INDEX

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Abu Dhabi (U.A.E.)

Abungu, George

Accademia (Venice, Italy)

acquisition: criteria for; provenance; quality in; as self-reflexive; through colonialism; universal humanist mission and. See also collections; looted art

Acropolis

Adam, T. R.

Address on the Practical Value of the American Museum (Cesnola)

admission charges: advent of; attendance and; at blockbusters; elitism and; free; Gilman's resistance to; increases in

advertising

Aegina Marbles

aestheticism

African Americans

African art: display philosophy regarding; increased interest in; museums; provenance of; restitution/repatriation issues; trafficking in

African Masterpieces from the Musée de l'Homme exhibition (MoMA; 1985)

African Negro Art exhibition (MoMA; 1935)

Africa: The Art of a Continent exhibition (London; 1995)

Albani collection

Albini, Franco

Albright Gallery (Buffalo, N.Y.)

Aldrovandi, Ulisse

Alexandre, Arsène

Alexandria (Egypt), mouseion at

Algarotti, Francesco

All Sorts and Conditions of Men (Besant)

Al-Saud. See Saud

Altarpiece of St. John the Baptist and St. John the Evangelist (Memling)

Alte Pinakothek (Munich, Germany)

Altes Museum (Berlin, Germany): architecture of; art/architecture synthesis at; collections of; Louvre influence on; mission of; opening of; popularity of

Altman, Benjamin

American Association of Museums; commercialism debated at; conference (Met; 1917); corporate sponsorship guidelines issued by; first post-WWII meeting of (1946); Hoving's address to

American Association of Museums (continued) (1968); indigenous museums and; Museums for a New Century; protest at meeting of; restitution/repatriation issues and

Anacostia Museum (Washington, D.C.)

Ando, Tadeo: art/architecture dichotomy and; light as treated by; museum construction boom and; museums designed by

Andreae, Johann Valentin

Angerstein, John Julius

antimaterialism

Antwerp (Belgium)

Apollo Belvedere

Appiah, Kwame Anthony

applied arts. See decorative arts

Arc du Carrousel (Paris, France)

Archipenko, Alexander

The Architect and the Industrial Arts exhibition (Met; 1929)

architecture, art museum; additions and; antimodernist backlash; art/architecture dichotomy; art/architecture synthesis; Beaux Arts!; civic/symbolic value of; classical temples; collections and; display and; expansion space allowed in; functionalism in; high attendance and (see Bilbao effect); historical origins of; internal flexibility of; modernist; monumentality in; multiculturalism reflected in; new, debate over; “nonarchitectural,” Pompidou era; traditional values in

architecture, commercial

Arch of Titus (Rome, Italy)

Argentina

Aristotle

Armani, Giorgio

Arnold, Matthew; on culture and education; on culture and social class; on culture as unifier; influence on museums; materialism feared by

art: African objects displayed as, commerce and; commodification of; in department stores; entertainment vs.; as global phenomenon; historicity of; non-European, L44; “politicization” of; postmodern; purpose of; restorative powers of; smuggling of

art academies

art appreciation: courses; public preferences for; as useful recreation

art collectors

art history; revisionist, H5; university courses in

Art in Our Time exhibition (MoMA; New York, N.Y.; 1939)

Art Institute of Chicago

“Art-in-Trade” expositions

artists, as museum public

Art Loss Register

Art Museum in America, The (Pach)

art museums: Cold War and democratization of; diversity in; functions of, i; mission statements of (see also universal humanist mission); popularity of; power structure within; as ritualized religious structures; as shopping malls; as sites for international dialogue; as sites for moral improvement; as theme parks; as tombs; as utopian spaces-ii; as Western invention; WWI and; WWII and

Art of the Middle Ages exhibition (Boston MFA; 1945)

Arts and Crafts movement

Art Treasures Exhibition (Manchester, England; 1857)

Art Union of London

Art Workers' Coalition (AWC)

Asian art: cultural diversity programs and; display philosophy regarding; museums; provenance of; trafficking in

Asia Society (New York, N.Y.)

Association of Art Museum Directors

Atlanta (Ga.)

attendance: admission charges and; at blockbusters; commercialism and; economic reasons for promoting; educational programming and; minority visitation targets; permanent collections and; social class and; temporary exhibitions and

Atwood, Charles B.

audience research

audiovisual aids

Augustus III (king of Poland, elector of Saxony)

Aulenti, Gae

Australian Aboriginal materials, museums and

Austria

Bach, Richard

Bacon, Francis

Baczko, Bronislaw

Baltimore Museum of Art

Bamberger, Louis

Bann, Stephen

Barbier, Luc

Barcelona (Spain)

Bargrave, John

Barnes, Alfred

Barnes, Edward Larrabee

Barnett, Henrietta

Barnett, Samuel

Barr, Alfred: display philosophy of; exhibitions organized by; modern art flowchart devised by; modernist architecture and; on MoMA Native American exhibition (1941)

Barthes, Roland

Bataille, Georges

Baudrillard, Jean

Baule: African Art/Western Eyes exhibition (1997)

Bavarian Museum (Munich, Germany)

Bazin, Germain

Beach, Milo

Beaux Arts museum design

Beha, Ann

Bel Geddes, Norman

Belgium

Bellagio Resort (Las Vegas, Nev.)

Belvedere Palace (Vienna, Austria)

Benin Bronzes

Benjamin, Walter

Bennett, Tony

Benoist, Luc

Berkheim, Carl Christian

Berlin (Germany)

Berthault, Pierre-Gabriel, Triumphal Entry of the Monuments of the Arts and Sciences

Besant, Walter

Beyeler Foundation (Basel, Switzerland)

Bhaba, Homi

Bigelow, William

Bilbao effect: backlash against; defined; success of; urban planning and; worldwide imitation efforts

Birmingham (England)

The Birth of Impressionism exhibition (Glasgow, Scotland; 1997)

Black Emergency Cultural Coalition (BECC)

Black Panthers

Blair, Tony

Blake, Peter

blockbuster exhibitions: admission fees at; advantages/disadvantages of; advertising for; corporate sponsorship of; costs of mounting; defined; era of; first; public taste and; restitution/repatriation issues at; rise of; shifting museum priorities regarding; shops accompanying; at small museums

Bloomingdale's (department store)

Bode, Wilhelm von

Boissy d'Anglas, François Antoine de

Bologna, Armistice of (1796)

Borel, Pierre

Borghese Warrior

Botta, Mario

Boullée, Etienne-Louis; influence of; museum plans of; postmodernism and

Bourdieu, Pierre

bourgeoisie

Boymans Museum (Rotterdam, Netherlands), !3°

branch museums. See also specific branch

Breck, Joseph

Brera (Milan, Italy)

Breuer, Marcel

Brigham, Charles

British Museum; alternative museums and; display philosophy at; Great Court; Louvre influence on; minority visitation targets at; mission statement of; as repository of global heritage; restitution/repatriation issues at; Rosetta Stone in; 250th anniversary of. See also Elgin Marbles

British Parliament

Brooklyn (N.Y.), Seminar on Neighborhood Museums

Brooklyn Museum (Brooklyn, N.Y.); commercial orientation of; corporate sponsorship at; display philosophy at; expansion space allowed in; populism at

Brown, J. Carter

Bryant, William Cullen

Buffalo Museum of Science

Buffon, Georges Louis Leclerc, comte de

Bunshaft, Gordon

Burke, Edmund

Burlington Magazine

Burtin, François-Xavier de

Byron, George Gordon Byron, Baron

Cachin, Françoise

Calatrava, Santiago

Campanella, Tomasso

Campin, Robert

Canaday, John

Canaletto

Canova, Antonio

capitalism

Carnegie, Andrew

Carter, Holland

Cassatt, Mary

Centennial Exposition (Philadelphia, Pa.; 1876)

Center for African Art (New York, N.Y.)

Cesnola, Luigi di

Cézanne, Paul

Chalcographie Nationale

Chanel, House of

Chicago (Ill.): Century of Progress Fair (1933); Columbian Exposition (1893); public outreach programs in

Childe Harold's Pilgrimage (Byron)

China

Chinati Foundation (Marfa, Tex.)

Chirac, Jacques

Choiseul-Gouffier, Marie-Gabriel de, comte

Christianopolis (Andreae)

Church of Notre-Dame (Bruges, Belgium)

Cincinnati Art Museum (Cincinnati, Ohio)

Circa 1492 exhibition (National Gallery; Washington, D.C.; 1992)

City Beautiful movement

City of the Sun (Campanella)

civil rights movement

Clark Art Institute

Clark, Kenneth

classification; artist/chronology; clarification of; early modern paradigms; floor plans and; modern methods; nonhierarchical; postmodern awareness of; public and M9; school/history; significance of

class, social: collecting/display patterns and; culture and; museum attendance and; museum critique and. See also elite; elitism; middle class; working class

Clerides, Glafcos

Cleveland Art Museum

Clifford, James

Clinton, William Jefferson

Cloisters, The (New York, N.Y.)

Clore Gallery (Tate Britain)

Cold War

Cole, Henry: influence of; on museums vs. fairs; as South Kensington Museum founder; Victorian ideals of. See also South Kensington Museum

Coleman, Laurence

Coles, Robert

Colisée (Paris, France)

collections; acquisition criteria, iii; arrangement of; attendance and; blockbuster exhibitions and; commercialism and; display decisions; as Eurocentric—15; imperial, management of; multiculturalism and; museum architecture and; museum democratization and; as museum priority; overcrowded; public education vs.; as recreation; significance of; traveling. See also acquisition; classification; display; non-European collections

Collector's Living Room (installation; Wilson)

colonialism: cultural treasures acquired through; display philosophy and; interest in world art traditions expanded through; restitution/repatriation issues and

Colonial Williamsburg (Williamsburg, Va.)

Columbian Exposition (Chicago, Ill.; 1893)

commercialism; advantages/disadvantages of; aestheticism vs.; controversy over; defined; department store/museum collaborations; design exhibitions; historical perspective; increases in; museum architecture and; museum democratization and; museum popularity and; press coverage of; public attitudes toward; utilitarianism and. See also blockbuster exhibitions; corporate sponsorship; shops/restaurants, museum

Commission on African and Asian Heritage (UK)

communist museology

comparative hangs

concerts

Condillac, Etienne Bonnot de

Condorcet, Jean-Antoine-Nicolas de Caritat, marquis de

Conference on Holocaust-Era Assets (Washington, D.C.; 1998)

Conn, Steven

consumer society

Contemporary Voices exhibition (MoMA; 2005)

contextualization: at applied arts museum; confiscated art and!; of non-European art; suppression of; of Western art, See also period rooms/settings

Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property (1970)

Coolidge, Charles

Coolidge, John

Coomaraswamy, Ananda

copyists

corporate sponsorship: benefits of; of blockbusters; censorship and; conflicts of interest in; increases in; of museums, controversy over; public attitudes toward

Correggio, Antonio da, St. Jerome

cosmopolitanism

Cosmopolitanism: Ethics in a World of Strangers (Appiah)

Cospi, Ferdinando

Courtauld Gallery (London, England)

Coypel, Charles-Antoine

Cram, Ralph Adams

Cret, Paul

Crimp, Douglas

Cross, Henri-Edmond

Crystal Palace (London)

culture: common, as replacement for religion; democratization of; urban renewal and

Culture and Anarchy (Arnold)

culture wars

Cummings, Carlos

Cuno, James

curators, museum: “art first” ideals of; collection improvement by, H3; commercialism and; diversity and; as elite; etymology of; in museum hierarchy; professional museum conferences and; professional, rise of; relationship with public; wall labels signed by

curiosity cabinets

Cuypers, P. J. H.

Cyprus

Dale, Chester

Dallas Art Museum (Dallas, Tex.)

D'Amico, Victor

Dana, John Cotton: on curators and public; on department stores and art; educational programming of; influence of; Low on; utilitarian ideals of. See also Newark Museum

Darbel, Alain

Daumier, Honoré

David, Jacques-Louis

Dayton Art Institute (Dayton, Ohio)

Deane, Thomas

“Declaration on the Importance and Value of Universal Museums” (2002); text

decorative arts: display philosophy regarding (see also period rooms/settings); exhibitions; “high” arts distinguished from; museums (see also South Kensington Museum)

Degas, Edgar

Degenerate Art exhibition (Munich, Germany; 1937)

democratization of museums; commercialism and; controversy over; during Enlightenment; postmodernism and; during Progressive era; shifting museum priorities regarding; Victorian ideals and. See also education programs, museum-based

Denmark

Denon, Dominique-Vivant

Denver (Colo.)

department stores: museum collaborations with; as museum rivals; origins of; as source of artistic inspiration

Descartes, René

Design Afoot exhibition (San Francisco MoMA; 1995–2000)

design exhibitions

design schools

Des Moines Art Center (Des Moines, Iowa)

Destrée, Jules

Detroit Institute of Arts (Detroit, Mich.)

Deutsche Bank

De Young Museum (San Francisco, Calif.)

D'Harnoncourt, René

Dia: Beacon (New York, N.Y.)

Dillis, Georg von

display; alternative installations; architecture and; cultural criteria behind; debate over; early modern paradigms; functionalist emphasis on; of masterpieces; modern methods; museum fatigue and; as museum priority; of non-European art; non-European vs. European art; period rooms/settings; postmodern; public education programs and; showmanship and; significance of; simplification of; theme-oriented. See also contextualization; lighting; non-European collections; wall labels

diversity: in museum audiences; in museum collections; targets. See also multiculturalism

docent programs/tours

Dresden (Germany)

Drexler, Arthur

Dreyfuss, Henry

Duccio di Buoninsegna; Madonna and Child; Maestà

Duffus, R. L.

Dulwich College Picture Gallery

Duncan, Carol

Dunhuang (China)

Dürand, Jean-Nicolas-Louis

Dusseldorf (Germany)

Duveen, Joseph

École centrale d'architecture (Paris, France)

École Royale Gratuite de Dessin (Paris, France)

Ecomuseums

education programs, museum-based; architecture and; audiovisual aids; branch museums; classes; collection priorities vs.; conservative attitudes toward; criticism of; display improvements for; docent programs/tours; growth of; humanist mission behind; museum attendance and; public access and; public preferences for; shifting museum priorities regarding; social connection stressed in; staff profes-sionalization

educators

Egypt: blockbuster exhibitions and; restitution/repatriation issues in

Egyptian Museum (Berlin, Germany)

Eisenhower, Dwight D.

Electoral Gallery (Dusseldorf, Germany)

Elgin Marbles: British acquisition of; in British Museum; critical reception of; defined; as European heritage; Louvre and; repatriation demanded for

Elgin, Thomas Bruce earl of

elite, as art public

elitism

Elliot Marbles

Elliot, Walter

Ellis, Adrian

Elsen, Albert

encyclopedic museums

England: display strategies in; minority visitation targets in; museum attendance in; postmodern installations in; repatriation of Napoleonic booty and

Enlightenment: classification methods; confiscated art and; Louvre and; museum architecture and; Napoleon and; public/art relationship during; utopianism during

entertainment

Entretiens (Félibien)

ethnic museumsm

ethnography museums

Euphronios Krater

Eustace, John

Excellence and Equity

exhibitions; conservative attitudes toward; corporate sponsorship and early; experimental; as interventions; Islamic art; museum democratization and; popularization of; provenance displayed at; public, advent of; restitution/ repatriation and; revenue from; shifting museum priorities regarding; socially oriented; theme-oriented; traveling; during WWII. See also blockbuster exhibitions

ExitCongoMuseum exhibition (Tervuren, Belgium; 2000)

Exposition Internationale (Paris; 1937)

Fabianski, Marcin

Fairbanks, Arthur

Fairbrother, Trevor

Falk, Peter

Family of Man exhibition (MoMA, N.Y.; 1955)

Félibien, André

Fenollosa, Ernest

Field Museum of Natural History (Chicago, Ill.)

Fifteenth-Century Tuscan Sculpture exhibition (Berlin; ca. 1904)

Findlen, Paula

Fine Arts Palace (Chicago Columbian Exposition; 1893)

Fisher, Philip

Flaubert, Gustave

Flavin, Dan

floor plans

Focillon, Henri

Fogg Museum (Harvard University)

Fort Worth (Tex.)

Foster, Norman

Foucault, Michel

French Revolution

Frick, Henry Clay

Friedrich III, Kaiser

“Friends of Steve” advertising campaign

Friésé, Charles

Fry, Roger

galleries: functionalism in; simplification of; single-artist; “white cube”

Gallery of Hôryûji Treasures (Tokyo, Japan)

Gardner, Isabella Stewart

Gates, Jay

“gazing museums”

Gehry, Frank. See also Guggenheim Museum (Bilbao, Spain)

General Motors Pavilion (World's Fair; 1939)

Geneva Convention

German Art of the Twentieth Century exhibition (Royal Academy; London; 1985)

Germanic Museum (Nuremburg, Germany)

Germany: decorative arts museums in; museum autonomy in; museum reform in; museum traditions in; Napoleonic art confiscation from; Nazi-era loot in. See also Nazi Germany

Gesta Grayorum (Bacon)

Getty Museum (Los Angeles, Calif.): architecture of; collections of; commercialism and; restitution/repatriation issues at

Gilman, Benjamin Ives: as aestheticist; Boston MFA democratization initiatives of; on democratization of museums; influence of; on labels vs. exhibits; on money and art; museum architecture and; on museum fatigue; on museums and humanitarianism; opposition to; skiascope of; South Kensington method criticized by. See also Museum of Fine Arts (Boston, Mass.)

Giotto, Saint Francis

Giuliani, Rudolph

Glasgow Museums (Glasgow, Scotland)

Glyptothek (Munich, Germany)

Goldberger, Paul

Gondoin, Jacques

Goode, George Brown

Goodwin & Stone

Goodwin, Philip

Goodyear, A. Conger

Gopnik, Adam

Gorham Corporation

Goudstikker collection (Amsterdam, Netherlands)

Gould, Stephen Jay

Great Depression

Great Exhibition of 1851 (London, England)

Greece, Elgin Marbles repatriation and

Greeley, Horace

Green & Wicks

Greenberg, Clement

Greenblatt, Stephen

Greenwood, Thomas

Grégoire, Abbé

Grimm, Jacob

Gros, Antoine-Jean

Guarded View (mixed media display; Wilson)

Guatemala

Guerilla Girls

Guggenheim/Hermitage (Las Vegas, Nev.)

Guggenheim Museum (Bilbao, Spain): architecture of; art/architecture dichotomy at; backlash against; civic orientation of; museum construction boom and; popularity of. See also Bilbao effect

Guggenheim Museum (New York, N.Y.); architecture of; art/architecture dichotomy at; branch construction; commercialism at; corporate sponsorship at; Haacke exhibition canceled at; humanist mission of; opening of

Guggenheim, Solomon

Guild of St. George

Haacke, Hans

Hadid, Zaha

Hagedorn, C. L. von

Hague Convention

Hamburg (Germany)

Hamilton, George Heard

Hamilton, William Richard

Hanks, Nancy

Harlem on My Mind exhibition (Met; New York, N.Y.; 69)

Harvard Design School Guide to Shopping (ed. Inala and Koolhas)

Harvard University: Fogg Museum; museum conference at (1988); Museum Course at; Sackler Museum

Harvey, Emily Dennis

Haskell, Francis

Hatshepsut statue, repatriation of

Hautecoeur, Louis

Hawas, Zahi

Hawkinson, Tim

Hawley, Anne

Haydon, Benjamin Robert

Hayward Gallery (London, England)

Hazlitt, William

Hearn, George

Herkomer, Hubert von

Hermitage (St. Petersburg, Russia)

Herzog & de Meuron

He Shuzhong

Hess, Dame Myra

Hess, John

Heyman, I. Michael

High Museum (Atlanta, Ga.)

Hip-Hop Nation exhibition (Brooklyn Museum; 2000)

Hirshhorn Museum (Washington, D.C.)

Hirt, Alois

history museums

Hitchcock, Henry-Russell

Hobhouse, John Cam

Hoffman, Frederick

Holl, Steven

Holocaust

Holocaust Museum (Washington, D.C.)

Hood, Raymond

Horniman Museum (London, England)

House, John

House of Chanel

Houston, Abigail

Hoving, Thomas: curatorial response to; as social activist; socially relevant blockbusters organized by

Howe, George

Howe, Thomas Carr

Hughes, Robert

Hulten, Pontus

humanism. See universal humanist mission

Humboldt, Wilhelm von

Huntington, Henry

Hutchinson, Charles

Huyghe, René

Huyssen, Andreas

Hyde, Sarah

Hyokeikan Museum (Tokyo, Japan)

IBM

Icelandic texts, repatriation of

Imperial Gallery (Vienna, Austria)

impressionism

Impressions of France exhibition (Boston MFA; 1995)

Impressions of Light exhibition (Boston MFA; 2002)

India

indigenous museums

International Council on Museums (ICOM)

International Museums Office

International Style

Introduction to Twentieth-Century Design exhibition (MoMA; 1959)

Iran Ministry of Culture

Iraq

Iraq War (2003–)

Irwin, Robert

Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum (Boston, Mass.)

Islamic art

Isozaki, Arato

Italy; classical antiquities looted from; Greek art copied in; museum privatization in; Napoleonic art confiscation in; Napoleon's campaign in. See also specific place

Ivins, William M.

James, Henry

Japan

Japan Society (New York, N.Y.)

Japonisme

Jessop, Thomas

Jeu de Paume (Paris, France)

Jevons, William Stanley

Jewish Museum (Berlin, Germany)

Jewish Museum (New York, N.Y.)

Johnson, Howard

Johnson, Philip

Judd, Donald

Julius II, Pope

Kahn, Louis

Kaiser-Friedrich Museum (Berlin, Germany)

Kant, Immanuel

Kassel (Germany)

Kaufmann, Edgar, Jr.

Kelly, Ellsworth

Kent, Henry Watson

Kersaint, Armand-Guy

Kiesler, Frederick

Kimball, Fiske

Kimbell Art Museum (Fort Worth, Tex.)

Kimmelman, Michael

Kinard, John

Kingsley, Charles

King Tut exhibition (1970s)

Klenze, Leo von

Knight, Christopher

Koolhas, Rem

Korte, Willi

Krahe, Lambert

Kramer, Hilton

Krens, Thomas

Kress, Samuel

Kröller-Müller Museum (otterlo, Netherlands)

Kunsthistorisches Museum (Vienna, Austria)

Kunst und Wunderkammer. See curiosity cabinets

labeling. See wall labels

The Label Show exhibition (Boston MFA; 1994)

Labeltalk 1996 exhibition (Williams College Museum of Art)

La Bruyère, Jean de

Landscapes of France exhibition (Hayward Gallery; London; 1995)

Lagerfeld, Karl

Lang, Jack

Las Vegas (Nev.)

Latin American art

Lawrence, Thomas

League of Nations

Leavitt, Thomas

Lebrun, Jean-Baptiste-Pierre

Le Clerc, Sébastien

Le Corbusier

Lee, Sherman

Legati, Lorenzo

Lenoir, Alexandre

Leonardo da Vinci, Ginevra de' Benci. See also Mona Lisa

Leopold Foundation (Vienna, Austria)

Lescaze, William

Letters to Miranda (Quatremère de Quincy)

Lever, Ashton

Lever Museum, Sir Ashton (London, England)

Libeskind, Daniel

Lichtwark, Alfred

lighting; alternative uses of; display philosophy and; electric/gas; museum architecture and; natural; for non-European art; public access and; Seager system; side; spot (“boutique”); top

Linnaeus, Carl

loans

Locke, John

Loewy, Raymond

loft museums

London (England): exhibitions in; Great Exhibition of 1851; museum construction in; museum investment in; public access in; terrorist attacks in; working class areas of; during WWII. See also British Museum; National Gallery; Tate entries; specific museum

London, Jack

Long, Richard, Red Slate Circle

looted art: from developing countries; in Napoleonic Louvre; Naziera; through treaty agreements; trafficking in. See also restitution/repatriation

Loring, Charles

Louis, Morris, Overhang

Louis XVI (king of France)

Louis Vuitton

Louvre Museum (Paris, France): acquisition policies at; admission charges at; artistic portrayals of; branch construction; collections of; commercialism at; decorative arts banished from; display philosophy at; Grand Gallery; inauguration of; influence of; Islamic wing; lighting at; Mona Lisa lent by; Napoleonic booty in; Napoleonic booty repatriated from; Napoleon married in; opening of; popularity of; as public museum; Pyramid; tourist market at; utopian ideals behind

Louvre II (Lens, France)

Love of Art, The (Bourdieu)

Lowry, Glenn

Low, Theodore

Luxembourg Museum (Paris, France)

Luxembourg Palace (Paris, France)

Lynes, Russell

MacGregor, Neil

Machine Art exhibition (MoMA; 1934)

Mackenzie, Frederick, The Original National Gallery at J. J. Angerstein's House, Pall Mall

Maclagen, Eric

MacLeish, Archibald

Macy's (department store)

Madrid (Spain); museum conference at (1934)

Magao Caves (Dunhuang, China)

Magiciens de la Terre exhibition (Pompidou Center; Paris, France; 1989)

Mali

Malraux, André

Manchester (England)

Mancini, Giulio

Manson, J. B.

Marie-Louise of Austria

Marron, Donald

Marshall Field's (department store)

Martin, Jean-Hubert

Mary Cassatt: Modern Woman exhibition (Boston MFA; 1998–99)

Maryland Historical Society

Massachusetts Museum of Contemporary Art

materialism

Mather, Frank Jewett

Ma, Yo-Yo

McAndrew, John

Mead, Margaret

Mechel, Chrétien de

medieval art

Meier-Graefe, Julius

Meier, Richard: on art/architecture balance; light as treated by; museum construction boom and; museums designed by

Mellon, Ailsa

Mellon, Paul

Melton, Arthur

memberships

Memling, Hans

Memling Museum (Bruges, Belgium)

Menil Collection (Houston, Tex.)

Mercati, Michele

Merchandise Mart

Mercier, Louis-Sébastien

Mercouri, Melina

Merode Altarpiece (Campin)

Merryman, John Henry

Mesoamerican antiquities

Metallotheca (Mercati)

Metalwork (installation; Wilson)

Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York, N.Y.); admission charges at; aestheticism vs. utilitarianism at; alternative museums and; attendance at; blockbuster exhibitions at; branch construction plans of; collections of; commercialism at; corporate-sponsored events at; department store collaborations with; department stores as rival to; display philosophy at; Guggenheim and; Harlem on My Mind exhibition (1969); integrated period settings at; mission of; museum democratization at; non-European collections/exhibitions at; public education programs at; restitution/repatriation issues at; technical school closed

Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin

Michelangelo, Virgin and Child (Bruges)

middle class; art museums as preserves of; culture and

Mies van der Rohe, Ludwig

Mignard, Pierre, Marquise de Seignelay and Two of Her Sons

Milton, Henry

Milwaukee Art Museum

Mining the Museum exhibition (Maryland Historical Society; 1992)

Minneapolis Institute of Art (Minneapolis, Minn.)

mission, of museums. See universal humanistmission

mission statements

Mitterand, François

Modena (Italy)

MoMA-Poll (Haacke)

Mona Lisa (painting; Leonardo da Vinci)

Moneo, Rafael

Monet, Claude; Water Lilies (1904); Water Lilies (ca. 1916)

Monet in the 90s exhibition (Boston MFA; 1990)

Monet in the 20th Century exhibition (Boston MFA; 1998)

Montebello, Philippe de: on acquisition goals; on art/architecture dichotomy; on commercialism; on corporate sponsorship; on museum priorities; on provenance research; on restitution/ repatriation; as traditionalist

Monuments, Fine Arts, and Archives (section of the Allied armies in WWII)

Morey, Charles Rufus

Morgan, J. P.

Morris & O'Connor

Morris, Rudolph

Morris, William

multiculturalism

Mumford, Lewis

Mundaneum project

Munich (Germany)

Munro, Thomas

Muschamp, Herbert

Musée Arlatan (Arles, France)

Musée Carnavalet (Paris, France)

Musée de Cluny (Paris, France)

Musée du Quai Branly (Paris, France)

Musée des Arts Décoratifs (Paris, France)

Musée des arts et métiers (Paris, France)

Musée des Beaux Arts (Caen, France) Musée d'Orsay (Paris, France)

Musée Lécuyer (Saint-Quentin, France)

Musée Mondial (Le Corbusier)

Musée Picasso (Paris, France)

Musée Royal de l'Afrique Central (Tervuren, Belgium)

Museo Correr (Venice, Italy)

Museo Cospiano (Legati)

Museo del Barrio (New York, N.Y.)

Museo Poldi Pezzoli (Milan, Italy)

museum construction; additions; cultural dialogue as trope in; increases in; museum democratization and; reasons for

Museum Course (Harvard)

museum critique; architecture; culture of; diversity and; goals of; social class and museum attendance; tropes of; as utopian

museum fatigue

Museum for a Small City (Mies van der Rohe)

The Museum: Mixed Metaphors exhibition (Seattle Art Museum; 1993)

Museum of Contemporary Art (Barcelona, Spain)

Museum of Contemporary Art (Naoshima, Japan)

Museum of Fine Arts (Boston, Mass.): admission charges at; advertising campaigns of; aestheticism vs. utilitarianism at; annual report of; architecture of; art/architecture debate at; attendance at; blockbuster exhibitions at; collections of; commercialism at; corporate sponsorship at; experimental exhibitions at; local government support of rejected; non-European collections at; partnerships; post attendance at; public education programs at; restitution/repatriation issues at; West Wing addition

Museum of Fine Arts (Houston, Tex.)

Museum of French Monuments (Paris, France)

Museum of Modern Art (Fort Worth, Tex.)

Museum of Modern Art (MoMA; New York, N.Y.): admission charges at; aestheticism of; alternative museums and; architect hired for; architecture of; Art in Our Time exhibition (1939); blockbuster exhibitions at; city views at; collections of; commercialism at; corporate sponsorship at; crowds at; design exhibitions at; display philosophy at; Family of Man exhibition (1955); Information show (1970); Internet partnership; lighting at; mission of; as museological model; museum democratization at; new building (2004); non-European exhibitions at; opening of; “Primitivism” in 20th Century Art exhibition (1984–85); thematic displays at; Timeless Aspects of Modern Art exhibition (1948–49)

Museum of Modern Art (San Francisco, Calif.)

Museum of Primitive Art (New York, N.Y.)

Museums for a New Century (1984 report)

Museum Store Association

museum tours

museum trustees

Museum without Walls (Malraux)

Nagoya Museum (Nagoya, Japan)

Al-Nahyan, Mohammed Bin Zayed

Napoleon; art confiscated by; reasoning of

National Association of Dealers in Ancient, Oriental and Primitive Art

National Endowment for the Arts (NEA)

National Gallery (London, England); advertisements of; aesthetic idealism of; collections of; commercialism at; display philosophy at; educational initiatives at; exhibitions at; influence of; Louvre influence on; original mission of; working class visits to; during WWII

National Gallery of Art (Washington, D.C.): aestheticism of; architecture of; Circa 1492 exhibition (1992); collections of; East Wing addition; floor plan for; mission statement of; Mona Lisa exhibition (1963); museum democratization at

nationalism; Elgin Marbles repatriation and

National Museum of Iraq

National Museum of the American Indian (Washington, D.C.)

National Palace Museum (Taiwan)

National Portrait Gallery (London, England)

Native American art

Native American Graves Protection Repatriation Act (NAGPRA)

Native American museums

Natural History Museum (London, England)

natural history museums

Naumann, Friedrich

Nazi Germany: art looted by; Napoleonic loot detailed by; provenance concerns and; Soviet looting in; textual interpretation in

Nefertiti bust, repatriation of

Neickel, Caspar

Nelson, Horatio Nelson, Viscount

Netherlands

Neuberger Museum (Purchase, N.Y.)

New Acropolis Museum (Athens, Greece)

Newark Museum (Newark, N.J.); commercial orientation of; education programs at; Inexpensive Objects exhibitions at; mission of; thematic displays at

New Atlantis (Bacon)

New Haven (Conn.)

New Museum of Contemporary Art (New York, N.Y.)

New National Gallery (Berlin, Germany)

Newport Harbor Museum (Newport Beach, Calif.)

Newton, Isaac

New York (N.Y.): alternative museums in; anti-museum protests in; museum construction boom in; World's Fair (1853); World's Fair (1939). See also Guggenheim Museum (New York, N.Y.); Metropolitan Museum of Art; Museum of Modern Art (MoMA; New York, N.Y.); specific museum

New York Historical Society

Nigeria

Nile, Battle of the (1798)

Nishizawa, Ryue

Nixon, Richard M.

non-European collections: contextualization suppressed; contextual settings for; criticism of; European displays contrasted with. See also African art; Asian art; Native American art; specific regional art

Nouvel, Jean

Nuremburg (Germany)

O'Doherty, Brian

Ofili, Chris, The Holy Virgin Mary

O'Keefe, Georgia

Old Masters: copying of; display of; minority populations and; modern interest in; Napoleonic confiscation of; prices of; in private/princely collections; public taste and; repatriation of

On the Aesthetic Education of Man (Schiller)

On the Museum's Ruins (Crimp)

Order of Things, The (Foucault)

Organic Design in Home Furnishings exhibition (MoMA; 1940)

Osthaus, Karl

Ottoman Empire

Oxford Museum (Oxford, England)

Pach, Walter

Paine Webber

Pakistan, development of museum in

Palais Mazarin (Paris, France)

Palazzo Bianco (Genoa, Italy)

Palazzo Publico (Bologna, Italy)

Pantheon

Paris (France): exhibition of war-damaged works of art (1916); Exposition Internationale (1937); museum fires in; museum investment in; public access in; riots (1968). See also Louvre Museum

Parker, DeWitt

Parker, Harry S., III

Parma (Italy)

Parthenon

Parthenon Marbles. See Elgin Marbles

Paul, John Dean

Paxton, Joseph

Peel, Robert

Pei, I. M., museum additions designed by; Boston MFA West Wing; commercialism and; Louvre Pyramid; rejuvenating effect of; Washington National Gallery East Wing

period rooms/settings; decline/negation of; in German WWI reinstallations; integrated settings; personal collection museums and. See also contextualization

Perl, Jed

personal collection museums

Petropoulos, Jonathan

Phidias

Philadelphia (Pa.), Centennial Exposition (1876)

Philadelphia Museum of Art (Philadelphia, Pa.): blockbuster shops at; display philosophy at; educational initiatives at; marketing initiatives at; Sixty-ninth Street Branch Museum

philanthropy

Phillips Collection (Washington, D.C.)

photomontage exhibitions

Piano, Renzo: art/architecture dichotomy and; career of; light as treated by; Menil Collection buildings designed by; museum construction boom and; Pompidou Center designed by. See also Pompidou Center

Picasso, Pablo

Piles, Roger de

Pinakothek (Munich, Germany)

Place de la Concorde, obelisk at (Paris, France)

Plans for a Contemporary Museum (Howe and Lescaze

Plato

Pollock, Jackson; Number 1 (Lavender Mist)

Polshek, James

Pompidou Center (Paris, France): admission charges at; anti-museum protests and; architecture of; city views at; civic orientation of; popularity of; postmodern influence on

Pompidou, Georges

Pope, John Russell

Portland Art Museum

postcolonialism

postmodernism; architecture; art; collection displays and; conundrums of; museum debate and; museum democratization and

Prado (Madrid, Spain)

Prague (Czech Republic), international popular arts congress in (1926)

Prendergast, Maurice

Prenner, Anton Joseph von

Preston (England)

Prichard, Matthew

Primitivism: High and Low exhibition (1991)

“Primitivism” in 20th Century Art exhibition (MoMA; 1984–85)

private/princely collections; Jewish, WWII looting of; Old Masters in; opening of, to public

Progressive era, museum democratization during

provenance

P.S. I (New York, N.Y.)

Ptolemy

public, museum-going; artists as; audience surveys of; bourgeois; classification and; commercialism as viewed by; elite as; ridicule of; teenagers as; tourists as. See also diversity

public museums: admission charges at; advent of; personal collection museums vs.; privatization of; restitution/repatriation issues at

public outreach programs; branch museums; financial support for; minority populations and; shifting museum priorities regarding

public schools, art programs in

Pulitzer Foundation of the Arts (St. Louis, Mo.)

Punch (satirical magazine)

Quadracci Pavilion (Milwaukee Art Museum)

Quatremère de Quincy, Antoine Chrysostome

Quicchelberg, Samuel

Raphael: displays of; educational programming and; in private collections; works: Madonna of the Pinks; School of Athens; Sistine Madonna; Spozalizio; Transfiguration

Rathbone, Perry

Reagan, Ronald

Rea, Paul

Rebay, Hilla

Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn; Nightwatch

Rembrandt Self-Portraits exhibition (National Gallery; London; 1999)

Renaissance: Italian; exhibition (1930); museum architecture and; patronage system during

Renoir, Pierre-Auguste

Rensselaer, Mariana van

repatriation. See restitution/repatriation

reproductions

respite, museums as

restaurants. See commercialism; shops/restaurants, museum

restitution/repatriation; challenges of; developing world and; domino effect in; of Elgin Marbles; ethical vs. legal issues in; of Napoleonic booty; of Nazi loot; philosophical conundrums involving; public opinion and; universal humanist mission and; utopianism and

revenues: admission charges and; blockbuster exhibitions and; corporate sponsorship and; insufficiency of; public funding

Reynolds, Joshua

Ribbentrop, Joachim von

Rice, Danielle

Richards, Charles

Rijksmuseum (Amsterdam, Netherlands)

Rings, Five Passions in World Art (exhibition; 1996)

Ripley, S. Dillon

Rivière, Georges-Henri

Robert, Hubert; Grand Gallery of the Louvre between 1794–96; Project for the Grand Gallery of the Louvre

Robertson, Andrew

Robertson, Bryan

Robinson, Edward

Rockefeller, David

Rockefeller, Nelson

Rockwell, Norman

Rogers, Malcolm

Rogers, Richard

Rome (Italy)

Root, John Wellborn

Rorimer, James

Rosenberg, Jakob

Rosenberg, Paul

Rosetta Stone

Ross, Denman Waldo

Rothstein, Edward

Royal Academy (London, England)

Royal Academy (Paris, France)

Royal Academy of Architecture (Paris, France)

Royal Society of the Arts (London, England)

Rubens, Peter Paul: paintings of, as Napoleonic loot; paintings of, repatriation of; Rubens Room (Electoral Museum, Düsseldorf); works: Adoration of the Magi; Descent from the Cross; Martyrdom of St. Peter; Saint Gregory

Rubin, William

Rumohr, Carl-Friedrich von

Ruskin, John: museum founded by; Victorian ideals of

Saarinen, Eliel

Saarinen Museum (Milwaukee, Wisc.)

Saatchi & Saatchi

Saatchi Collection

Sachs, Paul

Sackler Museum (Harvard University)

Sainsbury, Stephen, III

Salon (Paris, France)

Sanaa (architectural firm)

Sanchi, Great Stupa of

San Francisco (Calif.)

Sargent, John Singer

Sartre, Jean-Paul

Saud, Alwaleed Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz Al-

Saumarez-Smith, Charles

Scarpa, Carlo

Schapiro, Meyer

Schiele, Egon

Schiller, Friedrich von

Schinkel, Karl Friedrich; Altes Museum designed by; architectural philosophy of; influence of. See also Altes Museum

Schjeldahl, Peter

Schlegel, August Wilhelm

Schmidt-Degener, F.

Schoener, Allon

Schuster, Peter-Klaus

Scott, John

Seager lighting system

Seattle Art Museum (Seattle, Wash.)

Sejima, Kazuyo

Seligman, Thomas K.

Seminar on Neighborhood Museums (Brooklyn, N.Y.; 1969)

Sensation exhibition (Brooklyn Museum; 1999)

September 11 (2001) attacks

Serota, Nicholas

Sèvres Museum (Paris, France)

Shaw, Thurston

Sheffield (England)

Shepley, Rutan, and Coolidge

shops/restaurants, museum: for blockbusters; commercialism and; controversy over; educational benefits of; growth of; museum architecture and; museum democratization and; permanent collections and; profits from; public expectation of

showmanship

Sickert, Walter

Simonetti, Michelangelo

Simonson, Lee

Singapore

Skansen (Stockholm, Sweden)

skiascope

Smith, Roberta

Smith, Sidney

Smithsonian Institution (Washington, D.C.)

smuggling

Soane, John

social activism; AAM and; conservative attitudes toward; restitution/repatriation and; universal humanist mission and

social engagement

Soulages, Pierre

South Kensington Museum (London, England): architecture of; artistic portrayals of; attendance at; commercial orientation of; criticism of; establishment of; evening hours at; free admission at; influence of; lighting at; museum democratization at; populist goals of; programmatic incoherence at

Soviet Trophy Brigade

Soviet Union

Spain

Staatsgalerie (Stuttgart, Germany)

staff, museum; diversity in; educational; increases in; PR; vocational training for. See also curators, museum

Stampart, Frans van

Stanton, Edith

Star Wars: The Magic of Myth exhibition (Houston MFA; 2001)

Steichen, Edward

Stein, Clarence

Stern, Raffaelo

St. George's Museum (Sheffield, England)

Stieglitz, Alfred

Stirling, James

Stix, Alfred

St. Louis Art Museum (St. Louis, Mo.)

Stockholm (Sweden)

Stone, Edward

St. Petersburg (Russia)

Strauss, Jesse

streamlining

Studio Museum of Harlem (New York, N.Y.)

Sturgis, John

Stuttgart (Germany)

subsidies

Swan, Henry

Sweeney, James Johnson

Swiss National Museum (Zurich)

Sylvester, David

Taniguchi, Yoshio

Tate Britain (London, England)

Tate Gallery (London, England)

Tate Modern (London, England)

Taylor, Francis Henry

Teague, Walter

Temple of Apollo

Temple of Solomon

Temple of the Muses

Temporary contemporary (Los Angeles)

Tenniel, John

Theory of the Leisure Class (Veblen)

Timeless Aspects of Modern Art exhibition (MoMA; 1948–49)

Tintoretto, Paradise

Titian, Christ Crowned with Thorns

Toledo Art Museum (Toledo, Ohio): admission charges at; aestheticism vs. social activism at; display philosophy at; education programs at; expansion space allowed in; museum democratization at

tourism

Trinity College Museum (Dublin, Ireland)

True, Marion

Tschudi, Hugo von

Tucker, Marcia

Tuilleries Palace (Paris, France)

Turkey

Tutankhamen and the Golden Age of the Pharoahs exhibition (2005)

Überorgan (sculpture; Hawkinson)

UBS

Uffizi Gallery (Florence, Italy)

UNESCO

United Arab Emirates

United States: art trafficking cases in; decorative arts museums in; historical sites as museums in; museum construction in; museum traditions in; restitution/repatriation issues in

universal humanist mission: aestheticism and; during Cold War during Enlightenment; mainstream claim to; multiculturalism and; post-9/11; restitution/ repatriation issues and; shifting visions of; social activism and; utilitarianism and; utopianism and; during WWI; during WWII

universal museums. See also encyclopedic museums

utilitarianism: aestheticist resistance to; commercialism and; focus changed; museum democratization and; museum mission and

utopianism

Valentiner, William

Valéry, Paul

The Value of Art exhibition (Courtauld Gallery; London; 1999)

Van der Steur, A. J.

Van de Velde, Henry

Van Dyck, Anthony

Van Gogh: Face to Face exhibition (Detroit Institute of Arts; 2000)

Van Gogh, Vincent

Varnedoe, Kirk

Vatican: Braccio Nuovo at; Louvre influence at; minerals collection in; Napoleonic art confiscation from; Napoleonic booty repatriated to; Pinacotheca; Pio-Clementino Museum; Raphael School of Athens in

Veblen, Thorstein

Velazquez, Diego, Las Meninas

Venturi, Robert

Venus de Medici

Venus de Milo

Verne, Henri

Veronese, Marriage at Cana

Victoria and Albert Museum (London, England). See also South Kensington Museum

Victorian era: cluttered displays during; museum democratization during

Vienna (Austria): Imperial Gallery; museum fires in; public access in

Vietnam War

Visconti, E. Q.

Visual Thinking Strategies (VTS)

Vitry, Paul

Vogel, Susan

volunteers: in museum hierarchy; women as

Waagen, Gustav

Wadsworth Atheneum (Hartford, Conn.)

Walker Art Center (Minneapolis, Minn.)

Walker, John

Wallace Collection (London, England)

Wallach, Alan

wall labels: curatorial signing of; didactic, in communist museums; early educational initiatives and; minimization of; for non-European art; provenance neglected in; public access and

walls: adjustable; fixed; lightening of

Walsh, John

Washington (D.C.). See also National Gallery of Art

Waterloo, Battle of (1815)

Webb, Aston

Weil, Stephen

Wellington, Arthur Wellesley, 1st duke of

Wells, H. G.

“white cube” gallery

Whitney Museum (New York, N.Y.)

Widener, Joseph

Wiesbaden Manifesto

Williams College Museum of Art

Wilson, Fred; display philosophy of; Mining the Museum exhibition of (1992); as museum critic; museum experimentation and; The Museum: Mixed Metaphors exhibition of (1993); Primitivism: High and Low exhibition of (1991)

“Wittmann, Otto

women: museum democratization and; as museum volunteers

Women Artists in Revolution (WAR)

Wood, James

Woodward, Benjamin

Worcester Art Museum (Worcester, Mass.)

working class; museum classification schemes and; museum-going as palliative for

World Jewish Congress

“World Museum” (Le Corbusier)

World's Fair (New York, N.Y.; 1853)

World's Fair (New York, N.Y.; 1939)

World's Fair (Philadelphia, Pa.; 1876)

world's fairs

World War I

World War II; Nazi art looting during; Soviet looting during

Wright, Frank Lloyd. See also Guggenheim Museum (New York, N.Y.)

Wunderkammer. See curiosity cabinets

Wyeth, Andrew

Wynn, Steve

Xerox Corporation

Yale Center for British Art (New Haven, Conn.)

Yenawine, Philip

Youtz, Philip: marketing strategies employed by; museum architecture and; museum democratization and; on temporary exhibitions; utilitarian ideals of

Zimbabwe

Zix, Benjamin, The Marriage Procession of Napoleon and Marie-Louise

Zolberg, Vera

Zurich (Switzerland)