INDEX
Aristophanes, 20, 151, 152, 174n67; Hegel and, 20, 174n67; Nietzsche and, 66, 136–37, 151–52; Socrates and, 66, 137, 151, 152, 172n40
Aristotle, 6–8, 27, 34, 43, 67, 143, 150, 192n33; cosmology, 139; Jacob Klein on, 5–6, 126, 195n3; Physics, 39, 128, 190n25; vs. Plato, 182n63
Avicenna, 178n20
Bambach, Charles, 170n25
Being and Time (Heidegger), 15, 34, 35, 43, 55–56, 69, 83–84, 90, 91, 94, 116, 130
Benardete, Seth, 174n68, 182n59, 194n2
Burke, Edmund, 11
Cassirer, Ernst, 87, 89, 102, 115
Christianity, 46–53, 56, 59, 83–84; Nietzsche and, 36, 47–49, 52, 56, 90. See also God
city, 187n13; duality of man and, 17, 20, 79, 143–44, 170n30 (see also duality/dualism); ideal/perfect, 76, 135, 140, 189n11; the individual and the, 135, 140, 152–53; philosophy and the, 13, 14, 73, 76, 118, 152, 157; transcendence of the, 17, 21, 78
concealment and unconcealment, 38–42, 90, 161
conservatism, 11
cosmology, 3, 14–15, 71, 73, 78, 127–29, 139
crisis (in philosophy), 1, 4, 42, 111, 112, 123, 167nn1–2; primal truth, errant tradition, and, 27–42
cultural relativism. See relativism
Dannhauser, Werner, 187n12
Dasein, 34, 40, 55, 56, 86–89, 92, 94, 102–6, 178n32; temporality of, 125; transcendence of, 103, 106
destruction: of modern thought, 139; of tradition, 2, 5, 35, 46, 67, 88, 130
Destruktion, 115
Dilthey, Wilhelm, 54
duality/dualism, 130, 138, 153, 160; of humans as political and transpolitical, 15, 61, 170n30, 172n40; of modes of transcending, 17, 77–78. See also under city
dwelling, 17, 19–20, 75, 144; and exile, 156–66
Enlightenment, 4, 11, 14, 53, 118; Heidegger and, 47; Nietzsche and, 13, 29, 101; Strauss and, 43–44, 47, 63–64, 79, 115, 133, 136, 159, 172n38
Epicureanism, 159
eros, 16, 20, 21, 75, 76, 114, 136, 147, 152, 153, 155
eternal recurrence, doctrine of, 31–32, 50. See also eternal return
eternal return, doctrine of, 57, 58, 64. See also eternal recurrence
ethics, 87–89, 116, 180n24; Kant on, 86–89. See also morality
exile. See under dwelling
existentialist historicism. See radical historicism
freedom: from the good, 83–95; Heidegger on higher, 96–108; idealism without, 93–95
Gadamer, Hans-Georg, 4
“God is dead” and the “death” of God, 36, 37, 90–91, 103; Nietzsche and, 36, 37, 90, 103, 168n15, 183n4
Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 108–9
Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, 29, 92, 104, 116, 124, 125, 151, 174n67; Aristophanes and, 20, 174n67; Schelling and, 97
historical consciousness, 23, 51, 62, 65–68, 121, 156–57
historicism, 16, 48, 62; of Heidegger, 58, 59, 68, 161–62; Nietzsche and, 57, 62, 65, 66; overcoming, 55; Strauss on, 66, 68, 112–13, 116, 121–23, 161–62, 188n3; unstable premises of, 123–25. See also Being and Time
historicity, 47, 50, 55, 69, 116, 122
history, 13, 96, 156–57; as metaphysics, 84–87; of philosophy, 156
Hobbes, Thomas, 45, 47, 49, 65, 124, 128, 131–32, 136, 145, 146, 180n11; constructivism, 159; Nietzsche and, 49; Plato and, 48, 52
Hölderlin, Johann Christian Friedrich, 38, 39, 83, 100
Hume, David, 123–24
Husserl, Edmund, 3, 5, 43, 66–67, 72, 134, 167n2, 180n15, 187n24, 190n18
idealism: without freedom, 93–95; of Kant, 84, 86, 195n9; of Nietzsche, 29; of the Volk, 90–93
idealist grounding of politics, 83–95
ignorance, knowledge of, 3, 20, 71, 73, 79, 114, 128, 151, 160, 173n53, 196n10
individuality: Strauss on, 142–53
Introduction to Metaphysics (Heidegger), 92, 104–6
Jacobi, Friedrich Heinrich, 44, 180n12
Jesus Christ, 59
Jewish Enlightenment, 43–44
Jonas, Hans, 46
Judaism, 43–45, 64, 65, 172n38
Jünger, Ernst, 36, 90, 92, 103
justice, natural, 15–16
Kant, Immanuel, 54, 62, 69; Critique of Pure Reason, 87, 195n9; on ethics, 86–89; on freedom, 86–87, 102–3; Heidegger’s revision of, 87–90; idealism, 84, 86, 195n9; metaphysics, 86, 89, 103, 123–24; problem of causality in, 59–60
Kennington, Richard, 191n40, 195n4
Kierkegaard, Søren, 4, 55, 115
Klein, Jacob, 5, 6, 126, 157–58, 177n10, 190n18, 194n3
Kojève, Alexandre, 8–9, 131, 171n32
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, 19
Lessing, Gotthold Ephraim, 44, 50, 177n3
liberalism, 112, 133, 137–38, 147, 150, 155
Löwith, Karl, 4, 49, 55–59, 163; Nietzsche and, 4, 49, 55–57, 178n38, 187n22
Lukács, Georg, 59
Machiavelli, Niccolò, 18, 131, 135, 145
Maimonides, 178n20
Meier, Heinrich, 196n15
Mendelssohn, Moses, 44
modern philosophy, 13, 16–20, 64–68, 193n43, 197n18; “unradicality” of, 43–61. See also modernity
modernity, 17, 19, 47–48, 50–52, 56, 69, 125, 126, 147, 148, 155; crisis of, 48; critique of, 46, 99, 100, 114–15; Nietzsche and, 17, 29, 47, 50, 100; pre-Socratics in late, 27–42; repetition of antiquity at the peak of, 49, 58, 163; technological nihilism of, 92, 105; as unnatural construct, 133–41
Montesquieu, Charles-Louis de Secondat, 161, 173n56, 193n28
moral appraisal, 106
moral teleology. See teleology
morality, 31, 93, 150, 153; critique and justifications of, 29, 30, 60; freedom and, 88 (see also freedom); Kant on, 86–89; Nietzsche on, 28–31, 38, 39, 49; politics and, 65–66, 72–74, 86, 95, 138, 160–62; roots of, 77, 138, 149. See also ethics; transmorality
mysterious whole, 20, 78; two versions of, 125–29
National Socialism (Nazism): Heidegger’s disillusionment with, 116; Heidegger’s support of, 1, 10, 36, 54, 68, 83–85, 91, 93, 112, 114–17, 122, 170n25, 183n4
natural philosophy, 47, 48, 51, 52, 128, 131
Natural Right and History (Strauss), 14–15, 142, 171n35; Heidegger as unnamed opponent, 121–23; as response to Heidegger, 2, 121–23, 126, 128, 131
nature, problem of, 15–16, 58–59, 62–64. See also phusis (nature)
Nietzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm, 4, 12, 31–33, 36–42, 46, 48–50, 52, 54, 55, 57, 60, 62, 64, 65, 69, 90, 116–18, 125, 137, 155, 179n41; Aristophanes and, 66, 137, 151–52; attack on Enlightenment, 13; The Birth of Tragedy from the Spirit of Music, 30; Christianity and, 36, 47–49, 52, 56, 90; on the “death” of God, 36, 37, 90, 103, 168n15, 183n4; doctrine of eternal recurrence, 31–32, 50 (see also eternal return); Ecce Homo, 30; Enlightenment and, 13, 29, 101; German philosophy, Germans, and, 19, 28, 29, 31, 39, 62–64, 108; on the Greeks, 19, 28–34; Heidegger on the higher freedom and, 96–109; historicism and, 57, 62, 65, 66; Hobbes and, 49; idealism and, 29; Karl Löwith and, 4, 49, 55–57, 178n38, 187n22; metaphysics, 36, 38, 90, 102, 103, 168n15; modernity and, 17, 29, 47, 50, 100; on morality, 28–31, 38, 39, 49; natural philosophy and, 47, 48, 52, 74; nihilism and, 4, 36–37, 39, 102, 103, 105, 168n15; Philosophy in the Tragic Age of the Greeks, 32, 33; Plato and, 29–31, 49, 151–52, 155; rationalism and, 60, 152; Socrates, Socratism, and, 29–31, 33, 37–38, 46, 47, 60, 65, 66, 151; Xenophon and, 60. See also Socratism, Strauss’s post-Nietzschean; Will to Power, The (Nietzsche)
nihilism, 35–37, 39, 91, 92, 102–5, 117, 133, 170n25; Nietzsche and, 4, 36–37, 39, 102, 103, 105, 168n15
nominalism, 146
nothingness, 17, 89, 103, 126. See also ignorance
Parmenides, 35
phenomenology, 3, 33, 41, 43, 71–72; Husserl’s, 43, 66, 187n24, 190n18
Philipse, Herman, 83–84, 183n4
philosophers as exiles, 33, 163
philosophical sediment, 129–32
philosophy, 13–14, 21, 33, 92; premise of, 6
Philosophy in the Tragic Age of the Greeks (Nietzsche), 32
Plato, 6, 7, 27, 38, 53, 55–58, 73, 90, 107, 136, 140, 147, 151–52, 154, 155, 157; cosmology, 139; doctrine of ideas, 163; Hobbes and, 48, 52; Laws, 49; metaphysics, 38, 86; Nietzsche and, 29–31, 49, 151–52, 155; nihilism and, 117; vs. Platonism, 56; The Republic, 75, 76, 152, 182n59
poetry, Strauss on, 147–55
political thought of Heidegger, Strauss on, 110–18. See also specific topics
positivism, 16, 68, 111, 188n3
power. See will to power
pragmata, 72
prejudice, 44
pre-Socratics in late modernity, 27–42
Problem of Socrates, The (Strauss lecture series), 147, 151, 156
Progress or Return? (Strauss lecture series), 148, 196n10
radical historicism: of Heidegger, 1, 7, 16, 55, 112, 114, 115, 122, 138; Nietzsche’s, 57. See also historicism: unstable premises of
rationalism: Heidegger and, 3, 4, 67, 83, 112, 115, 126–27; modern vs. premodern, 45, 126; Nietzsche and, 60, 152; roots of, 121–32; Socrates and, 60; Strauss and, 3, 4, 11, 43–45, 54, 69, 112, 115, 126, 138, 140, 148, 149, 151, 155, 180n12
relativism, 1, 4, 16, 66, 111, 113, 114
Republic, The (Plato), 75, 76, 136, 152, 182n59
revelation, 64, 147–49, 151, 159–62, 172n40, 193n43, 195–96nn9–10. See also modern philosophy: “unradicality” of
romanticism, 28
Rosen, Stanley, 134
Rosenzweig, Franz, 44, 67, 115
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 18, 29, 62, 64, 123–25, 137, 145, 146, 148
Savigny, Friedrich Karl von, 184n16, 185n40
“Saying of Anaximander, The” (Heidegger), 39, 96
Schelling, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph, 97, 102, 104
Schiller, Friedrich, 50
Schmitt, Carl, 67
“second cave,” 19, 45, 48, 50, 51
Sein, 56, 59, 61, 127, 129. See also Dasein
Seinsgeschichtlich, 18, 58, 94, 104, 116
self-destructive processes, 4, 44, 47, 126, 138
Shell, Susan, 170n25
Smith, Steven, 170n30
Socrates, 3, 13, 28, 59, 60, 109, 111, 113, 155, 160, 162, 179n54; Aristophanes and, 66, 137, 151, 152, 172n40; on the city, 16, 76, 78; cosmology and, 128; duality and, 172n40; on knowledge of ignorance, 3, 20, 71, 73, 79, 128, 151, 160, 173n53, 196n10; Nietzsche and, 29–31, 33, 37–38, 46, 47, 60, 65, 66, 151, 152; as optimistic rationalist, 60; political philosophy and, 8, 75, 111–12, 114, 138, 143, 151–53, 188n2; “the problem of Socrates,” 66, 151; The Problem of Socrates (Strauss’s lecture series), 147, 151, 156; in The Republic, 136, 182n59. See also Socratism
Socratism, Strauss’s post-Nietzschean, 62–79
Spengler, Oswald, 187n17
Spinoza, Baruch, 44, 49, 159, 177n3
Stalin, Joseph, 171n32
Swift, Jonathan, 50
Tanguay, Daniel, 188n31
Tarcov, Nathan, 171n36
telos, 30–31
theological-political problem, 11, 45, 74–75, 172n38, 172n40, 191n14
thumos (spiritedness), 16, 152–54
transcendence, 17, 86, 88, 124, 125, 145–46; of the city, 17, 21, 78; of Dasein, 103, 106; duality of modes of, 77–78; of law, 20, 76, 135, 153; of modernity, 69; political, 12, 74–75, 77, 135–37, 147
transmorality, 49, 52, 74, 150
Troeltsch, Ernst, 54
Wagner, Richard, 37
What Is Called Thinking? (Heidegger), 98, 104
“What Is Metaphysics?” (Heidegger), 90, 178nn31–32
will to power, 34, 36, 38, 58, 69, 84, 90–91, 101–3