Aaron Stone, 78
academics: college and, 166; life improvements in, 166
accumulated knowledge: value on, 12
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS), 40
adaptive radiation, 143
agar, 31
AIDS. See Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
Alice, Michele, 176
Alien Resurrection, 77
alternative energy: types of, 131; wind energy as, 132–39
America: comparative economics in, 192–93; employment for, 199; for inventions/innovations, 196–97; job loss in, 189–90; manufacturing jobs in, 188; pseudoscience in, 165; research in, 195; science in, 165; scientifically literate in, 165; as scientific illiteracy, 4; STEM degrees in, 204–5; talent pool of, 193–94
Animas River: Gold King Mine spill in, 55–56; surface water body affect on, 55; water treatment and, 56
The Artist of the Beautiful (Hawthorne), 74
Asimov, Isaac, 96
atmospheric warming, 110; factors for, 119; global climate change and, 111
the aughts: end of, 185–89; job loss in, 186–87; Y2K scare and, 185–86
Bacillus cereus, 52
bad science, 97
Barnum, P. T., 86
Bauer, H. H., 91
Benveniste, Jacques, 92
Bermuda Triangle, 95
Berra, Yogi, 170
“Better Living Through Chemistry,” 70
biological nutrient removal (BNR), 121
biology, 3, 5; science of, 20; zoology and, 30
The Birthmark (Hawthorne), 73
Bissell Vacuum Cleaner Company, 10
Black Sheep, 77
Blade Runner, 77
Blagojevich, Ron, 86
Blondlot, Rene-Prosper, 91
BLS. See Bureau of Labor Statistics
BNR. See biological nutrient removal
Booth, W., 97
Brontё, Charlotte, 95
Bulgakov, Mikhail, 75
Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), 151
Burrill, G., 176
Bush, George W., 138
carbon dioxide, 2
Carroll, R. T., 94
cartoons: children with, 79; evolution of, 79; mad scientists and, 79
case study: Chesapeake Bay clean up as, 120–24; climate change of, 109–11; of feel good science, 103–8; salmon run in, 104; wind energy with, 135–36
Centers for Disease Control (CDC), 24, 44; cholera and, 24–25; disease cause for, 33; E. coli and, 42; hosts and, 41; outbreaks and, 39
chemical contaminants, 41
Chesapeake Bay: as case study, 120–24; feel good science and, 122–24; nutrients in, 121; sewage treatment and, 121; watershed and, 120, 121
China: comparative economics in, 192; job loss to, 189; STEM degrees in, 205; STEM fields in, 203
cholera: CDC and, 25; elimination of, 27; with experiments, 28, 29–30; Snow and, 24–26; symptoms of, 24–25; transmission of, 24–25; water spread of, 26
climate change: agreements on, 116; of case study, 109–11; with El Niño, 115; evidence in, 113–14; global warming and, 109; studies of, 113
Clostridium perfringens, 53
college: academics and, 166; crossroads in, 168; decision-making process in, 167; students in, 166
comparative economics: in America, 192–93; in China, 192
Cryptosporida (Crypto), 35
Cryptosporidium, 41; outbreak of, 40; protozoan parasite of, 39; species of, 42; types of, 39; water treatment for, 40
CSI syndrome: laboratories in, 182; problems with, 182; science in, 182–85
Daminozide (Alar), 62
Daniel, Mary: teaching with, 2; understanding of, 1–5
Dark Shadows, 78
Darwin, Charles, 129; evolution theory by, 139, 140; religion and, 139; students and, 140
data: collection of, 13, 48; compilation of, 12; math with, 161; Snow collecting of, 29
Dawkins, Richard, 140
Dayenas, E., 92
dead zones: in Chesapeake Bay, 121; warm seasons and, 122
deductive inference: in scientists’ toolbox, 14; syllogisms and, 14
The Demon-Haunted World (Sagan), 127
Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ), 58
Detroit Water and Sewage Department (DWSD), 57
dinosaurs, 71
disease: causation of, 32–33; CDC cause for, 33; detectives for, 32; exposure for, 32; germ theory and, 31; outbreaks and, 48
dowsing, 95
Dr. Cyclops, 77
Dr. Mabuse, 76
Dr. Strangelove, 77
The Drums of Jeopardy (McGrath), 74
DWSD. See Detroit Water and Sewage Department
earthquakes, 8
Easterbrook, G., 140
E. coli, 52; CDC and, 42; outbreak of, 43
economics, 28
education, 152, 152; comparative education and, 191–92; math and, 193, 194; STEM fields in, 202; students and, 192
Einstein, Albert, xiv, 19, 127
El Niño, 110; climate change with, 115
Embryo, 77
emerging science, 97
employment: for America, 199; from college, 167; education and, 152; entry-level education and, 152; future of, 193; job loss and, 189–97; major occupational groups by, 153–54; in manufacturing, 188; in STEM fields, 201; “suitable” for, 191
energy innovation, 199
energy production: politics with, 134; on wind energy, 134
energy use: cost of, 132; wind energy for, 132
Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule (ESWTR), 36, 40
environment: air emissions in, 63; in epidemiological triangle, 42; factors in, 42; warm winter and, 115–16
environmentalists, 134; feel good science and, 123; for northern spotted owl, 137; scientists and, 108; thermal pollution and, 108; wind energy and, 135
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 59; Animas River and, 40; Flint with, 58
epidemic disease, 25
epidemiological research, 26
epidemiological triangle, 34, 40–41; environment in, 42; hosts in, 41–42; interest in, 35; practical application of, 45; scientist’s toolbox with, 33
epidemiologist, 21; spot map for, 26; toolbox for, 30–32
epidemiology: scientists’ toolbox and, 32; Snow practice of, 26; statistical analysis for, 32
ESWTR. See Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule
Eurasia, 38
evidence: in climate change, 113–14; theory with, 16
experiments, 12; cholera with, 28, 29–30; hypotheses and, 13; by Koch, 30–31; mad scientist and, 74, 82; in movies, 77; reasoning and, 3; science with, 131; Snow with, 29
Fairbanks, Richard, 116
fear: known and the unknown of, 150–55; math and, 152; safety through, 151; science with, 158; students with, 151
feel good science: case study of, 103–8; Chesapeake Bay and, 122–24; environmentalists and, 123; introduction to, 102–3; science different from, 103
Ferngren, Gary, 127
Fleischman, M., 92
flesh-eating superbug, 44
Fletcher, John, 190
flim-flam, 93
Flint, Michigan: EPA in, 58; lead-contamination in, 56, 57, 60; research study in, 57–58; water treatment in, 56–61
Flush Tax, 122
food: beverages and, 65–66; health with, 65; in media commentary, 65; scientific illiteracy and, 64–66
forensic techniques, 182
Frankenstein (Shelley), 73
Friedlander, M. W., 97
frigate bird, 142
fringe science, 97
Galapagos, 141
General Electric, 11
geologic eras and periods, 111–12
germ theory, 26, 30; disease and, 31
Giardia lamblia (Giardia): categories of, 38; hiker’s/traveler’s scourge as, 35; infections of, 37; outbreaks of, 36; range of, 36–37; worldwide cases of, 38
giardiasis: illness of, 36; outbreaks of, 39; prescription drugs treatment for, 37; symptoms of, 37
Glacier National Park, 113
global climate change: atmospheric warming and, 111; economics and, 28; global warming and, 4; Gore and, 137
global cooling, 119
global warming, 110, 116; cause of, 117; climate change and, 109; factors for, 119; global climate change and, 4; greenhouse effect and, 119; human activities for, 117, 118; overview of, 117–20
Goldacre, B., 97
Gore, Al, 137
Great Ice Age, 112
Great Recession: bailout in, 197; job loss in, 197, 198; science and, 198; weathering storm of, 197–200
greenhouse effect: chlorofluorocarbon in, 117; global warming and, 119; human impact on, 118; radiation in, 117
greenhouse gases, 118
Hawthorne, Nathaniel, 73
The Heart of a Dog (Bulgakov), 75
Helweg, O. J., 140
Hoover Company, 10
hosts: CDC and, 41; in epidemiological triangle, 41–42; factors of, 41
Hubbard, L. Ron, 96
Huxley, Thomas, 129
hydroelectric power, 104; cons to, 109; dams and, 105; flood control and, 105; pros to, 109
hydrological cycle, 114
hypotheses, 15, 17; experiment and, 13; formulation of, 12; Snow with, 29
ice ages: cause of, 113–14; geologic epochs and, 112–15; ice advances in, 112; ice sheets in, 113; land and oceanic sediment in, 112; temperatures in, 114
illnesses, 47
immunity, 42
inductive inference, 15
Industrial Revolution, 118
infections, 43
infectious agents, 34, 35, 40–41
infectious disease: battle against, 34; time and, 44–45
infectious microorganism, 34
inventions/innovations, 9; accidental discovery for, 11–12; America for, 196–97; important examples of, 129–30; vacuum cleaner, 10; water heaters, 10
The Invisible Ray, 76
Jack the Ripper, 75
James Bond, 77
job loss: in America, 189–90; in the aughts, 186–87; to China, 189; 189–97; in Great Recession, 197, 198; manufacturing jobs with, 188, 190; STEM fields and, 200–201; in Virginia, 187
Jobs, Steve, 177
Jones, Jim, 89
junk science: cure alls in, 90; scientific evidence and, 93; students on, 90
Kant, Immanuel, 101
Kayne, S. B., 94
Kelvin (Lord), 19
knowledge: building foundation for, 180; learning and, 180; limitations of, 64; politics and, 129; scientific method and, 9; value on, 12
Koch, Robert, 29; agar development by, 31; experiments by, 30–31; postulates of, 31; water treatment studies by, 28
Kyoto Conference on Global Warming and Climate Change, 115, 116
laboratories: in CSI syndrome, 182; DNA extraction in, 183–85; procedures for, 182, 183, 184
Lang, Fritz, 76
Langmuir, Irving, 98
Langmuir, L., 91
Laws of Motion, 162
Lead and Cooper Rule (LCR), 59
Lead Poisoning, Flint, Michigan, 60–61
learning, 154, 155; example of, 181; knowledge and, 180; science in, 180–81; step-by-step process of, 180
Leeuwenhoek, Antonie van, 30, 31, 34
life improvements: in academics, 166; internet for, 130; with science, 130–31
listening: hearing and, 149; information and, 148; math by, 148–50; teaching and, 149
literature: mad scientists and, 72–75; science in, 71
Little Ice Age, 114
The Little Town on the Prairie (Wilder), 175
Lovelock, James, 179
macroevolution theory: FARM evolution concept in, 144; microevolution theory and, 141, 143
mad scientists: cartoons and, 79; comics with, 79–80; cruelty and, 72; definition of, 72; evil and, 82; experiments and, 74, 82; fascination with, 71; in Frankenstein, 73; Hawthorne and, 73–74; human failings of, 82; literature and, 72–75; Mengele and, 82; movies and, 75–77; real life with, 81–83; television and, 78; in video games, 80–81
Mahlman, Jerry, 116
Mars, 92
math, 206; assessing science knowledge and, 203; basic training of, 157; calculations for, 161; calculators for, 157; data with, 161; difficulty of, 147–48, 150–61; education and, 193, 194; examples of, 156, 157; fear and, 152; language of, 158–61; listening for, 148–50; missing steps in, 156, 157–58; numbers and symbols of, 159; operations in, 157; problem-solving skills in, 156; science and, 154, 155, 159; scientifically literate without, 161–62; scientific illiteracy and, 162; sequence of, 155–57; students and, 148, 152, 155; terms of, 159–60; “use it or lose it” in, 158.See also word math
math operations: concepts of, 158; practice of, 158; slide rule and, 173–74
Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL), 36
media commentary: carcinogens in, 63–64; food in, 65; on science, 62
medical knowledge: common sense and, 25; Snow contribution to, 27
medical services, 201
medical value: snake oil and, 85
Melville, Herman, 96
Mengele, Josef, 82
microevolution theory: FARM evolution concept in, 144; macroevolution theory and, 141, 143
microscope, 30
Milankovitch hypothesis, 114
military learning, 154
Milwaukee Incident, 40
Moody, Chris, 138
MRSA (multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus), 44
multiple working hypotheses, 15
National Academy of Sciences (NAS), 192
National Center for Education Statistics (NCES), 204
Native American Reservation, 103
Native Americans, 104, 105, 106
natural law, 18
NCES. See National Center for Education Statistics
nerd culture: nerds of, 172; PCs and, 177; pocket calculator and, 175–76; scientists and, 172; slide rule and, 173–74
nerds: aesthetics of, 173; identification of, 173; of nerd culture, 172; PCs and, 177; pocket calculator for, 175
northern spotted owl, 137
observations: for inductive inference, 15; Snow with, 29; theory and, 16
Ockham’s razor, 13; definition of, 16–17
OECD. See Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
on-the-job training (OJT), 200
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), 203
outbreaks: CDC and, 39; of Cryptosporidium, 40; disease and, 48; of E. coli, 43; of giardiasis, 39
Pascal, Blaise, 69
pathogens: Giardia lamblia as, 35; outbreaks of, 36
pathological science: characteristics of, 91; cold fusion as, 92; fraud in, 91–93; Martian canals in, 92; N-Rays as, 91–92; polywater as, 93; water memory as, 92
pathology report, 51
personal computers (PCs): nerd culture and, 177; nerds and, 177
petri dishes, 31
phrenology, 95
PISA. See Program for International Student Assessment
Planck, Max, 101
pocket calculator: nerd culture and, 175–76; for nerds, 175; students and, 176
Poe, Edgar Allan, 95
poisoned picnic: incident explanation of, 53–54; information cards for, 49–51; items for r, 48; mayonnaise in, 49; with pathology report, 51; practical application with, 45–54; scientific analysis for, 46–48; suspect list of, 52–53; symptoms of, 47
politics: with energy production, 134; science and, 129–31, 137–39; with wind energy, 136
pollution: nonpoint source pollution and, 107; point source pollution and, 107; wind energy and, 133
Pons, S., 92
popular culture: cartoons in, 79; comics in, 79–80; mad scientists in, 81; movies in, 75–77; science in, 71; 78; video games in, 80–81
practical application: of epidemiological triangle, 45; with poisoned picnic, 45–54
prescription drugs, 37
press-conference science, 97
Price, J. K., 158
Program for International Student Assessment (PISA), 202, 203
protozoan parasite, 39
pseudoscience: 2012 Phenomenon or Millenarianism as, 94–95; in America, 165; characteristics of, 94; crystal healing in, 96; Dianetics as, 96; homeopathy as, 96; Lunar or Full Moon Effects in, 95; scientist’s toolbox and, 94; warning signs for, 98
psychology: cross roads in, 168; students of, 168
Randi, James, 93
Rappaccini’s Daughter In Mosses From an Old Manse (Hawthorne), 73
reality: end of, 69–71; escape from, 70; madness in, 71–72; science and, 70
reasoning, 3
religion: Darwin and, 139; politics and, 128; science conflict with, 89, 139–44
renewable energy, 207; fuel cells and, 4; non-renewable energy and, 133; wind energy as, 133
Republican Party, 138
The Republican War on Science (Moody), 138
research: on aspirin, 22; development and, 199–200
Ridley, Matt, 7
Rising Above the Gathering Storm, 192
rivers, 107
River Thames, 26
Rocky Reach Dam, 106
Romanes, George, 129
Rousseau, D. L., 93
Sagan, Carl, 4, 5, 8, 127, 162
Sagrillo, M., 136
Salmonella typhimurium, 52
salmon run: in case study, 104; scientists and, 106; thermal pollution and, 107
salmon runs, 105
sanitation, 27
San Juan River, 55
SASS. See Schools and Staffing Survey
Schiaparelli, Giovanni, 92
Schools and Staffing Survey (SASS), 204
science, 206; in America, 165; of biology, 20; branches of, 20–22; in college, 69; communicating for, 7, 61–64, 162; CSI syndrome and, 182–85; definition of, 8–12; dynamic nature of, 9; with experiments, 131; failings of, 23; fear of, 158; feel good science different from, 103; Great Recession and, 198; ingrained with, 3; in learning, 180–81; life improvements with, 130–31; math and, 154, 155, 159; modern world with, 70; politics and, 129–31, 137–39; quality of life with, 129; religion conflict with, 89, 139–44; with skeptics, 71; step-by-step process of, 185; students and, 1; Voltaire on, 8; what to know about, 7–8
science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM), 202
science fiction, 70
science knowledge, 203
science projects, 2
scientifically literate: in America, 165; without math, 161–62
scientific evidence, 93
scientific facts: headlines for, 35; short term interest in, 34–35
scientific illiteracy, 5; America as, 4; food and, 64–66; math and, 162; sickness and, 37; students as, 3–4, 70
scientific method, 94; classic representation of, 13; knowledge and, 9; paradigms and, 19; pathological science and, 92; in scientist’s toolbox, 165; technique set of, 12–20
scientists: as communicators, 162; environmentalists and, 108; nerd culture and, 172; profession of, 171; salmon run and, 106; snake oil salesman and, 88
scientist’s toolbox, 66; deductive inference in, 14; epidemiological triangle in, 33; epidemiology and, 32; facts in, 13–14; pseudoscience and, 94; scientific method in, 165; Snow with, 29; working with, 20
Shelley, Mary Wollstonecraft, 73
Sherlock Holmes, 24
Simpson, D., 91
slide rule: device of, 174; math operations and, 174; nerd culture and, 173–74
Smilodon, xiii
snake oil: fraud and, 85; medical value and, 85
snake oil salesman: audience for, 86, 87–88; charisma of, 87; Rayology and, 90; scientists and, 88; showman of, 86; students and, 89
Snow, John, 30, 33, 131; cholera and, 24–26; epidemiology practice by, 26; on lessons learned, 28; medical knowledge contribution by, 27; with scientists’ toolbox, 29; theory by, 26
Soon, J., 135
special relativity, 19
Staphylococcus aureus (staph), 52
Star Trek: Enterprise, 78
statistics, 206
STEM. See science, technology, engineering, and mathematics
stem cells, 4
STEM fields: in China, 203; definition of, 202; degrees for, 204–5; in education, 202; employment in, 201; importance of, 200–206; job loss and, 200–201; support for, 206
Stevenson, Robert Louis, 74
Strange Bedfellows: Science, Politics and Religion, 129
The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (Stevenson), 74, 75
Streptococcus pyogenes, 53
The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (Kuhn), 18
students: in college, 166; cross roads for, 168; Darwin and, 140; education and, 192; with fear, 151; on junk science, 90; math and, 148, 152, 155; open-ended format for, 128; pocket calculator for, 175; of psychology, 168; science and, 1, 69; as scientific illiteracy, 3–4; slide rule for, 174; snake oil salesman and, 89. See also nerd culture; nerds
Surface Water Treatment Rule (SWTR), 36
surgeons, 155
Swine Flu, 32
SWTR. See Surface Water Treatment Rule
syllogisms, 14
teaching: with Daniel, 2; enthusiasm for, 1; listening and, 149; presentations by, 150; quality for, 204; strengthening of, 194; students and, 1
technical learning: math and, 155; military for, 154
technology: breakthroughs in, 11; growth of, 12
television, 78
theory: definition of, 15; with evidence, 16; observations and, 16; by Snow, 26
thermal pollution: environmentalists and, 108; rivers and, 107; salmon run and, 107
Tilghman, Shirley M., 129
toasters, 11
toxins, 52; of clostridium botulinum, 53; food with, 65; for poisoned picnic, 53; water treatment and, 63
tree of science, 21
Trefil, J., 9
Tyzzer, Ernest E., 39
Upton, S. J., 42
Vergano, D., 4
video games: examples of, 80–81; mad scientists in, 80–81
Virginia: job loss in, 187; manufacturing jobs in, 188
Virginia Tech, 61
viruses, 41
Voltaire, 8
Voodoo Science: The Road from Foolishness to Fraud (Park), 97
waterborne disease, 27, 36, 40, 43
water treatment, 27–28; Animas River and, 56; chlorination in, 28; for Cryptosporidium, 40; drinking and, 39; in Flint, 56–61; Giardia and, 38; investigations in, 47; local community with, 39; sampling in, 61; toxins and, 63; wastewater in, 51
Whitehead, A. N., 85
WHO. See World Health Organization
Wicked Science, 78
Wilder, Laura Ingalls, 175
The Wild Wild West, 78
William of Ockham, 16
wind energy: as alternative energy, 132–139; bird deaths with, 135–36; downside of, 133; early history of, 132; energy production on, 134; noise pollution with, 134–35; politics with, 136; as renewable energy, 133; visible pollution with, 135; windmills for, 132
Wolf Man, 76
Wood, Robert W., 91
World Health Organization (WHO), 35
Wozniak, Steve, 177
X-Men, 80
Y2K scare: the aughts and, 185; outcome of, 186
Yucca Mountain, 138
zoology, 30