6, 15–19
family background of, 6–7
honesty of, 9, 323
illness of, 170–71
legacy of, xi–xiii, 330–32, 338–41
library of, 155–58, 327
NSA removal of papers, 327–29
Mexican vacation, 207–8
Military Road house, 133, 154, 305, 318, 322
name spelling, 7
navy job offer, 99, 108–9, 130–31
at Newberry Library, 5–6, 11–12, 14–15
NSA interview with, 3–5, 48, 79, 340–41
Office of the Coordinator of Information, 238, 240–41
pay and salaries, 95, 120, 141, 258, 320
post-war life, 319–25
at Riverbank. See Friedman, Elizebeth Smith, at Riverbank
suffrage movement and, 34–35
teaching career of, 10
William and, 140–41, 303, 317, 330
cipher games, 153–55
curating of legacy, 336–38
death of, 334–35
initial idea of marriage, 89–91, 93–96
letters, 126–27, 172, 207–8, 270–71, 314–15
marital and gender roles, 78, 82–83, 85–86, 86–88, 169–70
marriage, 96–98, 99–100
mental illness, 218–22, 330
politics of marriage, 126–27, 151–55
rail fence ciphers, 110, 110–11, 126–27, 127
at Riverbank, xi, 30, 49–50, 57–58, 61, 75, 106–7
secrecy of work, 140, 150–51
twenty-fifth wedding anniversary, 250–51
World War I, 104–6, 107–11
Friedman, Elizebeth Smith, at Treasury and coast guard, xiii–xiv, 133–47, 177
anonymity, 258–59, 298–99
book ciphers, 190–94, 255
coordination with Bletchley Park, 259, 267
creation of Coast Guard Cryptanalytic Unit, 139–40, 141–42, 259
drug smuggling cases, 165–70, 320–21
Ezra brothers, 166–67, 331
Green Gang case, 166–67
RCMP case, 168–69
FBI and Hoover, xiv, 203–4, 206, 217–18, 230–34, 254, 298–99, 339
Dickinson case, 294–95, 296
Duquesne spy ring, 232–34
first cases, 133–34, 136
hiring and training staff, 141–42
move to Naval Annex, 252–53, 269–70, 271, 303, 316
NBC interview, 163–65, 166
organizing and indexing archives, 320–21
post-war work, 316, 319–21
public accounts of work, 163–65, 166–68
rum-running cases, 133–40, 320–21
Consolidated case, 135–39, 143–47, 331
I’m Alone case, 138–39, 331
South American codebreaking, 223–24, 229–44, 253–61, 266–75, 296–99
Becker and, 223–24, 229–31, 296–97
Circuit 3-N, 249, 260–61, 266–69, 272–75, 278–79, 285
Utzinger and, 229, 276, 297
transfer to navy jurisdiction, 235–36
typical workday, 186–87
wartime work, 185–202, 207, 223–24, 229–36, 239–44, 253–61, 266–75, 296–99
British spies, 214, 216–18, 254, 259–60, 297–98
demotion of command, 239–40
Enigma, 194, 197–202, 260–61, 267
Blue Enigma, 264, 268
Green Enigma, 264, 268, 283, 284
Red Enigma, 283, 284–86
Friedman, Elizebeth Smith, at Riverbank, 4–5, 21, 28–35, 46–48, 51–52, 64, 65, 95, 323–25
arrival at, 16–17
Bacon’s cipher research, 33–34, 37–38, 40, 41–44, 47–48, 54–57, 64–65, 112–13, 321–23
codebreaking school, 101–2
codebreaking work, 64–65, 68–70, 74–89, 103
British device, 86–88
role of serendipity, 84–85
teamwork, 77–79, 86
techniques, 76–77
workflow, 76–77
departure and return, 108, 109, 113–15
dinnertime, 29–31
first day, 21, 28–31
first deciphering tests, 44–46
future plans and, 106–7
Hindu-German Conspiracy, 80–83
men of, 48–49
publications, 77–79, 83, 84, 103, 156–57
second day, 31–34
Friedman, John Ramsay
in Army Air Corps, 304, 305, 315, 321
birth of, 132
cryptograms, 153
death of father, 335–36
education of, 206–7, 251, 301
NBC interview with mother, 164
travels of mother, 139
Friedman, William, xi–xiii
appearance of, 29
at Army Signal Corps, 98–99, 102, 120–22, 128
codebreaking, 125–26, 129, 140, 147–48
atomic bombing of Hiroshima, 314
Bethesda, Maryland, house, 127–28, 133
at Bletchley Park, 270, 304, 312–13, 317
burial of, 335–36
Christmas cards, 153–54, 217, 255–56, 300–301
cipher board games, 154–55, 172
cipher machines, 122–26
Converter M-134, 149–50, 170–71
death of, 334–35
depression of, 151, 220, 249–51, 329–30
early life of, 58, 89–90
education of, 58, 96
electroshock therapy, 329–30
Elizebeth and, 140–41, 303, 317, 330
cipher games, 153–55
initial idea of marriage, 89–91, 93–96
letters, 126–27, 172, 207–8, 270–71, 314–15
marital and gender roles, 78, 82–83, 85–86, 86–88, 169–70
marriage, 96–98, 99–100
Mexican vacation, 207–8
politics of marriage, 126–27, 151–55
rail fence ciphers, 110, 110–11, 126–27, 127
at Riverbank, xi, 30, 49–50, 57–58, 61, 75, 106–7
secrecy of work, 140, 150–51
twenty-fifth wedding anniversary, 250–51
World War I, 104–6, 107–11
end of war, 305–6
Fabyan and, 53, 58–59, 95, 112–13, 123–24, 131–32, 142, 158–60, 313
family background of, 58, 59
FBI and Hoover, 130, 202–3, 339
heart attack of, 333–34
honorable discharge of, 221–22
index of coincidence, 113, 199
at Kehlsteinhaus (Eagle’s Nest), 306, 310–11
legacy of, xi–xii, 334, 336–38
library of, 155–58, 327
NSA removal of papers, 327–29
mental illness and breakdown, 151, 218–22, 270–71
Military Road house, 133, 154, 318, 322
NSA and, xii, 319, 332–33
pay and salaries, 95, 120
Pearl Harbor and codebreaking, 236–38
personal papers of, xiii, 333, 336–37
Poe and cryptograms, 60–61
post-war life, 318–19
at Riverbank. See Friedman, William, at Riverbank
at Signal Intelligence Service, 148–51, 157, 170–71, 201, 252
Purple, 149–50, 209–13, 220–21, 237–38
Teapot Dome scandal, 129–30
TICOM, 305–11, 312–13, 317, 318
World War I and, 104–11
codebreaking, 102–6, 108
discharge, 111–12
recruitment, 98–99
Yardley and, 157, 162–63
Zionism and, 59, 309–10
Friedman, William, at Riverbank, 4–5, 29, 30, 47, 49–50, 54, 58–62, 95, 313, 323–25
codebreaking, 64, 65, 68–70, 74–89
British device, 86–88
Hindu-German Conspiracy, 80–83
role of serendipity, 84–85
teamwork, 77–79, 86
techniques, 76–77
workflow, 76–77
codebreaking school, 101–2
departure and return, 113–15
future plans, 106–7
publications, 77–79, 83, 84, 103, 113, 123–24, 156–57
windmill, 49–50, 95, 97–98
fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster), 49–50, 58
Fugazi, 177
Funkmeister, 185, 228–29
Galileo Galilei, 56
Gallup, Elizabeth Wells, 18, 28–29
Bacon’s cipher research, 18, 30, 33–34, 37–38, 40–44, 47–48, 56–57, 65, 112–13, 158, 322, 323
codebreaking training, 101, 102
death of, 159, 322
dinnertime at Riverbank, 30–31
first deciphering tests for Elizebeth, 44–46
Gaston, Herbert, 235–36
general relativity, 24, 308, 355n
genes (genetics), 24, 26
Geneva Republican, 96
Geneva Station, 18–19, 23, 35
George C. Marshall Foundation, 333, 336–37
George Mason University, 209
George Washington University Hospital, 151, 329–30
German Club of Buenos Aires, 275
German cryptography, 104, 124, 149, 187–202. See also Enigma
German U-boats, 171, 173, 185, 192, 196, 235, 242–43, 244–45, 277, 287–88
Germany. See also Nazi Germany
Hindu-German Conspiracy, 80–83
in World War I, 104, 107
Zimmermann Telegram, 63–64
Gex, Walter J., Sr., 145–46
Gliwice incident, 179
“G-men,” 134–35. See also Federal Bureau of Investigation
Goebbels, Joseph, 265, 307–8
Goering, Hermann, 311
Goldberg, Nathan, 144
“Gold-Bug, The” (Poe), 60–61
Gone With the Wind (Mitchell), 192
Goñi, Uki, 303
Gordon, Robert, 142, 177, 186–87
Grace, Edwin, 145, 146–47
“Grandmother died,” 178–79
Great Britain. See Britain
Great Chicago Fire of 1871, 12
Great Depression, 142, 159
Great Dictator, The (movie), 262
Green Enigma, 264, 268, 283, 284
Green Gang, 166–67
grizzly bears, 32–33
Gross, Kurt, 226, 286–87
Hamilton, Alexander, 134
“hand” ciphers. See paper ciphers
Harding, Warren, 129–30
Harnisch, Hans “Boss,” 263–64, 273–74
Hartman, Al, 144
Harvard University, 31
Harvey’s (Washington, D.C.), 202–3
Hastings, Eddie, 215–16, 238, 314
Hauptsturmführer, 224, 229
Hawaii, 170–71
Hawthorne, Nathaniel, 39
Hayes, Helen, 172
Hearst, William Randolph, 24
Hebern, Edward, 122–23, 124, 131
Hebern rotor machine, 122–23, 124, 125
Hellmuth, Osmar, 275–76, 278–79, 283, 285, 287–91
British kidnapping and interrogation of, 279–81
Hellmuth Affair, 287–91
“hemisphere defense,” 204–5
Hillsdale College, 8–9, 74, 241
Himmler, Heinrich, 143, 224, 275, 276, 281, 286, 289
Hindu-German Conspiracy, 80–83
Hindu-German Conspiracy Trial, 82–83
Hirohito, Adolfo, 183
Hitler, Adolf, 171
Kehlsteinhaus (Eagle’s Nest), 306, 310–11
rise to power, 126, 142–43
suicide of, 302
World War II, 179, 180, 183, 188, 218, 242–43
South America’s role, 183, 265–66, 275, 276, 284, 287, 297, 299
Hitt, Genevieve, 71
Hitt, Parker, 71–72, 76–77, 105
Hogan, Dan, 139
Höhne, Heinz, 178
Holmwood (ship), 138
Holocaust, 178, 213, 253, 302
Honiok, Franz, 179
Hoover, J. Edgar
appearance of, 202
British spies and, 215–16, 254
Dickinson case, 294, 296
Duquesne spy ring, 232–34
Elizebeth and, 203–4, 206, 217–18, 231–34, 254, 294, 298–99
at Library of Congress, 157
post-war activities, 321, 329
publicity-seeking of, xiv, 135, 298–300, 339
Rumrich case, 204–5
South American counterintelligence, 205–6, 231–34, 246, 254, 298–300
Hellmuth Affair, 288–89
Teapot Dome case, 129–30
Hope Diamond, 130
House on 92nd Street, The (movie), 234
House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC), 329
Houston Chronicle, 338
Huntington Library, 108–9
Hurwitz, Hyman, 141–42, 186–87
Hüttenhain, Erich, 312
Illinois National Guard, 52
Illinois State Training School for Delinquent and Dependent Girls, 26–27
I’m Alone (ship), 138–39, 331
immortality, 26
Immortal Wife (Stone), 152–53
“Index of Coincidence and Its Applications in Cryptography” (Friedman), 113, 420n
Indian-German Conspiracy, 80–83
Intelligence Service Knox (ISK), 267
interfaith marriage in Judaism, 89–91
Internal Revenue Service (IRS), 134, 135
intimate communication, as cryptologic process, 90–91
invasion of Poland, 177–79, 183, 226–27
Irey, Elmer, 135
Japan
atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, 312, 313–15
bombing of Chongqing, 171
Dickinson case, 292–96
invasion of Vietnam, 213
Pearl Harbor attack, 236–39
surrender, 316, 317–18
U.S. declaration of war, 239
Japanese-American Society, 293
Japanese ciphers, 121, 147–50
Purple, 149–50, 209–13, 220–21, 237–38
Japanese Garden (Riverbank), 22, 32, 50, 53
Jefferson, Thomas, 39
Jewish Criterion, 89
Jewish immigration, 58, 59
Jewish question, 130
Johnson, Nucky, 235
Jones, Gertrude, 317
Jones, Leonard T., 239–40, 253, 256–59, 285–86, 317, 319
Jonson, Ben, 34
Joyce, James, 155
Jurgen (Cabell), 10
Jurmann, Herbert, 291–92
Kahn, David, xii, 77
Kalamazoo Paper Company, 142
Kasiski, (Friedrich), 148
Kehlsteinhaus (Eagle’s Nest), 306, 310–11
Kempter, Friedrich, 246
Kennedy, John F., 138
Kennedy, Joseph P., 138
Kindersley, D. J., 44
Klotz, Henrietta, 187, 235
“knowledge is power,” 39, 41, 102, 158, 335, 336
Knox, Alfred Dillwyn “Dilly,” 200–201
Knox, Frank, 205, 212, 235–36
Kobayashi, Sumiko, 53
Kobayashi, Susumu, 50, 53
Kriegsmarine, 196, 244–45
Kriptor, 155
Kristallnacht, 170
Kryha, 124, 187, 285
Kryha, Alexander von, 124
Kryha Liliput, 264, 268, 283
Krypto (dog), 127–28, 132
Kryptos, 127–28
Ku Klux Klan, 214, 304
Kullback, Solomon, 148, 370n
Laboratorium Feuerstein, 307–8
Langtry, Lillie, 51
Lansing, Robert, 63
LATI Airline, 182, 228
League of Women Voters, 140, 143, 330
Lebensohn, Zigmond, 329–30
Leninism, 251
Lescarboura, Austin, 27–28
Les Folies-Bergère (show), 313
Library of Congress, 157, 333
Libya, 256
Lincoln Highway, 19, 29, 48
Lindbergh, Charles, 213–14
Lindbergh kidnapping, 135
Linx, Robert, 245–46
lobotomy, 151
Lochinvar, 60
London Blitz, 213, 218
London Sunday Express, 287
Long, Huey, 129
Look (magazine), 169
MacArthur, Douglas, 317–18
McCarthy, Eugene, 335
McCarthy, Joseph, 329
McGaha, Richard, 183
McGrail, John, 271, 304
“machine learning,” 194
McLean, Edward, 130
MAGIC, 209–13, 237–38, 252
Manhattan Project, 329
Manly, John Matthews, 55, 109
Manual for the Solution of Military Ciphers (Hitt), 72, 76–77
Man Who Broke Purple, The (Clark), 337–38
Maria de Victorica, 161–62
Marines, U.S., 252
Marlowe, Christopher, 34, 42, 43
Marquand, J. P., 315
Mars, 129
Marshall, George C., 212
Marshall Field (Chicago), 51
Marshall Library, 333, 336–37, 339
MASC (mono-alphabetic substitution cipher), 70, 194, 267
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 91
Mauborgne, Joseph, 67–68, 98–99, 113–14, 121, 211, 334
Mayan pictographs, 156, 157–58
Menendez, Major, 302
Menzer, Fritz, 271
Mercersburg Academy, 207
Merchant Marine of Switzerland, 228, 243
Methods for the Reconstruction of Primary Alphabets, 77–78
Methods for the Solution of Running Key Ciphers, 77–78, 103
“microdot” cameras, 184
Military Intelligence (MI-8), 100–101, 104, 109. See also Black Chamber
Military Intelligence Division (MID), 67–69, 130
Miller, Carleton Brooks, 9–10
Milne, A. A., 128
Milton Bradley, 155, 172
MI5 (UK Military Intelligence, Section 5), 254, 280–81
Molina, Juan Bautista, 183
Moody, Juanita Morris, 334, 339
Moorman, Frank, 103
Morgenthau, Henry, Jr., 187–88, 204, 235–36, 240
Morrison, Albert, 144, 146
Morse code, 41, 119, 184–85
Munitions Building (Washington, D.C.), 120, 122, 128, 129, 148, 156, 209, 220–21, 236, 252
Mussolini, Benito, 182–83, 311
National Archives, 319, 339
National Security Agency (NSA), xii, xiii, 148, 332–33
founding of, xii, 319
interview with Elizebeth, 3–5, 48, 79, 340–41
removal of papers from Friedman library, 327–29, 337
William and, xii, 319, 332–33
William F. Friedman and Elizebeth S. Friedman Memorial Auditorium, 339
Naujocks, Alfred, 178–79
Naval Communications Annex, 252–53, 269–70, 271, 303, 316, 319–20
Navy, U.S.
coast guard jurisdiction transfer to, 235–36
codebreaking operations, 121–22, 125, 130–31
jurisdictional squabbles, 254–55
OP-20-G (intelligence), 201, 204, 231, 254–55
Nazi Germany, 171, 177–85, 213–18, 256–57
Allied bombing of, 286–87, 301–2
concentration camps, 143, 178, 302
declarations of war, 180–81
founding, 126
invasion of Poland, 177–79, 183, 226–27
Kristallnacht, 170
seizure of power, 142–43
inability to break SIGABA messages, 150
South American activities, 180–85, 223–36, 241–47, 253, 261–66, 273–80, 286–92. See also specific countries
surrender, 304–5
NBC, 163–65
Neutrality Acts of 1930s, 187–88, 213, 215
New Atlantis, The (Bacon), 39, 47
Newberry, Walter, 12
Newberry Library (Chicago), 5–6, 11–16
Elizebeth and Fabyan meeting at, 5–6, 15–17
Shakespeare Folios at, 5–6, 11–12, 14–15, 17–18, 33–34, 38–39, 44–45
New Yorker, The, 312
New York Public Library, 78, 160
New York Times, 338
Niebuhr, Dietrich, 262, 263–64
nihilist cipher, 88–89
North Star, 93–94
NSA. See National Security Agency
nuclear fission, 171
numerology, 39–40
Office of Naval Intelligence (ONI), 108–9
Office of Strategic Services (OSS), 216
Office of the Coordinator of Information (COI), 216, 238, 240–41
“omnia per omnia,” 40, 41
“open code,” 295
Operation Bolivar, 263–64
Operation Drumbeat, 242
OP-20-G (intelligence), 201, 204, 231, 254–55
ordnance lab, at Riverbank, 31, 49, 324
Orion, RMS, 188
Osteika, Barbara, 339
Owen, Orville Ward, 40
Paeffgen, Theodor, 225–26
Pall Mall (magazine), 88
Panama, 301, 304, 316
Panama Canal, 170
paper ciphers, 121, 122
Paraguay, 180–81, 183–84, 247, 262, 266, 274
Paraguayan Air Force, 262, 274
Paris, in World War II, 207, 208
Pearl Harbor attack, 236–39
Penn, William, 7
Perkins, Stub and Enid, 250, 314
Perón, Eva Duarte, 265, 303
Perón, Juan Domingo, 183, 265–66, 273, 275–76, 283–84, 297, 302, 303
perpetual-motion machine, 53, 95
Peru, 205–6, 284
phonetic alphabet, 75
“pie circuits,” 189–90
Pinklepurr (cat), 128
Playfair Cipher, 65–66, 67–69
Poe, Edgar Allan, 60–61
Poland, invasion of, 177–79, 183, 226–27
Polish codebreakers, and Enigma, 196–97, 200
poly-alphabetic ciphers, 83, 194–95, 197–99
Porter, William C., 219
Portugal, 256
Pott, Henry, 44
Powell, J. A., 30, 99
Prairie Wife, The (Stringer), 96–97
prisoners of war (POWs), 107, 312–13
Procedure 40, 271–72
Procedure 62, 271–72
Prohibition, 120, 133–40, 143–47, 165. See also rum-running
psychiatry, 219
Puebla Cordoba, 207
Purple (Japanese cipher), 149–50, 209–13, 220–21, 237–38
Puzzle Palace, The (Bamford), 337
Quakers, 6–7, 8, 15
Queen Mary, RMS, 242–43, 244
Radcliffe, 206, 321
radio intelligence, 137, 142, 185
Radio Security Service (RSS), 216
rail fence ciphers, 109–10, 110, 126–27, 127, 255
Ramírez, Pedro Pablo, 273
Ramsay, Jean Chase, 250
Reader’s Digest, 167–68
Reagan, Ronald, 338
Reali, Elpido, 244–45
Red (Japanese cipher), 149–50
Red Enigma, 283, 284–86
Red Scare, 329
Reifel, Henry, 138
Republic, USS, 170, 171–73
Republican National Convention, 34–35
Reynolds, S. Wesley, 328, 423n
Ribbentrop, Joachim von, 311
Rio de Janeiro, 180–83, 225, 227–29, 243–44
“Ripplette,” 23–24
Riverbank Laboratories, 21–28, 323
Baconian cryptology, 30, 33–34, 37–38, 40–48, 54–57, 65, 112–13
codebreaking school, 101–2
codebreaking work, 28–29, 46–47, 65–71, 74–89, 100–101
death of George and Nelle, 159
dinnertime at, 29–31
families at, 50–51
guests of, 22–23, 30, 51
men of, 48–50
music at, 46
rumors about, 21–22, 26–27
scientific research, 24–28, 53–54
size and scope of, 50
townspeople and, 21–23
women of, 28–29, 47–51
World War I recruitment, 98–99
World War I work, 65–66, 67–69, 100–101
Riverbank Cipher Department, 28–29, 46–47, 67–68, 123–24, 159–60
Riverbank Genetics Department, 30
Riverbank Lighthouse, 48, 68
Riverbank Lodge, 19, 28, 31, 34, 37–38
dinnertime at, 29–31
Riverbank Publications, 77–79, 83, 84, 103, 123–24, 156–57
copyright issues, 78–79, 123–24, 156–57
Riverbank Villa, 24, 25, 31–32, 46, 52, 98, 159
Riverbank Windmill, 49–50, 95, 97–98
Rochefort, Joe, 125
“rod square,” 200
Rogers, Ginger, 181
romanji, 149
Roosevelt, Eleanor, 203, 214
Roosevelt, Franklin Delano
death of, 304
“Fireside Chat” (1940), 218
Inaugural address of 1933, 142–43
SIGABAs, 150
World War II, 179–81, 216, 218, 235
declaration of war, 239
“hemisphere defense,” 204–5
Pearl Harbor attack, 238–39
Roosevelt, James, 239, 240–41
Roosevelt, Theodore, Jr., 322
Roosevelt, Theodore “Teddy,” 18, 39, 51
Root, Charles, 133–34, 136
Rosen, Leo, 221
Rosicrucian Society, 43
Rout, Leslie, 246, 298
Rowlett, Frank, 148, 150, 209–11, 313
Royal Air Force (RAF), 213, 214, 301–2
Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP), 168–69
Rumrich, Guenther, 204–5
rum-running, 133–40, 320–21
Consolidated case, 135–39, 143–47, 331
I’m Alone case, 138–39, 331
“running keys,” 83–84
Russian Nihilists, 88–89
Russian pogroms, 58, 59, 170
Sabine, Wallace, 31
San Francisco, 138, 171
San Francisco Chronicle, 166–67
Santry, Margaret, 163–65
São Paulo, Brazil, 181, 227, 229–30, 243, 244–47
Scandinavia, 188
Schutzstaffel (SS), 178–79, 184–85, 223, 261–62. See also specific agents
Scientific American, 27–28
Scotland Yard, Hindu-German Conspiracy, 80–83
Sebold, William, 233–34
Secret Service, 134
Secrets Act, 163
“Security Calypso” (song), 288
Selective Service Act of 1917, 96
Seven Sisters colleges, cryptology courses, 252
sexism, 70–71, 142, 203
Seymour, Henry, 44
Shadow War, The (Rout and Bratzel), 246, 298
Shakespeare, William, 8, 38–40. See also Baconian theory of Shakespeare authorship
Folios at Newberry, 5–6, 11–12, 14–15, 17–18, 33–34, 38–39, 44–45
Shakespeare Ciphers Examined, The (Friedman), 322–23
Shannon, Claude, 90–91
Sheldon, Rose Mary, 337
SIGABA, 150, 313
Signal Corps. See Army Signal Corps
Signal Intelligence Service (SIS), 148–51, 157, 170–71, 290
Purple, 149–50, 209–13, 220–21, 237–38
Silvestri, Silvio, 50
Sinkov, Abraham, 148, 221
Slade, Maxwell, 146
Smith, Edna. See Dinieus, Edna Smith
Smith, John Marion, 7, 10, 64
Smith, Sopha Strock, 7, 64–65, 131, 380n
Snowden, Edward, xiii
So Little Time (Marquand), 315
“solving in depth,” 197, 198–200
Sommer, Hedwig, 226, 297
South America. See also specific countries
fascist politics in, 182–83, 218
FBI in, 205–6, 231–34, 243–47, 253–54, 262, 288–91
German immigrants, 181–82
support for Nazi Germany, 183–84, 262–63, 265–66, 273–74
Soviet Union, 305–6, 329
in World War II, 256, 302, 305
Battle of Stalingrad, 265
Spanish-American War, 71, 101
Special Intelligence Service (SIS), 205–6, 231–34
Stagni, Pablo, 262, 274
Stalin, Joseph, 305
Starziczny, Josef, 227, 244–45
State Department, U.S., 83, 121, 147, 165–66, 254
Stein, Gertrude, 155
Stephens, Robin “Tin Eye,” 280–81
“stepping maze,” 150
Stevens, G. G., 259
Stimson, Henry, 147–48, 160–61
Story of San Michele, The (Munthe), 192
Stratton, F. J. M. “Chubby,” 216–17, 259–60, 297–98, 331
Strong, George, 204
Stutz Bearcat, 48–49
substitution ciphers, 80, 84, 194
suffrage movement, 34–35
suicide drugs, 185
Supermarine Spitfire, 213
Swiss army, 200–201
Teapot Dome scandal, 129–30
Tennyson, Alfred, Lord, 8, 9, 74, 172
terminology, xvi
Tesla, Nikola, 24, 257
Texas Ranger (ship), 138
Thames River, 213
Thermann, Edmund von, 182, 183–84
Thurn-und-Taxis Post, 71
Thurston, H. C., 13
TICOM (Target Intelligence Committee), 305–11, 312–13, 317, 318
T-men, 134–35, 137–38, 143–47, 165–66, 167
Tolson, Clyde, 202
transposition ciphers, 80, 109–10, 190, 255
Treasury Department, U.S., 133–47, 163–70, 187–88. See also Coast Guard Cryptanalytic Unit
law enforcement agencies of, 134–35
Truman, Harry S., 316, 318, 332
Tuchman, Barbara, 64
Turing, Alan, 124, 196–97, 211, 312–13
Turrou, Leon, 204
Twain, Mark, 39
ULTRA, 197, 212, 279, 289, 298
United Kingdom. See Britain
United Officers’ Group (GOU), 265–66
United States v. Albert M. Morrison et al., 143–47, 384n
University of Chicago, 30, 55, 99
Uruguay, 205–6, 287–88
Utzinger, Gustav “Luna,” 394n
arrest and imprisonment of, 297–98, 302–3
clandestine radio operations, 228–29, 261–66, 276–78, 283–84, 287, 291–92
deportation to postwar Germany, 303
FBI and, 247, 291, 297
Hellmuth arrest, 281
move to Buenos Aires, 261–62
move to Rio, 185, 228–29
paranoia of, 276–77, 291–92
radio business of, 261, 303
radio station ruse, 263–64
Valaki, Virginia, 3–5, 48, 79, 340–41
Van Deman, Ralph, 67, 68–69
Van Kirk, Harold, 9
Venezuela, 180, 205–6
Vichy France, 256
Vierling, Oskar, 307–8
Vietnam, 213
Villa Devoto prison, 302–3
Villarroel, Gualberto, 283–84, 303
Virginia Military Institute, 333, 337
Voynich Manuscript, 156, 387n
WAC (Women’s Army Corps), 252, 269
Wallace, Edward C., 293–94
Wallace, Mary E., 293
Waller, Martha, 252–53, 269–70
Wall Street Crash of 1929, 139
Walter Reed General Hospital, 218–21, 250
War Department, U.S., codebreaking unit, 100–101
war rations, 239, 316
Warsaw Ghetto, 213
Washington Herald, 120
Washington Post, 130, 338
Washington Sunday Star, 295–96
Washington Times-Herald, 296
WAVES (Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Service), 252, 269, 316
“wayward girls,” 26–27
Weinheimer (AMT VI spy), 226
Wells, Kate, 28–29
Wenger, Joseph, 253–54, 255
West, Jack, 245–46
What Every Woman Knows (movie), 172
What I Know About the Future of Cotton and Domestic Goods (Fabyan), 52, 132
White, Harry Dexter, 236
White City, 13, 32. See also Chicago World’s Fair (1893)
Wilhelmson, Jack “the Sailor,” 50–51
William F. Friedman and Elizebeth S. Friedman Memorial Auditorium, 339
Williams, Bert, 16
Wilson, Woodrow, 11, 63, 214
Winchell, Walter, 215
Windhuk, SS, 228, 243–44
Wohlstetter, Roberta, 332
“wolves,” 264, 283, 286, 292
Women of Arlington Hall and Naval Annex, 252–53
Women’s Royal Navy Service, 197
Woodcock, Amos Walter Wright, 144–47
Wooster College, 8
worksheets, 76, 156–57, 200, 257
World War I
Armistice, 107–8
codebreaking at Riverbank, 28–29, 46–47, 65–71, 74–89
William and, 104–11
codebreaking, 102–6, 108
discharge, 111–12
recruitment, 98–99
Zimmermann Telegram, 63–64
World War II. See also Nazi Germany; and specific countries
Allied shipping and codes, 187–94, 231, 242–46
declarations of war, 180–81, 239
surrender of Germany, 304–5
surrender of Japan, 316, 317–18
Wouk, Herman, 334
Wright, Frank Lloyd, 31
X-rays, 24, 27–28
Yardley, Hazel, 121
Yardley, Herbert O., 121, 158, 169
The American Black Chamber, 160–63, 165, 271, 332
Black Chamber, 100–101, 104, 121, 147–48, 157
papers and files of, 157
Young Ziegfield (singer), 288
Ziegfeld, Flo, 51
Zimmermann, Arthur, 64
Zimmermann Telegram, 63–64
Zionism, 59, 309–10
Zweig, Stefan, 181