¹ Austria, France, Iran, Italy, Japan, Kazakhstan, Lebanon, Norway, Portugal, Romania, Saudi Arabia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland. At the time of writing, Italy had started the process of ratification.

² Juan Jose Quintana, ‘The International Court of Justice and the Formulation of General International Law: The Law of Maritime Delimitation as an Example’ in Muller et al (eds), The International Court of Justice: Its Future Role after Fifty Years (Martinus 1997), 367, 369 (‘the dicta by the ICJ is unanimously considered the best formulation of the contents of international law in force … not only by authors but also by states and by international tribunals themselves’).

³ Democratic Republic of the Congo v FG Hemisphere Associates [2011] HKCFA 41.