Notes

PROLOGUE

• In my research: Daniel A. Chamovitz et al., “The COP9 Complex, a Novel Multisubunit Nuclear Regulator Involved in Light Control of a Plant Developmental Switch,” Cell 86, no. 1 (1996): 115–21.
• Much to my surprise: Daniel A. Chamovitz and Xing-Wang Deng, “The Novel Components of the Arabidopsis Light Signaling Pathway May Define a Group of General Developmental Regulators Shared by Both Animal and Plant Kingdoms,” Cell 82, no. 3 (1995): 353–54.
• Many years later: Alyson Knowles et al., “The COP9 Signalosome Is Required for Light-Dependent Timeless Degradation and Drosophila Clock Resetting,” Journal of Neuroscience 29, no. 4 (2009): 1152–62; Ning Wei, Giovanna Serino, and Xing-Wang Deng, “The COP9 Signalosome: More Than a Protease,” Trends in Biochemical Sciences 33, no. 12 (2008): 592–600.
• As the renowned plant physiologist: Peter Tompkins and Christopher Bird, The Secret Life of Plants (New York: Harper & Row, 1973); Arthur W. Galston, “The Unscientific Method,” Natural History 83 (1974): 18, 21, 24.

ONE. WHAT A PLANT SEES

• “the physical sense by which light”: “Sight,” Merriam-Webster, www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/sight.
• “There are extremely few”: Charles Darwin and Francis Darwin, The Power of Movement in Plants (New York: D. Appleton, 1881), p. 1.
• “could not see the seedlings”: Ibid., p. 450.
• In 1918: A brief history of light research at USDA can be found at www.ars.usda.gov/is/timeline/light.htm.
• This phenomenon, called photoperiodism: Wightman W. Garner and Harry A. Allard, “Photoperiodism, the Response of the Plant to Relative Length of Day and Night,” Science 55, no. 1431 (1922): 582–83.
• the plants, and it: Marion W. Parker et al., “Action Spectrum for the Photoperiodic Control of Floral Initiation in Biloxi Soybean,” Science 102, no. 2641 (1945): 152–55.
• Then, in the early 1950s: Harry Alfred Borthwick, Sterling B. Hendricks, and Marion W. Parker, “The Reaction Controlling Floral Initiation,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 38, no. 11 (1952): 929–34; Harry Alfred Borthwick et al., “A Reversible Photoreaction Controlling Seed Germination,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 38, no. 8 (1952): 662–66.
• Warren L. Butler and colleagues: Warren L. Butler et al., “Detection, Assay, and Preliminary Purification of the Pigment Controlling Photoresponsive Development of Plants,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 45, no. 12 (1959): 1703–8.
• The approach spearheaded: Maarten Koornneef, E. Rolff, and Carel Johannes Pieter Spruit, “Genetic Control of Light-Inhibited Hypocotyl Elongation in Arabidopsis thaliana (L) Heynh,” Zeitschrift für Pflanzenphysiologie 100, no. 2 (1980): 147–60.
• To make a long: Joanne Chory, “Light Signal Transduction: An Infinite Spectrum of Possibilities,” Plant Journal 61, no. 6 (2010): 982–91.
• These eyespots have been: Georg Kreimer, “The Green Algal Eyespot Apparatus: A Primordial Visual System and More?,” Current Genetics 55, no. 1 (2009): 19–43.
• The name “cryptochrome” is actually: Jonathan Gressel, “Blue-Light Photoreception,” Photochemistry and Photobiology 30, no. 6 (1979): 749–54.
• cryptochrome is no longer: Margaret Ahmad and Anthony R. Cashmore, “HY4 Gene of A. thaliana Encodes a Protein with Characteristics of a Blue-Light Photoreceptor,” Nature 366, no. 6451 (1993): 162–66.
• The plant cryptochrome: Anthony R. Cashmore, “Cryptochromes: Enabling Plants and Animals to Determine Circadian Time,” Cell 114, no. 5 (2003): 537–43.

TWO. WHAT A PLANT SMELLS

• “to perceive odor or scent”: Available at Merriam-Webster.com.
• Frank E. Denny, a scientist: Frank E. Denny, “Hastening the Coloration of Lemons,” Agricultural Research 27 (1924): 757–69.
• Gane analyzed the air: Richard Gane, “Production of Ethylene by Some Ripening Fruits,” Nature 134 (1934): 1008; and William Crocker, A. E. Hitchcock, and P. W. Zimmerman, “Similarities in the Effects of Ethylene and the Plant Auxins,” Contributions from Boyce Thompson Institute 7 (1935): 231–48.
• One of her projects centered on: Justin B. Runyon, Mark C. Mescher, and Consuelo M. De Moraes, “Volatile Chemical Cues Guide Host Location and Host Selection by Parasitic Plants,” Science 313, no. 5795 (2006): 1964–67.
• as Rhoades discovered: David F. Rhoades, “Responses of Alder and Willow to Attack by Tent Caterpillars and Webworms: Evidence for Pheromonal Sensitivity of Willows,” in Plant Resistance to Insects, edited by Paul A. Hedin (Washington, D.C.: American Chemical Society, 1983), pp. 55–66.
• Dartmouth researchers Ian Baldwin and Jack Schultz: Ian T. Baldwin and Jack C. Schultz, “Rapid Changes in Tree Leaf Chemistry Induced by Damage: Evidence for Communication Between Plants,” Science 221, no. 4607 (1983): 277–79.
• These early reports of plant signaling: Simon V. Fowler and John H. Lawton, “Rapidly Induced Defenses and Talking Trees: The Devil’s Advocate Position,” American Naturalist 126, no. 2 (1985): 181–95.
• the popular press embraced the idea: “Scientists Turn New Leaf, Find Trees Can Talk,” Los Angeles Times, June 6, 1983, A9; “Shhh. Little Plants Have Big Ears,” Miami Herald, June 11, 1983, 1B; “Trees Talk, Respond to Each Other, Scientists Believe,” Sarasota Herald-Tribune, June 6, 1983; and “When Trees Talk,” New York Times, June 7, 1983.
• Martin Heil and his team: Martin Heil and Juan Carlos Silva Bueno, “Within-Plant Signaling by Volatiles Leads to Induction and Priming of an Indirect Plant Defense in Nature,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 104, no. 13 (2007): 5467–72.
• Heil collaborated with colleagues from South Korea: Hwe-Su Yi et al., “Airborne Induction and Priming of Plant Defenses Against a Bacterial Pathogen,” Plant Physiology 151, no. 4 (2009): 2152–61.
• supported work done a decade earlier: Vladimir Shulaev, Paul Silverman, and Ilya Raskin, “Airborne Signalling by Methyl Salicylate in Plant Pathogen Resistance,” Nature 385, no. 6618 (1997): 718–21
• Plants can convert soluble salicylic acid: Mirjana Seskar, Vladimir Shulaev, and Ilya Raskin, “Endogenous Methyl Salicylate in Pathogen-Inoculated Tobacco Plants,” Plant Physiology 116, no. 1 (1998): 387–92.
• the author Michael Pollan infers: Michael Pollan, The Botany of Desire: A Plant’s-Eye View of the World (New York: Random House, 2001).
• A recent (and provocative) study: Shani Gelstein et al., “Human Tears Contain a Chemosignal,” Science 331, no. 6014 (2011): 226–30.

THREE. WHAT A PLANT FEELS

• “one of the most wonderful [plants]”: Charles Darwin, Insectivorous Plants (London: John Murray, 1875), p. 286.
• “During the summer of 1860”: Ibid., p. 1.
• “Drops of water”: Ibid., p. 291.
• John Burdon-Sanderson made the crucial: John Burdon-Sanderson, “On the Electromotive Properties of the Leaf of Dionaea in the Excited and Unexcited States,” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society 173 (1882): 1–55.
• electric stimulation itself: Alexander G. Volkov, Tejumade Adesina, and Emil Jovanov, “Closing of Venus Flytrap by Electrical Stimulation of Motor Cells,” Plant Signaling & Behavior 2, no. 3 (2007): 139–45.
• Volkov’s work and earlier research: Ibid.; Dieter Hodick and Andreas Sievers, “The Action Potential of Dionaea muscipula Ellis,” Planta 174, no. 1 (1988): 8–18.
• This was noticed by: Virginia A. Shepherd, “From Semi-conductors to the Rhythms of Sensitive Plants: The Research of J. C. Bose,” Cellular and Molecular Biology 51, no. 7 (2005): 607–19.
• Unfortunately, Burdon-Sanderson was: Subrata Dasgupta, “Jagadis Bose, Augustus Waller, and the Discovery of ‘Vegetable Electricity,’ ” Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London 52, no. 2 (1998): 307–22.
• “We were confronted with”: Frank B. Salisbury, The Flowering Process, International Series of Monographs on Pure and Applied Biology, Division: Plant Physiology (New York: Pergamon Press, 1963).
• He coined the cumbersome: Mark J. Jaffe, “Thigmomorphogenesis: The Response of Plant Growth and Development to Mechanical Stimulation—with Special Reference to Bryonia dioica,” Planta 114, no. 2 (1973): 143–57.
• Braam understood that: Janet Braam and Ronald W. Davis, “Rain-Induced, Wind-Induced, and Touch-Induced Expression of Calmodulin and Calmodulin-Related Genes in Arabidopsis,” Cell 60, no. 3 (1990): 357–64.
• Thanks to the continuing work: Dennis Lee, Diana H. Polisensky, and Janet Braam, “Genome-Wide Identification of Touch- and Darkness-Regulated Arabidopsis Genes: A Focus on Calmodulin-Like and XTH Genes,” New Phytologist 165, no. 2 (2005): 429–44.
• An amazing example of: David C. Wildon et al., “Electrical Signaling and Systemic Proteinase-Inhibitor Induction in the Wounded Plant,” Nature 360, no. 6399 (1992): 62–65.

FOUR. WHAT A PLANT HEARS

• Many of us have heard: For example, “Plants and Music,” www.miniscience.com/projects/plantmusic/index.html.
• Typically, though, much: Ross E. Koning, Science Projects on Music and Sound, Plant Physiology Information website, http://plantphys.info/music.shtml; www.youth.net/nsrc/sci/sci048.html#anchor992130; http://jrscience.wcp.muohio.edu/nsfall05/LabpacketArticles/Whichtypeofmusicbeststimu.html; http://spider2.allegheny.edu/student/S/sesekj/FS%20Bio%20201%20Coenen%20Draft%20Results-Discussion.doc.
• A common definition of “hearing”: Hearing Impairment Information, www.disabled-world.com/disability/types/hearing.
• “fool’s experiment”: Francis Darwin, ed., Charles Darwin: His Life Told in an Autobiographical Chapter and in a Selected Series of His Published Letters (London: John Murray, 1892).
• An example of one: Katherine Creath and Gary E. Schwartz, “Measuring Effects of Music, Noise, and Healing Energy Using a Seed Germination Bioassay,” Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 10, no. 1 (2004): 113–22.
• Schwartz founded the VERITAS: The Veritas Research Program, http://veritas.arizona.edu.
• Obviously, studying consciousness after: Ray Hyman, “How Not to Test Mediums: Critiquing the Afterlife Experiments,” www.csicop.org/si/show/how_not_to_test_mediums_critiquing_the_afterlife_experiments//; Robert Todd Carroll, “Gary Schwartz’s Subjective Evaluation of Mediums: Veritas or Wishful Thinking?,” http://skepdic.com/essays/gsandsv.html.
• “biologic effects of music”: Creath and Schwartz, “Measuring Effects of Music, Noise, and Healing Energy.”
• who used ultrasonic waves: Pearl Weinberger and Mary Measures, “The Effect of Two Audible Sound Frequencies on the Germination and Growth of a Spring and Winter Wheat,” Canadian Journal of Botany 46, no. 9 (1968): 1151–58. Pearl Weinberger and Mary Measures, “Effects of the Intensity of Audible Sound on the Growth and Development of Rideau Winter Wheat,” Canadian Journal of Botany 57, no. 9 (1979): 1151036–39.
• “doctor’s wife, housekeeper”: Dorothy L. Retallack, The Sound of Music and Plants (Santa Monica, Calif.: DeVorss, 1973).
• she enrolled as a freshman: Anthony Ripley, “Rock or Bach an Issue to Plants, Singer Says,” New York Times, February 21, 1977.
• Retallack explained that she: Franklin Loehr, The Power of Prayer on Plants (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1959).
• Retallack’s studies were fraught: Linda Chalker-Scott, “The Myth of Absolute Science: ‘If It’s Published, It Must Be True,’ ” www.puyallup.wsu.edu/~linda%20chalker-scott/horticultural%20myths_files/Myths/Bad%20science.pdf.
• contradicted an important study: Richard M. Klein and Pamela C. Edsall, “On the Reported Effects of Sound on the Growth of Plants,” Bioscience 15, no. 2 (1965): 125–26.
• “There was no leaf abscission”: Ibid.
• It is also featured: Peter Tompkins and Christopher Bird, The Secret Life of Plants (New York: Harper & Row, 1973).
• “The trouble with The Secret Life”: Arthur W. Galston, “The Unscientific Method,” Natural History 83, no. 3 (1974): 18, 21, 24.
• In Janet Braam’s original: Janet Braam and Ronald W. Davis, “Rain-Induced, Wind-Induced, and Touch-Induced Expression of Calmodulin and Calmodulin-Related Genes in Arabidopsis,” Cell 60, no. 3 (1990): 357–64.
• Similarly, in Physiology: Peter Scott, Physiology and Behaviour of Plants (Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley, 2008).
• More than three hundred researchers: The Arabidopsis Genome Initiative, “Analysis of the Genome Sequence of the Flowering Plant Arabidopsis thaliana,” Nature 408, no. 6814 (2000): 796–815.
• Most relevant to our: Alan M. Jones et al., “The Impact of Arabidopsis on Human Health: Diversifying Our Portfolio,” Cell 133, no. 6 (2008): 939–43.
• The human genome: Daniel A. Chamovitz and Xing-Wang Deng, “The Novel Components of the Arabidopsis Light Signaling Pathway May Define a Group of General Developmental Regulators Shared by Both Animal and Plant Kingdoms,” Cell 82, no. 3 (1995): 353–54.
• mutations in the arabidopsis breast cancer: Kiyomi Abe et al., “Inefficient Double-Strand DNA Break Repair Is Associated with Increased Fascination in Arabidopsis BRCA2 Mutants,” Journal of Experimental Botany 70, no. 9 (2009): 2751–61.
• When a mutation occurs: Valera V. Peremyslov et al., “Two Class XI Myosins Function in Organelle Trafficking and Root Hair Development in Arabidopsis,” Plant Physiology 146, no. 3 (2008): 1109–16.
• Professor Stefano Mancuso: “Phonobiologic Wines,” www.brightgreencities.com/v1/en/bright-green-book/italia/vinho-fonobiologico.
• In a similar vein, Roman: Roman Zweifel and Fabienne Zeugin, “Ultrasonic Acoustic Emissions in Drought-Stressed Trees—More Than Signals from Cavitation?,” New Phytologist 179, no. 4 (2008): 1070–79.
• The great evolutionary biologist: Theodosius Dobzhansky, “Biology, Molecular and Organismic,” American Zoologist 4, no. 4 (1964): 443–52.

FIVE. HOW A PLANT KNOWS WHERE IT IS

• Henri-Louis Duhamel du Monceau: Henri-Louis Duhamel du Monceau, La physique des arbres où il est traité de l’anatomie des plantes et de l’économie végétale: Pour servir d’introduction au “Traité complet des bois & des forests,” avec une dissertation sur l’utilité des méthodes de botanique & une explication des termes propres à cette science & qui sont en usage pour l’exploitation des bois & des forêts (Paris: H. L. Guérin & L. F. Delatour, 1758).
• “the hypothesis”: Thomas Andrew Knight, “On the Direction of the Radicle and Germen During the Vegetation of Seeds,” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 96 (1806): 99–108.
• As with so many questions: Charles Darwin and Francis Darwin, The Power of Movement in Plants (New York: D. Appleton, 1881).
• More than a century: Ryuji Tsugeki and Nina V. Fedoroff, “Genetic Ablation of Root Cap Cells in Arabidopsis,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 96, no. 22 (1999): 12941–46.
• many scientists have isolated: Miyo Terao Morita, “Directional Gravity Sensing in Gravitropism,” Annual Review of Plant Biology 61 (2010): 705–20.
• For example, an arabidopsis: Joanna W. Wysocka-Diller et al., “Molecular Analysis of SCARECROW Function Reveals a Radial Patterning Mechanism Common to Root and Shoot,” Development 127, no. 3 (2000): 595–603.
• Recent genetic studies demonstrate: Daisuke Kitazawa et al., “Shoot Circumnutation and Winding Movements Require Gravisensing Cells,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102, no. 51 (2005): 18742–47.
• scarecrow gene is necessary: Wysocka-Diller et al., “Molecular Analysis of SCARECROW Function.”
• Using a high-gradient: Sean E. Weise et al., “Curvature in Arabidopsis Inflorescence Stems Is Limited to the Region of Amyloplast Displacement,” Plant and Cell Physiology 41, no. 6 (2000): 702–9.
• Under these weightless conditions: John Z. Kiss, W. Jira Katembe, and Richard E. Edelmann, “Gravitropism and Development of Wild-Type and Starch-Deficient Mutants of Arabidopsis During Spaceflight,” Physiologia Plantarum 102, no. 4 (1998): 493–502.
• Peter Boysen-Jensen expanded on: Peter Boysen-Jensen, “Über die Leitung des phototropischen Reizes in der Avenakoleoptile,” Berichte des Deutschen Botanischen Gesellschaft 31 (1913): 559–66.
• As the Polish scientist Maria Stolarz: Maria Stolarz et al., “Disturbances of Stem Circumnutations Evoked by Wound-Induced Variation Potentials in Helianthus annuus L.,” Cellular & Molecular Biology Letters 8, no. 1 (2003): 31–40.
• This hypothesis remained unchallenged: Anders Johnsson and Donald Israelsson, “Application of a Theory for Circumnutations to Geotropic Movements,” Physiologia Plantarum 21, no. 2 (1968): 282–91.
• Brown had to wait: Allan H. Brown et al., “Circumnutations of Sunflower Hypocotyls in Satellite Orbit,” Plant Physiology 94 (1990): 233–38.
• Sunflower seedlings exhibit robust: John Z. Kiss, “Up, Down, and All Around: How Plants Sense and Respond to Environmental Stimuli,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 103, no. 4 (2006): 829–30.
• A few years ago: Kitazawa et al., “Shoot Circumnutation and Winding Movements Require Gravisensing Cells.”
• Anders Johnsson could put: Anders Johnsson, Bjarte Gees Solheim, and Tor-Henning Iversen, “Gravity Amplifies and Microgravity Decreases Circumnutations in Arabidopsis thaliana Stems: Results from a Space Experiment,” New Phytologist 182, no. 3 (2009): 621–29.
• The overall mechanism of: Morita, “Directional Gravity Sensing in Gravitropism.”

SIX. WHAT A PLANT REMEMBERS

• Mark Jaffe, the same scientist: Mark J. Jaffe, “Experimental Separation of Sensory and Motor Functions in Pea Tendrils,” Science 195, no. 4274 (1977): 191–92.
• Tulving proposed that human memory: Endel Tulving, “How Many Memory Systems Are There?,” American Psychologist 40, no. 4 (1985): 385–98. While Tulving’s models of memory are well recognized, they should not be accepted as monolithic, and within the field of memory numerous models and theories exist, not all of which are mutually exclusive.
• But plants are capable of sensing: Fatima Cvrckova, Helena Lipavska, and Viktor Zarsky, “Plant Intelligence: Why, Why Not, or Where?,” Plant Signaling & Behavior 4, no. 5 (2009): 394–99.
• What’s fascinating is that the latest: Todd C. Sacktor, “How Does PKMz Maintain Long-Term Memory?,” Nature Reviews Neuroscience 12, no. 1 (2011): 9–15.
• Scientists have been puzzled: John S. Burdon-Sanderson, “On the Electromotive Properties of the Leaf of Dionaea in the Excited and Unexcited States,” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 173 (1882): 1–55.
• A century later, Dieter Hodick and Andreas Sievers: Dieter Hodick and Andreas Sievers, “The Action Potential of Dionaea muscipula Ellis,” Planta 174, no. 1 (1988): 8–18.
• Alexander Volkov and his colleagues: Alexander G. Volkov, Tejumade Adesina, and Emil Jovanov, “Closing of Venus Flytrap by Electrical Stimulation of Motor Cells,” Plant Signaling & Behavior 2, no. 3 (2007): 139–45.
• When Volkov pretreated his plants: Ibid.
• In the mid-twentieth century: Rudolf Dostál, On Integration in Plants, translated by Jana Moravkova Kiely (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1967).
• But Dostál noticed that if he: Described in Anthony Trewavas, “Aspects of Plant Intelligence,” Annals of Botany 92, no. 1 (2003): 1–20.
• Thellier, a member of the French: Michel Thellier et al., “Long-Distance Transport, Storage, and Recall of Morphogenetic Information in Plants: The Existence of a Sort of Primitive Plant ‘Memory,’ ” Comptes Rendus de l’Académie des Sciences, Série III 323, no. 1 (2000): 81–91.
• Trofim Denisovich Lysenko was notorious: E. W. Caspari and R. E. Marshak, “The Rise and Fall of Lysenko,” Science 149, no. 3681 (1965): 275–78.
• Other scientists also knew: John H. Klippart, Ohio State Board of Agriculture Annual Report 12 (1857): 562–816.
• These investigations have highlighted: Ruth Bastow et al., “Vernalization Requires Epigenetic Silencing of FLC by Histone Methylation,” Nature 427, no. 6970 (2004): 164–67; Yuehui He, Mark R. Doyle, and Richard M. Amasino, “PAF1-Complex-Mediated Histone Methylation of Flowering Locus C Chromatin Is Required for the Vernalization-Responsive, Winter-Annual Habit in Arabidopsis,” Genes & Development 18, no. 22 (2004): 2774–84.
• How this occurs, and how it’s regulated: Pedro Crevillen and Caroline Dean, “Regulation of the Floral Repressor Gene FLC: The Complexity of Transcription in a Chromatin Context,” Current Opinion in Plant Biology 14, no. 1 (2011): 38–44.
• Barbara Hohn’s laboratory in Basel: Jean Molinier et al., “Transgeneration Memory of Stress in Plants,” Nature 442, no. 7106 (2006): 1046–49.
• Igor Kovalchuk created a follow-up: Alex Boyko et al., “Transgenerational Adaptation of Arabidopsis to Stress Requires DNA Methylation and the Function of Dicer-Like Proteins,” PLoS One 5, no. 3 (2010): e9514.
• Hohn’s results were not: Ales Pecinka et al., “Transgenerational Stress Memory Is Not a General Response in Arabidopsis,” PLoS One 4, no. 4 (2009): e5202.
• The growing consensus, however: Eva Jablonka and Gal Raz, “Transgenerational Epigenetic Inheritance: Prevalence, Mechanisms, and Implications for the Study of Heredity and Evolution,” Quarterly Review of Biology 84, no. 2 (2009): 131–76; Faculty of 1000, evaluations, dissents, and comments for Molinier et al., “Transgeneration Memory of Stress in Plants,” Faculty of 1000, September 19, 2006, F1000.com/1033756; Ki-Hyeon Seong et al., “Inheritance of Stress-Induced, ATF-2-Dependent Epigenetic Change,” Cell 145, no. 7 (2011): 1049–61.
• In all cases, this “memory”: Tia Ghose, “How Stress Is Inherited,” Scientist (2011), http://the-scientist.com/2011/07/01/how-stress-is-inherited.
• It was a great surprise: Eric D. Brenner et al., “Arabidopsis Mutants Resistant to S(+)-Beta-Methyl-Alpha, Beta-Diaminopropionic Acid, a Cycad-Derived Glutamate Receptor Agonist,” Plant Physiology 124, no. 4 (2000): 1615–24; Hon-Ming Lam et al., “Glutamate-Receptor Genes in Plants,” Nature 396, no. 6707 (1998): 125–26.
• At this point we still: Erwan Michard et al., “Glutamate Receptor–Like Genes Form Ca2+ Channels in Pollen Tubes and Are Regulated by Pistil D-Serine,” Science 332, no. 434 (2011).
• Tulving further proposed: Tulving, “How Many Memory Systems Are There?”
• “lowest level of”: Cvrckova, Lipavska, and Zarsky, “Plant Intelligence.”

EPILOGUE: THE AWARE PLANT

• Everyone from Alfred Binet: Alfred Binet, Théodore Simon, and Clara Harrison Town, A Method of Measuring the Development of the Intelligence of Young Children (Lincoln, Ill.: Courier, 1912); Howard Gardner, Intelligence Reframed: Multiple Intelligences for the 21st Century (New York: Basic Books, 1999); Stephen Greenspan and Harvey N. Switzky, “Intelligence Involves Risk-Awareness and Intellectual Disability Involves Risk-Unawareness: Implications of a Theory of Common Sense,” Journal of Intellectual and Developmental Disability, in press (2011); Robert J. Sternberg, The Triarchic Mind: A New Theory of Human Intelligence (New York: Viking, 1988).
• While some researchers consider: Reuven Feuerstein, “The Theory of Structural Modifiability,” in Learning and Thinking Styles: Classroom Interaction, edited by Barbara Z. Presseisen (Washington, D.C.: NEA Professional Library, National Education Association, 1990); Reuven Feuerstein, Refael S. Feuerstein, and Louis H. Falik, Beyond Smarter: Mediated Learning and the Brain’s Capacity for Change (New York: Teachers College Press, 2010); Binyamin Hochner, “Octopuses,” Current Biology 18, no. 19 (2008): R897–98; Britt Anderson, “The G Factor in Non-human Animals,” Novartis Foundation Symposium 233 (2000): 79–90, discussion 90–95.
• “It appears to me”: William Lauder Lindsay, “Mind in Plants,” British Journal of Psychiatry 21 (1876): 513–32.
• Anthony Trewavas, an esteemed: Anthony Trewavas, “Aspects of Plant Intelligence,” Annals of Botany 92, no. 1 (2003): 1–20.
• Controversy arose among plant biologists: Eric D. Brenner et al., “Plant Neurobiology: An Integrated View of Plant Signaling,” Trends in Plant Science 11, no. 8 (2006): 413–19.
• Some of these similarities: Frantiöek Baluöka, Simcha Lev-Yadun, and Stefano Mancuso, “Swarm Intelligence in Plant Roots,” Trends in Ecology and Evolution 25, no. 12 (2010): 682–83; Frantiöek Baluöka et al., “The ‘Root-Brain’ Hypothesis of Charles and Francis Darwin: Revival After More Than 125 Years,” Plant Signaling & Behavior 4, no. 12 (2009): 1121–27; Elisa Masi et al., “Spatiotemporal Dynamics of the Electrical Network Activity in the Root Apex,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 106, no. 10 (2009): 4048–53.
• Many other biologists who: Amedeo Alpi et al., “Plant Neurobiology: No Brain, No Gain?,” Trends in Plant Science 12, no. 4 (2007): 135–36.
• The International Association for the Study of Pain: John J. Bonica, “Need of a Taxonomy,” Pain 6, no. 3 (1979): 247–52. See also www.iasp-pain.org/AM/Template.cfm?Section=Pain_Definitions&Template=/CM/HTMLDisplay.cfm&ContentID=1728#Pain.
• Indeed, even in humans: Michael C. Lee and Irene Tracey, “Unravelling the Mystery of Pain, Suffering, and Relief with Brain Imaging,” Current Pain and Headache Reports 14, no. 2 (2010): 124–31.
• For example, in 2008: Alison Abbott, “Swiss ‘Dignity’ Law Is Threat to Plant Biology,” Nature 452, no. 7190 (2008): 919.