NOTES

CHAPTER 1: SENSE OF DUTY

1 Charles Olcott, The Life of William McKinley, Vol. 1 (Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1916), 44–46; Robert P. Porter, Life of William McKinley: Soldier, Lawyer, Statesman (Cleveland: N. G. Hamilton, 1906), 93–97; Samuel Fallows, ed., Life of William McKinley (Chicago: Regan Printing House, 1901), 88–90, and William H. Armstrong, Major McKinley: William McKinley & the Civil War (Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 2000), 72–75.

2 Olcott, McKinley, I, 46, and Porter, Life, 97. Besides two presidents, the 23rd Ohio also had within its ranks a future U.S. senator and the forty-sixth associate justice of the Supreme Court, Stanley Matthews.

3 An excellent summary of McKinley’s administration is Lewis L. Gould, The Presidency of McKinley (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1968). Gould rightly calls McKinley “the first modern president.”

4 Robert Wiebe, The Search for Order, 1877–1920 (New York: Hill & Wang, 1966), 11–27.

5 Margaret Leech, In the Days of McKinley (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1959), 24; Walter D. Burnham, Critical Elections and the Mainsprings of American Politics (New York: Norton, 1971), 71–90; James L. Sundquist, Dynamics of the Party System: Alignment and Realignment of Political Parties in the United States (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 1983), 154–69; and James A. Reichley, The Life of the Parties: A History of American Political Parties (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2000), 184–85.

6 Henry B. Russell, The Lives of William McKinley and Garret A. Hobart, Republican Presidential Candidates of 1896 (Hartford, CT: A. D. Worthington, 1896), 46 and 48–49; Porter, Life, 29–36; and Olcott, McKinley, I, 7.

7 Russell, Lives, 35–40 and 41–42, and Porter, Life, 36.

8 Julia B. Foraker, I Would Live It Again (New York and London: Harper & Brothers, 1932), 263.

9 Porter, Life, 43, and William McKinley Sr. to McKinley, April 25, 1884, in McKinley papers, Library of Congress.

10 Russell, Lives, 41–42; Porter, Life, 24–31; Olcott, McKinley, I, 5–6; and Richard L. McElroy, William McKinley and Our America: A Pictorial History (Canton, OH: Stark County Historical Society, 1996), 6.

11 Russell, Lives, 51

12 “Longfellow, Slavery, and Abolition.” Longfellow House—Washington’s Headquarters National Historic Site, http://www.nps.gov/long/historyculture/longfellow-slavery-and-abolition.htm; Russell, Lives, 49–50; Porter, Life, 53–54; and Olcott, McKinley, I, 13–17.

13 Russell, Lives, 53–54, 56 and 58; Porter, Life, 53–54 and 57; and Olcott, McKinley, I, 6–7, 11 and 20–21. Russell says McKinley attended an unnamed school in Poland for a year before entering the seminary.

14 Russell, Lives, 52 and 55–56, and Porter, Life, 53–54.

15 Russell, Lives, 55–56; Porter, Life, 53; and Olcott, McKinley, I, 18–19. Russell and Porter put McKinley’s baptism in 1858 while Olcott has it in 1853. Porter cites the Niles church records.

16 Russell, Lives, 50.

17 Murat Halstead, The Illustrious Life of William McKinley, Our Martyred President (N.p.: n.p., 1901), 114.

18 Kevin Phillips, William McKinley: The American Presidents Series: The 25th President, 1897–1901 (New York: Times Books, 2003), 11, and U.S. Bureau of the Census, “Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970, Bicentennial Edition, Part 2” (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1975), https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/histstats-colonial-1970.pdf, accessed 3/11/15.

19 H. W. Morgan, William McKinley and His America (Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 2003), 73; and Phillips, McKinley, 10–11.

20 Phillips, McKinley, 12–15.

21 Charles E. Herdendorf, “Ohio Science and Technology: A 200-Year Heritage of Discovery and Innovation,” Ohio Journal of Science 96, Nos. 4–5 (September–December, 1996), 68, http://hdl.handle.net/1811/23713.

22 Russell, Lives, 61–62; Porter, Life, 50–52; Olcott, McKinley, I, 22 and 56; and Armstrong, Major McKinley, 3.

23 Russell, Lives, 62; Porter, Life, 49–50; Olcott, McKinley, I, 22–24 and 25–26; and Armstrong, Major McKinley, 2–4.

24 McKinley to Anna McKinley, June 16, 1861, in the Karpeles Manuscript Library.

25 Aug. 20, 1861 entry in McKinley Civil War Diary, Ohio Historical Society.

26 Nelson A. Miles to Daniel S. Lamont, Feb. 2, 1897; William T. Crump to Cleveland, Jan. 15, 1897; William H. Zimmerman to Cleveland, Dec. 14, 1896; Russell Hastings to Cleveland, Dec. 23, 1896; John A. Harvey to C. B. Lower, Jan. 18, 1897, and “Statement of the Military Service of Brevet Major William McKinley Jr., late Private and Captain, 23d Ohio Infantry,” F. C. Ainsworth, War Department Record and Pension Office, Dec. 8, 1896, in M 670 CB 65 (with 1680 Volunteer Service File 83); Letters Received by the Adjutant General of the Commission Branch 1863–1870; Record Group 94; National Archives Building, Washington, D.C.; Rutherford B. Hayes introduction of William McKinley, July 30, 1891, in Hayes Papers, Hayes Library; Olcott, McKinley, I, 37–38; Porter, Life, 62–64 and 103–4; Armstrong, Major McKinley, 1–4, 36–41, and 44–45; and Shelby Foote, Civil War: A Narrative: Volume One: Fort Sumter to Perryville (New York: Vintage Books, 1986), 688–704. Several accounts suggest two wagons, but Russell (Lives, 81) says one wagon was disabled. In addition, Harvey joined McKinley’s other comrades in recommending him to the Congressional Medal of Honor with none of the letters saying Harvey made the dangerous transit of the battlefront with his own wagon.

27 Russell, Lives, 116–21; H. W. Brands, Man Who Saved the Union: Ulysses Grant in War and Peace (New York: Anchor, 2013), 329; Shelby Foote, Civil War: A Narrative: Volume Three: Red River to Appomattox (New York: Random House, 1974), 567–72; and Armstrong, Major McKinley, 103.

28 Olcott, McKinley, I, 51–53; Armstrong, Major McKinley, 87–90, 103; and Rutherford B. Hayes introduction of William McKinley, July 30, 1891, in Hayes Papers, Hayes Library.

29 Samuel G. McClure, “In His Office,” Cleveland Leader, June 17, 1894; Armstrong, Major McKinley, 130; and Rutherford B. Hayes introduction of William McKinley, July 30, 1891, in Hayes Papers.

30 Marshall Everett, Complete Life of William McKinley and Story of His Assassination: An Authentic and Official Memorial Edition Containing Every Incident in the Career of the Immortal Statesman Soldier Orator and Patriot, Memorial Edition (N.p.: n.p., 1901), 126.

31 Charles W. Calhoun, From Bloody Shirt to Full Dinner Pail: The Transformation of Politics and Governance in the Gilded Age (New York: Hill & Wang, 2010), 8–9; Paul Kleppner, Third Electoral System, 1853–1892: Parties, Voters, and Political Cultures (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1979), 44–46; and University of South Carolina Beaufort (American Presidency Project), “Voter Turnout in Presidential Elections,” accessed March 23, 2015, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/data/turnout.php; and New York Evening Express Almanac, 1879, 111.

32 Charles W. Calhoun, “The Political Culture,” in The Gilded Age: Perspectives on the Origins of Modern America, ed. Charles W. Calhoun (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2006), 195–200 and 202–7.

33 Calhoun, Bloody Shirt, 6–7; Gould, “Party Conflict” in The Gilded Age, 218–19, and Michael F. Holt, By One Vote: The Disputed Presidential Election of 1876 (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2011), 204–43.

34 Calhoun, “The Political Culture,” 188–89, and Henry Adams, “The Session,” North American Review, July 1870, 60.

35 Richard Hofstadter, The Paranoid Style in American Politics (New York: Vintage Books, 2008), 138.

36 Annals of Congress, 14th Congress, 1st Session, 776–78; Robert V. Remini, Henry Clay: Statesman for the Union (New York: Norton, 1993), 137–39; Maurice Baxter, Henry Clay and the American System (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2004), 17–33; Merrill D. Peterson, Olive Branch and Sword: The Compromise of 1833 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1982), 49–84; and Lence, Union and Liberty, especially Calhoun’s speeches “Exposition and Protest” (313–65), “Fort Hill Address” (369–400), and “Speech on the Force Bill” (403–60).

37 Tariffs were raised in March 1861, August 1861, December 1861, July 1862, June 1864, and March 1865. Senator Justin S. Morrill (R-VT) led the efforts for the first two tariff increases in 1861 and was the Senate sponsor of the Morrill-Stevens Act in 1861. Congressman Thaddeus Stevens (R-PA) was the House sponsor. Heather Cox Richardson, The Greatest Nation of the Earth: Republican Economic Policies During the Civil War (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1997), 104–15, 122–26, 133–35; Ida M. Tarbell, The Tariff In Our Times (New York: Macmillan, 1911), 6–27; and F. W. Taussig, The Tariff History of the United States (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1910), 158–70.

38 Cong. Richard W. Townsend (D-IL), quoted in “The Debates of Congress,” New York Times, Feb. 14, 1883, and “The Copper John,” Chicago Tribune, Feb. 21, 1869.

39 Tarbell, Tariff in Our Time, 351-–53.

40 “The Message,” Los Angeles Times, Dec. 7, 1887.

41 Lawrence Goodwyn, The Populist Moment: A Short History of the Agrarian Revolt in America (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1978), 20–22.

42 Ostler, Jeffrey, Prairie Populism: The Fate of Agrarian Radicalism in Kansas, Nebraska, and Iowa, 1880–1892 (Lawrence: University of Kansas, 1992), 12–14; Goodwyn, Populist Movement, 69–72; and Worth Robert Miller, “Farmers and Third-Party Politics,” in The Gilded Age, 238–40.

43 The first $25 million issue of Continentals paid for $23 million of supplies. By 1781, $125 million in Continentals could purchase only $6 million of goods. Forrest McDonald, E Pluribus Unum: The Formation of the American Republic 1776–1790 (Indianapolis, IN: Liberty Fund, 1979), 44–48, and Milton Friedman and Anna Jacobson Schwartz, A Monetary History of the United States 1867–1960 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1971), 113–14.

44 Don C. Barrett, The Greenbacks and Resumption of Specie Payments, 1862–1879 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1931), 12–14, 15–24, and 58–78; Irwin Unger, The Greenback Era: A Social and Political History of American Finance, 1865–1879 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1964), 13–16; and Friedman and Schwartz, Monetary History, 16–24, esp. 17. The currency also consisted of gold and silver coins and state and national bank notes while the money supply also included commercial bank deposits.

45 Unger, Greenback Era, 15–16, and Barrett, Greenbacks and Resumption, 105.

46 Unger, Greenback Era, 16–17, and Tarbell, Tariff in Our Times, 27.

47 Unger, Greenback Era, 36.

CHAPTER 2: EARLY BEGINNINGS

1 Armstrong, Major McKinley, 98–99.

2 Armstrong, Major McKinley, 101–05, and Colonel G.W. Townsend, Our Martyred President: Memorial Life of William McKinley (Philadelphia and Chicago: Memorial, 1901), 38–39.

3 Hayes to McKinley, Nov. 6, 1866, in Hayes, Diary, 5:149–50.

4 Russell, Lives, 128–29; Porter, Life of McKinley, 109–13; Olcott, McKinley, I, 22 and 56; Armstrong, Major McKinley, 3 and Morgan, McKinley and His America, 30–31.

5 Olcott, McKinley, I, 56–58; Porter, Life of McKinley, 113; Leech, Days of McKinley, 10; and Morgan, McKinley and His America, 29–30.

6 Russell, Lives, 128–31; Leech, Days of McKinley, 10–12; Morgan, McKinley and His America, 31–32; Olcott, McKinley, I, 59–61; Fallows, Life of William McKinley, 214–15; and Murat Halstead, Life and Distinguished Services of William McKinley, Our Martyred President (N.p.: n.p., 1901), 110–14. Leech says McKinley sought out Belden as a partner. Morgan, Porter, and Olcott say the judge tested McKinley before inviting him to become his partner.

7 For Belden’s prosecution of the Oberlin Rescuers, see Brandt, The Town That Started the Civil War.

8 Armstrong, Major McKinley, 100–101.

9 Leech, Days of McKinley, 11 and 15, and Carl Sferrazza Anthony, Ida McKinley: The Turn-of-the-Century First Lady Through War, Assassination, and Secret Disability (Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 2013), 19.

10 Leech, Days of McKinley, 12.

11 Mary K. Hawley (Willa Cather), “Two Women the World Is Watching,” Home Monthly, September 1896; S. F. Call, “A Love Story,” Boston Sunday Journal, June 2, 1901; and “Mrs. McKinley Has a Sad Birthday,” Philadelphia Times, June 9, 1901.

12 Anthony, Ida McKinley, 7 and 10–11.

13 Russell, Lives, 136–133; Olcott, McKinley, I, 65–67; Josiah Hartzell, Sketch of the Life of Mrs. William McKinley (Washington, D.C.: Home Magazine Press, 1896), 6–7; and Anthony, Ida McKinley, 1–2.

14 Olcott, McKinley, I, 66–67; Hartzell, Sketch, 8–9; and Anthony, Ida McKinley, 3.

15 Anthony, Ida McKinley, 4.

16 Ibid., 2–4.

17 Ibid., 4–5.

18 “Life Sketch of the Late Mrs. Ida McKinley,” Stark County Democrat, (Canton, OH), May 28, 1907; Hartzell, Sketch, 11; Russell, Lives, 137–38; and Anthony, Ida McKinley, 5–7. Anthony mistakenly places the Delhi Academy in Clinton County on Lake Champlain

19 “Was Famous in Its Day,” Evening Star (Washington, D.C.), Jan. 22, 1898, and Anthony, Ida McKinley, 6–7.

20 Russell, Lives, 138, and Anthony, Ida McKinley, 9.

21 Hartzell, Sketch, 11; Olcott, McKinley, 65 and 68; and Anthony, Ida McKinley, 7 and 10–11.

22 Anthony, Ida McKinley, 10–11.

23 Ibid., 11. Henry S. Belden III, Grand Tour of Ida Saxton McKinley and Sister Mary Saxton Barber 1869 (Canton, OH: Reserve, 1985), 5.

24 Anthony, Ida McKinley, 11–12; Belden, Ida Saxton McKinley, 38–39.

25 Leech, In Days of McKinley, 15; Anthony, Ida McKinley, 12 and 14–16; and Belden, Ida Saxton McKinley, 190–91.

26 Anthony, Ida McKinley, 12–13, and Belden, Ida Saxton McKinley, 181.

27 Anthony, Ida McKinley, 14, and Belden, Ida Saxton McKinley, 313.

28 Anthony, Ida McKinley, 15, and Belden, Ida Saxton McKinley, 325–26.

29 “President M’Kinley At Home,” San Francisco Sunday Call, Nov. 4, 1900; Anthony, Ida McKinley, 15–16; Belden, Ida Saxton McKinley, 400; and Olcott, McKinley, I, 68.

30 Olcott, McKinley, I, 67, and Anthony, Ida McKinley, 17.

31 Anthony, Ida McKinley, 17 and 19, and Hartzell, Sketch, 8.

32 Olcott, McKinley, Vol. 1, 76; Porter, Life of McKinley, 115–16; Morgan, McKinley and His America, 34–35; and Leech, Days of McKinley, 13–14. Leech mistakenly puts McKinley’s election as county prosecutor in 1868. President McKinley appointed Knox U.S. attorney general.

33 Leech, Days of McKinley, 13.

34 Olcott, McKinley, I, 68–69; “President McKinley at Home,” San Francisco Sunday Call, November 4, 1900; Morgan, McKinley and His America, 36; and Anthony, Ida McKinley, 17 and 20–21.

35 Leech, Days of McKinley, 13.

36 Russell, Lives, 141; Olcott, McKinley, I, 125; Hartzell, Sketch, 15; “Mrs. McKinley Has A Sad Birthday,” Philadelphia Times, June 8, 1901; and William McKinley to Rutherford B. and Lucy Hayes, Dec. 13, 1870 in Hayes papers.

37 Russell, Lives, 141–42; Leech, Days of McKinley, 16; “Mrs. McKinley Has A Sad Birthday,” Philadelphia Times, June 8, 1901, and Anthony, Ida McKinley, 21–22.

38 Hartzell, Sketch, 16–17; “Mrs. McKinley Has A Sad Birthday,” Philadelphia Times, June 8, 1901; and Anthony, Ida McKinley, 21–22.

39 Anthony, Ida McKinley, 22.

40 Olcott, McKinley, I, 70, and Anthony, Ida McKinley, 23.

41 Russell, Lives, 142; Olcott, McKinley, I, 115–16; and Anthony, Ida McKinley, 23.

42 Olcott, McKinley, I, 76.

43 Russell, Lives 142; Porter, Life of McKinley, 126; Olcott, McKinley, I, 70–71; Hartzell, Sketch, 22–23; and Anthony, Ida McKinley, 4.

44 Olcott, McKinley, I, 70.

45 Anthony, Ida McKinley, 25 and 28.

46 “Life Sketch of the Late Mrs. Ida McKinley,” Stark County Democrat (Canton, OH), May 28,1907.

47 Russell, Lives, 136–42, and Porter, Life of McKinley, 126–27.

48 Olcott, McKinley, I, 70–72, and Anthony, Ida McKinley, 25–26 and 36.

49 John C. DeToledo, M.D., Bruno DeToledo, and Merredith Lowe, M.D., “The Epilepsy of First Lady Ida Saxton McKinley,” Southern Medical Journal, Vol. 93, No. 3 (March 2000), 267–71; Anthony, Ida McKinley, 25–26.

50 Olcott, McKinley, 2, 263, and Leech, Days of McKinley, 19–20.

51 Hartzell, Sketch, 26, and Anthony, Ida McKinley, 25–26.

52 Anthony, Ida McKinley, 28, and “Life Sketch of the Late Mrs. Ida McKinley,” Stark County Democrat (Canton, OH), May 28, 1907.

53 Morgan, McKinley and His America, 39; Olcott, McKinley, I, 71; Leech, Days, 17; Russell, Lives, 142; Porter, Life of McKinley, 126; and Anthony, Ida McKinley, 33. Olcott and Leech say Katie died in 1876 while Porter and Russell are imprecise but point toward 1875. Morgan is the most reliable on this point with the death on June 25, 1875. It is also hard to believe that if Katie’s death was in June 1876, it would not have materially affected McKinley’s run for Congress that year with country conventions in July 1876, the Stark County primary in early August, and the district convention mid-August.

54 Olcott, McKinley, I, 70–72; Leech, Days, 19; and Morgan, McKinley and His America, 39.

55 Anthony, Ida McKinley, 35–36, and “A Brief Tour of Bedlam,” Joanna Bourke, Wall Street Journal, April 12, 2015.

56 “Mrs. McKinley’s Lover,” New England Home Magazine, June 1901; Russell, Lives, 143; and Anthony, Ida McKinley, 33.

57 Anthony, Ida McKinley, 33.

58 Anthony, Ida McKinley, 41, and Beer, Hanna, 102–4.

59 David P. Rhodes to James Ford Rhodes, July 26, 1896, in Rhodes papers, Massachusetts Historical Society.

60 Heald manuscript, 2:23–24; McKinley to Thomas W. Bradley, Jan. 13, 1900, in McKinley papers; Leech, Days of McKinley, 16–17; Morgan, McKinley and His America, 39; and Anthony, Ida McKinley, 32 and 44.

61 Russell, Lives, 132–33; “The Strikers Struck,” Cincinnati Gazette, May 2, 1876; “Murderous Miners,” Cincinnati Gazette, May 3, 1876; “Tuscarawas Valley War,” Cincinnati Gazette, May 6, 1876; and “The Striking Miners,” Cincinnati Times, May 10, 1876.

62 Olcott, McKinley, I, 79–80.

63 Herbert D. Croly, Marcus Alonzo Hanna: His Life and Work (New York: Macmillan, 1912), 2–10, 13–16, and 41, and Thomas Beer, Hanna (New York: A.A. Knopf, 1929), 21.

64 Croly, Hanna, 32, 38, and 40–41, and Beer, Hanna, 21–22.

65 Croly, Hanna, 32, 38, and 40–41, and Beer, Hanna, 22–24.

66 Croly, Hanna, 47–53, 57–67, and 70–79, and Beer, Hanna, 55.

67 Croly, Hanna, 84–89 and 91–95.

68 Leech, Days of McKinley, 12, and Morgan, McKinley and His America, 40–41.

69 Mark Hanna, “Wm. McKinley As I Knew Him,” National Magazine, Vol. 15, Jan. 1902, 405; Croly, Hanna, 91–95; and Beer, Hanna, 78–81.

CHAPTER 3: POLITICAL APPRENTICESHIP

1 Alexander K. McClure and Charles Morris, The Authentic Life of William McKinley, Our Third Martyr President (Toronto: W. E. Skull, 1901), 102–4; Russell, Lives, 132; and Olcott, McKinley, I, 73–74. Russell says McKinley’s speech was from Bitzer’s porch while Olcott says it was from a tavern’s steps. In reaction to anti-German feelings in World War I, New Berlin changed its name to North Canton.

2 Armstrong, Major McKinley, 109.

3 Joseph P. Smith, History of the Republican Party in Ohio, Vol. 1 (Gale, Sabin Americana, 2012), 232–33.

4 “Negro Voting In Ohio,” Plain Dealer (Cleveland, OH), Oct. 14, 1867, and Smith, History of the Republican Party I, 238–39.

5 Olcott, McKinley, I, 74–76, and Morgan, McKinley and His America, 33–34. Manderson served as Stark County attorney from 1865 to 1867.

6 Russell, Lives, 135; “Large Republican Meeting In Indianapolis,” Jackson Citizen (Jackson, MI), Sept. 8, 1868; and Smith, History of the Republican Party I, 259.

7 “The Result In Stark,” Stark County Democrat (Canton, OH), October 13, 1869, and McClure and Morris, Authentic Life, 105.

8 Leech, Days of McKinley, 35–37; Olcott, McKinley, I, 64–72; Russell, Lives, 136–42; “Abstract of Votes Polled,” Repository (Canton, OH), Oct. 20, 1871; Porter, Life, 115–16 and 122–26; McClure and Morris, Authentic Life, 105–6; Smith, History of the Republican Party I, 307; and “Stark County!,” Repository (Canton, OH), Nov. 8, 1872.

9 “A Wall-St. Crisis,” New-York Tribune, Sept. 9, 1873; “Trouble in Wall Street,” New York Times, Sept. 9, 1873; “Wall-St. Flurries,” New-York Tribune, Sept. 10, 1873; “Wall Street Affairs,” New York Times, Sept. 10, 1873; “New York,” Chicago Tribune, Sept. 14, 1873; “Failure In Wall Street,” New York Times, Sept. 14, 1873; “A Wall-St. Flitter,” New-York Tribune, Sept. 15, 1873; “The Failure of Kenyon Cox,” New York Times, Sept. 15, 1873; “Jay Cooke & Co.” and “The Jay Cooke Failure,” Chicago Tribune, Sept. 19, 1873; “The Bears Have Their Way,” “Failure of Jay Cooke & Co.,” and “A Financial Thunderbolt,” New-York Tribune, Sept. 19, 1873; “The Panic,” New York Times, Sept. 19, 1873; Geoffrey Perret, Ulysses S. Grant: Soldier and President (New York: Modern Library, 1998), 420; Jean Edward Smith, Grant (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001), 575; and William S. McFeely, Grant: A Biography (New York: W. W. Norton, 1982), 392–94.

10 “Along The Hudson,” New York Times, Oct. 28, 1873; “The Homeless Poor,” New York Times, Nov. 19, 1873; and “The Unemployed in St. Louis,” New York Times, Nov. 28, 1874.

11 “Mass-Meeting of the Unemployed in Chicago,” New York Times, Dec. 22, 1873; “The Unemployed,” Chicago Tribune, Nov. 13, 1874; “Destitution In Nebraska,” New York Times, Oct. 28, 1874; “The City’s Poor,” New York Times, February 11, 1874; “Alarming Destitution,” Critic-Record (Washington, D.C.), Feb. 16, 1874; Allen Weinstein, Prelude to Populism: Origins of the Silver Issue, 1867–1878 (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1970), 57; and Friedman and Schwartz, Monetary History, 31.

12 Weinstein, Prelude, 56–57; Barrett, Greenbacks and Resumption, 173–74; H. W. Brands, American Colossus: The Triumph of Capitalism 1865–1900 (New York: Doubleday, 2010), 81; Unger, Greenback Era, 213–15; Smith, Grant, 575–76; and Friedman and Schwartz, Monetary History, 42–44.

13 United States Senate, Report No. 703, Report of the Monetary Commission, 44th Congress, 2nd session, Vol. I, 121; “The End Of Inflation,” “The Effect In Washington,” and “Excitement In The House,” New-York Tribune, April 23, 1874; “The President’s Veto,” New-York Tribune, April 25, 1874; Barrett, Greenbacks and Resumption, 177–79; Unger, Greenback Era, 233–45; Perrett, Ulysses S. Grant, 421–23; Smith, Grant, 577–82; and Friedman and Schwartz, Monetary History, 47.

14 “Washington,” Chicago Tribune, Jan. 15. 1875; Barrett, Greenbacks and Resumption, 181–93; Unger, Greenback Era, 249–63; Smith, Grant, 581; McFeely, Grant, 395–98; and Smith, History of the Republican Party I, 806.

15 Weinstein, Prelude, 10, 21–28, and Friedman and Schwartz, Monetary History, 113–19.

16 William Graham Sumner, “The Crime of 1873,” Leslie’s Weekly, Sept. 24, 1896, 173; Milton Friedman, “The Crime of 1873,” Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 98, No. 6 (Dec. 1990), 1159; and Weinstein, Prelude, 22.

17 Carl Sferrazza Anthony, Ida Saxton: The Early Life of Mrs. McKinley (Canton, OH: National First Ladies Library, 2007), 28, and Croly, Hanna, 65.

18 Smith, History of the Republican Party I, 336.

19 William Allen White, The Autobiography of William Allen White (Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 1990), 251. Taft’s second oldest son, William, was then at Yale.

20 “Political,” Chicago Tribune, June 2, 1875; [Untitled], Chicago Tribune, June 3, 1875, and “The Ohio Republicans in Convention at Columbus,” Chicago Tribune, June 3, 1875.

21 “The Ohio Republicans in Convention at Columbus,” Chicago Tribune, June 3, 1875; “Ohio Republicanism,” Cincinnati Enquirer, June 3, 1875; “Republican State Convention,” Cincinnati Commercial Tribune, June 3, 1875; “Ohio Republicans,” New York Times, June 3, 1875; “The State Convention,” Cleveland Leader, June 3, 1875; and Smith, History of the Republican Party I, 338–41.

22 Anthony, Ida McKinley, 30–31.

23 “The Ohio Democrats,” New-York Tribune, June 18, 1875; “The Financial Question,” Indianapolis Sentinel, July 21, 1875; “Governor Hayes to the Fore,” Cincinnati Enquirer, Aug. 2, 1875; “The Ohio Campaign,” Cincinnati Gazette, Sept. 13, 1875; and “The Ohio Canvass,” Cincinnati Enquirer, Sept. 18, 1875.

24 “Ex Governor Hayes,” Cincinnati Enquirer, Aug. 2, 1875.

25 “Splendid Meeting At Lawrence,” Repository (Canton, OH), Sept. 17, 1875; [Untitled], Cincinnati Gazette, Sept. 23, 1875; [Untitled], Repository (Canton, OH), Sept. 24, 1875; Morgan, McKinley and His America, 40; and Olcott, McKinley, I, 77–78;

26 “Announcements,” Repository (Canton, OH), July 14, 1876, and William Alexander Taylor, Hundred-year Book and Official Register of the State of Ohio (Ohio: Westbote, 1891), 102–3, 105–6, and 126. Several sources mistakenly identify Woodworth as a Democrat.

27 “Appeal To Stark Co. Republicans,” Repository (Canton, OH), Aug. 4, 1876; Russell, Lives, 147; Olcott, McKinley, I, 80–81; and Porter, Life, 119.

28 “The Seventeenth Ohio District,” Cincinnati Gazette, Aug. 17, 1876; “Maj. M’Kinley Nominated For Congress” and “17th District Congressional Convention,” Repository (Canton, OH), Aug. 18, 1876; and “McKinley for Congress,” Repository (Canton, OH), Aug. 25, 1876.

29 “The Reunion of the Twenty-third Ohio Regiment,” Cincinnati Gazette, Sept. 15, 1876.

30 “The Seventeenth District,” Cleveland Leader, Sept. 25, 1876, and “Mass Meeting At Salineville,” Cleveland Leader, Oct. 2, 1876.

31 “Maj. McKinley at Youngstown,” Repository (Canton, OH), Sept. 22, 1876.

32 “Forming Alliances,” Repository (Canton, OH), Sept. 1, 1876.

33 “Mass Meeting At Salineville,” Cleveland Leader, Oct. 2, 1876.

34 “From Alliance,” Plain Dealer (Cleveland, OH), Sept. 26, 1876; Levi Leslie Lamborn, American Carnation Culture (Alliance, OH: Lo Ra L. Lamborn, 1901); and Olcott, McKinley, I, 81–82. Olcott wrongly calls McKinley’s opponent Sanborn.

35 “In Deadlocked Race, Neither Side Has Ground Game Advantage,” Pew Research Center, Oct. 31, 2012. Accessed 2015, http://www.people-press.org/2012/10/31/in-deadlocked-race-neither-side-has-ground-game-advantage/. Obama contacted 32 percent, Romney 31 percent.

36 “Prospects in the 17th and 19th Districts,” Repository (Canton, OH), Sept. 29, 1876; “Political Signs,” Cleveland Leader, Sept. 28, 1876; Olcott, McKinley, I, 81–82; Morgan, McKinley and His America, 42; “Blaine’s Welcome” and “The Welcome To Blaine” in The Times (Philadelphia), Oct. 16, 1876; and Russell, Lives, 147–48.

37 “The Silver Currency Question,” New York Times, April 1, 1876 and Senator Francis M. Cockrell, “Restoration of Silver To Equal Monetary Functions With Gold,” Speech to U.S. Senate, October 9–11, 1893, accessed 1/5/15, http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/docs/publications/mq53c/mq53c-vlsen-0017.pdf.

38 William Vincent Byars, American Commoner—The Life and Times of Richard Parks Bland, a Study of the Last Quarter of the 19th Century (Columbia, MO: E. W. Stephens Publishing, 1900), 35–37.

39 “Finance And Commerce,” Inter-Ocean (Chicago, OH), June 14, 1876; “House of Representatives,” New-York Tribune, May 4, 1876; “From Our Regular Correspondent,” New York Herald, July 22, 1876; “Washington,” Cincinnati Gazette, July 26, 1876; “Unlimited Silver,” New-York Tribune, July 26, 1876; “Washington,” New York Herald, July 26, 1876; “Payment of Bonds in Silver,” New-York Tribune, July 27, 1876; “Washington” and “XLIVth Congress” in New-York Tribune, Aug. 3, 1876; “Washington,” New-York Tribune, Aug. 5, 1876; “Washington,” New York Times, Aug. 5, 1876; “The Congressional Financial Inquiry,” New-York Tribune, Aug. 22, 1876; Chicago Tribune, Dec. 13, 1876; “House of Representatives” and “Forty-Fourth Congress” in New York Times, Dec. 13, 1876; “The Joint Rules,” Chicago Tribune, Dec. 13, 1876; “Washington,” New York Times, Dec. 14, 1876; Byars, American Commoner, 107–8; and Weinstein, Prelude, 192–93.

40 “Silver,” Chicago Tribune, March 3, 1877, and “Silver Money,” New-York Tribune, March 3, 1877.

41 The vote was 163 to 34 with 66 Republicans and 97 Democrats ayes with 24 Republicans and 10 Democrats nays. “The Silver Party” and “The Congress-Extra Session” in New-York Tribune, Oct. 30, 1877; “Volley of New Bills,” New-York Tribune, Oct. 31, 1877; “A Fraud Upon The House,” “Inflation In The House,” and “Mr. Bland As A Smuggler” in New-York Tribune, Nov. 6, 1877; “The Bland Silver Bill Receives a Large Majority in the House,” Chicago Tribune, Nov. 6, 1877; Weinstein, Prelude, 238–39 and 306; and Ari Hoogenboom, The Presidency of Rutherford B. Hayes (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1988), 55–56.

42 Hoogenboom, Presidency of Hayes, 94.

43 “Washington,” Chicago Tribune, Nov. 21, 1877; “The Silver Bill,” New York Times, Nov. 21, 1877; “Silver Remonetization,” New York Times, Nov. 22, 1877; “The Battle Over Silver” in New-York Tribune, Feb. 16, 1878; “The Silver Dollar” and “The Debate” in Chicago Tribune, Feb. 16, 1878; “The Senate On Silver,” Washington Post, Feb. 16, 1878; “Struggle Over The Silver Bill,” New York Times, Feb. 16, 1878; “Washington,” Chicago Tribune, Feb. 17, 1878; Weinstein, Prelude, 304–6, 323, and 332–33; Unger, Greenback Era, 361–62; and Leland L. Sage, William Boyd Allison: A Study in Practical Politics (Des Moines: State Historical Society of Iowa, 1956), 152.

44 “204 to 72,” Chicago Tribune, Feb. 22, 1878; “House Of Representatives,” New York Times, Feb. 22, 1878; and “Regular Proceedings,” Washington Post, Feb. 22, 1878; and H. J. Eckenrode, Rutherford B. Hayes: Statesman of Reunion (New York: Dodd, Mead, 1930), 294.

45 “The Veto,” Chicago Tribune, March 1, 1878; “A Black Eye For Hayes,” Washington Post, March 1, 1878; Weinstein, Prelude, 344–45; Hoogenboom, Presidency of Hayes, 96–97; and Eckenrode, Hayes, 358–60.

46 “A Veto Vetoed,” Chicago Tribune, March 1, 1878; “In The House” and “Scenes In The House” in Washington Post, March 1, 1878; “The End” and “The Silver Bill A Law” in New-York Tribune, March 1, 1878; “Forty-Fifth Congress,” New York Times, March 1, 1878; and Entry for Feb. 28, 1878, Garfield diary in Garfield papers.

47 John Sherman, Recollections of Forty Years in the House, Senate, and Cabinet, Vol. II (Chicago: Werner, 1895), 30–32.

CHAPTER 4: RISE AND FALL

1 “Eighty Years Of Lodging,” Washington Post, October 30, 1872; James M. Goode, Capital Losses: A Cultural History of Washington’s Destroyed Buildings (Washington D.C.: Smithsonian Institute Press, 1979), 178–80; Leech, Days, 20; Russell, Lives, 153; and Porter, Life, 128–30. The National Press Club now occupies the site of the Ebbitt Hotel.

2 Leech, Days, 21, 24; Russell, Lives, 152–53; “Explore Capitol Hill,” Architect of the Capitol, http://www.aoc.gov/capitol-buildings/house-office-buildings, accessed 3/27/15. Most congressmen had no official office until the Longworth Building opened in 1908.

3 Leech, Days, 23; Beer, Hanna, 110; and Porter, Life, 152–53.

4 “The Sixteenth District,” Repository (Canton, OH), Sept. 25, 1878; Russell, Lives, 147 and 152; Porter, Life, 152–55, and Leech, Days, 23.

5 Henry Watterson, quoted by Tarbell, Tariff in Our Times, 83.

6 Leech, Days, 24, and Olcott, McKinley, I, 110–11 and 130.

7 “The Proposed Tariff,” New-York Tribune, Jan. 31, 1878; “Tariff Revision,” Chicago Tribune, Jan. 31, 1878; “Fernando Wood’s Tariff Bill,” New York Times, Jan. 31, 1878; “Miscellaneous Comment on the Subject of the New Tariff Bill,” Chicago Tribune, Feb. 1, 1878; and “The Proposed Tariff Bill” and “Practical Tariff Reform” in New York Times, Feb. 1, 1878.

8 McKinley did not speak during the 45th Congress’s 1st session (which ran from Oct. 15 to Dec. 3, 1877) and while he presented 27 petitions and pension requests in the 45th Congress’s 2nd session (Dec. 8, 1877, to June 20, 1878), his April 15 speech was his first address. See Congressional Record, 45th Congress, 1st Session, Vol. VI, 131 and Congressional Record, 45th Congress, 2nd Session, Vol. VII, 412–13.

9 Joseph P. Smith, ed., Speeches and Addresses of William McKinley, From His Election To Congress to the Present Time (New York: D. Appleton, 1893), 1–23, and Olcott, McKinley, I, 128 and 131–34.

10 Congressional Record, 45th Congress, 2nd Session, 2542–62 and 4154-55; “Killed,” Chicago Tribune, June 6, 1878; “The Last Of The Tariff Bill” and “A Dead Monster” in New-York Tribune, June 6, 1878; Tarbell, Tariff In Our Times, 87–90; Edward Stanwood, American Tariff Controversies in the Nineteenth Century, Vol. 2 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1904), 197–99; Olcott, McKinley, I, 114–88; Russell, Lives, 148–51; and James G. Blaine, Twenty Years of Congress 1861–1881, Vol. 2 (Philadelphia: Henry Bill, 1886), 602.

11 Olcott, McKinley, I, 83–84.

12 “The Ohio Democratic Fraud,” Repository (Canton, OH), May 18, 1878; “The Ohio Vote,” Cincinnati Gazette, Oct. 17, 1878; [Untitled], Repository (Canton, OH), Oct. 16, 1878; “Correct,” Repository (Canton, OH), Nov. 1, 1878; and Hayes to James M. Comley, Oct. 29, 1878, in Hayes papers.

13 Congressional Record, 46th Congress, 1st Session, April 18, 1879, 548ff; Russell, Lives, 158–58; Fallows, Life of William McKinley, 93–97; and Smith, History of the Republican Party I, 399, 407–8.

14 “Thoman’s Little Trick,” Repository (Canton, OH), Sept. 20, 1880; “McKinley At Salem,” Repository (Canton, OH), Sept. 10, 1880; “A Protection Pole,” Repository (Canton, OH), Sept. 8, 1880; “Buckeye Booms,” Cleveland Leader, Sept. 18, 1880; “Major McKinley In The Wigwam,” Repository (Canton, OH), Oct. 12, 1880; and “Glorious Republican Triumph” and “Ohio, Indiana and Everything” in Repository (Canton, OH), Oct. 13, 1880.

15 “By Telegraph,” Daily Press (Portland, ME.), Aug. 17, 1880; Stanwood, American Tariff Controversies, II, 199–201; Justus D. Doenecke, The Presidencies of James A. Garfield and Chester A. Arthur (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1981), 24–30; Allan Peskin, Garfield (Kent, OH: The Kent State University Press, 1978), 491–95 and 510–13; H. Wayne Morgan, From Hayes to McKinley: National Party Politics 1877–1896 (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1969), 116–21; and McKinley to J. C. Parton, Dec. 30, 1889, quoted by Beer, Hanna, 105.

16 Olcott, McKinley, I, 135–36, and Russell, Lives, 157.

17 Tarbell, Tariff In Our Times, 94–97; Peskin, Garfield, 314–17; Candice Millard, Destiny of the Republic: A Tale of Madness, Medicine, and the Murder of a President (New York: Doubleday, 2011), 127–32 and 227–32; and Morgan, McKinley and His America, 56.

18 “The President’s Message,” New York Times, Dec. 7, 1881.

19 Smith (ed.), Speeches, 70–105.

20 “Washington,” Chicago Tribune, May 6, 1882; “The Tariff Debate Ended,” New York Times, May 6, 1882; “Passage Of The Tariff Commission Bill,” Chicago Tribune, May 7, 1882; “The Tariff Commission,” New York Times, May 7, 1882; George Frederich Howe, Chester A. Arthur: A Quarter Century of Machine Politics (New York: Dodd, Mead, 1934), 220–21; and Stanwood, Tariff Controversies, II, 199–201 and 203–6.

21 “The Tariff Commission” and “Tariff Report” in Chicago Tribune, Dec. 5, 1882; “Tariff Reform–A Strong Report,” New-York Tribune, Dec. 5, 1882; “Report Of The Commission,” New York Times, Dec. 5, 1882; “The Tariff Commission,” Washington Post, Dec. 5, 1882; “What The Tariff Commission Did Not Report,” Chicago Tribune, Dec. 6, 1882; “The Tariff Commission’s Report,” New York Times, Dec. 6, 1882; “The Revenue Tariff Bill,” New-York Tribune, March 3, 1883; “The Record,” Chicago Tribune, March 4, 1883; “The Tariff Bill Passed” and “The New Tariff” in New York Times, March 4, 1883; “The Defeated Obstructionists,” Washington Post, March 7, 1883; Tarbell, Tariff In Our Times, 100–108 and 127–30; Stanwood, Tariff Controversies, II, 203–20; and Olcott, McKinley, I, 140–42.

22 “The Coming Tariff Fight,” New York Tribune, April 15, 1884; “A Soporific Tariff Debate,” Puck, Vol. 14–16, April 23, 1884; “The Debate” and “The Day At The Capital” in Chicago Tribune, April 16, 1884; “The Tariff Debate Begun,” New York Times, April 16, 1884; Tarbell, Tariff In Our Times, 127–30 and 137–38; and Stanwood, Tariff Controversies, II, 207–20.

23 Smith (ed.), “The Morrison Tariff Bill,” Speeches, 131–59, and “Major McKinley’s Tariff Speech,” Repository (Canton, OH), April 24, 1884. Smith places the speech on April 30, a mistake repeated by Olcott, McKinley, I, 143.

24 “Tobacco And Fruit Brandy,” Washington Post, July 3, 1884; “At Washington,” Chicago Tribune, May 1, 1884; “Crippling The Morrison Bill,” Chicago Tribune, May 2, 1884; “Tariff Reform,” Chicago Tribune, May 4, 1884; and “To Close On Tuesday,” Washington Post, May 2, 1884.

25 Olcott, McKinley, I, 145.

26 “Eighteenth District,” Repository (Canton, OH), Aug. 9, 1882; William McKinley to Abner McKinley on March 12, 1882 in McKinley papers; [Untitled], Plain Dealer (Cleveland, OH), Aug. 22, 1882; “In The Field Of Politics,” Cincinnati Gazette, Sept. 9, 1882; “In The Field Of Politics,” Cincinnati Gazette, Sept. 11, 1882 and “Meeting at Malvern, Carroll County,” Plain Dealer (Cleveland, OH), Sept. 16, 1882; [Untitled], Repository (Canton, OH), Sept. 22, 1882; [Untitled], Repository (Canton, OH), Sept. 29, 1882; “Massillon,” Repository (Canton, OH), Sept. 30, 1882; “Foster and McKinley in Leetonia,” Cleveland Leader, Oct. 7, 1882; and “A Lively Night at Canton,” Cleveland Leader, Oct. 12, 1882.

27 Morgan, From Hayes to McKinley, 159–61; “Whiskey Did It,” Repository (Canton, OH), Oct. 13, 1882; “Returns Of The Election,” Cincinnati Gazette, Oct. 14, 1882; [Untitled], Cincinnati Commercial Tribune, October 14, 1882; “The Result,” Repository (Canton, OH), Oct. 14, 1882; and Smith, History of the Republican Party I, 399–402.

28 “Barely Elected to be Bounced,” Plain Dealer (Cleveland, OH), Oct. 14, 1882; “To Be Contested,” Repository (Canton, OH), Oct. 16, 1882; “Wallace Will Contest McKinley’s Seat,” Cleveland Leader, Nov. 14, 1882; and “McKinley The Man,” Repository (Canton, OH), Dec. 6, 1882.

29 “McKinley to be Ousted,” Plain Dealer (Cleveland, OH), May 12, 1884; “Wallace vs. McKinley,” Repository (Canton, OH), May 13, 1884; “Wallace vs. McKinley,” Repository (Canton, OH), May 15, 1884, and “The Wallace-M’Kinley Case,” Chicago Tribune, May 17, 1884; “Wallace Vs. M’Kinley,” Cleveland Leader, May 27, 1884; and “At Washington,” Chicago Tribune, May 27, 1884.

30 “M’Kinley Unseated,” Cleveland Leader, May 28, 1884; “Exit M’Kinley—Enter Wallace,” Washington Post, May 28, 1884; and “M’Kinley Unseated,” Chicago Tribune, May 28, 1884.

31 Olcott, McKinley, I, 244.

32 “Ohio. A Blaine-Sherman Slate” and “The Ohio Convention” in Chicago Tribune, April 25, 1884; “Sherman Gets Three,” Washington Post, April 25, 1884; “Canton’s Congressman,” Repository (Canton, OH), May 1, 1884; Russell, Lives, 173–75; Porter, Life of McKinley, 134–37; and Morgan, McKinley and His America, 76–77.

33 Joseph B. Foraker, Notes of a Busy Life (Cincinnati: Stewart & Kidd, 1916), 83–86; “Ohio Republicans” and “Clamoring For Sherman” in New-York Tribune, June 6, 1883; “In Convention” and “The Sherman Boom” in Cleveland Leader, June 6, 1883; “The Political Field,” Washington Post, June 7, 1883; and Everett Walters, Joseph Benson Foraker: An Uncompromising Republican (Ohio: Ohio History Press, 1948), 21–23.

34 Foraker, Busy Life, 118–19, 126, and 131–34, and Walters, Foraker, 23–25.

35 Hanna to McKinley, April 28 and May 2, 1884, in McKinley papers, L.C.

36 Mark W. Summers, Rum, Romanism and Rebellion: The Making of a President, 1884 (Chapel Hill, NC: The University of North Carolina Press, 2000), 124–32.

37 “Negro In The Chair,” Washington Post, June 4, 1884, and “Convention Pictures,” New-York Tribune, June 4, 1884.

38 “The First Trial Of Strength” and “The Ohio Delegation Excited” in New-York Tribune, June 4, 1884, and “Blaine Leads,” Cleveland Leader, June 4, 1884.

39 Republican National Convention, Chicago, 1884, Official Proceedings of the Eighth Republican National Convention Held at Chicago, IL, June 3, 4, 5, and 6, 1884 (Rand, McNally and Company, 1884), 3–22; “Blaine Leads” and “A Recapitulation” in Cleveland Leader, June 4, 1884; “A Series Of Curious Scenes” and “Arthur And Blaine Men Discouraged” in Washington Post, June 4, 1884; “Blaine Leads,” Cleveland Leader, June 4, 1884, and “The Chicago Convention,” New-York Tribune, June 4, 1884; “Blaine Still Ahead” and “Selecting A Temporary Chairman” in New-York Tribune, June 4, 1884; and “Committee On Platform,” Chicago Tribune, June 3, 1884.

40 “The Routine Work Completed,” New York Times, June 6, 1884; “Major McKinley Presides Over The Convention,” Repository (Canton, OH), June 6, 1884; “Disposing Of Committee Reports,” New-York Tribune, June 6, 1884; and Eighth Republican National Convention, 91–94.

41. Eighth Republican National Convention, 97–120; “In Line,” Cleveland Leader, June 6, 1884; and “Placed In Nomination” and “The Question Of A Ballot” in New-York Tribune, June 6, 1884.

42 Eighth Republican National Convention, 120–28 and, “In Line,” Cleveland Leader, June 6, 1884.

43 Eighth Republican National Convention, 128–35, and “Placed In Nomination” and “The Question Of A Ballot” in New-York Tribune, June 6, 1884.

44 Foraker, Busy Life, 163.

45 Eighth Republican National Convention, 151–55; “The Convention’s Closing Work,” New York Times, June 7, 1884; “Details Of The Contest,” Washington Post, June 7, 1884; and Summers, Rum, Romanism and Rebellion, 141.

46 Eighth Republican National Convention, 155–64, and “How The Result Was Reached,” Washington Post, June 7, 1884.

47 Sherman to Foraker, June 9, 1884, in Foraker papers, quoted by Foraker, Busy Life, 160.

48 Hanna to Shuckens, July 8, 1884, Hanna to McKinley, July 11, 1884 (two), July 19, 1884, and August 5, 1884, in McKinley papers, LoC.

49 “On Ohio Soil,” Cleveland Leader, Oct. 8,1884; “Greeting To Blaine,” Repository (Canton, OH), Oct. 8, 1884; “ ‘Rah’ For Blaine” and “Memories Of Massillon” in Repository (Canton, OH), Oct. 9, 1884; Hanna to McKinley Sept. 27 and Oct. 7, 1884, in McKinley papers; and Foraker, Busy Life, 173.

50 “McKinley’s Majority 1500 Or More,” Repository (Canton, OH), Oct. 16, 1884; Olcott, McKinley, I, insert between 82 and 83 and Smith, History of the Republican Party I, 490.

51 “Latest Efforts Of The Tricksters,” Repository (Canton, OH), Oct. 12, 1886; “At Carrollton,” Repository (Canton, OH), Oct. 22, 1886; “Congressman McKinley,” Repository (Canton, OH), Nov. 2, 1886; and Smith, History of the Republican Party I, 527.

52 “The Ticket,” Cleveland Leader, June 12, 1885; “Major McKinley Won’t Accept,” Cincinnati Gazette, June 5, 1885; “Ohio Republicans,” Repository (Canton, OH), June 12, 1885; “The Republicans Of Ohio,” New-York Tribune, June 12, 1885; and Foraker, Busy Life, 186–91.

53 Walters, Foraker, 33–35; Foraker, Busy Life, 192–210; and Croly, Hanna, 125.

54 Croly, Hanna, 128–29; Foraker, Busy Life, 321–23; Walters, Foraker, 321; and William T. Horner, Ohio’s Kingmaker: Mark Hanna, Man and Myth, (Athens, OH: Ohio University Press, 2010), 66–68. Croly mistakenly says Foraker appointed McKinley’s man, but the Major was advocating former state senator Edwin Hartshorn, whose brother Orville was president of Mt. Union College. Hanna’s candidate was William M. Bayne, whom Hanna had run unsuccessfully for Cleveland mayor. Hartshorn was eventually given a deputy inspector’s job.

55 Croly, Hanna, 129–31.

56 “Eloquence At A Dinner,” Chicago Tribune, Feb. 13, 1887; “Republican Words of Hope,” New-York Tribune, Feb. 13, 1887; “Ready for the Row,” Plain Dealer (Cleveland, OH), July 27, 1887; Hanna to Foraker, April 22, 1887 in Foraker papers; Smith, History of the Republican Party I, 541; and Foraker, Busy Life, 248–56, 268–71, and 315.

57 “Foraker’s Sad Fate,” Plain Dealer (Cleveland, OH), June 28, 1887; Foraker, Busy Life, 257; Walters, Foraker, 315–18; and Morgan, McKinley and His America, 78.

58 Hanna to Foraker, Nov. 28, 1887, Foraker to Hanna, Nov. 30, 1887, and Hanna to Foraker, Dec. 3, 1887, in Foraker papers, LoC.; Foraker, Busy Life, 321–22; Croly, Hanna, 125 and 128–29; and Horner, Ohio’s Kingmaker, 66–68.

CHAPTER 5: THREE STEPS CLOSER, ONE STEP BACK

1 Friedman and Schwartz, Monetary History, 93.

2 Irwin, Douglas, “Higher Tariffs, Lower Revenues? Analyzing the Fiscal Aspects of the Great Tariff Debate of 1888,” The Journal of Economic History, Vol. 58, No. 1, March 1998, XX.

3 “The Tariff Reduction,” Chicago Tribune, April 12, 1886; “The Hybrid Tariff Bill,” New-York Tribune, April 12, 1886; “The Tariff Reform Bill,” New York Times, April 12, 1886; “Wool,” Chicago Tribune, April 17, 1886; “Morrison Is Defeated,” Chicago Tribune, June 18, 1886; “The Vote On The Tariff,” Washington Post, June 18, 1886; “Morrison’s Tariff Bill,” Chicago Tribune, June 20, 1886; and “A Free-Trade Defeat,” New-York Tribune, June 18, 1886.

4 “The Message,” Los Angeles Times, Dec. 7, 1887.

5 “The Home Market Club,” Sun (Baltimore), Feb. 10, 1888; “Hon. William McKinley,” Boston Daily Advertiser, Feb. 10, 1888; and “Begins At Home,” Boston Herald, Feb. 10, 1888.

6 “Views Of The Minority,” from Smith (ed.), Speeches and Addresses, 290–335; “Mr. M’Kinley Report,” Chicago Tribune, April 3, 1888; and “Riddling The Mills Bill,” New York Times, April 3, 1888.

7 Morgan, From Hayes to McKinley, 281.

8 “A Bad Day For Mills,” Chicago Tribune, May 19, 1888; “A Day Of Great Oratory,” Washington Post, May 19, 1888; “Free Trade On Trial,” New-York Tribune, May 19, 1888; “A Fatal Big Suit,” New-York Tribune, May 21, 1888; and “The Mills Tariff Bill,” from Smith (ed.), Speeches and Addresses, 290–335.

9 “The Senate Tariff Bill,” New York Times, Aug. 5, 1888; Morgan, From Hayes to McKinley, 208–35; Summers, Rum, Romanism & Rebellion, 299–301; and 303–15 and Allan Nevins, Grover Cleveland: A Study in Courage, Vol. I (New York: Dodd, Mead, 1932), 373–82 and 169–75.

10 “Will Run No Risks,” Plain Dealer (Cleveland, OH), May 24, 1888, and “John Is The Jonah,” Plain Dealer (Cleveland, OH), May 30, 1888.

11 Croly, Hanna, 132–34; Foraker, Busy Life, 336–39, and Foraker to Hanna, May 10, 1888, in Foraker papers. Foraker vigorously disputes Croly’s characterization of his actions, but to little effect.

12 Morgan, From Hayes to McKinley, 282–84.

13 “Jay Hubbell’s Views,” Daily Inter Ocean (Chicago, IL), June 15, 1888; “In The Clouds,” Plain Dealer (Cleveland, OH), June 18, 1888; Sage, Allison, 216–17; and Morgan, McKinley and His America, 89.

14 “The Deluge Of Badges,” Chicago Tribune, June 23, 1888.

15 “Convention Picture” and “Doings In Committee” in Chicago Tribune, June 20, 1888; “The First Day,” Plain Dealer (Cleveland, OH), June 20, 1888; “Platform Workers,” Los Angeles Times, June 20, 1888; and Republican National Convention, Chicago, 1888, Official Proceedings of the Ninth Republican National Convention Held at Chicago, IL, June 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, and 25, 1888, reported by Gustavus P. English (The Blakely Printing Co., 1888), 7–35.

16 Ninth Republican National Convention, 62–64, and “Two Styles Of Oratory,” Chicago Tribune, June 21, 1888.

17 Ninth Republican National Convention, 108–13; “The Republican Platform” and “In the Convention Hall” in Chicago Tribune, June 22, 1888; “The Platform Read,” Repository (Canton, OH), June 21, 1888; and “Sugar And The Tariff,” Brooklyn Daily Eagle, July 8, 1888.

18 Ninth Republican National Convention, 113–24 and Morgan, From Hayes to McKinley, 286–89 and 291.

19 Morgan, From Hayes to McKinley, 286–87.

20 Ninth Republican National Convention, 141–43, 147–51, and 152–60; Morgan, McKinley and His America, 90, and “Convention Incidents,” New-York Tribune, June 24, 1888; “Can Allison Make It,” Washington Post, June 23, 1888; and “Work Of The Day” and “Three Ballots in Chicago” in New-York Tribune, June 23, 1888.

21. “A Combination On McKinley,” New-York Tribune, June 23, 1888; “M’Kinley As A Dark Horse,” Washington Post, June 23, 1888; Russell, Lives, 206–7; and Beer, Hanna, 110.

22 Marcus A. Hanna and Joe M. Chapple, Mark Hanna: His Book (Boston: The Chapple, Ltd., 1904), 48–50.

23 “Another Snub to Foraker,” Repository (Canton, OH), June 23, 1888; “He Told McKinley to Sit Down,” Repository (Canton, OH), July 5, 1888; and Ninth Republican National Convention, 173–74.

24 Hanna, His Book, 50.

25 Ninth Republican National Convention, 172–84.

26 Foraker, Busy Life, 366–67; Walters, Foraker, 72–74; and Morgan, McKinley and His America, 91.

27 Charles Foster to Thomas Beer, Nov. 15, 1901, quoted in Beer, Hanna, 110.

28 Hanna to Sherman, June 23, 1888; Murat Halstead to Sherman, June 23, 1888; and Sherman to Hanna, June 23, 1888, in Sherman papers, LoC.

29 “Blaine Or McKinley,” “Mr. Sherman In The Fight To The End” and “Strongly Favoring McKinley” in New-York Tribune, June 25, 1888; John Little to Robert P. Porter, Dec. 6, 1895 quoted in Porter, Life, 143–48; and “Another Speech,” Repository (Canton, OH), July 12, 1888.

30 “A Blaine Conference,” Chicago Tribune, June 25, 1888; “Blaine Out Of The Race,” Washington Post, June 25, 1888; Morgan, McKinley and His America, 93; Morgan, From Hayes to McKinley, 298; and Foraker, Busy Life, 368.

31 Ninth Republican National Convention, 185–242; “Harrison And Morton,” Washington Post, June 26, 1888; Morgan, From Hayes to McKinley, 298–99; Foraker, Busy Life, 363–66; Foraker to Murat Halstead, July 2, 1888, in Halstead papers; and Croly, Hanna, 136–37 and 140–42.

32 Hayes to McKinley, June 27, 1888, in Hayes papers.

33 “The Ohio Governorship,” New-York Tribune, June 26, 1889.

34 Charles W. Calhoun, Minority Victory: Gilded Age Politics and the Front Porch Campaign of 1888 (Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 2008), 151–54 and 178–80, and Reitano, Tariff Question, 112–13.

35 Calhoun, Minority Victory, 139–141 and 144–151, and Reitano, Tariff Question, 114.

36 Calhoun, Minority Victory, 149–51, and Croly, Hanna, 149.

37 Morgan, From Hayes to McKinley, 317, and Calhoun, Minority Victory, 180.

38 “State Convention,” Repository (Canton, OH), June 25, 1889; [Untitled], Repository (Canton, OH), June 26, 1889; and Smith, History of the Republican Party I, 576.

39 “Left The Hall,” Repository (Canton, OH), June 24, 1889; “Foraker’s Fourth Time,” Washington Post, June 27, 1889; “Vim, Vigor and Victory,” Repository (Canton, OH), June 26, 1888; “For U.S. Senator,” Repository (Canton, OH), June 27, 1889; and [Untitled], Plain Dealer (Cleveland, OH), June 29, 1889.

40 “Mr. Campbell’s Bill,” Cincinnati Commercial Tribune, Oct. 2, 1889; “Publicly Branded As A Liar,” Washington Post, Oct. 4, 1889; “Campbell’s Silence,” Cincinnati Commercial Tribune, Oct. 8, 1889; and “Ballot Box Trust,” Summit County Beacon (Akron, OH), Oct. 9, 1889.

41 “The Ballot Box Boomerang,” Plain Dealer (Cleveland, OH), Oct. 11, 1889; “Campaign Incidents In Ohio,” New York Times, Oct. 12, 1889; “Halstead Taken In,” Chicago Tribune, Oct. 12, 1889; “Why Campbell Waited,” Plain Dealer (Cleveland, OH), Oct. 13, 1889; and “Mr. Halstead Backs Down,” New York Times, Oct. 20, 1889.

42 Smith, History of the Republican Party I, 578.

43 James Grant, Mr. Speaker!: The Life and Times of Thomas B. Reed—The Man Who Broke the Filibuster (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2012), 214–15.

44 Croly, Hanna, 150, and Morgan, McKinley and His America, 96.

45 Arthur W. Dunn, From Harrison to Harding: A Personal Narrative, Covering a Third of a Century, 1888–1921 (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1922), 20 and 22, and William A. Robinson, Thomas B. Reed: Parliamentarian, (New York: Dodd, Mead, 1930), 197.

46 “Reed Is The Winner,” Chicago Tribune, Dec. 1, 1889, and “Reed To Be Speaker,” Washington Post, Dec. 1, 1889.

47 Dunn, From Harrison to Harding, 20, and Horner, Ohio’s Kingmaker, 82.

48 Grant, Mr. Speaker!, 229 and 250–51.

49 “Ready For Work,” Chicago Tribune, Dec. 3, 1889; “Remarks About The Speaker-Elect,” Washington Post, Dec. 2, 1889; Grant, Mr. Speaker!, 259–67; Robinson, Parliamentarian, 207–16; and A. W. Dunn, From Harrison to Harding, 26–30 and 31–33.

50 Porter, Life, 280, and Stanwood, Tariff Controversies, II, 258–59.

51 Stanwood, Tariff Controversies, II, 259–60.

52 Tarbell, Tariff in Our Times, 201–2; Sage, Allison, 222–23; and Morgan, McKinley and His America, 336.

53 Porter, Life, 283–85; Stanwood, Tariff Controversies, II, 270–74 and 266–67; and Tarbell, Tariff in Our Times, 187–88.

54 Ida McKinley to Hayes, Jan. 18, 1890, in Hayes papers.

55 “Big Debate Begun,” Los Angeles Times, May 8, 1890; “Major M’Kinley’s Day,” Chicago Tribune, May 8, 1890; “M’Kinley Is Happy,” Chicago Tribune, May 22, 1890; “Only A Pair Of Bolters,” Washington Post, May 22, 1890; “Tariff Bill Reported,” Washington Post, June 19, 1890; and Stanwood, Tariff Controversies, I, 263.

56 “More Silver Debate,” Los Angeles Times, May 16, 1890; “Too Hot To Talk Tariff,” Chicago Tribune, July 8, 1890; “The Silver Compromise,” New York Times, July 10, 1986; “Senate Proceedings,” Los Angeles Herald, July 11, 1890; Homer E. Socolofsky and Allan B. Spetter, The Presidency of Benjamin Harrison (Lawrence: The University Press of Kansas, 1987), 59; Morgan, McKinley and His America, 108–9; Elmer Ellis, Henry Moore Teller: Defender of the West (Caldwell, ID: The Caxton Printers, Ltd., 1941), 190–96; and Morgan, Hayes to McKinley, 343–45.

57 “Will Wreck The Party,” Chicago Tribune, June 21, 1890; “Something Like A Bomb,” Chicago Tribune, June 22, 1890; “Work Of Congress,” Los Angeles Times, July 27, 1890; “Hurried Into Conference,” New York Times, Sep. 16, 1890; Russell, Lives, 227–28; Harry J. Sievers, Benjamin Harrison, Vol. 3: Hoosier President (Indianapolis: The Bobbs-Merrill, Inc., 1968), 164–65; Edward P. Crapol, James G. Blaine: Architect of Empire (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 1999), 121–23; and Morgan, Hayes to McKinley, 338.

58 “M’Kinley On His Tariff Bill,” New York Herald, July 11, 1890; “Patching Up The Tariff” and “Tariff Bill Finished” in Chicago Tribune, Sep. 20, 1890; “The Completed Tariff,” New York Times, Oct. 2, 1890; “Approval Of The Tariff,” Washington Post, Oct. 2, 1890; and Sievers, Hoosier President, 171–72.

59 Russell, Lives, 216–20.

60 Stanwood, Tariff Controversies, I, 292; Olcott, McKinley, I, 182, 185, and 190–91; and Tarbell, Tariff in Our Times, 211.

61 Russell, Lives, 230; Porter, McKinley, 165–66; and “Maj. M’Kinley’s Fight,” Washington Post, June 27, 1890.

62 “Carlisle Will Be There,” Plain Dealer (Cleveland, OH), Sept. 21, 1890; Russell, Lives, 234; Porter, McKinley, 286; Olcott, McKinley, I, 180; Morgan, McKinley and His America, 114–15; and Sievers, Hoosier President, 175–76.

63 “Maj. McKinley at Home,” Plain Dealer (Cleveland, OH), Oct. 4, 1896; “The First Onslaught,” Cleveland Leader, Oct. 6. 1890; “President In Canton,” Repository (Canton, OH), Oct. 11, 1890; “McKinley In Michigan,” Cincinnati Commercial Tribune, Oct. 14, 1896; “A Boost By Benjamin,” Plain Dealer (Cleveland, OH); Oct. 14, 1896, and “McKinley’s Campaign,” Cincinnati Commercial Tribune, Nov. 4, 1890.

64 “M’Kinley, Reed and Alger,” Plain Dealer (Cleveland, OH), Oct. 18, 1896; “Speaker Reed in Chicago,” Cincinnati Commercial Tribune, Oct. 26, 1890; and Sievers, Hoosier President, 179.

65 Russell, Lives, 234; Olcott, McKinley, I, 266; and Smith, History of the Republican Party I, 598.

66 “Hard Blow At The Republican Party,” Chicago Tribune, June 2, 1890; Stanwood, Tariff Controversies, I, 293–94; Sage, Allison, 243; Morgan, Hayes to McKinley, 353–55; and Robinson, Parliamentarian, 241.

67 Socolofsky and Spetter, Presidency of Harrison, 89–91; Morgan, Hayes to McKinley, 331–32 and 354–56; and Grant, Mr. Speaker!, 288.

68 Russell, Lives, 235–40; Olcott, McKinley, I, 190; and “History Repeats Itself,” Repository (Canton, OH), Nov. 8, 1890.

69 Leech, Days Of McKinley, 48–49.

CHAPTER 6: RESURRECTION

1 Smith, History of Republican Party, 592–93 and 598.

2 Walters, Foraker, 99, and Foraker, Notes, 443–44.

3 Walters, Foraker, 98.

4 “The State Convention,” “The Fight On,” and “M’Kinley’s Reception” in Cleveland Leader, June 17, 1891; “M’Kinley Named” and “Major M’Kinley’s” in Repository (Canton, OH), June 18, 1891; and Walters, Foraker, 99.

5 “The Republican Party Greater Than Any Individual Member Thereof,” Cincinnati Commercial Gazette, July 19, 1891, and Walters, Foraker, 100.

6 Smith, History of the Republican Party I, 603–4; “A Handsome Reception,” “The Parade” and “Canton’s Contingent” in Repository (Canton, OH), Aug. 22, 1891; and Russell, Lives, 245.

7 “The Key-Note,” Cincinnati Post, Aug. 22, 1891, and Russell, Lives, 246–48.

8 “Piqua ‘Tin Plate,” Plain Dealer (Cleveland, OH), Oct. 4, 1891; “Honest Coin Hoodoo,” Plain Dealer (Cleveland, OH), Oct. 16, 1891; [Untitled], Repository (Canton, OH), Oct. 22, 1891; “Addresses in 84 Counties,” Boston Journal, Oct. 31, 1891; Russell, Lives, 248; and Porter, Life, 174.

9 “Fire Alarm Foraker,” Plain Dealer (Cleveland, OH), Oct. 11, 1891; “Can’t Last Ten Days,” Plain Dealer (Cleveland, OH), Oct. 26, 1891; “At Cincinnati,” Repository, (Canton, OH), Nov. 2, 1891; “The Finish,” Repository, (Canton, OH), Nov. 3, 1891; Walters, Foraker, 100–101; and Olcott, Life of McKinley, I, 272.

10 “A Bar’l Of Boodle,” Plain Dealer (Cleveland, OH), Oct. 26, 1891; “Mark Is The Man,” Plain Dealer (Cleveland, OH), Oct. 27, 1891; Olcott, Life of McKinley, I, 272; Leech, Days of McKinley, 51; and Croly, Hanna, 159–62.

11 Walters, Foraker, 102–3, and Sherman to Hanna, Jan. 9, 1892, quoted by Croly, Hanna, 162.

12 Morgan, From Hayes to McKinley, 329–31; Dunn, From Harrison to Harding, 92; Sievers, Hoosier President, 174 and 205–6; and Olcott, McKinley, II, 343–44.

13 “All Ohio In Harmony,” Chicago Tribune, April 29, 1892; “Students In Politics,” Chicago Tribune, May 18, 1892; “College Men Organize,” Illinois State Journal (Springfield, IL), May 18, 1892; and “Keep It Up, Boys,” Daily Inter Ocean (Chicago, IL), May 18, 1892.

14 Morgan, From Hayes to McKinley, 425–26, and Leech, Days of McKinley, 56.

15 Louis J. Lang, The Autobiography of Thomas Collier Platt (New York: B. W. Dodge, 1910), 210–12 and 246, and James A. Kehl, Boss Rule in the Gilded Age: Matt Quay of Pennsylvania (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1981), 162–68.

16 “All Ohio In Harmony” and “They Are Perplexed” in Chicago Tribune, April 29, 1892; Smith, History of the Republican Party I, 615; Foraker, Notes, 448; and Walters, Foraker, 104–5.

17 Sievers, Hoosier President, 216.

18 “Blaine Resigns,” Chicago Tribune, June 5, 1892; “Blaine Gives His Reasons,” Chicago Tribune, June 5, 1892; and “Mr. and Mrs. Blaine Talk” and “Strained Relations” in Washington Post, June 5, 1892.

19 “Only To Ratify,” Chicago Tribune, June 5, 1892; “Secretary Blaine Resigns” and “Two Camps Were Startled,” New-York Tribune, June 5, 1892; “Foraker Serenely Confident” and “Among The Western Delegates” in New York Times June 5, 1892; and “All Doubt Removed” and “Blaine!” in Washington Post, June 5, 1892.

20 Croly, Hanna, 165.

21 Leech, Days of McKinley, 56; Foraker, Notes, 448; and Walters, Foraker, 105.

22 Croly, Hanna, 166; “Harrison Holds His Own,” New York Times, June 6, 1892; “Alger Is For Blaine” and “The Crisis Still On” in Washington Post, June 6, 1892; “On The Convention’s Eve,” Los Angeles Times, June 7, 1892; “In A Losing Fight” and “Blaine Men In Wisconsin” in Chicago Tribune, June 7, 1892; “Statement of Senator Charles Dick of Akron, OH, made in Washington, D.C., Feb. 10, 1906,” in Maria Loretta Petit, ed., Senator Charles Dick Manuscript, (N.p.: N.p., 1948), 2; and Sievers, Hoosier President, 230.

23 “M’Kinley For Chairman,” Chicago Tribune, June 8, 1892; “M’Kinley Firm For Harrison,” New-York Tribune, June 7, 1892; and Sievers, Hoosier President, 215.

24 “McKinley Looms Up,” Washington Post, June 7, 1892.

25 “The Convention At Work,” New-York Tribune, June 8, 1892; “Lines Of Battle Drawn,” “Permanently Organized,” and “The Work At Minneapolis,” New-York Tribune, June 9, 1892; “The Second Day’s Work,” New York Times, June 9, 1892; “It Is A Waiting Game,” Washington Post, June 9, 1892; and Republican National Convention, Minneapolis, 1892, Official Proceedings of the Tenth Republican National Convention Held at Minneapolis, MN, June 7, 8, 9, and 10, 1892, reported by Theodore C. Rose and James F. Burke (Harrison & Smith, 1892), 27–29.

26 “The Fight Over Seats,” New-York Tribune, June 10, 1892; “Minneapolis,” Los Angeles Times June 10, 1892; “Story Of The Session,” Chicago Tribune, June 10, 1892; and Tenth Republican National Convention, 36–89.

27 “William McKinley Jr.,” Los Angeles Times, June 10, 1892; “A Review Of The Situation,” New-York Tribune, June 10, 1892; Croly, Hanna, 124; and Tenth Republican National Convention, 132.

28 Tenth Republican National Convention, 89–142 and 142–52; Smith, History of the Republican Party I, 616–17; and Russell, Lives, 254. McKinley’s alternate was Robert M. Nevin, a stout, mustachioed Dayton lawyer and former county prosecutor. Another delegate, former Congressman William C. Cooper, had thrown McKinley off by voting for Harrison, but switched to the Major during the canvass.

29 Leech, Days of McKinley, 57.

CHAPTER 7: THE MAJOR’S WAR PLAN

1 Hanna, His Book, 50–51.

2 “Statement of Sen. Charles Dick, Feb. 10, 1906,” 14.

3 Russell, Lives, 295–96.

4 “Canvassing A State,” Inter Ocean (Chicago, IL), Oct. 25, 1892; “In Old Missouri,” Inter Ocean (Chicago, IL), Oct. 26, 1892; “Cheered By Thirty Thousand,” Chicago Tribune, Oct. 28, 1892; “Heard By Thousands,” Inter Ocean (Chicago, IL), Oct. 29, 1892; “Statement of Sen. Charles Dick, Feb. 10, 1906,” 4; and Morgan, McKinley and His America, 129.

5 “It Benefits All,” Inter Ocean (Chicago, IL), Aug. 3, 1892; “M’Kinley In Nebraska,” New York Herald, Aug. 3, 1892; and Morgan, McKinley and His America, 129.

6 “Ohio Campaign On,” Chicago Tribune, Sep. 11, 1892; “Ohio Republicans,” Los Angeles Times, Sep. 11, 1892; “Gov. M’Kinley To Philadelphians,” Chicago Tribune, Sep. 24, 1892; “M’Kinley At Clermont Rink,” Chicago Tribune, Nov. 1, 1892; and “Crowds All The Way,” Inter Ocean (Chicago, IL), Nov. 3, 1892.

7 Charles Bawsel to Almina Downes, Nov. 17, 1892, quoted by Morgan, McKinley and His America, 129.

8 “Surprising Failure,” Cleveland Leader, Feb. 18, 1893; “Surprising Failure,” Repository (Canton OH), Feb. 18, 1893; Russell, Lives, 269; Olcott, McKinley, I, 288–89; Leech, Days of McKinley, 58–59; Anthony, Ida McKinley, 58; and Morgan, McKinley and His America, 129–33.

9 “Misfortunate Befalls Gov. M’Kinley,” New-York Tribune, Feb. 18, 1893; “M’Kinley Is Caught,” Chicago Tribune, Feb. 18, 1893; and Thomas B. Mott, Myron T. Herrick, A Friend of France; An Autobiographical Biography (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, Doran, 1929), 49.

10 “Hotel Sketches,” Plain Dealer (Cleveland, OH), Feb. 19, 1893; Mott, Herrick, 48; and H. H. Kohlsaat, From McKinley to Harding Personal Recollections of Our Presidents (New York & London: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1923), 10–11. Kohlsaat erroneously says he read of McKinley’s troubles on February 22, but that was the following Tuesday.

11 Olcott, McKinley, I, 289–90.

12 Russell, Lives, 290; Olcott, McKinley, I, 290–91; and Kohlsaat, From McKinley to Harding, 13.

13 “About $90,000” and “He Denies It” in Repository (Canton, OH), Feb. 21, 1893; “Gov. M’Kinley In Adversity,” New-York Tribune, Feb. 22, 1893; “M’Kinley To Surrender Everything,” Chicago Tribune, Feb. 22, 1893; and Olcott, McKinley, I, 291.

14 “Bankrupt!,” Plain Dealer (Cleveland, OH), Feb. 23, 1893; “The Fund For Gov. M’Kinley,” New York Times, March 14, 1893; Russell, Lives, 270; Kohlsaat, From McKinley to Harding, 15; John Taliaferro, All the Great Prizes: The Life of John Hay, From Lincoln to Roosevelt (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2013), 282; Olcott, McKinley, I, 290–92; Leech, Days of McKinley, 59; and George W. Hazlett to McKinley, Feb. 23, 1893, in McKinley papers.

15 Mott, Herrick, 51–54, and Kohlsaat, From McKinley to Harding, 15–16.

16 “Words Of Praise,” Cleveland Leader, Feb. 25, 1893; “Gov. M’Kinley’s Misfortune,” Washington Post, Feb. 20, 1893; and “Mr. M’Kinley’s Misfortune” and “Town Talk” in Repository (Canton, OH), Feb. 23, 1893.

17 Mott, Herrick, 48; “Foraker,” Cincinnati Post, June 7, 1893; “Discord,” Plain Dealer (Cleveland, OH), June 7, 1893; “In Session,” Cleveland Leader, June 8, 1893; and “M’Kinley Renominated,” Cleveland Leader, June 9, 1893.

18 Wiebe, Search For Order, 11 and 22; Friedman and Schwartz, Monetary History, 104–13; Brands, American Colossus, 447 and 459–61; J. Rogers Hollingsworth, The Whirligig of Politics: The Democracy of Cleveland and Bryan (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1963), 10–15; and Sievers, Hoosier President, 128.

19 R. Hal Williams, Realigning America: McKinley, Bryan, and the Remarkable Election of 1896 (Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 2010), 27–28, and Paul W. Glad, McKinley, Bryan and the People (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1964), 71.

20 “Denver Fears A Riot,” Chicago Tribune, July 28, 1893; “Giving Relief,” Los Angeles Times, July 29, 1893; and Williams, Realigning America, 28.

21 “Missouri’s Law,” Los Angeles Times, July 29, 1893; “Idle Men Pouring In,” Chicago Tribune, July 31, 1893; Brands, American Colossus, 460–61; and Williams, Realigning America, 28.

22 “Twenty-five Thousand Unemployed,” Washington Post, Aug. 6, 1893; “Danger of Great Riots,” Washington Post, Aug. 9, 1893; “Thousands Suffering,” Chicago Tribune, Dec. 3, 1893; and “Great Suffering In Chicago,” New York Times, Dec. 7, 1893.

23 Russell, Lives, 271–72.

24 “Issues Named,” Cleveland Leader, Sept. 13, 1893; and “The Keynote Sounded,” Repository (Canton, OH), Sept. 12, 1893.

25 Donald L. Kinzer, An Episode in Anti-Catholicism: The American Protective Association (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1964), 3–32 and 37.

26 Kinzer, Episode in Anti-Catholicism, 41.

27 Porter, Life, 284–97; Kohlsaat, From McKinley to Harding, 18–20; Leech, Days of McKinley, 76–78; and Smith, History of the Republican Party I, 644.

28 “M’Kinley Renominated,” Cleveland Leader, June 9, 1893.

29 “The Dawn Of ’96,” Cleveland Leader, Nov. 18, 1893.

30 Porter, Life, 220–27. Porter writes that McKinley traveled 12,000 miles, visited 16 states and 300 communities and delivered 371 speeches, but began his analysis with McKinley’s Sept. 25 Indiana trip, ignoring his earlier travels to New England. Others who relied on Porter’s summary included Morgan, McKinley and His America, 218.

31 [Untitled], Plain Dealer (Cleveland, OH), Sept. 4, 1894; “Defended His Bill,” Boston Herald, Sept. 9, 1894; Porter, Life, 401–4; and Olcott, McKinley, I, 298.

32 “M’Kinley Goes South,” Chicago Tribune, Oct. 20, 1894; “Great Speech By Gov. M’Kinley,” Chicago Tribune, Oct. 21, 1894; “M’Kinley Down South,” Washington Post, Oct. 21, 1894; “McKinley’s Great Oration,” New Orleans Item, Oct. 21, 1894; and Porter, Life, 230–42.

33 “Thirteen Speeches in One Day,” Daily Citizen (Jackson, MI), Oct. 9, 1894; “McKinley’s Day,” Daily Intelligencer (Wheeling, WV), Oct. 24, 1894; “Stirred Up By M’Kinley,” New York Herald-Tribune, Oct. 27, 1894; “A Million And A Quarter People,” Repository (Canton, OH), Nov. 5, 1894; and Olcott, McKinley, I, 298.

34 “Immense Gathering,” Los Angeles Times, Oct. 4, 1896; “Cheers For M’Kinley,” Chicago Tribune, Oct. 9, 1894; “Cheers In His Path,” Chicago Tribune, Oct. 20, 1894; “Grow Wild With Joy,” Chicago Tribune, Oct. 25, 1894; “Stirred Up By M’Kinley,” New York Herald-Tribune, Oct. 27, 1894; and Porter, Life, 242–45.

35 “He Tried A New Role,” Kansas City Tribune, Oct. 3, 1894; “Shrine of M’Kinleyism,” World-Herald (Omaha, NE), Oct. 5, 1894; “Stirs Up The People,” Chicago Tribune, Oct. 11, 1894; “M’Kinley On The Warpath,” Chicago Tribune, Oct. 13, 1894; “In Old Ohio,” Cleveland Leader, Oct. 31, 1894; and Russell, Lives, 242–43.

36 “McKinley,” Hutchison News (Hutchison, KS), Oct. 3, 1894; “With M’Kinley In Iowa,” Washington Post, Oct. 6, 1894; “McKinley!” Daily Telegram (Adrian, MI), Oct. 11, 1894; “Stirred Up By M’Kinley,” New York Herald-Tribune, Oct. 27, 1894; and “Cannon Explodes,” San Jose Evening News, Oct. 30, 1894.

37 “M’Kinley’s Greeting At Madison,” Chicago Tribune, Oct. 10, 1894; “Wild Over M’Kinley,” New York Herald-Tribune, Oct. 26, 1894; and “His March A Triumph,” Inter Ocean (Chicago, IL), Oct. 30, 1894.

38 “Speaks To A Great Crowd,” Kansas City Star, Oct. 2, 1894; “Shouts for M’Kinley,” St. Paul Daily Globe, Oct. 7, 1894; “New Yell For Him,” Grand Rapids Press, Oct. 10, 1894; and “M’Kinley Was Here,” State Register (Springfield, IL), Oct. 11, 1894.

39 “The A.P.A. Snubbed,” Kansas City Star, Oct. 3, 1894, and “For Protection And Prosperity,” Philadelphia Inquirer, Oct. 28, 1894.

40 Dawes, entry for March 10, 1895, in Journal, 51; John E. Pixton Jr., “Charles G. Dawes and McKinley Campaign,” Journal of the Illinois Historical Society 48 (Autumn 1955); and Kohlsaat, From McKinley to Harding, 21.

41 Paul R. Leach, That Man Dawes: The Story of a Man Who Has Placed His Name High Among the Great of the World in This Generation Because He Ruled His Life by Common Sense (Chicago: Reilly & Britton, 1930), 39.

42. Dawes to Joseph P. Smith, October 22, 1894, in Dawes papers.

43. “Last Words,” Cleveland Leader, Nov. 6, 1894, and “His Vote,” Repository (Canton, OH), Nov. 6, 1894.

CHAPTER 8: AUDACIOUS FIRST STRIKE

1 Richard C. Bain and Judith H. Parris, Convention Decisions and Voting Records (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 1974), 104, 115, 125, and 140.

2 “Let Them Come,” Daily Times-Enterprise (Thomasville, GA), March 14, 1895; Stanley L. Jones, The Presidential Election of 1896 (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1964), 129; and Croly, Hanna, 176.

3 Vincent P. De Santis, Republicans Face the Southern Question—The New Departure Years, 1877–1897 (Baltimore: John Hopkins Press, 1959), 188 and 254.

4 “McKinley on Wrecks,” Atlanta Constitution, March 13, 1895. Evans was in the House from 1889 to 1891.

5 “Gone to Meet Gov. McKinley,” Daily Times-Enterprise (Thomasville, GA), March 12, 1895; “Gov. M’Kinley Dined At Atlanta,” Chicago Daily Ocean, March 13, 1895; “McKinley in Georgia,” Columbus Daily Enquirer, March 13, 1895; “M’Kinley’s Tour in the South,” Chicago Tribune, March 13, 1895; “M’Kinley of Ohio,” Atlanta Constitution, March 12, 1895; and Olive Hall Shadgett, The Republican Party in Georgia: From Reconstruction Through 1900 (Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 1964), 189. Buck invited McKinley to be his guest in Atlanta in a January 26 letter, pumping J. F. Hanson, a prominent and wealthy Democratic businessman who was in the process of becoming a Republican because of the protection issue. McKinley to A. E. Buck, February 1, 1895, in McKinley papers.

6 “Local Happenings,” Daily Times-Enterprise (Thomasville, GA), March 17, 1895; “At the Mitchell: An Occasion Long to Be Remembered,” Daily Times-Enterprise (Thomasville, GA), March 21, 1895; and “At the Mitchell: An Occasion Long to Be Remembered,” Weekly Times-Enterprise (Thomasville, GA), March 23, 1895.

7 Kohlsaat, From McKinley to Harding, 23, and Croly, Hanna, 175–76.

8 Horace Baker to William B. Allison, April 30, 1895, in Allison Papers; “A United States Senator Here,” Daily Times-Enterprise (Thomasville, GA), March 15, 1895; “M’Kinley Visit A Mystery,” Savannah Morning News, March 22, 1895; “M’Kinley Has Mild Grip,” The World (New York), March 23, 1895; M’Kinley Highly Honored,” Savannah Morning News, March 21, 1895; “Still at Thomasville,” Macon Weekly Telegram, March 25, 1895; McKinley to J. C. Pritchard, April 13, 1895, in McKinley Papers; and Joseph L. Bristow, Fraud and Politics and the Turn of the Century: McKinley and His Administration As Seen by His Principle Patronage Dispenser and Investigator (New York: Exposition Press, 1952), 73. The “Toothpick State” was a reference to the practice of early Arkansas settlers to carry large knives. The murder in 1837 of one state legislator by another using his “toothpick” saddled the state with the nickname until the twentieth century.

9 Dorothy Sterling, Captain of the Planter: The Story of Robert Smalls (New York: Doubleday, 1957), 75–88 and 230–34.

10 “Thomasville Topics,” Savannah Tribune, March 30, 1895, and “Deveaux Calls On McKinley,” Thomasville Times-Enterprise (Thomasville, GA), March 30, 1895. Georgia State Industrial College is now Savannah State University.

11 “It Confronted McKinley at Jacksonville, Fla.,” Boston Daily Journal, March 29, 1895, and “Florida ‘Boom,’ ” Boston Daily Journal, March 25, 1895.

12 “It Confronted McKinley at Jacksonville, Fla.,” Boston Journal, March 29, 1895, and McKinley to Hanna, Feb. 25, 1895, McKinley papers.

13 Savannah Tribune, March 30, 1895.

14 Lang, Autobiography, 331.

15 Hamilton Disston to Quay, April 1, 1895 in Quay papers.

16 “Gov. M’Kinley To Visit Hartford,” New York Times, April 4, 1895; “Gov. William M’Kinley In The City,” New York Times, April 9, 1895; “Gov. M’Kinley Talks,” Scranton Tribune, April 10, 1895; “Harps on Tariff,” St. Paul Daily Globe, April 10, 1895; and “Gov. M’Kinley At Hartford,” New York Times, April 10, 1895. While this Platt was no relation to New York’s Easy Boss, when he spoke to the dinner, he “refrained from making personal mention of Mr. McKinley,” according to the Times.

17 “M’Kinley’s Boom,” Evening Star (Washington, D.C.), April 11, 1895.

18 Diary entry for Jan. 23, 1895, in Dawes, Journal, 49–50; Bascom N. Timmons, Portrait of an American: Charles G. Dawes (New York: Henry Holt, 1953), 37; and Leach, That Man Dawes, 50.

19 Diary entry for Jan. 23, 1895, in Dawes, Journal, 50; Timmons, Portrait, 35; and Leach, That Man Dawes, 51.

20 Hanna to Dawes on January 11, 1895, in Dawes Papers; Dawes, Journal, 51; diary entries for March 10 and March 24, 1895, in Dawes, Journal, 51; Hanna to Dawes, February 20; and Hanna to Dawes, April 20, 1895, in Dawes papers.

21 Diary entry for March 10, 1895, in Dawes, Journal, 51.

22 Henry L. Fowkes (ed.), Historical Encyclopedia of Illinois, I (Christian County, IL: Munsell, 1918), 518; “The Patronage of Senators,” New York Times, October 16, 1883; “Senator Cullom,” Chicago Tribune, October 14, 1883; and James W. Neilson, Shelby M. Cullom, Prairie State Republican (Champaign, IL: University of Illinois Press, 1962), 68–69, 140, and 160–62.

23 Joel Arthur Tarr, A Study in Boss Politics: William Lorimer of Chicago (Champaign: University of Illinois, 1971), 5 and 8–10, and Neilson, Cullom, 239.

24 Tarr, Study in Boss Politics, 5 and 9–10, and Neilson, Cullom, 240.

25 Tarr, Study in Boss Politics, 10–15 and 22–23, and Neilson, Cullom, 240.

26 Dawes to Hanna, March 8, 1895 in Dawes Papers.

27 John McNulta, “Biographical Directory of the United States Congress,” at http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=M000587; John M. Lansden, A History of the City of Cairo, Illinois (Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press, 1976), 156; “Trainmen To Meet,” Chicago Tribune, May 19, 1895; and “W. G. Eden’s Chances For Secretary,” New York Times, June 21, 1895.

28 Diary entries for March 29, April 3, 1895, May 10 and May 11, 1895, in Dawes, Journal, 51–52 and 54, and Hanna to Dawes, April 5 and April 20, 1895, in Dawes papers.

29 “Crucial War Is On,” Chicago Tribune, Jan. 7, 1895.

30 Tarr, Study in Boss Politics, 43–45.

31 Diary entry for February 4, 1896, in Dawes, Journal, 67–68.

32 Hanna to John Hay, Dec. 21, 1895, in Hay Papers; Taliaferro, All the Great Prizes, especially 188–89, 252–55, 264–70, 276–77; and Patricia O’Toole, The Five of Hearts: An Intimate Portrait of Henry Adams and His Friends, 1800–1981 (New York: Clarkson Potter, 1990), 217–20, 227, 229.

33 Mott, Herrick, 57.

34 Foraker, Notes, I, 453.

35 Foraker, Notes, I, 452–56; Winfield S. Kerr, John Sherman: His Life and Public Services, II (Whitefish, MT: Kessinger Publishing, 2010), 349–50; and Walters, Foraker, 107–9.

36 “Lining Up For Battle,” Washington Post, May 28, 1895; “Foraker Beats M’Kinley,” New York Times, May 29, 1895; “Ready For The Race,” Chicago Tribune, May 30, 1895, “Foraker Has Triumphed,” New York Times, May 30, 1895; “To Private Life,” Cincinnati Enquirer, May 30, 1895; “McKinley Was Hit Hard,” Detroit Free Press, May 30, 1895; “Foraker Beats M’Kinley,” New York Times, May 29, 1895; “Mr. Allison’s Good Fortune,” Washington Post, June 4, 1895; “The Foraker-McKinley Feud,” Washington Post, June 1, 1895; “M’Kinley and Ohio,” Boston Morning Journal, June 4, 1895; “Ohio Republicans,” News Herald (Hillsboro, Ohio), June 6, 1895; Morrow, Interview with Charles Dick, February 10, 1904, 8–10; and Croly, Hanna, 176–77. Croly depicts Zanesville as “a discouraging set-back.”

37 Clarkson to Allison, June 17, 1895, in Allison Papers; “Congressman Grosvenor ‘Explains,’ ” New York Times, June 24, 1895; “McKinleyism Out Of Date,” New York Times, June 16, 1895; and “Too Much Of McKinleyism,” New York Times, June 19, 1895.

38 “Ohio Republicans,” Perrysburg Journal (Ohio), June 1, 1895; “Ohio Republicans,” News Herald (Hillsboro, Ohio), June 6, 1895; and “Farmers Were ‘Not In It,’ Ohio Farmer, June 6, 1895.

39 “M’Kinley Is All Right,” Aberdeen Daily News, June 3, 1895.

40 “Farmers Were Not In It,” Ohio Farmer, June 6, 1895, and “The Week,” The Nation, June 6, 1895.

CHAPTER 9: THE PEOPLE AGAINST THE BOSSES

1 Harold Gosnell, Boss Platt and His New York Machine (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1924), 26–37, and Morgan, From Hayes to McKinley, 129–37.

2 Kehl, Boss Rule in The Gilded Age, 13–16, 46–58, and 65–83.

3 “Matt Quay’s Grim Fight,” New York Times, Aug. 26, 1895; “Comment of the Press,” Scranton Tribune, Aug. 2, 1895; “Pennsylvania Republicans,” Los Angeles Herald, Aug. 27, 1895; and Kehl, Boss Rule, 191.

4 “The Situation,” Scranton Tribune, Aug. 26, 1895, and Kehl, Boss Rule, 190–92.

5 “The Pennsylvania Pot and Kettle,” New York Times, Aug. 21, 1895; “Quay As A Reformer,” Scranton Tribune, Aug. 31, 1895; “Hon. Matthew Stanley Quay,” Middleburgh Post (Middleburgh, PA), Aug. 1, 1895; and Kehl, Boss Rule, 192–93.

6 “Threatening the Judges Again,” Scranton Tribune, Aug. 8, 1895; “Blood May Be Spilled,” New York Times, Aug. 25, 1895; “Quay Enforced Harmony,” New York Times, Aug. 29, 1895; “Are All Quay Men Now,” Washington Post, Aug. 30, 1895; and Kehl, Boss Rule, 193–94.

7 Kehl, Boss Rule, 196–97.

8 Harrison to DeAlva S. Alexander, June 14, 1895, in Harrison Papers.

9 Robinson, Parliamentarian, 321.

10 Thomas Settle to Reed, Sep. 3, 1894, in Reed Papers, quoted in Grant, Mr. Speaker!, 333.

11 Robinson, Parliamentarian, 322.

12 Marcus, Grand Old Party, 37, 104, and 180.

13 Robinson, Parliamentarian, 331.

14 Roosevelt to Anna Roosevelt, June 8, 1895, in Letters to Anna Roosevelt Cowles, 156–57.

15 Theodore Roosevelt, “The Issues of 1896: A Republican View,” Century Magazine, November 1895, 68–72, and Theodore Roosevelt, “Thomas Brackett Reed And The Fifty-First Congress,” Forum, December 1895, 414, 416–417.

16 Roosevelt to Lodge, June 5, 1895, in Selections from the Correspondence of Theodore Roosevelt and Henry Cabot Lodge: 1884–1918, I (New York & London: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1923), 146–47.

17 Roosevelt to Lodge, July 30, 1895 in Correspondence, I, 155–56.

18 “The Week,” The Nation, June 6, 1895.

19 Matthew S. Quay to Platt, April 19, 1895, in Platt papers.

20 Sage, Allison, 239–40 and 260–63.

21 Neilson, Cullom, 116–17, 145–46 and 159–64.

22 Oscar D. Lambert, Stephen Benton Elkins: American Foursquare (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1955), 192–93.

23 Lambert, Elkins, 193.

24 “Minnesota’s Candidate,” Evening Star (Washington, D.C.), April 12, 1895.

25 “Two Famous Guests,” Atlanta Constitution, Sep. 22, 1895.

26 “Comrades Now,” Atlanta Constitution, Sep. 22, 1895.

27 “A Notable Dinner,” Atlanta Constitution, Sep. 22, 1895, and “Suggested By Statesmen,” Atlanta Constitution, Sep. 24, 1895.

28 “Morton’s Call On Ohio,” The World (New York), Dec. 15, 1895.

29 Russell A. Alger to Matthew Quay, May 8 and June 8, 1895, in Quay Papers.

30 “An Excellent Dinner,” New York Times, May 31, 1896; “Dr. Depew’s Big Pow-Wow,” New York Times, May 29, 1896; and “To Dine With Depew,” Chicago Tribune, May 29, 1896.

31 “Dr. Depew’s Hospitality,” New York Times, May 30, 1896.

32 Russell A. Alger to Quay, June 8, 1895, in Quay Papers, and Mott, Herrick, 59–60. If Herrick’s memory was correct, Hanna’s meeting took place after May, since Herrick took a four-month vacation early that year to Hawaii and California. He returned no earlier than May 1 and probably later. Alger letter’s suggests the earliest Hanna could have met with “The Combine” was mid-to-late June and maybe even July.

33 Mott, Herrick, 60.

34 Kohlsaat, McKinley to Harding, 30–31. Platt may have thought Harrison undependable on New York patronage matters, but Empire State reformers like Theodore Roosevelt thought “Platt seems to have a ring in the President’s nose as regards New York.” Roosevelt to Henry Cabot Lodge, March 30, 1889, Letters, 155–56.

35 Mott, Herrick, 60–62.

36 Kohlsaat, McKinley to Harding, 30–31.

37 Mott, Herrick, 61.

38 Leech, Days, 64.

39 “A Big Crowd,” Cleveland Plain Dealer, Nov. 3, 1895.

40 Smith, History of the Republican Party I, 665–67.

41 Foraker, Busy Life, 456.

42 Walters, Foraker, 127, and McKinley to Foraker, Jan. 29, 1896, in Foraker Papers.

43 “Ohio Has A New Ruler,” Chicago Tribune, Jan. 14, 1896, and “He Is Out,” Plain Dealer (Cleveland, OH), Jan. 14, 1896.

44 McKinley to Whitelaw Reid, Jan. 22, 1896, in McKinley Papers.

CHAPTER 10: DEMOCRATS FALL APART

1 “A New Administration Begun,” New York Times, March 5, 1893.

2 Friedman and Schwartz, Monetary History, 130. This number is the silver and Treasury Notes of 1890 held outside the Treasury.

3 Nevins, Study in Courage, 523–26; Morgan, From Hayes to McKinley, 446–50; Friedman and Schwartz, Monetary History, 106–13; and Williams, Realigning America, 27.

4 Nevins, Study in Courage, 523–28, and James A. Barnes, John G. Carlisle: Financial Statesman (New York: Dodd, Mead, 1931), 254–60.

5 “Congress to Meet Aug. 7,” New York Times, July 1, 1893; “It Is Repeal,” Los Angeles Times, Aug. 9, 1893; Richard E. Welch Jr., The Presidencies of Grover Cleveland (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1988), 117–19; and Morgan, From Hayes to McKinley, 451–52.

6 “Free Coinage,” Los Angles Times, June 29, 1893; “Opinion of Two Silver Kings,” Chicago Tribune, July 1, 1893; “Sound Fight Money Power,” Washington Post, July 12, 1893; and “Blood to the Horses’ Bridles,” New York Times, July 12, 1893.

7 Bradstreet’s Weekly, Vol. 21, Aug. 12, 1893, 511; Welch, Presidencies of Cleveland, 116; and Williams, Realigning America, 28.

8 “To Keep It Intact,” Chicago Tribune, Aug. 14, 1893; “Mr. Bryan’s Fine Speech,” Washington Post, Aug. 17, 1893; and “With Silver As The Text,” New York Times, Aug. 17, 1893.

9 Morgan, From Hayes to McKinley, 453–55, and Welch, Presidencies of Cleveland, 122.

10 “Union Pacific Succumbs,” New York Times, Oct. 14, 1893; Joseph G. Pyle, The Life of James J. Hill, Vol. I (New York: Doubleday Page, 1917), 486–87; Nevins, Study in Courage, 545–48; Morgan, From Hayes to McKinley, 455–58; and Williams, Realigning America, 35.

11 “Silver Is Fallen, “ Chicago Tribune, Oct. 31, 1893; “Repeal A Fixed Fact,” Washington Post, Nov. 2, 1893; Welch, Presidencies of Cleveland, 122–24; Barnes, Carlisle, 250–86; and Williams, Realigning America, 35.

12 “Atchison Goes Under,” New-York Tribune, Dec. 24, 1893; Glad, McKinley, Bryan and the People, 72; and Williams, Realigning America, 28 and 36.

13 “Text Of The Message,” New-York Tribune, March 30, 1894; “Cleveland Vetoes Bland’s Bill,” Chicago Tribune, March 30, 1894; Congressional Record, 53rd Cong., 2nd Session, 1176; Glad, McKinley, Bryan and the People, 84; Nevins, Study in Courage, 595–99 and 600–603; and Welch, Presidencies of Cleveland, 124–26.

14 “Opinions On The Veto,” Washington Post, March 30, 1894; “Views Of The Congressmen,” New York Times, March 30, 1894; “Ready To Cut Loose,” Chicago Tribune, March 30, 1894; and Morgan, From Hayes to McKinley, 458–59.

15 Quoted by Williams, Realigning America, 67–68.

16 “Hustled from the Capitol When He Tried to Speak,” New York Times, May 2, 1894; Morgan, From Hayes to McKinley, 465–68; H. W. Brands, The Reckless Decade: America in the 1890s (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002), 162–76; and Benjamin F. Alexander, Coxey’s Army: Popular Protest in the Gilded Age (Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 2015), 97–102.

17 “Talk Of Civil War,” Washington Post, July 5, 1894; “Wild Trip On A Rock Island Train,” Chicago Tribune, July 6, 1894; Nevins, Study in Courage, 611–28; Welch, Presidencies of Cleveland, 141–47; and Morgan, From Hayes to McKinley, 468–70.

18 “Gov. Altgeld Makes Complaint,” New York Times, July 6, 1894, and Harry Barnard, Eagle Forgotten: The Life of John Peter Altgeld (Secaucus, NJ: Lyle Stuart, Inc., 1938), 295–98.

19 “Gov. Altgeld Makes Complaint,” New York Times, July 6, 1894; “President Cleveland Replies,” Los Angeles Times, July 6, 1894; and Barnard, Eagle Forgotten, 303.

20 “Breaks Loose Again,” Chicago Tribune, July 7, 1894, and Barnard, Eagle Forgotten, 304–7.

21 Lawrence Goodwyn, The Populist Moment: A Short History of the Agrarian Revolt in America (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1978), 245–46; Hollingsworth, Whirligig of Politics, 33–34; and Gretchen Ritter, Goldbugs and Greenbacks: The Antimonopoly Tradition and the Politics of Finance in America (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), 1 and 20–21.

22 Tarbell, Tariff In Our Times, 217–36; Stanwood, Tariff Controversies, II, 321–59; “Gorman’s Triumph,” Harper’s Weekly, Vol. 38, No. 1968, Sept. 8, 1894; Nevins, Study in Courage, 564–87; Welch, Presidencies of Cleveland, 131–39; Morgan, From Hayes to McKinley, 460–65 and 473–76; and James F. Rhodes, History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850 to the McKinley-Bryan Campaign of 1896, XIII (New York & London: Macmillan, 1920), 418–24. Welch says Wilson-Gorman duties averaged 7 percent less than those in the McKinley Tariff.

23 “Another Fight Over Sugar,” New York Times, Aug. 15, 1894, and Morgan, From Hayes to McKinley, 475–76.

24 Morgan, From Hayes to McKinley, 477–78.

25 Louis W. Koenig, A Political Biography of William Jennings Bryan (New York: Putnam, 1971), 147–48.

26 “It’s A Gold Message,” The World (New York), Jan. 29, 1895; “The Gold Exodus,” Los Angeles Times, Jan. 29, 1895; “The Gold Outflow Ceases,” New-York Tribune, Feb. 2, 1895; “Bond Issue Hangs Fire,” Washington Post, Feb. 3, 1895; “Reception Of The Message,” New York Times, Jan. 29, 1895; “Only A Bubble,” Atlanta Constitution, Jan. 30, 1895; “Killed In The House,” Washington Post, Feb. 8, 1895; “How The Votes Were Finally Taken,” Chicago Tribune, Feb. 8, 1895; and “The Administration’s Defeat,” New-York Tribune, Feb. 8, 1895.

27 “Makes A Quiet Deal,” Chicago Tribune, Feb. 3, 1895; “Work On Bonds Stops,” Washington Post, Feb. 6, 1895; “Belmont And Morgan,” The World (New York), Feb. 8, 1895; “Belmont And Morgan Visit Grover,” Chicago Tribune, Feb. 8, 1895; Barnes, Carlisle, 363–68; Welch, Presidencies of Cleveland, 126; and Nevins, Study in Courage, 658–62. Belmont built the horse track that bears his name.

28 “The President’s Action,” New York Times, Feb. 9, 1895; “Sold To A Syndicate,” Washington Post, Feb. 9, 1895; “Applauded By Banks,” Chicago Tribune, Feb. 10, 1895; Welch, Presidencies of Cleveland, 126; “Belmont And Bonds,” The World (New York), Feb. 12, 1895; and Nevins, Study in Courage, 662–65.

29 “Rage At The Bonds,” Chicago Tribune, Feb. 9, 1895; “Mr. Carlisle Explains,” New-York Tribune, Feb. 13, 1895; “Option On All Bonds,” Washington Post, Feb. 14, 1895; “Relief Is Refused,” The World (New York), Feb. 15, 1895; “May Not Say Gold,” Chicago Tribune, Feb. 15, 1895; “Cleveland Snubbed Again,” New-York Tribune, Feb. 15, 1895; “Hot Talk By Senators,” Washington Post, Feb. 17, 1895; “The President Defended,” New York Times, Feb. 17, 1895; “Buncoed Out Of Millions and Millions,” The World (New York), Feb. 21, 1895; “Object To Bond Bids,” Chicago Tribune, Feb. 22, 1895; “A More Than Princely Gift,” New-York Tribune, Feb. 22, 1895; “To Be Allotted Today,” New-York Tribune, Feb. 23, 1895; “The Price Of Success,” New York Times, Feb. 23, 1895; “May Not Keep Gold,” Chicago Tribune, Feb. 24, 1895; “Bonds Parceled Out,” New-York Tribune, Feb. 24, 1895; Barnes, Carlisle, 390; and Nevins, Study in Courage, 663–66.

30 “Silver Men To Confer,” Evening Star (Washington, D.C.), Feb. 27, 1895; “For A Silver Party,” Chicago Tribune, March 6, 1895; “The New Party,” Los Angeles Times, March 6, 1895; and “Bimetallic Infant Born,” New York Times, March 6, 1895.

31 “Forming A New Silver Party,” Washington Post, Feb. 27, 1895; “Schemes Of Silver Democrats,” Chicago Tribune, Feb. 27, 1895; “Mr. Bryan’s Plan Fails,” New York Times, March 2, 1895; “To Organize For Silver,” Washington Post, March 2, 1895; “A Poor Lot Of Leaders,” New York Times, March 7, 1895, and “Bryan’s Free Silver Democracy,” Chicago Tribune, March 9, 1895; and William J. Bryan, The First Battle: A Story of the Campaign of 1896 (Hammond, IN: W. B. Conkey, 1896), 155–58.

32 John Peter Altgeld, Live Questions: Including our Penal Machinery and its Victims (Chicago: Donohue & Henneberry, 1890), 467–69.

33 “Silver As The Issue,” Inter-Ocean (Chicago, IL), April 5, 1895; “Free Silver Or Ruin,” Chicago Tribune, April 6, 1895; “Governor Altgeld’s Opinion,” Illinois State Journal (Springfield, IL), April 6, 1895; and “Hot Times In Sight,” Chicago Tribune, April 13, 1895.

34 “Cannot Go To Chicago,” Washington Post, April 13, 1895; “For Aggressive Work,” New York Times, April 13, 1895; “Hits Fiat Men Hard,” Chicago Tribune, April 16, 1895; “Its Weakness Excites Pity” and “Facts For Cleveland” in Inter-Ocean (Chicago, IL), April 16, 1895; “He Answers The President,” World-Herald (Omaha, NE), April 16, 1895; “It Rends The Party,” Chicago Tribune, April 19, 1895; “Will Make A Vigorous Fight,” New York Times, April 20, 1895; “Cheap Dollar Gang In Disrepute,” Chicago Tribune, April 25, 1895; F. H. Jones to Henry T. Thurber, April 19, 1895, in Cleveland papers; and Allan Nevins, Letters of Grover Cleveland: 1850–1908 (Boston & New York: Houghton, 1933), 384–86.

35 “Tomorrow’s Convention,” Illinois State Register (Springfield, IL), June 4, 1895.

36 “Bryan In The Crowd,” Chicago Tribune, June 5, 1895; “16 to 1,” Illinois State Register (Springfield, IL), June 5, 1895; “Silver Babe Is Born” and “Listen To A Speech By Bryan” in Chicago Tribune, June 6, 1895; Bryan, First Battle, 160–61; Koenig, Bryan, 158–59; and William H. Hinrichsen to Bryan, April 15, 1895, in Bryan papers. Koenig says Hinrichsen was Bryan’s classmate at Illinois College, but this is incorrect. Hinrichsen attended what became the University of Illinois-Champaign. See “Hinrichsen, William Henry,” Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=H000637. Hinrichsen was a deputy in Jacksonville, Illinois, while Bryan was in college there. Altgeld allies later suggested Bryan crashed the gathering, showing up uninvited and begging the convention’s chairman, Samuel P. McConnell, to speak. Judge McConnell supposedly responded, “Of course, the convention will need entertainment.” See Barnard, Eagle Forgotten, 367 and McConnell, MS, “The Silver Campaign of 1895–96.” This is untrue. Bryan was a friend of Hinrichsen, who organized the convention, invited the speakers and announced eleven days before the convention that Bryan would speak. See “Hinrichsen Expects A Big Crowd,” Chicago Tribune, May 25, 1895, and “Hinrichsen Cock Of The Walk,” Inter Ocean (Chicago, IL), May 15, 1895.

37 “Silver Babe Is Born” and “Then Came The Governor’s Turn” in Chicago Tribune, June 6, 1895.

38 “16 to 1,” Illinois State Register (Springfield, IL), June 5, 1895; “Silver Babe Is Born,” Chicago Tribune, June 6, 1895; “Silver In The Saddle,” Inter Ocean (Chicago, IL), June 6, 1895; “Leaders Were Absent,” Washington Post, July 3, 1895; “The Democrats Staid Away,” New York Times, July 3, 1895; “Hoisted The Flag,” Denver Post, July 3, 1895; “The Ohio Campaign,” New-York Tribune, Aug. 29, 1895; “Utah Democrats Meet,” World-Herald (Omaha, NE), Sept. 6, 1895; and “Solution at Shreveport,” The Daily Picayune (New Orleans), Dec. 19, 1895.

39 “Getting Ready To Howl,” New York Times, Aug. 6, 1895; “Preparing For Silver Meeting,” Chicago Tribune, Aug. 6, 1895; “Bland’s Disciples Speak,” New York Times, Aug. 7, 1895; “Silver Their Cry,” Arkansas Gazette (Little Rock), Aug. 7, 1895; “Convention Organizes,” “Getting Down to Business” and “It’s Labor Finished,” Kansas City Times, Aug. 7, 1895; “They Will Discuss,” Los Angeles Times, July 16, 1895; and Byars, American Commoner, 230–33.

40 “They Crowd Into Memphis,” World-Herald (Omaha, NE), June 11, 1895; “Bimetallists Are Plenty,” World-Herald (Omaha, NE), June 12, 1895; and “Senator Turpie Is Made Chairman” and “All Are For 16 to 1” in Chicago Tribune, June 13, 1895.

41 “A Great Day” and “The Proceedings” in Los Angeles Times, June 13, 1895; “The Second Day,” Los Angeles Times, June 14, 1895; “Sibleyism Not Popular,” New York Times, June 14, 1895; “In Silver’s Cause,” The Sun (Baltimore), June 15, 1895; and Francis B. Simkins, Pitchfork Ben Tillman: South Carolinian (Gloucester, MA: Peter Smith, 1964), 315.

42 “Have Adopted A Platform,” World-Herald (Omaha, NE), June 14, 1895; “The Resolutions,” New York Times, June 14, 1895; “A Great Day,” Los Angeles Times, June 13, 1895; “The Silver Convention,” Times-Picayune (New Orleans), June 11, 1895; and “Sibleyism Not Popular,” New York Times, June 14, 1895.

43 “Harris on the New League,” Trenton Evening Times (NJ), June 16, 1895; “A Free-Coinage Powwow,” New York Times, June 26, 1895; “To Confer In Washington,” Washington Post, June 15, 1895; “Plan of the Bimetallic League,” Commercial Appeal (Memphis), June 15, 1895; and “Silver Conference Ends,” New York Times, Aug. 16, 1895.

44 “Silver Theorists And Soreheads,” New York Times, Aug. 14, 1895, and “Another Silver Fiasco,” New York Times, Aug. 15, 1895.

CHAPTER 11: MANEUVERING

1 “Mr. Manley Talks Little,” New-York Tribune, November 18, 1895; “Manley Favors San Francisco,” New York Times, October 31, 1895; and “Reed Headquarters in Chicago,” New York Times, November 17, 1895.

2 Diary entries for Nov. 16, 17, 20, 21 and 22, 1895 in Dawes, Journal, 59–61.

3 “With An Eye On Reed,” Washington Post, Dec. 6, 1895; “The McKinley Boomers,” New York Times, Dec. 6, 1895; “It Is An Exciting Fight,” New York Times, Dec. 9, 1895; and “McKinley Is Satisfied,” New York Times, Dec. 11, 1895. The other team members were former Ohio Representative A.C. Thompson, state Attorney General John K. Richards, and Ohio Secretary of State Samuel M. Taylor.

4 “St. Louis, June 16” and “After The Battle” in Washington Post, Dec. 11, 1896, and “Mr. Platt On New-York’s Committee,” New York Times, Dec. 11, 1895.

5 McKinley to R. C. Kerens, Dec. 4, 1895, and McKinley to F. B. Brownell, Dec. 18, 1895 in McKinley Papers.

6 Jones, Election of 1896, 141. Platt even threatened Morton that failure to appoint Platt’s man as Inspector of Gas Meters would affect the Easy Boss’s ability to deliver national convention delegates. See Platt to Morton, Dec. 11, 1895, in Morton Papers.

7 “Gov. Morton in the Field,” New York Times, Jan. 1, 1896; “Governor Morton Is Now In The Race, Chicago Tribune, Jan. 1, 1896; “Gov. Morton Has Consented,” Washington Post, Jan. 2, 1896; and “Morton Takes A Plunge,” New York Times, Jan. 2, 1896.

8 “To Head Off M’Kinley,” Washington Post, Jan. 3, 1896; “Gov. Morton’s Candidacy,” Chicago Tribune, Jan. 4, 1896; and “Morton Is Platt’s Tool,” Chicago Tribune, Jan. 6, 1896. Roberts was popular in western New York, hailing from Buffalo.

9 Leaflet, “Some Important Political Facts,” Jan. 27, 1896, in Dawes Papers.

10 Morton to William Youngblood, Jan. 9, 1896, and Youngblood to Morton, Feb. 28, 1896, in Morton papers.

11 Hanna to Hay, Jan. 6, 1896, in John Hay papers.

12 “Off for St. Louis,” New-York Tribune, Jan. 8, 1896, and Croly, Hanna, 178–79.

13 “Setback for McKinley,” Chicago Tribune, Jan. 8, 1896; “Quay and Platt Confer,” The Evening Times (Washington), Jan. 9, 1896; and “Platt and Quay Confer,” The Sun (New York), Jan. 9, 1896.

14 “Platt and Quay Confer,” The Sun (New York), Jan. 9, 1896, and Clarkson to Allison, Feb. 10, 1896, in Allison papers.

15 “Quay and Platt Confer,” The Evening Times (Washington), Jan. 9, 1896.

16 “Is Quay for Morton,” New-York Tribune, Jan. 10, 1896.

17 “Quay and Platt Confer,” The Evening Times (Washington), Jan. 9, 1896, and Osborne to McKinley, Jan. 16, 1896, in McKinley papers.

18 Morgan, McKinley and His America, 140, and Leech, Days, 64–65.

19 Harrison to Wanamaker, Nov. 12, 1894, quoted by Sievers, Hoosier President, 259; “Benny Bolts,” Los Angles Times, Feb. 4, 1896; and Harrison to Stephen B. Elkins, Feb. 3, 1896, in Harrison papers.

20 “Pleased M’Kinley Leaders,” St. Paul Daily Globe, Feb. 4, 1896; “Believe Gen. Harrison Is Sincere,” Chicago Tribune, Feb. 4, 1896; “Not A Decisive Letter,” New York Times, Feb. 4, 1896; and “Must Tie To A New Son,” Chicago Tribune, Feb. 6, 1896.

21 Croly, Hanna, 181; “Statement of Sen. Charles Dick, Feb. 10, 1906,” 5–8; and E. H. Nebeker to Dunlap, Feb. 8, 1896, Morton Papers, quoted in Jones, Election of 1896, 118.

22 Harrison to Elkins, April 28, 1896, in Harrison papers and Jones, Election of 1896.

23 Sage, Allison, 262, and “Invitation to Marquette Club Tenth Annual Banquet,” undated, in Dawes Papers.

24 “McKinley Men Are Seated,” San Francisco Chronicle, June 13, 1896, and “Marquette Club Guests,” undated, in Dawes Papers. This ten-page handwritten document lists 148 guests from 30 states, two territories, and the District of Columbia in alphabetical order by state. It is a partial listing, starting with Alabama and ending with New York. Before July 2013, it was accidentally filed with Dawes’ business, not political, papers.

25 Diary entry for Feb. 12, 1896, in Dawes, Journal, 69, and “Lincoln’s Day Politics,” New York Times, Feb. 13, 1896.

26 “Round The Board,” Chicago Tribune, Feb. 12, 1896.

27 “Lincoln His Theme,” Chicago Tribune, Feb. 13, 1896, and diary entry for Feb. 5, 1896, in Dawes, Journal, 68.

28 “Lincoln His Theme” and “Honor To Two Men,” Chicago Tribune, Feb. 13, 1896.

29 “Honor To Two Men,” Chicago Tribune, Feb. 13, 1896.

30 “Has Not McKinley Given The Required Pledge?” New York Times, Feb. 14, 1896; “Major M’Kinley’s Address,” Chicago Tribune, Feb. 13, 1896; “Where The Applause Came In,” Chicago Tribune, Feb. 14, 1896; “A Splendid Tribute” and “M’Kinley At Chicago” in Los Angeles Times, Feb. 13, 1896; “Ovation to M’Kinley,” Washington Post, Feb. 13, 1896; Harrison G. Otis, “Great Themes” in Los Angeles Times, Feb. 13, 1896; and Harrison G. Otis, “Snow and Politics,” Los Angeles Times, Feb. 19, 1896.

31 “Two More In The Lists,” Chicago Tribune, Feb. 8, 1896; “State Republican Committee,” Omaha Daily Bee, Feb. 14, 1896; “Names Are Not Spoken” and “McKinley Supporters Suspicious,” Chicago Tribune, Feb. 15, 1896; [Untitled], Lincoln Courier, Feb. 15, 1896; and “General Manderson’s Candidacy,” Omaha Daily Bee, Feb. 16, 1896.

32 Poster, “The Nebraska McKinley Club And Their Friends” from the Dawes papers.

33 “Picking A President” and “No Favorite Son For Nebraska,” in Chicago Tribune, Feb. 17, 1896; and Diary entry for Feb. 17, 1896, in Dawes, Journal, 69–70.

34 “Two More In The Lists,” Chicago Tribune, Feb. 8, 1896; James M. Blythe to Grenville Dodge, Feb. 24, 1896, in Dodge Papers; and Clarkson to Allison, Feb. 25, 1896, in Allison papers.

35 “Almost All For Quay,” Titusville Morning Herald, Feb. 22, 1896; “Mr. Quay’s Candidacy,” Washington Post, Feb. 21, 1896; “The Quay Presidential Boom,” New York Times, Feb. 17, 1896; Andrew James to Quay, Feb. 18, 1896; and Felix W. Newman to Quay, Feb. 25, 1896, in Quay Papers and Kehl, Boss Rule, 200.

36 Swank to Hanna, Feb. 28, 1896, in McKinley papers.

37 Hanna to McKinley, Feb. 28, 1896, and Hanna to Philander C. Knox, Feb. 28, 1896, in McKinley Papers.

38 “Under The Dome,” Washington Post, Feb. 23, 1896.

39 Roosevelt to Anna Roosevelt Cowles, March 21, 1896, Letters to Anna Roosevelt Cowles, 178; Lodge to Roosevelt, Feb. 27, 1896, in Lodge Papers; Roosevelt to Lodge, Jan. 19, Feb. 16, and Feb. 25, 1896, Correspondence, I, 210–16; and Grant, Mr. Speaker!, 340.

40 “Col. Clarkson’s Trip,” Evening Star (Washington, D.C.), March 13, 1896; Clarkson to William B. Allison, Feb. 25, 1896, in Allison Papers; and Clarkson to Grenville Dodge, March 6, 1896, in Dodge Papers.

41 “McKinley Should Repudiate Them,” Chicago Tribune, March 16, 1896; “The Boodle Candidate,” New York Times, March 17, 1896; and “Chandler is Persistent,” New York Times, March 24, 1896.

42 “Grosvenor on Senator Chandler,” Chicago Tribune, March 17, 1896; Holt, By One Vote, 182, 189–94, and 255; and Roy Morris Jr., Fraud of the Century: Rutherford B. Hayes, Samuel Tilden, and the Stolen Election of 1876 (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2003), 175–76.

43 “A New Reformer,” Houston Daily Post, March 27, 1896; “The Fighting Factions,” The Anaconda Standard, March 27, 1896; “Chandler is Persistent,” New York Times, March 24, 1896; and Leon B. Richardson, William E. Chandler, Republican (New York: Dodd, Mead, 1940), 335–36.

44 “The Ohio Mans Boodle,” New York Times, March 18, 1896; [No Title] Anaconda Standard, March 27, 1896; and “Very Perplexing Enigma,” Austin Weekly Statesman, March 26, 1896.

45 “Chandler’s Vilification of M’Kinley,” Austin Daily Statesman, March 26, 1896, and “Senator Chandler,” The Record Union (Sacramento, CA), March 23, 1896. Chandler’s biographer points to Swank as the source of Chandler’s information. Swank had received a letter from Hanna asking his help raising money to “counteract the efforts” being made by other candidates in the South. But Swank’s complaint was sent to Quay eight days after Chandler made his charge. See James M. Swank to Quay, March 24, 1896, in Quay papers and Richardson, Chandler, 512–15.

CHAPTER 12: THE BATTLES BEGIN

1 Foraker to McKinley, Jan. 28, 1896, in Foraker papers; “Convention,” Marietta Daily Leader, March 12, 1896; “Foraker’s Keynote Speech,” Plain Dealer (Cleveland, OH), March 12, 1896; and Walters, Foraker, 128.

2 “A Shrill Keynote,” Plain Dealer (Cleveland, OH), March 11, 1896; “Foraker’s Keynote Speech,” Plain Dealer (Cleveland, OH), March 12, 1896; “A Love Feast of Party Leaders,” Ohio State Journal, March 11, 1896; “Strictly Busin’ss,” Ohio State Journal, March 12, 1896; “For M’Kinley,” Los Angeles Times, March 11, 1896; “Foraker’s Humiliation,” Plain Dealer (Cleveland, OH), March 12, 1896; and McKinley to Foraker, March 9, 1896, in Foraker papers. Either McKinley misdated his letter or he had read a draft of Foraker’s keynote.

3 Horace Baker to Allison, August 12, 1895, and Clarkson to Allison, June 17, 1895, in Allison papers; “Are All For M’Kinley,” Washington Post, March 4, 1896; “Arkansas Instructs for M’Kinley,” Chicago Tribune, March 4, 1896; “Arkansas For McKinley,” New York Times, Jan. 19, 1896; “Kansas Republican Convention,” Chicago Tribune, March 11, 1896; “Wisconsin for M’Kinley,” Chicago Tribune, March 19, 1896; “Situation In South Dakota,” Washington Post, March 25, 1896; “Off His Perch,” Los Angeles Times, March 26, 1896; and “Votes for Sound Money,” Chicago Tribune, March 26, 1896.

4 “M’Kinley Forces In Louisiana,” Washington Post, Dec. 20, 1895; “Reed Men Charge ‘Boodling,’ ” New York Times, Dec. 21, 1895; “Early Work In Louisiana,” New York Times, Dec. 23, 1895; “Hard At Work Louisiana,” New York Times, Dec. 30, 1895; McKinley to Henry C. Warmoth, Dec. 30, 1895; and McKinley to William McKinley Osborne, Dec. 30, 1895, in McKinley papers.

5 “Republican Troubles in Louisiana,” Washington Post, Jan. 22, 1896; “Two Each for Reed and M’Kinley,” Chicago Tribune, Jan. 31, 1896; and Appleton, Annual Cyclopaedia and Register of Important Events of the Year 1896 (New York: D. Appleton, 1897), 424.

6 “Yielded to M’Kinley,” Washington Post, March 29, 1896; “All Shouted for McKinley,” The Minneapolis Tribune, March 15, 1896; “Senator Davis Retires,” New York Times, March 25, 1896; and Cushman K. Davis to Henry A. Castle, March 12 and April 6 and 19, 1896, Castle papers quoted by Jones, Election of 1896, 115.

7 Reed to Platt, March 26, 1896 and March 28, 1896, in Platt papers.

8 Sage, Allison, 262–63; “The Iowa Republicans,” Los Angeles Times, March 12, 1896; Appleton, Annual Cyclopaedia (1897), 362; and Clarkson to Platt, March 11, 1896, in Platt Papers.

9 “Political Prattle,” The Record Union (Sacramento, CA), March 23, 1896.

10 “Stands By Its Governor,” Chicago Tribune, March 25, 1896; “Not All Morton Men,” Evening Transcript (Boston), March 24, 1896; and Appleton, Annual Cyclopaedia (1897), 526.

11 “The Republicans! The Territorial Convention a Grand, Glorious Success,” Albuquerque Weekly Citizen, March 28, 1896; “New Mexico Republicans,” Washington Post, March 24, 1896; and “Machine-Made Delegates,” Guthrie Daily Leader, March 29, 1896.

12 “Ten Reed Men Victorious,” Austin Statesman, March 29, 1896; Appleton, Annual Cyclopaedia (1897), 620; McKinley to Dawes, March 27, 1896, in Dawes Papers; “Bay State for T. B. Reed,” New York Times, March 27, 1896; “Every Man For Reed,” Washington Post, March 28, 1896; and [Untitled], Baltimore American. March 26, 1896.

13 Alger to Platt, March 28, 1896, in Platt Papers.

14 “A Split In Mississippi,” New York Times, March 5, 1896; “Lynch Heads One Delegation,” Washington Post, March 5, 1896; Clarkson to Grenville Dodge, March 6, 1896, in Dodge Papers; Clarkson to Allison, April 9 and May 18, 1896, in Allison papers; Daugherty to Elkins, May 18, 1896, in Elkins papers; “M’Kinley In The Lead,” New York Times, March 5, 1896; “Uninstructed, But For M’Kinley,” Chicago Tribune, March 6, 1896; and Appleton, Annual Cyclopaedia (1897), 290. Hanna dispatched J. Stahl to observe the convention while New York Tax Commissioner Charles S. Wilbur attended for Morton and Pennsylvania GOP state executive chairman Frank A. Leach was there for Quay.

15 “The Delegates Arriving,” Austin Statesman, March 23, 1896.

16 “The Delegates Arriving” and “The M’Kinley Managers” in Austin Statesman, March 23, 1896, and “Scene Of Bedlam,” Galveston News, March 27, 1896.

17 “Cuney Will Make A Fight,” Austin Statesman, March 24, 1896; “Combine Against McKinley,” Washington Post, March 24, 1896; and Alwyn Barr, Reconstruction to Reform: Texas Politics, 1876–1906 (Dallas: Southern Methodist University Press, 2000), 186. Barr says E.H.R. Green, the millionaire playboy son of eccentric Wall Street investor Mrs. Hetty Green, was a Reed co-chairman with McDonald.

18 Maud C. Hare, Norris Wright Cuney: A Tribune of the Black People (New York: The Crisis, 1913), 16, 27–28, 57, and 178–80.

19 Austin Statesman, March 26, 1896; “Cuney Won His Fight,” Austin Statesman, March 25, 1896; “The State Republican Convention,” Austin Statesman, March 28, 1896; and “Inclined to Concessions,” Austin Statesman, March 24, 1896.

20 “Cuney Won His Fight,” Austin Statesman, March 25, 1896.

21 “Combine Against McKinley,” Washington Post, March 25, 1896; “Texas Is For Reed” and “Dickering in Texas” in Los Angeles Times, March 26, 1896; “It Was A Howling Mob,” Austin Statesman, March 27, 1896; “Cuney Credentials,” Galveston News, March 27, 1896; “Texas Republican Convention,” New York Times, March 25, 1896; and Grenville Dodge to William B. Allison, March 26, 1896, in Allison papers.

22 “The Republican Meeting: A Hungry Set,” Austin Statesman, March 26, 1896; “It Was A Howling Mob,” Austin Statesman, March 27, 1896; and “Scene Of Bedlam,” Galveston News, March 27, 1896.

23 “It Was A Howling Mob,” Austin Statesman, March 27, 1896.

24 “Scene Of Bedlam,” Galveston News, March 27, 1896; “It Was A Howling Mob,” Austin Statesman, March 27, 1896; “Texas Not For McKinley,” Chicago Daily News, March 27, 1896; “Scrap in Texas,” Detroit Free Press, March 27, 1896; “A Split in The Texas Convention,” San Francisco Chronicle, March 27, 1896; and “Texas Row and Split,” Washington Post, March 27, 1896.

25 “It Was A Howling Mob,” Austin Statesman, March 27, 1896; “Scene Of Bedlam,” Galveston News, March 27, 1896; and “A Split In Texas,” New York Times, March 27, 1896.

26 “It Was A Howling Mob,” Austin Statesman, March 27, 1896; “Scene Of Bedlam,” Galveston News, March 27, 1896; “The M’Kinley Convention,” Galveston News, March 27, 1896; “A Split In Texas,” New York Times, March 27, 1896; and “McDonald Charges Corruption–Head Charges Grant With Rebellion,” Galveston News, March 27, 1896.

27 Paul Douglas Casdorph, “Norris Wright Cuney and Texas Republican Politics, 1883–1896,” Southwestern Historical Quarterly, LXVII, April 65, Number 4, 462–63, and “The Convention Aftermath,” Austin Statesman, March 28, 1896.

28 “That Republican Split,” Austin Statesman, March 29, 1896; “Cuney Won His Fight,” Austin Statesman, March 24, 1896; Bristow, Politics and Fraud, 94–95; and Hanna to McKinley, Feb. 28, 1896, in McKinley Papers. Hanna reports Grant “was ‘breathlessly’ awaiting a remittance so I gave him a contribution.”

CHAPTER 13: MCKINLEY GAINS TRACTION

1 “The First Gun,” Concord Evening Monitor, March 31, 1896, and “Chandler at the Helm,” Chicago Tribune, April 1, 1896.

2 “The First Gun,” Concord Evening Monitor, March 31, 1896, and “Reed and McKinley,” Evening Star (Washington, D.C.), March 31, 1896.

3 “New Hampshire Convention,” Los Angeles Times, April 1, 1896; “Mr. Reed Loses A State,” New York Times, April 1, 1896; “Split Even With Reed,” Washington Post, April 1, 1896; and Richardson, Chandler, 516.

4 “Reed Men Are Whistling” New York Times, April 2, 1896.

5 “Putney Does Some Explaining,” Boston Daily Globe, April 3, 1896, and Hanna to McKinley, April 8, 1896, in McKinley papers.

6 Kinzer, Episode in Anti-Catholicism, 120, and Jensen, Winning the Midwest, 218–27.

7 “Plans of the A.P.A.” Evening Star (Washington, D.C.), March 23, 1896; “Looking Over Candidates,” Evening Star (Washington, D.C.), March 26, 1896; “The Presidential Canvass,” New York Evening Post, April 8, 1896; “Will M’Kinley Be Nominated,” St. Louis Post-Dispatch, April 13, 1896; “Position of the A.P.A.,” St. Louis Post-Dispatch, April 16, 1896; “A.P.A. Advisory Board,” Evening Star (Washington, D.C.), April 17, 1896; “Cullom’s Forces In Great Straits,” St. Louis Post-Dispatch, April 17, 1896; and Kinzer, An Episode in Anti-Catholicism, 214–15.

8 Joseph P. Smith to Dawes, April 16 and April 21, 1896, in Dawes Papers, and Morrow, interview with Charles Dick, February 10, 1905, 9.

9 “Will Ignore Them,” Plain Dealer (Cleveland, OH), April 15, 1896; “Denies A.P.A. Reports,” Chicago Tribune, April 16, 1896; “The A.P.A. And The Candidates,” New York Tribune, April 18, 1896; George Hester to McKinley, December 18, 1896, in McKinley papers; and Hanna to McKinley, April 21, 1896, in McKinley papers.

10 McKinley to William McKinley Osborne, April 17, 1896, in McKinley papers, and Diary entry for April 17, 1896, in Dawes, Journal, 76.

11 (Name blanked out) to General McNulta, April 14, 1896, in Dawes Papers; H. Clay Wilson to Dawes, April 15, 1896; A.P. Yates to Dawes, April (undated), 1896; and Andrew J. Lester to Dawes, April 18, 1896, in Dawes Papers and Joseph P. Smith to Dawes, April 21, 1896, in Dawes papers.

12 Clarkson to Platt, March 9, 1896, in Platt papers.

13 Clarkson to Platt, March 9 and March 12, 1896, in Platt papers

14 Francis E. Warren to Hanna, April 8, 1896 and April 24, 1896, in Warren papers, quoted by Lewis L. Gould, Wyoming: A Political History, 1868–1896 (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1968), 240, 242, and Gould, Wyoming, 238–39 and 244. Van Devanter was appointed an appellate judge by President Theodore Roosevelt and a Supreme Court Justice by President William Howard Taft.

15 Clarkson to Platt, March 29, 1896, in Thomas Collier Platt papers.

16 Clarkson to William B. Allison, April 9, 1896, in Allison Papers, State Historical Society of Iowa, Des Moines.

17 “Quay Any Way,” Los Angles Times, April 23, 1896; “Quay’s Boom Launched,” New York Times, April 24, 1896; and Appleton, Annual Cyclopaedia (1897), 630–31.

18 Quay telegram to 64 delegates dated May 9, 1896, in Quay papers.

19 “Rhodes Island for Reed,” Washington Post, April 11, 1896; “Mr. Reed’s Home State,” Boston Morning Journal, April 18, 1896; “Way Back In Maine,” Los Angeles Times, April 16, 1896; and Appleton, Annual Cyclopaedia (1897), 446 and 685.

20 “Is Quay for Morton,” New York Tribune, January 10, 1896; “State Conventions,” Daily Capitol Journal (Salem, OR), April 9, 1896; “State Conventions,” Daily Capitol Journal (Salem, OR), April 10, 1896; “Oregon for M’Kinley and Silver,” Chicago Tribune, April 11, 1896; “Oregon for McKinley,” The Hartford Courant, April 11, 1896; “Free Silver Turned Down,” Washington Post, April 16, 1896; “Conventions: Republicans Getting Up Steam Again,” Los Angles Times, April 23, 1896; “Virginia Instructs for M’Kinley,” Chicago Tribune, April 24, 1896; “The Ohio Man Wins,” Richmond Dispatch, April 24, 1896; Clarkson to Allison, Feb. 10, 1896, in Allison papers; and Appleton, Annual Cyclopaedia (1897), 539, 627, 728, and 812.

21 B.G. Dawes to Charles G. Dawes, March 30, 1896, in Dawes papers; “Makes War On Thurston,” Chicago Tribune, April 16, 1896; and Appleton, Annual Cyclopaedia (1897), 505.

22 “M’Kinley Forces Carry The Day,” Atlanta Journal, April 29, 1896, and “Republican Clans Are Gathering,” Atlanta Constitution, April 28, 1896.

23 “Looks Like A Bolt In Georgia,” Chicago Tribune, April 29, 1896; “Bars Doors Against Reed Men,” Chicago Tribune, April 30, 1896; Appleton, Annual Cyclopaedia (1897), 312; and “Republican Fight is On,” Atlanta Constitution, April 29, 1896.

24 “Republicans Badly Split,” and “Call for McKinley,” in the Atlanta Journal, April 30, 1896; “M’Kinley’s Hosts Are Happy Now,” Atlanta Constitution, May 1, 1896; “Tis A Bad Split In Georgia’s GOP,” Atlanta Journal, May 1, 1896; “Republican State Convention,” Savannah Tribune, May 2, 1896; and McKinley to A.E. Buck, May 20, 1896, in McKinley papers.

25 “In Bradley’s Stronghold,” Los Angeles Times, April 16, 1896; Jones, Election of 1896, 135; Joseph P. Smith to Dawes, April 7, 1896, in Dawes papers; and Appleton, Annual Cyclopaedia (1897), 377.

26 Appleton, Annual Cyclopaedia (1897), 519.

27 “Victory for McKinley,” New York Times, April 22, 1896; “Maryland Does Not Instruct,” Boston Daily Globe, April 23, 1896; and Appleton, Annual Cyclopaedia (1897), 224 and 454–55.

CHAPTER 14: HIGH STAKES IN SPRINGFIELD

1 “Statement by Sen. Charles Dick, Feb. 10, 1906,” 12.

2 Diary entries for Jan. 27 and 28, 1896, in Dawes, Journal, 65–66, and Neilson, Cullom, 165–66.

3 “Speakers At The Feast,” Chicago Tribune, Jan. 29, 1896; diary entry for Jan. 29, 1896, in Dawes, Journal, 66; and Tarr, Study in Boss Politics, 54.

4 Diary entries for Feb. 2 and Feb. 3, 1896 in Dawes, Journal, 66–67.

5 “The Snap County Conventions, Chicago Tribune, Feb. 3, 1896; “Will Meet Feb. 15,” Chicago Tribune, Feb. 4, 1896; diary entries for Feb. 2 and Feb. 3, 1896, in Dawes, Journal, 66–67; Clarkson to William B. Allison, Feb. 10 and 25, 1896, in Allison Papers; and Tarr, Study in Boss Politics, 55–56.

6 Diary entries for Feb. 4 and Feb. 5, 1896, in Dawes, Journal, 67–68.

7 “Few But Enthusiastic,” Chicago Tribune, Feb. 10, 1896, and Neilson, Cullom, 159.

8 Joseph P. Smith to Dawes, March 3, 1896, and Charles D. Clark to A. C. Kenneburg, March 9, 1896, in Dawes Papers; diary entry for March 4, 1896, in Dawes, Journal, 71; Neilson, Cullom, 166; and Paul R. Leach, That Man Dawes, 61.

9 “McKinley’s Canvass,” New York Times, March 9, 1896; “A Troublesome Boom,” New York Times, March 11, 1896; and “Cullom Repudiated in His Own District,” St. Louis Globe Democrat, March 23, 1896.

10 Diary entry for March 14, 1896, in Dawes, Journal, 72–73.

11 “Illinois Republicans,” St. Louis Daily Globe-Democrat, March 23, 1896; “McKinley Delegates Chosen,” San Francisco Chronicle, March 27, 1896; “Believed To Favor M’Kinley,” Austin Daily Statesman, March 27, 1896; “Major On The Wane,” Chicago Tribune, March 30, 1896; W. F. Calhoun to Dawes, March 21, 1896, H. O. Hilton to Dawes, March 23, 1896, William McKinley Osborne to Dawes, March 23, 1896, in Dawes papers; and Charles Chamberlain to Dawes, March 27, 1896, Charles Chamberlain to Dawes, March 28, 1896, and W. F. Calhoun to Dawes, March and March 28, 1896, and diary entries for March 21 and 23, 1896, in Dawes, Journal, 73.

12 Diary entries for March 29 and April 10, 1896, in Dawes, Journal, 74-75, and Charles W. Raymond to McKinley, March 30, 1896, in Dawes papers.

13 Joseph P. Smith to Dawes, April 3, 1896, in Dawes papers.

14 Diary entries for April 12, 15, 18 and 19 in Dawes, Journal, 75–76.

15 Charles W. Raymond to Dawes, April 14, 1896, Charles L. Chamberlin to Dawes, April 18, 1896, and Joseph P. Smith to Dawes, April 16, 1896, in Dawes papers.

16 Diary entry for April 17, 1896, in Dawes, Journal, 76.

17 Diary entry for April 20, 1896, in Dawes, Journal, 76; Neilson, Cullom, 168; and Tarr, Study in Boss Politics, 56–57.

18 Diary entry for April 21, 1896, in Dawes, Journal, 76, and Herman Kohlsaat to Hanna and Andrew J. Lester to William McKinley, April 22, 1896, in Dawes papers.

19 Diary entries for April 14, 1896, in Dawes, Journal, 76.

20 Diary entry for April 24, 1896, in Dawes, Journal, 76–77.

21 Diary entry for April 26, 1896, in Dawes, Journal, 77–78, and Tarr, Study in Boss Politics, 57.

22 “Fix Plan of Peace” and “Machine Caucus For To-Day,” in the Chicago Tribune, April 28, 1896.

23 “Calhoun Put In Charge,” Chicago Tribune, April 29, 1896.

24 “Cullom To Hold On,” “Machine To Yield,” “Senator Cullom Is Hopeful,” and “Glad Hand For Cullom,” in Chicago Tribune, April 28, 1896; Neilson, Cullom, 168–69; and Diary entry for April 27, 1896, in Dawes, Journal, 78.

25 “He Hits At Madden,” Chicago Tribune, Oct. 16, 1895; “The Suit Against Ald. Madden,” Chicago Tribune, Oct. 17, 1895; “Madden For The Chair,” Chicago Tribune, April 27, 1896; and “Madden For The Senate,” Chicago Tribune, May 2, 1896.

26 “Fix Plan of Peace,” Chicago Tribune, April 28, 1896; “They Fall In Line,” “Agree On A Truce,” and “Chance for Orators,” in Chicago Times-Herald, April 29, 1896; “A Truce Arranged,” Illinois State Register, April 29, 1896; “Small Fry Subside,” Illinois State Journal, April 29, 1896; and diary entry for April 28, 1896, in Dawes, Journal, 78–79.

27 “Changed Their Slate” and “A Truce Arranged” in Illinois State Register, April 29, 1896, and “They Fall In Line,” and “Calhoun Put In Charge,” in Chicago Tribune, April 29, 1896.

28 “Convention Hall Arrangements,” Chicago Tribune, April 28, 1896, and “View Of The Big Hall,” Chicago Tribune, April 30, 1896.

29 “Fight Is Put Off,” Chicago Times-Herald, April 30, 1896.

30 “New Triumph: Vermont Gets Into Line for McKinley,” New York Times, April 30, 1896. The Times mistakenly identified Stewart as “John D. Stuart of Middleberry,” mangling his name and hometown.

31 “McKinley Captures Vermont,” New York Times, April 30, 1896; “As Goes Vermont So Goes the Country,” Burlington Free Press and Times, April 30, 1896; “A McKinley Wave,” The Vermont Phoenix, May 1, 1896; and “William McKinley,” The Vermonter, Vol. VI, October 1901, No. 3, 325–26.

32 “Machine Victory,” Illinois State Register, April 30, 1896, and “Fight Is Put Off,” Chicago Times-Herald, April 30, 1896.

33 “Will Wage The Big Fight Today” and “Routine Proceedings” in the Chicago Tribune, April 30, 1896.

34 “Vermont Is In Line” and “Story Of The Fight,” in Chicago Times-Herald, May 1, 1896; “M’Kinley Away On Top,” Washington Post, May 1, 1896; “Men In High Place” and “How Fights Were Won” in Chicago Tribune, May 1, 1896; “Illinois Instructs for M’Kinley,” Illinois State Journal, May 1, 1896; and “Machine Beaten,” Illinois State Register, May 1, 1896.

35 “Story Of The Fight,” Chicago Times-Herald, May 1, 1896, and “Illinois Instructs for M’Kinley,” Illinois State Journal, May 1, 1896.

36 “Illinois Speaks for McKinley,” Chicago Tribune, May 1, 1896, and “Story Of The Fight,” Chicago Times-Herald, May 1, 1896.

37 “Story Of The Fight,” Chicago Times-Herald, May 1, 1896; “Illinois Speaks for McKinley” and “How Fights Were Won,” in Chicago Tribune, May 1, 1896; and Neilson, Cullom, 169. The Illinois State Register reports the vote as 505 to 830 in “Machine Beaten,” Illinois State Register, May 1, 1896.

38 “Gov. Oglesby Arraigned,” New York Times, May 21, 1888; “Big Four Selected,” Chicago Times-Herald, May 1, 1896; “How Fights Were Won,” Chicago Tribune, May 1, 1896; and “Illinois For McKinley,” New York Times, May 1, 1896.

39 “Cullom Quite Cool,” Chicago Times-Herald, May 1, 1896; “It Was A Fair Fight,” Chicago Tribune, May 2, 1896; and Tarr, Study in Boss Politics, 58–59.

40 “Story Of The Fight,” Chicago Times-Herald, May 1, 1896; “Swept All Before Him” and “What Is Said In Washington” in New-York Tribune, May 1, 1896; “Illinois For McKinley,” New York Times, May 1, 1896; “Illinois Has Decided The Nomination,” Chicago Tribune, May 2, 1896; “M’Kinley A Sure Winner,” New-York Tribune, May 2, 1896; and George H. Lyman to Lodge, April 30, 1896, in Lodge papers.

41 Robert Marcus, Grand Old Party: Political Structure in the Gilded Age, 1880–1896 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1964), 221.

42 McNulta to McKinley, April 10, 1896, in McKinley papers.

43 Diary entry for April 30, 1896, in Dawes, Journal, 78; Joseph P. Smith to Dawes, April 30, 1896, in Dawes papers; and diary entry for May 21, 1896, in Dawes, Journal, 83.

44 William McKinley to Dawes, April 30, 1896, in Dawes papers.

CHAPTER 15: LAST-MINUTE ATTACKS BEFORE ST. LOUIS

1 Benjamin F. Tracy to Harrison, May 1, 1896, in Harrison papers. Tracy was then representing New York police commissioner Andrew Parker against a lawsuit for negligence filed by his fellow commissioner, Theodore Roosevelt. See Edmund Morris, The Rise of Theodore Roosevelt (New York: Coward, McCann, & Geoghegan, 1979), 526–36.

2 John H. Gear to Harrison, May 4, 1896, and Harrison to Gear, May 8, 1896, in Harrison papers.

3 L. T. Michener to E. Frank Tibbott, May 8, 1896, in Harrison papers.

4 “In The Convention Hall,” Los Angeles Times, May 8, 1896; “Indiana Wants M’Kinley,” New York Times, May 8, 1896; “That Ought to Settle It,” San Francisco Chronicle, May 8, 1896; and Appleton, Annual Cyclopaedia (1897), 358. Appleton says the delegates were instructed for McKinley only if Harrison didn’t run, but the platform was unconditional, saying the national delegates “are directed to cast their vote for William McKinley as frequently and continuously as there is any hope of his nomination.”

5 “California Republicans,” Washington Post, May 6, 1896; “Up in Michigan,” Los Angeles Times, May 9, 1896; McKinley to Elkins, April 7, 1896, McKinley Papers; Lambert, Elkins, 201; Appleton, Annual Cyclopaedia (1897), 92–93 and 486; Marcus, Grand Old Party, 206; and Jones, Election of 1896, 133–34. Jones erroneously claims White was Governor in 1896. Instead, White was elected in 1900. The taboo against running mates from adjoining states was not broken until 1992, when Bill Clinton of Arkansas picked Al Gore Jr. of Tennessee as his running mate.

6 “Both Will Be For McKinley,” Washington Post, April 7, 1896; “M’Kinley Not Endorsed,” Washington Post, April 15, 1896; “Alabama Republicans Fall Out,” Chicago Tribune, April 29, 1896; “McKinley Men Lose and Bolt,” New York Times, May 1, 1896; “They Prefer M’Kinley,” Washington Post, April 30, 1896; McKinley to Whitelaw Reid, December 30, 1895 in McKinley papers; Samuel D. Smith, The Negro in Congress: 1870–1901 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1940), 135; and Appleton, Annual Cyclopaedia (1897), 10 and 705. The Major’s Arizona forces were led by Myron H. McCord, who served with McKinley in the House from 1889 to 1891. After being defeated in 1890 and again in 1892 and then declaring bankruptcy, he had lit out for the Arizona territory. President McKinley appointed McCord territorial governor in 1897.

7 “Quay and Platt Confer,” The Evening Times (Washington, D.C.), Jan. 9, 1896; “Platt and Quay Confer,” The Sun (New York), Jan.9, 1896; James M. Blythe to Grenville Dodge, Feb. 24, 1896, in Dodge papers; McKinley to Filley, April 24, 1896, in McKinley papers; and Bristow, Politics and Fraud, 92.

8 “Riot at St. Joseph,” Detroit Free Press, May 13, 1896; “Filley and Kerens Row,” Chicago Tribune, May 13, 1896; “Filley At The Head In Missouri,” Chicago Tribune, May 14, 1896; “Mr. Kerens Defeated,” The Sun (Baltimore), May 14, 1896; Appleton, Annual Cyclopaedia (1897), 495; and Bristow, Politics and Fraud, 92–93.

9 “A Split in Delaware,” New York Times, May 13, 1896; “A Stormy Session,” Los Angles Times, May 13, 1896; “Higgins Friends Bolted,” Washington Post, May 13, 1896; “Addicks and Higgins,” New York Times, May 14, 1896; and Appleton, Annual Cyclopaedia (1897), 240.

10 “The Passing Throng,” Atlanta Constitution, April 4, 1896; “Nevada Idea in National Politics,” Chicago Tribune, May 10, 1896; “Montana Republicans for Silver,” Chicago Tribune, May 12, 1896; “Declared For Free Silver,” St. Louis Post-Dispatch, May 12, 1896; “The Colorado Delegates,” Los Angeles Times, May 15, 1896; “Senator Dubois Indorsed,” Washington Post, May 17, 1896; Diary entry for May 9, 1896, in Dawes, Journal, 82; “Colorado And Silver,” National Bimetallist, I, May 20, 1896, 492; Appleton, Annual Cyclopaedia (1897), 135–136, 346, 498, and 511; and Ellis, Teller, 253–54.

11 “Sound As To Money,” Chicago Tribune, April 28, 1896, and “M’Kinley’s Bimetallism,” The National Bimetallist, I, May 6, 1896, 455.

12 “Will Pass Two Bills,” Washington Post, Dec. 24, 1895; “Tariff Bill Near Ready,” New York Times, Dec. 25, 1895; “Day’s Proceedings In The House,” Chicago Tribune, Dec. 27, 1895; “Passed The Bond Bill,” Washington Post, Dec. 29, 1895; “Quay’s Views,” Los Angeles Times, Jan. 9, 1896; “Silver Rules the Senate,” New York Times, Feb. 1, 1896; “Silver In the Snow,” Chicago Tribune, Feb. 14, 1896; “Allen Makes a Bold Proposition,” Chicago Tribune, Feb. 27, 1896; and Ellis, Teller, 244–49.

13 Ellis, Teller, 246.

14 “Silver Stock is Rising,” Evening Transcript (Boston), March 24, 1896.

15 “M’Kinley On Silver,” Chicago Tribune, March 15, 1896; “Speak Out, Man,” Sun (Baltimore, MD), March 16, 1896; “McKinley and Silver,” New York Times, March 17, 1896; “Is M’Kinley For Free Silver?” Chicago Tribune, April 2, 1896; “M’Kinley On Finance,” Washington Post, April 2, 1896; and “Maj. M’Kinley’s Sound-Money Record,” Los Angeles Times, April 21, 1896.

16 William M. Stewart to McKinley, April 3 and April 28, 1896, in McKinley papers. Sherman made the comments in a letter to the Young Men’s Republican Club of Brooklyn.

17 “Kansas Republican Convention,” Chicago Tribune, March 11, 1896; “Off His Perch,” Los Angeles Times, March 26, 1896; “In The Convention Hall,” Los Angeles Times, May 8, 1896; “Indiana Wants McKinley,” New York Times, May 8, 1896; “Up In Michigan,” Los Angeles Times, May 9, 1896; “Instructed: Washington’s Delegates Are for McKinley,” Los Angeles Times, May 15, 1896; “More Votes For McKinley,” New York Times, May 15, 1896; “North Carolina Republicans,” Washington Post, May 17, 1896; and Appleton, Annual Cyclopaedia (1897), 373.

18 “M’Kinley’s Answer,” The World (New York), May 18, 1896; “M’Kinley Dodges,” The World (New York), May 17, 1896; “McKinley and Finance,” The Evening Star (Washington, D.C.), May 13, 1896; and “His Position Is Clear,” Chicago Daily News, May 20, 1896.

19 “Parallel for A Reply,” Chicago Tribune, May 12, 1896.

20 “Why He Opposes McKinley,” New York Times, May 11, 1896.

21 “Platt Continues On The Warpath,” Chicago Tribune, May 14, 1896.

22 “Straddle Bug” and “Two Candidates Who Have Spoken” in The Sun (New York), May 15, 1896.

23 “The Week,” The Nation, May 7, 1896.

24 Louis T. Michener to E. Frank Tibbott, May 19, 1896, in Harrison Papers.

25 “The Week,” The Nation, May 21, 1896; Glad, McKinley, Bryan, and the People, 107; and R. Hal Williams; Years of Decision, 101.

26 “Says It Will Be Reed,” Chicago Tribune, May 20, 1896; “M’Kinley Sent for Quay,” The Sun (New York), May 22, 1896; and “Mr. Quay Has Gone,” Evening Star (Washington, D.C.), May 22, 1896.

27 Clarkson to Platt, May 21, 1896, in Platt papers. McKinley was code-named “Gallery,” Quay “Gable,” Platt “Gaff,” and Hanna “Grasp.”

28 “Quay’s Knock Answered” and “Why Brown Went,” in Morning Times (Washington, D.C.), May 23, 1896; “Quay Visits M’Kinley,” New-York Tribune, May 23, 1896; and “Quay Meets M’Kinley,” The Sun (New York), May 23, 1896.

29 “Mr. Quay Has Gone,” Evening Star (Washington, D.C.), May 22, 1896; “Platt And Quay,” Atlanta Constitution, May 22, 1896; Marcus, Grand Old Party, 209; and Kehl, Boss Rule, 202.

30 J. Sloat Fassett to Platt, May 30, 1896, in Platt papers.

31 “Ex-Senator Platt Here,” Washington Post, May 31, 1896; “Mr. Platt’s Flying Trip,” New York Times, June 1, 1896; “Lauterbach Gives Up,” New-York Tribune, June 2, 1896; and “Quay Concedes McKinley’s Nomination,” Los Angeles Times, June 2, 1896.

32 Lodge, Selections, 222.

33 Roosevelt to Anna Roosevelt Cowles, June 14, 1896, Letters to Anna Roosevelt Cowles, 182.