Adadevoh, Stella Ameyo, 80, 83, 86
Aedes mosquitoes, 267
Africa: Central Africa Ebola outbreak, 10, 21–22, 34, 53; Chinese investment in, 120; poverty in, 99; U.S. trade and investment with, 106; World Health Organization in, 46–47. See also West Africa Ebola outbreak; specific countries and cities
African Leaders Summit, 106–07
African Union, 120
AIDS. See HIV/AIDS
ALERT (Assisting Liberians with Education to Reduce Transmission) program, 221
American Colonization Society, 29
Amiodarone, 249
Angolan free-tailed bats, 9, 53–54
Antibodies to Ebola virus, 23, 26–27, 94, 170, 245, 250
Army, U.S. See U.S. Army Ebola deployment
Assays, 48–49, 54–55, 62–63, 121
Assisting Liberians with Education to Reduce Transmission (ALERT) program, 221
Baize, Sylvain, 14
Banbury, Anthony, 204
Ban Ki-moon, 152
BCX4430 treatment, 249
BDBV (Bundibugyo virus), 21, 22, 238
Beers, Rand, 186
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, 216
Biocryst, 249
Biological weapons, 23, 24, 48
Blackley, David, 136–37
Boakai, Joseph, 106
Body collectors. See Burial teams
Boima, Tamba, 227
Brantly, Kent: background of, 91; blood transfusions from, 170, 173; contraction of Ebola virus by, 90, 92–94; experimental treatment received by, 94, 96; on quarantines, 184; recovery from Ebola virus, 94, 95, 97, 244, 261; treatment of Ebola patients by, 66, 89–90, 194
Brennan, Rick, 102
Brown, Lewis, 36
Bundibugyo virus (BDBV), 21, 22, 238
Burial teams, 223–30; challenges for, 226, 230, 236; cultural considerations for, 223, 224, 253; establishment and growth of, 104, 108, 228; personal protection equipment for, 223, 225; prioritization of, 127; religious considerations for, 224, 229; resistance to, 223, 226; supplies required for, 104–05, 225–26; tribal cooperation with, 227
Burwell, Sylvia Matthews, 105, 126, 185, 195, 251
Bush, Laura, 99
Caritas charity, 222
Category A agents, 23–24
CDC. See Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
CDC Foundation, 211–18; cell phone monitoring program funded by, 212; credibility of, 217; emergency operations centers constructed by, 213–14, 218; establishment of, 211; flexibility of spending by, 211, 217–18; transportation infrastructure supplied by, 215–16, 254
Cell phones, Ebola case monitoring with, 209–12
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): advisories issued to U.S. hospitals by, 163; bureaucratic delays within, 211; criticisms of, 69; diagnostic testing conducted by, 113; dispatch of Ebola responders by, 34, 130–38, 191, 263, 265; downplay of threat from Ebola outbreak, 106; Emergency Operations Center, 129–30; Epidemic Intelligence Service, 131, 136, 235; estimation of untreated cases, 219; evolution of, 265; in experimental treatment debate, 77, 97; funding for, 187, 211; infectious disease research by, 20, 23, 25, 26, 49; in international response effort, 44, 45, 118–19, 130–38; Lassa fever prevention by, 82; modeling projections from, 125–27; monitoring strategies used by, 209–12; Rapid Isolation and Treatment of Ebola strategy, 136; recovery efforts by, 248; 70–30 strategy of, 119; training on Ebola prevention, 107. See also CDC Foundation
Central Africa Ebola outbreak, 10, 21–22, 34, 53
ChAd3-ZEBOV vaccine, 250–51
Chan, Margaret, 36–37, 45, 126, 152, 263
Chikungunya, 8
Chimerix, 165
China, contributions to Ebola relief effort by, 120, 157, 240
Cholera, 9–12, 34, 40, 104, 220, 254
Christie, Chris, 200–03
Christmas tree legislation, 188
Chung, Wendy, 163–65
Cintra, Pedro da, 28
Civil wars, 28–30, 48, 99, 103, 117, 161
Climate change, 268–69
Clinton, Bill, 180
Coleman, Peter Sonpon, 37
Commissioned Corps, 105
Committee for the Relief of the Black Poor, 29
Community-Led Total Sanitation (CLTS), 40
Conakry (Guinea): colonial history of, 28; communication networks in, 39; contact tracing in, 67; Ebola cases in, 3, 34, 37, 44, 59; emergency operations center in, 214, 218; population of, 3; slums of, 3, 43; supply deliveries to, 135–36; treatment units for Ebola patients in, 34, 37, 103
Conde, Alpha, 30, 35, 47, 105, 106, 118
Contact tracing, 12, 52–54, 66–68, 85–87, 165, 195
Conte, Lansana, 30
Conteh, Aniru, 72
Coons, Chris, 99–100, 109, 232
Cotton, Tom, 168
Cremation of Ebola victims, 2, 100, 109–10, 231
Crozier, Ian, 246
Cruz, Ted, 167
Dahn, Bernice, 52
Dallas (Texas) Ebola outbreak, 162–74; contact tracing in, 165; origins of, 162–64; quarantines in, 166, 168–69, 171; response effort for, 166, 172; survivors of, 173–74; travel ban controversy resulting from, 167–68; treatments for victims of, 165, 169, 170
DART. See Disaster Assistance Response Team
Data science, 141–43
Dead body management. See Burial teams
De Cock, Kevin, 111
Defense Department, U.S., 107, 125, 146–50
De Gaulle, Charles, 30
Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ebola virus in, 264
Department of ___. See specific name of department
DeVries, Piet: burial teams supported by, 224–27; on cremation, 109; on decline of new Ebola cases, 52; emergency health technician network created by, 104; in international response effort, 34–35, 38–40, 57; on Liberian health-care system, 36; water sanitation program led by, 34, 104, 220, 221
Diagnostic testing, 48–49, 54, 61–65, 112–13, 121, 255
Diakite, Aboubacar Sidiki, 36
Disaster Assistance Response Team (DART), 107–08, 119, 122–23, 145–46
Disco Hill cemetery, 231–33
Diseases. See specific diseases
Doctors Without Borders. See Médecins Sans Frontières
Duncan, Thomas Eric, 161–65, 169–70, 172, 175, 179, 181
Dye, Christopher, 10, 36, 45, 52, 256
Dysentery, 10
Ebola czar, 179, 181, 241. See also Klain, Ron
Ebola treatment units (ETUs): Army-built facilities, 153–59, 185, 230, 239–40, 242, 255; ELWA-sponsored, 89, 110–11; as hot zones, 133; inadequacy of, 2, 116, 117; Lassa ward conversion to, 56–57; MSF-operated, 34, 37, 48, 61, 66–69, 76, 117; in Nigerian outbreak, 84; Samaritan Purse facilities, 51, 89–90; in U.S., 184, 197–98; USAID funding of, 123; for Westerners, 148, 154, 239
Ebola virus (EBOV): aftereffects of survivors, 1–2, 246, 261–62; antibodies to, 23, 26–27, 94, 170, 245, 250; case curve typical of, 51, 57, 59; Central Africa outbreak, 10, 21–22, 34, 53; diagnostic testing for, 48–49, 54, 61–65, 112–13, 121, 255; genetic sequencing of, 65, 238–39; history of outbreaks, 19–23; mortality rates, 20, 22, 33, 44, 69, 259; mutation possibilities, 123–25; naming of, 3, 20; research efforts, 23–27; reservoir host for, 8, 17, 52, 53; spread of, 3–4, 18, 172; stigma associated with, 53, 67, 74, 84, 90, 262; structure and reproduction of, 17–18, 124; symptoms of, 1, 4, 8; vaccines for, 27, 48, 49, 84, 250–52. See also Dallas (Texas) Ebola outbreak; Experimental treatments; Quarantines; West Africa Ebola outbreak
Education. See Public education campaigns
eHealth Africa, 217–18
Eisenhunt, Debbie, 93–94
Ejelonu, Obi Justina, 86
Emergency health technicians (EHTs), 104
Emergency Investigational New Drug Applications, 165
Emergency operations centers, 129–30, 166, 203, 213–14, 218
Emory University Hospital (Atlanta), 95–96, 173
Epidemic Intelligence Service, 131, 136, 235
Eternal Love Winning Africa (ELWA), 66, 89, 92, 96, 110–14
ETUs. See Ebola treatment units
Experimental treatments: BCX4430, 249; brincidofovir, 165, 169, 250; debates regarding, 48, 50, 77, 96–97; Favipiravir, 49, 50, 249; GS5734, 249; legal protection for, 251–52, 255; MIL 77, 249; TKM-Ebola, 165, 250; ZMapp, 77–78, 81, 93–97, 122, 165, 249
Fallah, Mosaka, 67–68, 100–01, 246
Fashola, Babatunde, 83
Fauci, Anthony: on CDC modeling projections, 126; on Dallas Ebola outbreak, 172, 174; on experimental treatments, 50–51; on health infrastructure, 265; HIV/AIDS cases handled by, 192; on inadequacy of response efforts, 69, 107; as Interagency Policy Committee member, 105; in international response effort, 36, 37, 146; on mutation possibilities, 124–25; on Obama administration response to Ebola crisis, 178; on quarantines, 184, 193; on research efforts, 24; on spread of Ebola virus, 3–4; on travel bans, 167
FDA. See Food and Drug Administration
Females, risk of Ebola infection for, 38, 102, 247
Fitness Trackers, 208–09
Fletcher, Tom, 60
Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 48–49, 121, 165, 249, 250
Food for Peace program, 248
Fowler, Rob, 37
Free black settlements, 27–29
Freetown (Sierra Leone): colonial history of, 28; contact tracing in, 67; Ebola cases in, 3, 57; emergency operations center in, 213–14, 218; population of, 3; slums of, 3; supply deliveries to, 135–36; treatment units for Ebola patients in, 230
French National Institute of Health and Medical Research, 249
Frenk, Julio, 257–58
Frieden, Tom: on aftereffects of Ebola virus, 247; briefings led by, 130, 191–92; on bureaucratic delays, 211; on CDC modeling projections, 126–27; on Dallas Ebola outbreak, 166, 172; on experimental treatments, 97; on inadequacy of response efforts, 69, 107; on Incident Management System, 116–17; on influenza, 269; as Interagency Policy Committee member, 105, 186; in international response effort, 37, 45, 122, 146, 266; on Nigeria Ebola outbreak, 87; personal protection equipment used by, 255; on preparedness for future disease outbreaks, 265; on quarantines, 184; science-based pronouncements made by, 181; on spread of Ebola virus, 3–4, 83; on U.S. Army deployment and mission, 147; visits to outbreak areas, 1–2, 115–18, 127, 145, 211
Funerary traditions, 4, 10, 13, 109, 131, 253. See also Burial teams
Gabon, Ebola virus in, 21
Garry, Robert, 25–27, 55–56, 60, 71, 74, 77–78
Gavi, the Global Vaccine Alliance, 252
Gender differences, in risk of Ebola infection, 38, 102, 247
Genetic sequencing, 65, 72, 238–39
Gentile, Brian, 149
Giberson, Scott, 148
Gire, Stephen, 65
Global Communities: burial teams from, 104, 224–28, 230, 236; credibility with rural populations, 40, 220–21, 223; funding for, 108; supply deliveries by, 34–35, 40, 52; water sanitation program run by, 34, 40, 104, 220–21, 224, 253
Global Health Security Agenda, 265
Global positioning systems (GPS), 84
Global Rapid Response Team, 266
Global warming, 268–69
Gore, Al, 180
Graham, Franklin, 51, 91, 94, 194, 244
Gray rooms, 62
GS5734 treatment, 249
Guinea: civil war in, 28; colonial history of, 27, 28; Ebola cases in, 3, 14–15, 26, 33, 57, 97, 130; emergency operations centers in, 213, 214, 218; geography of, 7, 28; governing structures in, 30; health-care system in, 35–36, 145, 254, 258; independence of, 29–30; international response to outbreak in, 34–35, 45, 51; life expectancy in, 30; literacy rates in, 30; micro-cerclage in, 118; mortality rates of Ebola virus in, 33, 44, 69; poverty in, 30; public education campaigns in, 38–39. See also West Africa Ebola outbreak; specific cities
Hagan, Kay, 168
Hagel, Chuck, 153–54
Hantavirus, 8
Harkin, Tom, 188
Hartl, Gregory, 44
Hawkins, Jeffrey, 80
HCA (Hospital Corporation of America), 217
Health and Human Services Department, U.S., 34, 60, 107, 125, 182–83
Health Emergencies Programme, 262
Hemorrhagic fevers. See specific diseases
Hensley, Lisa, 93
Hickox, Kaci, 199–202
HIV/AIDS, 46, 50, 168, 192, 247
Holder, Eric, 201
Homeland Security Department, U.S., 182–84, 186
Hospital Corporation of America (HCA), 217
The Hot Zone (Preston), 23
Hot zones: defined, 22; doctors and technicians in, 51, 54, 66, 117; international response in, 34, 39; precautions prior to entering, 74, 120, 204, 255; residents of, 38; treatment units as, 133
Hughes, Sonya Marie, 163
Hurum, Lindis, 111
Immunizations. See Vaccines
Immunogenicity, 27
Improved Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (IWASH) program, 104, 220–21, 224, 253
Incident Management Centers, 83–84, 86
Incident Management System (IMS), 103, 116–17, 157, 232
Interagency Policy Committees, 105
International Finance Corporation (IFC), 248
International SOS, 78
Islam. See Muslim communities
Islamic Relief, 222
Islamic State, 59, 177, 178, 180–81
Isolation. See Quarantines
Jenkins, Clay, 166, 169, 170, 173, 174
Johnson, Jeh, 185
Johnson & Johnson, 217
Joint External Evaluation tool, 264
Kainwo, Peter, 223
Kamara, Freeman, 227–28
Kamara, Musa, 237
Kamara, Samura, 106
Kamara, Shakie, 101–02
Kamboe, Isaac, 136–37
Kargbo, Miatta, 78
Kawa, Zanzan, 110, 227, 231, 232
Kenema (Sierra Leone): burial teams in, 229; Ebola cases in, 55, 56, 75; health-care workers in, 230; Lassa ward in, 26, 72–73; treatment units for Ebola patients in, 56–57, 103
Khan, Sheik Umar: contraction of Ebola virus by, 76–78, 93; death of, 78, 79, 97; genetic sequencing work of, 65, 72; Lassa ward ran by, 55, 71–73; treatment of Ebola victims by, 73–76
Kieny, Marie-Paule, 250
Kilmarx, Peter, 132–33
Klain, Ron: background of, 179–80; domestic priorities for, 182, 186–87, 195–98; on experimental treatments, 251–52, 255; on funding for Ebola relief efforts, 188, 189; growth of Ebola treatment capabilities in United States by, 184, 197–98, 242–43; on health-care workers, 242; interagency cooperation by, 185–86; on international response, 182–83, 263, 264; meeting with Ebola survivors, 244; monitoring strategies formulated by, 183, 207–10, 241; on quarantines, 185, 193
Kobinger, Gary, 93
Koker (Imam), 223
Kolker, Jimmy, 105
Koniono, Sia Wanda, 14
Konyndyk, Jeremy: background of, 103; on burial teams, 228–29; on inadequacy of response efforts, 107, 117; in international response effort, 118, 119, 122, 146, 266; on treatment units, 240; on urgency of Ebola outbreak, 96; visit to outbreak areas, 115, 117, 127, 145
Korkoyah, Nowai, 169
Kpoghomou, Jean Claude, 10
Kugelman, Jeff, 238–39
Lagos (Nigeria): contact tracing efforts in, 85–87; Ebola preparedness efforts in, 81–83, 87; international connections to, 80; population of, 79; slums of, 79, 87; World Economic Forum in, 51
Lakey, David, 166
Lane, Cliff, 69
Laney, Scott, 136–37
Lassa fever, 12–13, 26, 55, 71–73, 82, 254
Leendertz, Fabian, 52–54
LePage, Paul, 202
Liberia: burial teams in, 223, 226, 228–29; civil war in, 28–29, 48, 99, 103, 117, 161; Ebola cases in, 26, 36, 57, 97, 114, 130; emergency operations centers in, 213, 218; establishment of, 27–29; ethnic conflict in, 29, 35; geography of, 7, 28; governing structures in, 27; health-care system in, 35–36, 145, 254, 258; Incident Management System in, 103, 116–17, 157, 232; independence of, 27, 29; international response to outbreak in, 34–35, 51; Lassa fever in, 12; life expectancy in, 30; poverty in, 30; public education campaigns in, 38–39; religious communities in, 222; social collapse in, 102; treatment units for Ebola patients in, 66, 89, 157–59, 240, 242; United Nations Mission in, 152; water sanitation programs in, 34, 104, 220–21, 253. See also West Africa Ebola outbreak; specific cities
Life expectancy, 30
Lightsey, Ross, 152–53, 156–57
Lindblade, Kim, 136
Literacy rates, 30
Lofven, Stefan, 120
Lokela, Mabalo, 19
Lugli, Mariano, 44
Lyme disease, 18
Macrophages, 18
Malaria: lack of treatment sought for, 247; prevalence of, 10, 40, 102, 134, 254; prevention of, 34, 46; symptoms and transmission, 18, 80, 91–92
Manaco, Lisa, 105
Martin, Dan, 137–41, 253–54, 266
McCormick, Joe, 26
McDonough, Denis, 105, 179, 182, 185, 196, 198
Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF): closure of Ebola centers by, 242; contact tracing by, 87; deployment to disease-infested areas, 2, 14, 43–44; establishment of, 47; in experimental treatment debate, 48, 50, 77; funding for, 47; in international response effort, 48, 110–11; investigation of Ebola outbreak by, 12–13; record-keeping of deaths by, 109; treatment units operated by, 34, 37, 48, 61, 66–69, 76, 117, 230; volunteers with, 194, 199
Medications. See Experimental treatments; Vaccines
Meliandou (Guinea), as origin of West Africa Ebola outbreak, 7–10, 14, 52–54
Meltzer, Martin, 125–27
Merck Pharmaceuticals, 250
Microcephaly, 268
Micro-cerclage, 118
MIL 77 treatment, 249
MiSeq gene sequencer, 238
Mobile phones, Ebola case monitoring with, 209–12
Mobula, Linda, 94
Moigboi, Alex, 76
Monitoring strategies, 183, 184, 207–12, 241
Monroe, James, 29
Monrovia (Liberia): burial teams in, 223; colonial history of, 28; contact tracing in, 67; Disaster Assistance Response Team in, 107–08, 119, 122; Ebola cases in, 3, 80–81, 100–01, 177; emergency operations center in, 203, 218; government and tribal structures in, 27, 35, 230–31; naming of, 29; population of, 3; slums of, 1, 3, 43, 100–01, 103, 111; supply deliveries to, 135–36; treatment units for Ebola patients in, 1–2, 51, 66, 103, 110–11, 148
Monrovia Medical Unit, 148, 239, 241
Montgomery, Joel, 111
Mortality rates, 20, 22, 33, 44, 69, 259
MSF. See Médecins Sans Frontières
Mukpo, Ashoka, 173
Mulligan, John, 170
Murphy, Tim, 192
Muslim communities: burial teams in, 223, 224, 229; cremation as viewed by, 109; Disco Hill cemetery for, 232; traditional leaders among, 237; travel bans issued for, 37
Nabarro, David, 152
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), 3, 24, 36, 50, 105, 146, 192
National Institutes of Health (NIH): biosecurity level-4 capabilities of, 173; downplay of threat from Ebola outbreak, 106; epidemic response preparedness efforts, 48; infectious disease research by, 23–25; on mutation possibilities, 124; on reemergence of Ebola outbreak, 60; treatments for Ebola developed by, 27, 49
National Security Council (NSC), 5, 105–07, 146–50, 193
National Traditional Leadership Council, 227, 231
Nebraska Medical Center, 172–73
New England Journal of Medicine, 11, 194
NGOs. See Nongovernmental organizations
NIAID. See National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
Nichols, Michelle, 204–05
Nigeria: civilian murders by army of, 47; contact tracing efforts in, 85–87; Ebola preparedness efforts in, 81–85, 87; health-care system in, 82; Incident Management Centers in, 83–84, 86; Lassa fever in, 12, 82; polio in, 84, 217; public education campaigns in, 85; treatment units for Ebola patients in, 84. See also West Africa Ebola outbreak; specific cities
NIH. See National Institutes of Health
9/11 terror attacks. See September 11 terror attacks
Nolen, Leisha, 131–32, 137, 235, 266
Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs): coordination meetings of, 103; at daily Ebola briefings, 117; deployment concerns for, 119; diagnostic testing of employees for Ebola, 90; in Emergency Operations Center, 129; funding for, 108; in international response effort, 102, 116; public education campaigns by, 40; publicity-seeking behavior by, 240; rapport built with local groups, 110. See also specific organizations
NSC. See National Security Council
Nshamdze, Patrick, 81
Nyenswah, Tolbert, 103, 107–08, 116–17, 157, 232, 254
Nyuennyue, Princess, 80–81
Obama, Barack: briefings on Ebola outbreak, 34, 105, 119; criticisms of, 174, 178, 181, 209–10; funding requests by, 187–88, 210; Global Health Security Agenda under, 265; HIV travel ban lifted by, 168; international support requests made by, 119–20, 122; on mutation possibilities, 124, 125; on quarantine of health-care workers, 201–02; recognition of Ebola workers by, 243; Sirleaf honored by, 99; on U.S. Army Ebola deployment, 150, 153
Obama phones, 209–10
Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance (OFDA), 102–03, 118, 231, 240, 266
101st Airborne Division, 149, 151, 153–54, 156, 264
Operation United Assistance, 149, 153–54. See also U.S. Army Ebola deployment
Osnos, Evan, 202
Osterholm, Michael, 123, 124, 191
Ouamouno, Emile, 8, 9, 14, 27, 52
Oxfam, 248
Pajares, Miguel, 81
Palin, Sarah, 180
Paramount Chiefs Council, 237
Partnership for Research on Ebola Vaccines in Liberia (PREVAIL), 246
Pendarvis, Justin, 103–04, 114
Penn, Mark, 208–09
Personal protection equipment (PPE): for burial teams, 223, 225; for deceased body handling, 73; for diagnostic testing, 62, 64, 72; funding for, 108, 217; innovations in, 255–56; in isolation units, 74, 91, 164; shipments of, 40, 114, 222; training for use of, 198, 204, 255; for transport of patients, 95
Pharmaceutical companies, 25, 77, 93, 121–22, 248–52. See also Experimental treatments; Vaccines
Phase-one testing of medications, 49
Philanthropic contributions, 122, 212–17
Phoenix Air Group, 95
Phones, Ebola case monitoring with, 209–12
PHS (Public Health Service, U.S.), 105, 148, 241–42
Plyler, Lance, 92–94
Pope, Amy: on African Leaders Summit, 107; on anxiety regarding Ebola epidemic, 106; on cultural practices, 253; on hospital shortcomings in detection of Ebola, 172, 176; on monitoring strategies, 184; on reemergence of Ebola outbreak, 60; on U.S. Army Ebola deployment, 147; on Zika virus, 267–68
Post-Ebola syndrome, 246
Posttraumatic stress disorder, 265
Power, Samantha, 105, 151–52, 202–05
PPE. See Personal protection equipment
PREP (Public Readiness and Emergency Preparedness) Act of 2005, 251–52
PREVAIL (Partnership for Research on Ebola Vaccines in Liberia), 246
Pritzker, Penny, 106
Pryor, Mark, 168
Public education campaigns, 37–40, 57, 85, 236, 254
Public Health Agency (Canada), 77, 93
Public Health Service, U.S. (PHS), 105, 148, 241–42
Public Readiness and Emergency Preparedness (PREP) Act of 2005, 251–52
Quarantines: advisory groups on, 130; equipment necessary for, 116, 216; of families of Ebola victims, 166, 168–69; of flights, 37; of health-care workers, 133, 139, 171, 199–202, 241–42; local responses to, 137; opposition to, 184–85, 193; in pattern of Ebola response, 22, 34, 138; on slums, 101–02; in treatment units, 111
Rapid Isolation and Treatment of Ebola (RITE) strategy, 136
Recount (film), 180
Repatriation of freed African slaves, 29
Research efforts, 23–27
Reservoir hosts, 8, 17, 52, 53, 267
Ribner, Bruce, 175
Ribonucleic acid (RNA): in diagnostic testing, 48, 54, 63, 112; in Ebola virus structure, 4, 17, 18; in genetic sequencing, 238–39; in replication process, 8
Rice, Condoleezza, 99
Rice, Susan, 105, 151, 180, 203
Rift Valley Fever, 24
RITE (Rapid Isolation and Treatment of Ebola) strategy, 136
RNA. See Ribonucleic acid
Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, 216
Robinson, David, 222–24
Romney, Mitt, 179
Rose, Sidia, 163
Rosling, Hans, 68, 141–43, 212, 240–41
Ross, Dennis, 167
Rubio, Marco, 268
rVSV-ZEBOV vaccine, 250
Sabeti, Pardis, 65
SafeLink program, 210
Sakilla, Harisson, 60–61
Samaritan’s Purse: certificates issued to disease-free patients, 61; establishment of, 91; flights chartered by, 93; funding for, 108; health workers associated with, 66, 89, 97; on public education campaigns, 39; treatment units operated by, 51, 89–90
Sanitation programs, 34, 40, 104, 220–21, 224, 253
SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome), 24, 257–58
Schein, Henry, 217
Schoepp, Randy: diagnostic testing conducted by, 54, 61–65; infectious disease research by, 25–27; Lassa ward as described by, 73; relationship with Khan, 71; on treatment units, 56, 89–90
Screening facilities, 167, 182, 184, 199
September 11 terror attacks (2001): biological weapon research following, 23, 48; CDC Foundation supply deliveries in response to, 211; government response to, 178; health registry for victims of, 265; incident management in aftermath of, 116; national security agencies following, 184
Serving in Mission, 91–92, 261
70–30 strategy, 119
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), 24, 257–58
Shah, Rajiv: aid shipments authorized by, 114; on burial teams, 228; on CDC modeling projections, 126; on downplay of threat from Ebola outbreak, 46; on early responses to Ebola outbreak, 51; on inadequacy of response efforts, 69, 107; personal protection equipment used by, 255; on preparedness for future disease outbreaks, 269; on quarantines, 193; on 70–30 strategy, 119; on spread of Ebola virus, 3–4; on travel bans, 167; treatment facility demonstrations by, 105; on U.S. Army deployment and mission, 147, 154; on zoonotic diseases, 268
Sherman, Susan, 168
Shorris, Tony, 195
Shuster, Bill, 167
Sierra Leone: burial teams in, 223, 226, 229; civil war in, 28; colonial history of, 27, 28; Ebola cases in, 26, 55, 97, 130; emergency operations centers in, 213–14, 218; geography of, 7, 28; governing structures in, 30; health-care system in, 31, 139, 145, 229–30, 254, 258; independence of, 29; international response to outbreak in, 69, 131–32; Lassa fever in, 12, 26; life expectancy in, 30; literacy rates in, 30; military response to outbreak in, 118; mortality rates of Ebola virus in, 69; poverty in, 30; religious communities in, 222; treatment units for Ebola patients in, 66. See also West Africa Ebola outbreak; specific cities
Silicon Valley Community Foundation, 216
Sirleaf, Ellen Johnson: cremation of Ebola victims ordered by, 109, 231, 232; election of, 29, 99, 100; nonattendance at African Leaders Summit, 106; quarantine imposed by, 101–02; requests for aid by, 47, 100, 105, 114
Slums: Conakry, 3, 43; contact tracing in, 67–68, 85; Freetown, 3; as incubators for Ebola virus, 3–4, 80; Lagos, 79, 87; Monrovia, 1, 3, 43, 100–01, 103, 111; quarantine imposed on, 101–02
Smallpox, 46
Smith, Gayle, 5, 105, 107, 119–20, 150, 244
Souza, Pete, 244
Special Purpose Marine Air-Ground Task Force–Crisis Response, 153
Spencer, Craig, 194–96, 198–99, 203, 244, 261
Spillover, 18
State Department, U.S., 60, 94–95, 106
Sterk, Esther, 12
Stigma of Ebola virus, 53, 67, 74, 84, 90, 262
Stokes, Charlie: as CDC Foundation director, 211; cell phones procured by, 212; emergency operations center funding gathered by, 213–14; on flexibility of funding, 211, 218; transportation donations acquired by, 215–16; visits to outbreak areas, 212, 213, 216, 217
Stop Ebola card game, 236
Sudan virus (SUDV), 21, 22, 237
Supportive care treatment regimen, 173
Tai Forest virus (TAFV), 26, 238
Taylor, Charles, 28
Telephones, Ebola case monitoring with, 209–12
Terrorism, 23, 48. See also September 11 terror attacks
Thune, John, 167
Tolbert, William, 29
Transportation infrastructure, 215–16, 254
Transportation Security Administration, U.S., 171, 184, 207
Traore, Alexis, 11–13
Travel bans, 37, 81, 167–68, 178, 257
Treatments. See Experimental treatments
Treatment units. See Ebola treatment units
Trimble, Lauren, 166
Troh, Louise, 161–62, 166, 168, 170
Trump, Donald, on Ebola outbreak, 106
Typhoid, 220
Uganda, Ebola virus in, 22
United Nations Development Programme, 230
United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund (UNICEF), 40, 108, 136
United Nations Mission for Ebola Emergency Response (UNMEER), 152, 157, 204, 256, 257
United Nations Mission in Liberia (UNMIL), 152, 157
U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID): burial teams supported by, 104, 225; Disaster Assistance Response Team, 107–08, 119, 122–23, 145–46; downplay of threat from Ebola outbreak, 60; Food for Peace program, 248; funding for Ebola relief efforts, 108, 187, 221; leadership of, 3, 96, 105; Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance, 102–03, 118, 231, 240, 266; public education campaigns by, 40; recovery efforts by, 248; supply shipments from, 30, 114; treatment units funded by, 123; water sanitation programs sponsored by, 220
U.S. Army Ebola deployment: accommodations for, 155–56; announcement of, 150; medical precautions taken in, 148, 154; mission parameters for, 146–47, 153–54, 159; staging base for, 151; training for, 149, 153; treatment units constructed by, 153–59, 185, 230, 239–40, 242, 255
U.S. Army Medical Research Institute for Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID): biosecurity level-4 capabilities of, 173; diagnostic testing conducted by, 48, 49, 64, 113, 121; epidemic response preparedness efforts, 48; in experimental treatment debate, 77; infectious disease research by, 23–25; leadership of, 149; pharmaceutical research by, 121–22, 250; training missions undertaken by, 149
U.S. Global Development Lab, 255
USAID. See U.S. Agency for International Development
USAMRIID. See U.S. Army Medical Research Institute for Infectious Diseases
Vaccines, 27, 48, 49, 84, 250–52
Van Herp, Michel, 12–13
VanRoekel, Steve, 255
Vaz, Rui, 83
Vinson, Amber Joy, 171–75, 244, 261
Viruses. See specific viruses
Volesky, Gary, 151–54, 156–57, 236
Ward, Matt, 233
Water sanitation programs, 34, 40, 104, 220–21, 224, 253
Weinstein, Gary, 165
West Africa Ebola outbreak: case curve of, 97, 119–20, 130, 143, 236; causes of, 252–54, 256; CDC response effort, 44, 45, 118–19, 130–38; contact tracing of, 12, 52–54, 66–68, 85–87; cremation of victims, 2, 100, 109–10, 231; data science as tool in, 141–43; decline of new cases in, 51–52, 236, 242, 245; downplay of threat from, 36, 44, 46, 60, 106; economic costs of, 108, 187, 218, 230, 258; identification process, 9–14; inadequacy of response efforts, 4–5, 43–47, 60, 69, 100, 107, 117, 142; local responses to, 35–38, 137, 223; mortality rates, 33, 44, 69, 259; MSF response effort, 48, 110–11; origins and spread of, 3, 7–15, 33, 220; philanthropic contributions to, 122, 212–17; public education campaigns during, 37–40, 57, 85, 236, 254; recovery efforts, 247–48; reemergence of, 55–57, 59–66; United Nations response to, 152; WHO response effort, 33–34, 36–37, 43, 123. See also Burial teams; Ebola treatment units (ETUs); Experimental treatments; Hot zones; Quarantines; specific countries and cities
West Nile virus, 24
WHO. See World Health Organization
Williams, Darryl, 149–51, 153–54
Williams, Marthalene, 162, 164
Women, risk of Ebola infection for, 38, 102, 247
Woodring, Joe, 65–66, 133–35, 205–06
World Health Organization (WHO): African region of, 46–47; on aftereffects of Ebola survivors, 246; criticisms of, 3, 44–47, 60, 69, 100, 107, 142, 256; on dead body management, 222; downplay of threat from Ebola outbreak, 36, 44, 46; establishment of, 46; in experimental treatment debate, 77, 96–97; funding for, 45, 257, 262–63; in international response effort, 33–34, 36–37, 43, 123; investigation of Ebola outbreaks by, 10, 12–14, 21; Lassa fever prevention by, 82; public eduction campaigns by, 37–39, 254; recommendations for change, 256–58, 262; on spread of Ebola virus, 220; statistics and situational reports issued by, 15, 36, 57; Zika cases reported by, 267
World Vision, 222–24, 226, 229, 233
Woryonwon, George, 225
Writebol, Nancy: aftereffects of Ebola virus experienced by, 261; blood transfusions from, 173; contraction of Ebola virus by, 92–95; experimental treatment received by, 94, 96; missionary work of, 91; recovery from Ebola virus, 95–96, 97
Xi Jinping, 120
Yaya, Kumba, 14
Zaire, Ebola virus in, 19–21
Zeitlin, Larry, 93