Chapter 1
1. Almudena Mari Saéz and others, “Investigating the Zoonotic Origin of the West Africa Ebola Epidemic,” EMBO Molecular Medicine 7, no. 1 (January 2015), pp. 17–23.
2. Sylvain Baize and others, “Emergence of Zaire Ebola Virus Disease in Guinea,” New England Journal of Medicine 371 (2014), pp. 1418–25; Saéz and others, “Investigating the Zoonotic Origin.”
3. Jeffrey E. Stern, “Hell in the Hot Zone,” Vanity Fair, September 11, 2014 (www.vanityfair.com/news/2014/10/ebola-virus-epidemic-containment).
4. See Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Lassa Fever” (www.cdc.gov/vhf/lassa/).
5. Stern, “Hell in the Hot Zone.”
6. Pierre Formenty, “Ebola Diaries: First signals—March 2014” (www.who.int/features/2015/ebola-diaries-formenty/en/).
7. Kevin Sack and others, “How Ebola Roared Back,” New York Times, December 30, 2014.
8. Ibid.
9. Formenty, “Ebola Diaries.”
10. Sack and others, “How Ebola Roared Back.”
11. Stern, “Hell in the Hot Zone.”
1. David Quammen, Spillover: Animal Infections and the Next Human Pandemic (New York: Norton, 2012).
2. Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War, book 2, chapter 7.
3. Laurie Garrett, The Coming Plague: Newly Emerging Diseases in a World Out of Balance (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1994).
4. For an in-depth history of Ebola outbreaks, see Quammen, Spillover.
5. Jeffrey Taubenberger, “The Origin and Virulence of the 1918 ‘Spanish’ Influenza Virus,” Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 150 (March 2006), pp. 86–112.
6. Quammen, Spillover.
7. Garrett, The Coming Plague, p. 123.
8. World Bank, OECD statistics (http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.IN?view=chart).
Chapter 3
1. Rob Fowler, “Ebola Diaries: Fighting an Uphill Battle,” World Health Organization, April 2014 (www.who.int/features/2015/ebola-diaries-fowler/en/).
2. Stéphane Hugonnet, “Hitting the Ground Running,” World Health Organization, March 2015 (www.who.int/features/2015/ebola-diaries-hugonnet/en/).
3. Jeffrey Stern, “Hell in the Hot Zone,” Vanity Fair, September 11, 2014.
4. Quoted in “ ‘Ebola Not in Liberia,’ ” Liberian Observer, March 27, 2014.
5. Quoted in ibid.
6. Stern, “Hell in the Hot Zone.”
7. Quoted in “Liberia Needs US$1.2M to Contain Ebola,” Liberian Observer, March 28, 2014.
8. Fowler, “Ebola Diaries.”
9. “How Ebola Roared Back,” New York Times, December 29, 2014.
10. Cristiana Salvi, “Ebola Diaries: Regaining the People’s Trust,” World Health Organization, April 2014 (www.who.int/features/2015/ebola-diaries-salvi/en/).
Chapter 4
1. As posted on Twitter @HaertlG, April 1, 2014 (https://twitter.com/HaertlG/status/451023126185672704).
2. “How Ebola Roared Back,” New York Times, December 29, 2014.
3. Ibid.
4. Lisa George, “CDC Steps Up Response to Ebola Outbreak in West Africa,” August 13, 2014 (http://news.wabe.org/post/cdc-steps-response-ebola-outbreak-west-africa).
5. “How Ebola Roared Back.”
6. Ibid.
7. Ibid.
8. Richard Preston, “Inside the Ebola Wars,” New Yorker, October 27, 2014.
Chapter 5
1. “How Ebola Roared Back,” New York Times, December 29, 2014.
2. Helene Sandbu Ryeng, “Harisson Sakilla: Liberia’s First Ebola Survivor,” medium.com, April 15, 2015 (https://medium.com/ebola-stories/harisson-sakilla-liberia-s-first-ebola-survivor-881309013a61).
3. Richard Preston, “Inside the Ebola Wars,” New Yorker, October 27, 2014.
4. Madeline Drexler, “On The Ground: Alumnus Battles the Nightmare in Liberia,” Harvard Public Health Magazine, December 16, 2014 (www.hsph.harvard.edu/magazine/magazine_article/the-ebola-response/).
Chapter 6
1. Joshua Hammer, “My Nurses Are Dead and I Don’t Know If I’m Already Infected,” medium.com, January 12, 2015 (https://medium.com/matter/did-sierra-leones-hero-doctor-have-to-die-1c1de004941e).
2. Quoted in “Interview: Sierra Leone’s Ebola Doctor Feared for His Life,” Politico SL, May 8, 2014 (http://freemediasl.com/articles/interview-sierra-leones-ebola-doctor-feared-his-life).
3. Erika Check Hayden, “Infectious Disease: Ebola’s Lost Ward,” Nature, September 24, 2014.
4. Ibid.
5. Quoted in “Interview: Sierra Leone’s Ebola Doctor.”
6. Hayden, “Infectious Disease.”
7. Denise Grady and Sheri Fink, “Tracing Ebola’s Outbreak to an African 2-Year-Old,” New York Times, August 10, 2014.
8. Hayden, “Infectious Disease.”
9. Hammer, “My Nurses Are Dead.”
10. Ibid.
11. Ibid.
Chapter 7
1. Folasade Ogunsola, “How Nigeria Beat the Ebola Virus in Three Months,” theconversation.com, May 13, 2015 (http://theconversation.com/how-nigeria-beat-the-ebola-virus-in-three-months-41372).
2. World Health Organization, “Nigeria Is Now Free of Ebola Virus Transmission,” press release, October 20, 2014 (http://who.int/mediacentre/news/ebola/20-october-2014/en/).
3. Michael Daly, “How Bureaucrats Let Ebola Spread to Nigeria,” DailyBeast.com, August 14, 2014.
4. Ibid.
5. Katherine Harmon Courage, “How Did Nigeria Quash Its Ebola Outbreak So Quickly?” Scientific American, October 18, 2014.
6. Daly, “How Bureaucrats Let Ebola Spread.”
7. Will Ross, “Ebola Crisis: How Nigeria’s Dr. Adadevoh Fought the Virus,” BBC News, October 20, 2014 (www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-29696011).
8. Courage, “How Did Nigeria Quash Its Ebola Outbreak?”
9. F. O. Fasina and others, “Transmission Dynamics and Control of Ebola Virus Disease Outbreak in Nigeria, July to September 2014,” Eurosurveillance 19, no. 4 (October 9, 2014) (http://eurosurveillance.org/images/dynamic/EE/V19N40/art20920.pdf).
10. Daly, “How Bureaucrats Let Ebola Spread.”
11. Courage, “How Did Nigeria Quash Its Ebola Outbreak?”
12. Fasina and others, “Transmission Dynamics and Control of Ebola Virus.”
Chapter 8
1. Lisa Abbott, “Notable Alumni: Dr. Kent Brantly,” Heritage Christian School (www.heritagechristian.net/discover/notable-alumnni/post/~board/notable-alumni/post/kent-brantly).
2. Brenda Goodman, “The Race to Save Dr. Brantly: The Inside Story,” WebMD.com, September 12, 2014 (www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/news/20140912/saving-kent-brantly#1).
3. “Ebola Survivor Nancy Writebol: All Doctors Could Say Was ‘We Are So Sorry,’ ” NBC News, September 3, 2014 (www.nbcnews.com/storyline/ebola-virus-outbreak/ebola-survivor-nancy-writebol-all-doctors-could-say-was-we-n194361).
4. Alexandra Zavis, “Ebola Doctor’s Dilemma: Two Patients, and Drugs Enough for One,” Los Angeles Times, December 24, 2014.
5. Goodman, “The Race to Save Dr. Brantly.”
6. Richard Preston, “Inside the Ebola Wars,” New Yorker, October 27, 2014.
7. Zavis, “Ebola Doctor’s Dilemma.”
8. Ibid.
9. Goodman, “The Race to Save Dr. Brantly.”
10. Preston, “Inside the Ebola Wars.”
11. Zavis, “Ebola Doctor’s Dilemma.”
12. “Ebola Survivor Nancy Writebol.”
13. Zavis, “Ebola Doctor’s Dilemma.”
14. Martin Enserink, “How Two U.S. Patients Changed the Debate about Using Untested Ebola Drugs,” Science, August 7, 2014 (www.sciencemag.org/news/2014/08/how-two-us-patients-changed-debate-about-using-untested-ebola-drugs).
15. World Health Organization, “WHO to Convene Ethical Review of Experimental Treatment for Ebola,” press release, August 6, 2014 (www.who.int/mediacentre/news/statements/2014/ethical-review-ebola/en/).
16. Enserinak, “How Two U.S. Patients Changed the Debate.”
Chapter 9
1. Madeline Drexler, “On The Ground: Alumnus Battles the Nightmare in Liberia,” Harvard Public Health Magazine, winter 2015 issue (www.hsph.harvard.edu/magazine/magazine_article/the-ebola-response/).
2. Alexandra Zavis and Christine Mai-Duc, “Clashes Erupt as Liberia Seals Off Slum to Prevent Spread of Ebola,” Los Angeles Times, Aug. 20, 2014 (www.latimes.com/world/africa/la-fg-africa-liberia-ebola-quarantine-curfew-20140820-story.html).
3. Normitsu Onishi, “As Ebola Grips Liberia’s Capital, a Quarantine Sows Social Chaos,” New York Times, p. A1, August. 29, 2014 (www.nytimes.com/2014/08/29/world/africa/in-liberias-capital-an-ebola-outbreak-like-no-other.html).
4. Ibid.
5. Norimitsu Onishi, “Quarantine for Ebola Lifted in Liberia Slum,” New York Times, p. A4, August. 30, 2014 (https://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/30/world/africa/quarantine-for-ebola-lifted-in-liberia-slum.html).
6. World Health Organization, “Ebola in Liberia: Misery and Despair Tempered by Some Good Reasons for Hope” (www.who.int/csr/disease/ebola/ebola-6-months/liberia/en/).
7. Médecins Sans Frontières, “Liberia: MSF’s New Ebola Management Centres Already Overwhelmed,” press release, August 27, 2014 (www.msf.org/article/liberia-msf’s-new-ebola-management-centres-already-overwhelmed).
Chapter 10
1. Mark Anderson, “Ebola: Airlines Cancel More Flights to Affected Countries,” The Guardian, August 22, 2014.
2. Norimitsu Onishi, “In Liberia, Home Deaths Spread Circle of Ebola Contagion,” New York Times, September 25, 2014.
3. Michael Osterholm, “What We’re Afraid to Say about Ebola,” New York Times, September 12, 2014.
Chapter 11
1. Brady Dennis, “CDC ‘Disease Detective’ Talks about Challenges of Fighting Spread of Ebola Virus,” Washington Post, August 1, 2014.
2. Kai Kupferschmidt, “Star Statistician Hans Rosling Takes on Ebola,” Science Magazine, December 2, 2014.
1. Ross Lightsey, “Fighting Ebola: An Interagency Collaboration Paradigm,” Joint Forces Quarterly 81 (March 29, 2016).
2. United Nations, “With Spread of Ebola Outpacing Response, Security Council Adopts Resolution 2177 (2014) Urging Immediate Action, End to Isolation of Affected States,” press release, September 18, 2014 (www.un.org/press/en/2014/sc11566.doc.htm).
3. Barbara Starr, “Army Major General Speaks to CNN from inside Ebola Quarantine,” CNN, October 28, 2014 (www.cnn.com/2014/10/28/politics/starr-ebola-general-interview/index.html).
Chapter 13
1. Avi Selk, “Ebola Victim Came to Dallas to Realize His U.S. Dreams,” Dallas Morning News, October 6, 2014.
2. Bryan Burrough, “Ebola in the U.S.,” Vanity Fair, February 2015.
3. Selk, “Ebola Victim Came to Dallas.”
4. Dianna Hunt and Claire Cardona, “Hospital Had Made Preparations for Treating an Ebola Case,” Dallas Morning News, September 30, 2014.
5. Burrough, “Ebola in the U.S.”
6. Ibid.
7. Ibid.
8. Ibid.
9. Tawnell Hobbs and Paige Kerley, “Student Who Had Contact with Ebola Patient Attended Dallas School Despite Request,” Dallas Morning News, October 2, 2014.
10. Avi Selk, “Among Those Closest to Dallas Ebola Case, Confusion Reigns,” Dallas Morning News, October 2, 2014.
11. Burrough, “Ebola in the U.S.”
12. Ibid.
13. Dianna Hunt and Sherry Jacobson, “Dallas Hospital under Fire as Accounts of Ebola Patient’s Initial Release Change,” Dallas Morning News, October 4, 2014.
14. “Record Details Thomas Eric Duncan’s Last Days,” Associated Press, October 11, 2014 (www.oregonlive.com/today/index.ssf/2014/10/thomas_eric_duncans_final_days.html).
15. Burrough, “Ebola in the U.S.”
16. Dan Morse, “Nina Pham, Nurse Who Contracted Ebola, Is Now Free of Virus and Leaves NIH,” Washington Post, October 24, 2014.
17. Burrough, “Ebola in the U.S.”
18. Alan Blinder, “Amber Joy Vinson, Dallas Nurse Treated for Ebola, Is Released from Hospital,” New York Times, October 28, 2014.
1. Michael Osterholm, “What We’re Afraid to Say about Ebola,” New York Times, September 12, 2014.
2. Craig Spencer, “Having and Fighting Ebola: Public Health Lessons from a Clinician Turned Patient,” New England Journal of Medicine 372 (March 19, 2015), pp. 1089–91 (www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp1501355).
3. Tom Frieden, the head of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, had spent seven years running New York City’s health department before President Obama tapped him for the job in Atlanta.
4. “Kaci Hickox, Maine Nurse Who Defied Quarantine, Details Ebola Mission,” video, Bangor Daily News, January 6, 2015 (http://bangordailynews.com/2015/01/06/health/kaci-hickox-maine-nurse-who-defied-quarantine-speaks-out-about-ebola-mission/).
5. Anemona Hartocollis and Emma Fitzsimmons, “Tested Negative for Ebola, Nurse Criticizes Her Quarantine,” New York Times, October 26, 2014.
6. Naheed Rajwani, “UTA Grad Isolated at New Jersey Hospital as Part of Ebola Quarantine,” Dallas Morning News, October 25, 2014.
7. Sara Fischer, “Christie’s Office: Quarantined Woman Headed to Maine,” CNN, October 27, 2014 (www.cnn.com/2014/10/26/politics/ebola-quarantine-christie-white-house/index.html).
8. Sarah Dutton, Jennifer De Pinto, and others, “Do Americans Believe There Should Be a Quarantine to Deal with Ebola?” CBS News, October 29, 2014 (www.cbsnews.com/news/do-americans-believe-there-should-be-a-quarantine-to-deal-with-ebola/).
9. Monmouth University, “NJ: Gov. Christie Gets High Marks on Ebola,” Monmouth University Poll, November 6, 2014 (www.monmouth.edu/assets/0/32212254770/32212254991/32212254992/32212254994/32212254995/40802189893/fd2f1e6ea751402a849adccc57a30ec5.pdf).
Chapter 17
1. Norimitsu Onishi, “In Liberia, Home Deaths Spread Circle of Ebola Contagion,” New York Times, September 25, 2014.
2. Kevin Sack and others, “How Ebola Roared Back,” New York Times, December 29, 2014.
3. Alice Urban, “A Year of Response: Liberia Country Director Piet deVries Reflects on Global Communities’ Fight Against Ebola,” Global Communities, March 12, 2015 (www.globalcommunities.org/node/38063).
4. Onishi, “In Liberia, Home Deaths Spread.”
5. Lucy Draper, “Frontline Health Workers Were Sidelined in $3.3bn Fight Against Ebola,” Newsweek, May 19, 2015 (www.newsweek.com/ebolasierra-leoneliberiaguineawest-africawhoworld-health-organisation-604666).
6. Ibid.
1. Lucy Draper, “Frontline Health Workers Were Sidelined in $3.3bn Fight Against Ebola,” Newsweek, May 19, 2015.
2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Outbreaks Chronology: Ebola Virus Disease” (www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/outbreaks/history/chronology.html#modalIdString_outbreaks).
3. Norimitsu Onishi, “Empty Ebola Clinics in Liberia Are Seen as Misstep in U.S. Relief Effort,” New York Times, April 12, 2015.
4. For Obama’s full remarks, see “Remarks by the President on America’s Leadership in the Ebola Fight,” White House, Office of the Press Secretary, February 11, 2015 (https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2015/02/11/remarks-president-americas-leadership-ebola-fight).
Chapter 19
1. Seema Yasmin, “Why Ebola Survivors Struggle with New Symptoms,” Scientific American, February 29, 2016 (www.scientificamerican.com/article/why-ebola-survivors-struggle-with-new-symptoms/).
2. Jim Wappes, “Studies on Ebola Survivors Show Range of Complications,” Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy, University of Minnesota, February 25, 2016 (www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2016/02/studies-ebola-survivors-show-range-complications).
3. “Recovering from the Ebola Crisis,” report issued by the United Nations, World Bank, European Union, and the African Development Bank (http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/librarypage/crisis-prevention-and-recovery/recovering-from-the-ebola-crisis---full-report.html).
4. Robbie Corey-Boulet, “Oxfam: $1.9B in Ebola Aid Not Delivered by Donors,” Associated Press, January 31, 2016 (www.sltrib.com/home/3482655-155/oxfam-19b-in-ebola-aid-not).
5. World Bank, “World Bank Group Ebola Response Fact Sheet,” brief, April 6, 2016 (www.worldbank.org/en/topic/health/brief/world-bank-group-ebola-fact-sheet).
6. Richard Davey and others, “A Randomized, Controlled Trial of ZMapp for Ebola Virus Infection,” New England Journal of Medicine 375 (October 13, 2016), pp. 1448–56 (http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1604330).
7. Daouda Sissoko and others, “Experimental Treatment with Favipiravir for Ebola Virus Disease (the JIKI Trial): A Historically Controlled, Single-Arm Proof-of-Concept Trial in Guinea,” PLOS Medicine, March 1, 2016 (http://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1001967).
8. Travis Warren and others, “Protection against Filovirus Diseases by a Novel Broad-Spectrum Nucleoside Analogue BCX4430,” Nature 508 (April 17, 2014), pp. 402–5 (www.nature.com/nature/journal/v508/n7496/full/nature13027.html).
9. Sarah Boseley, “Untested Ebola Drug Given to Patients in Sierra Leone Causes UK Walkout,” The Guardian, December 22, 2014 (www.theguardian.com/world/2014/dec/22/ebola-untested-drug-patients-sierra-leone-uk-staff-leave).
10. Robert Roos, “Trial Suggests Potential for Sequential Use of 2 Ebola Vaccines,” Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy, University of Minnesota, April 20, 2016 (www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2016/04/trial-suggests-potential-sequential-use-2-ebola-vaccines).
11. Ana Maria Henao-Restrepo and others, “Efficacy and Effectiveness of an rVSV-vectored Vaccine Expressing Ebola Surface Glycoprotein: Interim Results from the Guinea Ring Vaccination Cluster-randomised Trial,” Lancet, July 31, 2015 (www.thelancet.com/pb/assets/raw/Lancet/pdfs/S0140673615611175.pdf).
12. Ana Maria Henao-Restrepo and others, “Efficacy and Effectiveness of an rVSV-vectored Vaccine in Preventing Ebola Virus Disease: Final Results from the Guinea Ring Vaccination, Open-label, Cluster-randomised Trial (Ebola Ca Sufit!),” Lancet, December 22, 2016 (www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(16)32621-6/fulltext).
13. World Health Organization, “Final Trial Results Confirm Ebola Vaccine Provides High Protection against Disease,” press release, December 23, 2016 (www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2016/ebola-vaccine-results/en/).
14. Milagritos Tapia and others, “Use of ChAd3-EBO-Z Ebola Virus Vaccine in Malian and US Adults, and Boosting of Malian Adults with MVA-BN-Filo,” Lancet Infectious Diseases 16, no. 1 (January 2016), pp. 31–42.
15. Norimitsu Onishi, “Empty Ebola Clinics in Liberia Are Seen as Misstep in U.S. Relief Effort,” New York Times, April 12, 2015.
16. World Health Organization, “Report of the Ebola Interim Assessment Panel” (www.who.int/csr/resources/publications/ebola/report-by-panel.pdf).
17. World Bank, “Ebola: Most African Countries Avoid Major Economic Loss but Impact on Guinea, Liberia, Sierra Leone Remains Crippling,” press release, January 20, 2015 (www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2015/01/20/ebola-most-african-countries-avoid-major-economic-loss-but-impact-on-guinea-liberia-sierra-leone-remains-crippling).
Chapter 20
1. Veronica Sikka and others, “The Emergence of Zika Virus as a Global Health Security Threat,” Journal of Global Infectious Diseases 8, no. 1 (February 11, 2016), pp. 3–15.
2. Jeffrey Taubenberger and David Morens, “1918 Influenza: The Mother of All Pandemics,” Emerging Infectious Diseases 12, no. 1 (January 2006), pp. 15–22 (wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/12/1/05-0979_article).