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Chapter One

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Chapter Two

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Chapter Three

Kim, KC et al. 1999. Ganoderma lucidum extracts protect DNA from strand breakage caused by hydroxyl radical and UV irradiation. Int J Mol Med. 4:273–277·

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Chapter Four

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Chapter Five

Fujimiya, Y et al. 1998. Selective tumoricidal effect of soluble proteoglucan extracted from the basidiomycete, Agaricus blazei Murill, mediated via natural killer cell activation and apoptosis. Cancer Immunol Immunother. 46:147–159.

Fujimiya, Y et al. 1999. Tumor-specific cytocidal and immunopotentiating effects of relatively low molecular weight products derived from the basidiomycete, Agaricus blazei Murill. Anticancer Res. 19:113–118.

Ito, H et al. 1997. Anti-tumor effects of a new polysaccharide-protein complex (ATOM) prepared from Agaricus blazei (Iwade strain 101) and its mechanisms in tumor-bearing mice. Anticancer Res. 17:277–284.

Mizuno, M et al. 1998. Polysaccharides from Agaricus blazei stimulate lymphocyte T cell subsets in mice. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 62:434–437.

Chapter Six

Adachi, Yet al. 1994. Enhancement of cytokine production by macrophages stimulated with 1-3 beta-D-glucan, grifolan (GRN), isolated from Grifola frondosa. Biol Pharm Bull. 17:1554–1560.

Fullerton, SA et al. 2000. Induction of apoptosis in human prostatic cancer cells with beta glucan. Mol Urol. 4:7–14.

Kubo, K et al. 1994. Anti-diabetic activity present in the fruit body of Grifola frondosa (maitake). Bioi Pharm Bull. 17:1106–1110.

Kubo, K et al. 1996. The effect of maitake mushrooms on liver and serum lipids. Altern Ther Health Med. 2:62–66.

Kurashige, S et al. 1997. Effects of Lentinus edodes, Grifola frondosa and Pleurotus ostreatus administration on cancer outbreak, and activities of macrophages and lymphocytes in mice treated with a carcinogen, N-butyl-N-butanolnitrosoamine. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol. 19:175–183.

Lee, EW et al. 2000. Suppression of D-galactosamine-induced liver injury by mushrooms in rats. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 64:2001–2004.

Nakai, R et al. 1999. Effect of maitake (Grifola frondosa) water extract on inhibition of adipocyte conversion of C3H10T1/2B2C1 cells. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 45:385–390.

Ohno, N et al. 1995. Enhancement of LPS triggered TNF-alpha (tumor necrosis factor-alpha) production by 1-3 beta-D-glucan in mice. Biol Pharm Bull. 18:126–133.

Okazaki, M et al. 1995. Structure-activity relationship of 1-3 beta-D-glucans in the induction of cytokine production from macrophages, in vitro. Biol Pharm Bull. 18:1320-1327.

Yokota, M. 1992. Observatory trial of anti-obesity activity of maitake (Grifola frondosa). Anshin. 7:202–204.

Chapter Seven

Han, SB et al. 1999. The inhibitory effect of polysaccharides isolated from Phellinus linteus on tumor growth and metastasis. Immunopharmacology. 42:157–164.

Kim, HM et al. 1996. Stimulation of humoral and cell-mediated immunity by polysaccharide from mushroom Phellinus linteus. Int J Immunopharmaco. 18:295–303.

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Chapter Eight

Hayakawa, K et al. 1993. Effect of Krestin (PSK) as adjuvant treatment on the prognosis after radical radiotherapy in patients with non-small cell lung cancer. Anticancer Res. 13:1815–1820.

Lino, Y et al. 1995. Immunochemotherapies vs. chemotherapy as adjuvant treatment after curative resection of operable breast cancer. Anticancer Res. 15: 2907–2912.

Liu, J et al. 1999. Phase III clinical trial for Yun Zhi polysaccharopeptide (PSP) capsules. In Advanced Research in PSP, ed. Q. Yang. Hong Kong: Hong Kong Association for Health Care Ltd.

Nakazato, H et al. 1994. Efficacy of immunochemotherapy as adjuvant treatment after curative resection of gastric cancer. Lancet. 343:1122–1126.

Sun, Z et al. 1999. The ameliorative effect of PSP on the toxic and side reaction of chemo- and radiotherapy of cancers. In Advanced Research in PSP, ed. Q. Yang. Hong Kong: Hong Kong Association for Health Care Ltd.

Yang Q. 1999. PSP and Its Clinical Research. Hong Kong: Publication of the Hong Kong Association for Health Care Ltd.

Chapter Nine

Ito, M et al. 1999. Anti-tumor activity of hot-water extract of Hericium erinaceus (yamabushitake). Nat Med. 53:263–265.

Mizuno, T. 1995. Yamabushitake, Hericium erinaceum [sic]: Bioactive substances and medical utilization. Food Rev Int. 11:173–178.

Mizuno, T. 1999. Bioactive substances in Hericium erinaceus (bull.: fr) pers. (yamabushitake), and its medicinal utilization. Int J Med Mushrooms. 1:105–119.

Xu, HM et al. 1994. Immunomodulatory function of polysaccharide of Hericium erinaceus (article in Chinese). Chung kuo chung his i chieh ho tsa chih. 14:427–428.

Chapter Ten

Chihara, Get al. 1970. Fractionation and purification of the polysaccharides with marked anti-tumor activity, especially Lentinan from Lentinus edodes (Berk.) Sing., an edible mushroom. Cancer Res. 30:2776–2781.

Gordon, M et al. 1998. A placebo-controlled trial of the immune modulator, lentinan, in HIV-positive patients: a phase I/II trial. J Med. 29:305–330.

Hirasawa, M. 1999. Three kinds of antibacterial substances from Lentinus edodes (Berk.) Sing (shiitake, an edible mushroom). Int J Antimicrob Agents. 11:151–157.

Ikekawa, T et al. 1969. Anti-tumor activity of aqueous extracts of edible mushrooms. Cancer Res. 29:734–735.

Shouji, N. 2000. Anticaries effect of a component from shiitake (an edible mushroom). Caries Res. 34:94–98.

Chapter Twelve

Holliday, J et al. Clinical trial of a mixture of six medicinal mushroom extracts. Submitted for publication.

Kabir, Y et al. 1989. Dietary mushrooms reduce blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 35:91–94.

Raverat, Gwen. 1991. Period Piece. East Lansing, MI: University of Michigan Press.