Appendix: Grammar Terms

English	Korean	Meaning	Example
adjective	형용사	a modifying part of speech, typically helping to describe a noun	The squid tastes delicious. 오징어가 맛있어요.
adverb	부사	a modifying part of speech, typically used to give information on how an action (verb) is carried out	I quickly ate my squid. 나는 오징어를 빨리 먹었다.
article	관사	in English, a short word that helps identify a noun; these do not exist in Korean	See the squid swimming in the tank? 수조에서 헤엄치는 오징어 보여요?
aspiration	격음	a pronunciation technique in which a puff of air is released along with the sound(s)	The characters ㅋ and ㅍ are aspirated. ㅋ과 ㅍ은 격음이에요.
batchim	받침	in Korean, a consonant that appears in the third position of a syllable; often, special pronunciation rules are associated with them	How do you pronounce the batchim ㅍ? 받침 ㅍ은 어떻게 발음해요?
comparative	비교급	a grammatical tool to show a comparison between two things; affects adjectives and adverbs	My squid is more delicious than yours. 내 오징어가 네 거보다 더 맛있어.
conjugation	활용	rules governing how verb forms are created to show grammatical features like person and tense	How do you conjugate the verb “to walk” in the present tense? 현재 시제에서 동사 “걷다”는 어떻게 활용해요?
conjunctive adverbs	접속 부사	words that connect two different clauses or sentences to show the meaning between them; usually referred to in English as “conjunctions”	I ordered a lot of squid, but I couldn’t eat all of it. 오징어를 많이 주문했지만 다 못 먹었어요. OR 오징어를 많이 주문했어요. 그렇지만 다 못 먹었어요.
consonant	자음	a letter or character representing a consonant sound (as opposed to a vowel)	The letter “b” is the first consonant in the English alphabet. “b”는 영어 알파벳의 첫 번째 자음이에요.
contraction	축약	the shortening and joining of two words or sounds to make their pronunciation easier	I simply cannot → can’t get enough of this delicious squid. 이 오징어는 아무리 많이 먹어도 맛있어요.
declarative (indicative)	평서문	a type of sentence that states information	I love squid. 저는 오징어를 좋아해요.
demonstrative pronoun	지시대명사	a word that singles out or points to a noun	You eat this squid, and I’ll eat that one. 네가 이 오징어를 먹으면 나는 그 오징어를 먹을게.
diphthong	이중 모음	the combination of two or more vowel sounds to create one new one	The vowel sound in “boy” is [o] + [i], a diphthong. “boy”의 모음은 [o]와 [i]가 결합된 이중 모음이에요.
ending	어미	a set pattern attached to the stem of a verb in order to create meaning through conjugation	Most verbs in English are conjugated into the past tense with the ending -ed. 영어에서 대부분의 동사는 과거 시제에서 어미 -ed 형태로 활용해요.
future	미래 (시제)	a verb tense indicating something that hasn’t happened yet	I will finish my plate of squid. 제 오징어를 다 먹을 거예요.
homonym	동음이의어	a word with the same spelling and sound as another but a different meaning	“Band” (e.g., a rock band) and “band” (e.g., a rubber band) are homonyms. “록 밴드” 의 “밴드”와 “고무 밴드” 의 “밴드”는 동음이의어예요.
homophone	동음이형어	a word with the same sound as another but a different spelling and meaning	“Bare” and “bear” are homophones. “bare”와 “bear”는 동음이형어예요.
honorific	높임말	verb conjugations and special words used in Korean to show respect to the person you’re talking to and/or about	You don’t need to use honorifics when talking to your squid. 오징어에 대해 말할 때 높임말을 쓸 필요는 없어요.
imperative	명령문	a type of sentence that gives a command	Love your squid! 오징어를 좋아하세요!
infinitive	동사 원형	the most basic, unconjugated form of a verb	Infinitives in English are signified by the word “to” and in Korean by the ending -다. 부정사란 영어에서는 “to” 와 함께 쓰인 단어, 한국어에서는 어미 -다로 끝나는 단어를 말해요.
inquisitive (interrogative)	의문문	a type of sentence that poses a question	Do you love squid? 오징어를 좋아하세요?
modifier	수식어	a word or other grammatical element that describes or qualifies another	Adjectives and adverbs are considered modifiers in English. 형용사와 부사는 영어에서 수식어예요.
noun	명사	a part of speech representing people, places, and other physical and abstract objects	I’d like more squid, please. 오징어 좀 더 주세요.
object	목적어	a noun that receives the action in a sentence	We ate squid. 우리는 오징어를 먹었어요.
omission	생략	the removal of sentence elements that are unnecessary because they are already understood	It’s okay to omit the subject of a Korean sentence if it can be understood from the context. 한국어에서 문맥을 통해 이해할 수 있을 때는 주어를 생략해도 괜찮아요.
particle	조사	a Korean grammar element, usually attached to nouns, that adds meaning to and/or signifies the grammatical function of a word	The object particle -을 / -를 signifies that a noun is an object. 목적격 조사 “-을 / -를”은 그 명사가 목적어임을 나타내요.
past	과거 (시제)	a verb tense indicating something that has already happened	I finished my plate of squid. 저는 제 오징어를 다 먹었어요.
personal pronoun	인칭 대명사	a word that singles out or points to a person	I will eat my squid, and you eat yours. 저는 제 오징어를 먹을게요. 당신은 당신 오징어를 드세요.
plain	반말	verb conjugations and words used when you don’t need to show respect to the person you’re talking to and/or about	You can use plain forms when talking to your squid. 오징어에 대해 말할 때는 반말을 쓰면 돼요.
possessive	소유격	word forms that indicate ownership of something	The leftover squid is Hal’s, not mine. 남은 오징어는 제 거가 아니고 할 거예요.
predicate	서술어	the second part of a simple sentence, used in this book to describe how two nouns or a noun and an adjective are linked by the verb “to be”	Squid is delicious. 오징어는 맛있어요.
preposition	전치사	in English, words used in conjunction with nouns to add meaning; in Korean, particles perform this role	Let’s eat squid at the restaurant on the corner. 우리 저 모퉁이에 있는 식당에서 오징어를 먹어요.
present	현재	a verb tense indicating something ongoing or habitual	I always finish my plate of squid. 저는 항상 제 오징어를 다 먹어요.
progressive	진행형	a verb tense indicating something in the process of occurring	I am eating squid right now. 저는 지금 오징어를 먹고 있어요.
propositive	청유문	a type of sentence that makes a suggestion or proposal	Let’s eat some squid. 오징어를 먹자.
stem	어간	the base of a verb that doesn’t change and onto which conjugative endings are added	The stem of the verb “to love” is “lov-.” 동사 “to love”의 어간은 “lov-”예요.
subject	주어	a noun that performs the action in a sentence	We ate squid. 우리는 오징어를 먹었어요.
suffix	접미사	an element added to the end of words or verb stems to create meaning	In Korean, the honorific suffix is -(으)시. 한국어에서 “-(으)시”는 높임의 접미사예요.
superlative	최상급	a grammatical tool to show that something is the “best” or “most” out of a group of three or more things; affects adjectives and adverbs	My squid is the most delicious. 제 오징어가 제일 맛있어요.
tense	시제	a conjugative tool that shows the timeframe in which an action (verb) takes place	I wrote a sentence in the past tense. 저는 이 문장을 과거 시제로 썼어요.
verb	동사	a part of speech representing the action taking place in the sentence	I eat squid all the time. 저는 늘 오징어를 먹어요.
vowel	모음	a letter or character representing a vowel sound (as opposed to a consonant)	The letter “a” is the first vowel in the English alphabet. “a”는 영어 알파벳의 첫 모음이에요.