INTRODUCTION
1. Robert A. Jones, Confederate Corsair (Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole, 2000), 110.
2. Robert W. Delaney, “Matamoras: Port for Texas during the Civil War,” Southwestern Historical Quarterly 58 (July 1954–April 1955): 480.
3. James W. Daddysman, The Matamoros Trade (Newark: University of Delaware Press, 1984), 108–113, 143.
4. John Mason Hart, “Stillman, Charles,” Handbook of Texas Online, Texas State Historical Association, accessed July 29, 2013, http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fst57; John Mason Hart, “Stillman, James,” Handbook of Texas Online, Texas State Historical Association, http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fstbp; Daddysman, Matamoros Trade, 157–158.
5. Chester G. Hearn, When the Devil Came Down to Dixie (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1997), 196.
6. M. A. DeWolfe Howe, ed., Home Letters of General Sherman (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1909), 232.
7. Robert F. Futrell, “Federal Trade with the Confederate States: 1861–1865” (PhD diss., Vanderbilt University, 1950), 83–102.
8. Gay Talese, The Kingdom and the Power (New York: Bantam, 1969), 191.
9. Chicago Daily Times, December 10, 1860, “The Editorials of Secession Project,” American Historical Association, accessed July 29, 2013, http://historians.org/projects/secessioneditorials/Editorials/ChicagoTimes_12_10_60.htm.
10. Abraham Lincoln, presidential inaugural address, March 4, 1861, Joint Congressional Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies, accessed December 15, 2013, http://www.inaugural.senate.gov/swearing-in/address/address-by-abraham-lincoln-1865.
11. Gene Dattel, Cotton and Race in the Making of America (Lanham, MD: Ivan R. Dee, 2009), 82.
12. Charles Adams, When in the Course of Human Events (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2000), 24–25.
13. Futrell, “Federal Trade,” 24.
14. Ludwell Johnson, “Trading with the Union: The Evolution of Confederate Policy,” Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 78, no. 3 (July 1970): 310–311.
15. Phil Leigh, “Trading with the Enemy,” New York Times Opinionator, October 28, 2012, accessed July 29, 2013, http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/10/28/trading-with-the-enemy/.
16. Ludwell Johnson, North against South: The American Iliad 1848–1877 (Columbia, SC: Foundation for American Education, 1995, orig. publ. as Division and Reunion: 1848–1877, New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1978), 117.
17. William Brooksher, War along the Bayous (Dulles, VA: Brassey's, 1998), 3; William H. Nulty, Confederate Florida: The Road to Olustee (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1990), 60.
18. Delaney, “Matamoros,” 473–487.
19. Futrell, “Federal Trade,” 78–84, 194–204.
20. Jones, Confederate Corsair, 110.
21. Stanley Lebergott, “Why the South Lost: Commercial Purpose in the Confederacy, 1861–1865,” Journal of American History 70, no.1 (June 1983): 72–73.
22. Andrew J. Smith, Starving the South (New York: St. Martin's Press, 2011), 125–126.
23. Ludwell H. Johnson, “Contraband Trade during the Last Year of the Civil War,” Mississippi Valley Historical Review 91, no. 4 (March 1963): 642.
24. Robert L. Kerby, Kirby Smith's Confederacy (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1972), 155–207.
25. Ludwell Johnson, “Northern Profit and Profiteers: The Cotton Rings of 1864–1865,” Civil War History 12, no. 2 (June 1966): 103.
26. James Ford Rhodes, The History of the Civil War, 1861–1865 (New York: Macmillan, 1917), 359.
27. Johnson, “Northern Profit,” 101–115.
28. James McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom (London: Oxford University Press, 1988), 622.
29. Merton E. Coulter, “Commercial Intercourse with the Confederacy in the Mississippi Valley, 1861–1865,” Mississippi Valley Historical Review 5, no. 4 (March 1919): 388.
CHAPTER ONE: THE WORLD COTTON ECONOMY
1. Lauriston F. Bullard, “Lincoln's Conquest of New England,” Abraham Lincoln Quarterly 2, no. 2 (June 1942): 53.
2. Charles Francis Adams Jr., Richard Henry Dana (Boston: Houghton, Mifflin, 1891), 127.
3. Ward Hill Lamon, Recollections of Abraham Lincoln (Cambridge, MA: University Press, 1911), 67.
4. Dattel, Cotton and Race, 36.
5. Ibid.
6. Frank Owsley, King Cotton Diplomacy (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1931), 8–9.
7. Dattel, Cotton and Race, 31–35.
8. Owsley, King Cotton Diplomacy, 2–4.
9. David Cohn, The Life and Times of King Cotton (New York: Oxford University Press, 1956), 17–18, 26; Dattel, Cotton and Race, 27–39.
10. Dattel, Cotton and Race, 82.
11. John Lockwood and Charles Lockwood, “First South Carolina. Then New York?,” New York Times Opinionator, January 6, 2011, http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/01/06/first-south-carolina-then-new-york/?_r=0.
12. Dattel, Cotton and Race, 40–42.
13. Ibid., 39–50.
14. Ibid., 67.
15. Ibid., 61–85.
16. Orville Burton and Patricia Bonnin, “The Confederacy,” Macmillan Information Now Encyclopedia, http://www.civilwarhome.com/kingcotton.htm.
17. Ronald Bailey, “Slavery Trade and the Development of Capitalism in the USA: The Textile Industry in New England,” Social Science History 14, no. 3, 388–389.
18. Ibid., 389–390.
19. Thomas H. O'Connor, Lords of the Loom (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1968), 9–18.
20. Stephen Yafa, Cotton (New York: Penguin, 2005), 105.
21. Bailey, “Slavery Trade,” 395–396.
22. Ibid., 402–403.
23. O'Connor, Lords of the Loom, 50–55.
24. Anne Farrow, Joel Lang, and Jenifer Frank, Complicity (New York: Ballantine, 2005), 10–11.
25. Ibid.,12.
26. Ibid., 3.
27. Ibid.,15–23.
28. O'Connor, Lords of the Loom, 56–102.
29. Ibid., 104–141.
30. Cohn, Life and Times, 124.
31. Gary M. Walton and Hugh Rockoff, History of the American Economy (San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1990), 346.
32. Cohn, Life and Times, 131.
33. Thomas H. O'Connor, “Lincoln and the Cotton Trade,” Civil War History 7, no. 1 (March 1961): 32; David G. Surdam, Northern Naval Superiority and the Economics of the American Civil War (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2001), 196.
CHAPTER TWO: OFFICIAL POLICY
1. Ludwell Johnson, “Trading with the Union: The Evolution of Confederate Policy,” Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 78, no. 3 (July 1970): 310–311.
2. Stephen R. Wise, Lifeline of the Confederacy (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1991), 12.
3. Futrell, “Federal Trade,” 36.
4. Surdam, Northern Naval Superiority, 61–62.
5. Clement Eaton, A History of the Southern Confederacy (New York: Free Press, 1954), 139–141.
6. Johnson, “Trading with the Union,” 308–325; Edward Pollard, The Lost Cause (Baltimore: E. B. Treat, 1883), 489.
7. Jerrold Northrop Moore, Confederate Commissary General (Shippensburg, PA: White Mane, 1996), 211.
8. Ibid., 187–189.
9. Ibid., 201–203.
10. Futrell, “Federal Trade,” 88–90.
11. Dattel, Cotton and Race, 172.
12. Cohn, Life and Times, 125.
13. Richard Taylor, Destruction and Reconstruction (New York: De Capo, 1995), 235.
14. Congress of the Confederate States of America, Statutes at Large, ch. 25, An Act to Prohibit Dealing in the Paper Currency of the Enemy, February 6, 1864.
15. Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History, Confederate Act to Authorize the Exportation of Produce and Merchandise, accessed December 23, 2013, http://www.gilderlehrman.org/colletions/590534e9-fb05-44c7-a976-099992402122?back=/mweb/search%3Fpage%3D4%2526needle%3DTobacco%2520and%2520Smoking%253B%2526fields%3D_t301001410.
16. Coulter, “Commercial Intercourse,” 377–378.
17. O'Connor, “Lincoln and the Cotton Trade,” 24.
18. Edward Bates, Diary of Edward Bates (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1933), 265.
19. Orville Browning, Diary of Orville Hickman Browning (Springfield: Illinois State Historical Society, 1925), 563–564.
20. Thomas Boaz, Guns for Cotton (Shippensburg, PA: Burd Street Press, 1996), 2–3.
21. O'Connor, “Lincoln and the Cotton Trade,” 20–21.
22. Dattel, Cotton and Race, 82.
23. William C. Harris, Lincoln's Last Months (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2004), 177.
24. Futrell, “Federal Trade,” 76.
25. Ibid., 128.
26. O'Connor, “Lincoln and the Cotton Trade,” 26.
27. James Ford Rhodes, The History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850 to the Restoration of Home Rule, vol. 5 (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1899), 282.
28. John Niven, Salmon P. Chase (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995), 364–366, 374.
29. Futrell, “Federal Trade,” 70.
30. Ludwell Johnson, Red River Campaign (Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 1993), 53.
31. Rhodes, History of the United States, 5:301.
32. Albert Bushnell Hart, Salmon Portland Chase (Boston: Houghton, Mifflin, 1899), 228–229.
33. Coulter, “Commercial Intercourse,” 385–388.
34. Ibid., 388–389.
35. McPherson, Battle Cry, 353, 356, 499, 500.
36. A. Sellew Roberts, “The Federal Government and Confederate Cotton,” American Historical Review 32, no. 2 (January 1927): 267–268.
37. Willie Lee Rose, Rehearsal for Reconstruction (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1999), 200–201.
38. Dean B. Mahin, One War at a Time (Washington, DC: Brassey's, 1999), 45–46.
39. Amanda Foreman, A World on Fire: Britain's Crucial Role in the American Civil War (New York: Random House, 2010), 821–822.
40. Mahin, One War, 45–46.
41. Ibid., 48.
42. Burton Hendrick, Statesmen of the Lost Cause (New York: Literary Guild, 1939), 274–275.
CHAPTER THREE: THE PORT ROYAL EXPERIMENT
1. Edward Atkinson, Cheap Cotton by Free Labor (Boston: H. W. Dutton, 1861), 1–5.
2. Ibid., 6.
3. Akiko Ochiai, Harvesting Freedom (Westport, CT: Praeger, 2004), 53.
4. Pollard, Lost Cause, 194.
5. Ochiai, Harvesting Freedom, 53–57, 60.
6. Rose, Rehearsal,105–108.
7. Akiko Ochiai, “The Port Royal Experiment Revisited,” New England Quarterly 74, no. 1 (March 2001): 96.
8. Rose, Rehearsal, 205.
9. Ibid., 143.
10. Futrell, “Federal Trade,” 155.
11. Ibid., 143–157.
12. Rose, Rehearsal, 204.
13. Ochiai, Harvesting Freedom, 87.
14. Ibid., 67–69.
15. Ibid., 69–70.
16. Ibid., 90, 97, 101.
17. Ibid., 95.
18. Ibid., 99.
19. Ochiai, “Port Royal Experiment,” 97–99; Eric Foner, Reconstruction (New York: Harper & Row, 1988), 53.
20. Ochiai, “Port Royal Experiment,” 106, 109.
21. Ibid., 114.
22. Michael Shapiro, “Rehearsal for Reconstruction,” New York Times Opinionator, September 6, 2011, http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/11/06/rehearsal-for-reconstruction/.
23. Rose, Rehearsal, 269.
24. Ibid., 270.
25. Lawrence N. Powell, New Masters (New York: Fordham University Press, 1998), 34.
26. Foner, Reconstruction, 54; Rose, Rehearsal, 365; Powell, New Masters, 77, 147.
CHAPTER FOUR: MATAMOROS
1. Delaney, “Matamoros,” 474.
2. Wise, Lifeline, 86–89.
3. Marilyn Sibley, “Charles Stillman: A Case Study of Entrepreneurship on the Rio Grande, 1861–1865,” Southwestern Historical Quarterly 77, no. 2 (October 1973): 232.
4. Ibid., 234.
5. Kerby, Kirby Smith's Confederacy, 178.
6. William Moss Wilson, “The Confederate of the Sierra Madre,” New York Times Opinionator, September 1, 2011. http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/09/01/the-confederate-of-the-sierra-madre/.
7. James J. Horgan, “A Confederate Bull in a Mexican China Shop,” in John M. Belohlavek and Lewis N. Wynne, eds., Divided We Fall: Essays on Confederate Nation Building (St. Leo, FL: St. Leo College Press, 1991), 74–75.
8. Henry Martyn Flint, Mexico under Maximilian (Philadelphia: National Publishing, 1867), 62–68.
9. Mahin, One War, 221–235.
10. Owsley, King Cotton Diplomacy, 109–119.
11. Ibid., 126.
12. Ronnie C. Tyler, “Cotton on the Border: 1861–1865,” Southwestern Historical Quarterly 73, no. 4 (April 1970): 214.
13. Owsley, King Cotton Diplomacy, 140–145.
14. Daddysman, Matamoros Trade, 108–113, 143.
15. Delaney, “Matamoros,” 473–487.
16. Ibid., 480, 473–487.
17. Alfred Hanna and Kathryn Hanna, Napoleon III and Mexico (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1971), 156–157.
18. Kerby, Kirby Smith's Confederacy, 182.
19. Daddysman, Matamoros Trade, 155–156, 158.
20. Ibid., 156–157.
21. Ibid., 157–158.
22. Sibley, “Charles Stillman,” 228, 231.
23. Ibid., 239.
24. John Mason Hart, “Stillman, Charles,” Handbook of Texas Online, Texas State Historical Association, www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fst57; John Mason Hart, “Stillman, James.” Handbook of Texas Online, Texas State Historical Association, www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fstbp.
25. Peg Lamphier, Kate Chase and William Sprague: Politics and Gender in a Civil War Marriage (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2005), 46–47.
26. Ibid., 77–78.
27. Ibid., 95; Niven, Chase, 416.
28. Nathan Miller, Theodore Roosevelt (New York: William Morrow, 1992), 77.
29. Johnson, Red River, 19–21.
30. Ibid., 22–23.
31. Ibid., 49–78; Delaney, “Matamoros,” 473–487; Hanna and Hanna, Napoleon III, 165–166.
32. Kerby, Kirby Smith's Confederacy, 377.
33. Mahin, One War, 185–187.
34. Wise, Lifeline, 184–186.
CHAPTER FIVE: MISSISSIPPI VALLEY TRADE
1. Futrell, “Federal Trade,” 24.
2. Ibid., 67–70.
3. Surdam, Northern Naval Superiority, 184.
4. Futrell, “Federal Trade,” 78.
5. Ibid., 74.
6. Ulysses Grant, Personal Memoirs (New York: De Capo, 1952), 207–208.
7. “Abraham Lincoln and Cotton,” Lincoln Institute, accessed May 9, 2013, www.abrahamlincolnsclassroom.org/Library/newsletter.asp?ID=132&CRLI=180.
8. Futrell, “Federal Trade,” 87–95.
9. O'Connor, “Lincoln and the Cotton Trade,” 28.
10. Rhodes, History of the United States, 5:286.
11. Futrell, “Federal Trade,” 108.
12. McPherson, Battle Cry, 622.
13. Futrell, “Federal Trade,” 137.
14. Cohn, Life and Times, 129.
15. Brooks Simpson, Ulysses S. Grant (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2000), 164–166.
16. Charles Anderson Dana, Recollections of the Civil War (New York: D. Appleton, 1913), 18.
17. Johnson, “Northern Profit,” 111–112.
18. Coulter, “Commercial Intercourse,” 386.
19. The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1880), ser. 4, vol. 3, pt. 1, 282.
20. Futrell, “Federal Trade,” 291–303; John B. Jones, A Rebel War Clerk's Diary (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1866), 2:131.
21. Harris, Lincoln's Last Months, 177–179.
22. Bates, Diary, 276.
23. Browning, Orville Hickman Browning, 573, 578–579.
24. Futrell, “Federal Trade,” 114–120.
25. Clement Eaton, A History of the Southern Confederacy (New York: Free Press, 1954), 241.
26. Carl H. Moneyhon, The Impact of the Civil War and Reconstruction in Arkansas (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1994), 130.
27. Thomas A. DeBlack, With Fire and Sword (Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press, 2003), 86–87.
28. Ludwell Johnson, North and South: The American Iliad, 1848–1877 (Columbia, SC: Foundation for American Education, 1993), 118.
29. Coulter, “Commercial Intercourse,” 392.
30. Alan G. Bogue, The Congressman's Civil War (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988), 43.
31. Jones, War Clerk's Diary, 2:87.
32. Johnson, Red River, 10.
33. Ludwell H. Johnson, “The Butler Expedition of 1861–1862: The Profitable Side of War,” Civil War History 11, no. 3 (September 1965): 230.
34. Ibid., 232–233.
35. Ibid., 234.
36. Ibid., 236.
37. Hearn, Devil Came Down, 196.
38. Ibid., 195.
39. Ibid.
40. Ibid., 107–134.
41. Ibid., 186.
42. O'Connor, “Lincoln and the Cotton Trade,” 28.
43. Smith, Starving the South, 125, 119.
44. Futrell, “Federal Trade,” 194–211.
45. Hearn, Devil Came Down, 187–189.
46. Johnson, Red River, 53.
47. Hearn, Devil Came Down, 184–185.
48. Roberts, “Federal Government,” 267; Jones, War Clerk's Diary, 1:187.
49. Hearn, Devil Came Down, 192; Futrell, “Federal Trade,” 211–213.
50. Coulter, “Commercial Intercourse,” 387.
51. Roberts, “Federal Government,” 272.
52. Johnson, Red River, 10–28.
53. Ibid., 52.
54. Ibid., 30.
55. Dattel, Cotton and Race, 212.
56. Ibid., 211.
57. Foner, Reconstruction, 54–56.
58. Carl H. Moneyhon, “From Slave to Free Labor: The Federal Plantation Experiment in Arkansas,” in Anne J. Bailey and Daniel E. Sutherland, eds., Civil War Arkansas (Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press, 2000), 178–179, 183; McPherson, Battle Cry, 711; Foner, Reconstruction, 54–56.
59. Dattel, Cotton and Race, 213–214.
60. Thomas W. Knox, Campfire and Cotton Field (New York: Bielock, 1865), 316; Bell Irvin Wiley, Southern Negroes (New York: Rinehart, 1938), 186.
61. Cohn, Life and Times, 128.
62. Powell, New Masters, 9, 11, 47.
63. Cohn, Life and Times, 126–127; Dattel, Cotton and Race, 216.
64. Powell, New Masters, 46.
65. Knox, Campfire, 320–321.
66. Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970, pt. 1 Washington, DC, US Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census), 518; Foner, Reconstruction, 58; Powell, New Masters, 7.
67. Powell, New Masters, 44, 146.
CHAPTER SIX: ABUSING THE BLOCKADE
1. Boaz, Guns for Cotton, 7; Foreman, World on Fire, 80.
2. Mahin, One War, 164.
3. Clement Eaton, A History of the Southern Confederacy (New York: Free Press, 1954), 144; Thelma Peters, “Blockade-Running in the Bahamas during the Civil War,” paper read May 5, 1943, before the Historical Association of Southern Florida, 20.
4. Peters, “Blockade-Running,” 24–25.
5. Ibid., 19.
6. Boaz, Guns for Cotton, 61.
7. Smith, Starving the South, 127.
8. Ibid., 128; Greg Marquis, “The Ports of Halifax and St. Johns and the American Civil War,” (Canadian) Northern Mariner 7, no. 1 (January 1998): 14.
9. Francis I. W. Jones, “This Fraudulent Trade” (Canadian) Northern Mariner 9, no. 4 (October 1999), 39.
10. Hamilton Cochran, Blockade Runners (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2005), 47.
11. Ibid., 63.
12. Ludwell H. Johnson, “Commerce between Northeastern Ports and the Confederacy: 1861–1865,” Journal of American History 54, no. 1 (June 1967): 33.
13. Charles Cowley, Leaves from a Lawyer's Life Afloat and Ashore (Lowell, MA: Penhallow, 1879), 112–113.
14. Smith, Starving the South, 125–126.
15. Joseph T. Durkin, Confederate Navy Chief (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1954), 170.
16. Glen N. Wiche, ed., Dispatches from Bermuda: The Civil War Letters of Charles Maxwell Allen, US Consul to Bermuda, 1861–1888 (Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 2009), 89.
17. Johnson, “Commerce between Northeastern Ports,” 35.
18. Ibid., 30–33.
19. Ibid., 30–42; Niven, Chase, 351–352.
20. Robert Means Thompson and Richard Wainwright, Confidential Correspondence of Gustavus Fox, vol. 1 (New York: printed for the Naval History Society by De Vinne Press, 1918), 349; Merton E. Coulter. The Confederate States of America: 1861–1865 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1950), 289.
21. Jones, War Clerk's Diary, 1:310, 312, 358.
22. Ibid., 2:127, 179, 394.
23. Harris, Lincoln's Last Months, 182–183.
24. Kerby, Kirby Smith's Confederacy, 378.
25. Johnson, “Commerce between Northeastern Ports,” 36–37.
26. Ibid., 35.
27. Johnson, “Contraband Trade,” 640; Lamon, Recollections of Abraham Lincoln, 189.
28. Boaz, Guns for Cotton, 63; Owsley, King Cotton Diplomacy, 286; Cohn, Life and Times, 130.
29. Wise, Lifeline, 221.
CHAPTER SEVEN: NORFOLK
1. Ludwell Johnson, “Blockade or Trade Monopoly?,” Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 93, no. 1 (January 1985): 54–56.
2. Kenneth Stampp, And the War Came (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1970), 81–82.
3. Peter Andreas, Smuggler Nation (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013), 173.
4. Johnson, “Blockade,” 56–62.
5. Gideon Welles, Diary, vol. 1 (Boston: Houghton, Mifflin, 1911), 177.
6. Johnson, “Blockade,” 62–69.
7. Ibid., 69–75.
8. Ibid., 75–76.
9. Welles, Diary, 165–167.
10. Johnson, “Blockade,” 76–77.
11. Johnson, “Contraband Trade,” 646.
12. Ibid., 643.
13. Ibid., 645.
14. Ibid., 642–643.
15. The Record of Benjamin Butler from Original Sources (Boston: pamphlet, 1883), 13.
16. Frederick A. Wallace, Civil War Hero: George H. Gordon (Charleston, SC: History Press, 2011), 98.
17. Ibid., 101; Futrell, “Federal Trade,” 441.
CHAPTER EIGHT: KIRBY SMITHDOM
1. Surdam, Northern Naval Superiority, 177.
2. B. T. Johnson, “Memoir of the First Maryland Regiment,” Southern Historical Society Papers, vol. 9, 482.
3. Simpson, Grant, 218.
4. Donald Miles, Cinco de Mayo (Lincoln, NE: iUniverse, 2006), 7–8.
5. Ibid., 132.
6. Gene Smith, Maximilian and Carlota (London: Harrap, 1973), 138.
7. Flint, Mexico under Maximilian, 67–68.
8. Smith, Maximilian and Carlota, 142.
9. Owsley, King Cotton Diplomacy, 539.
10. Ibid., 540.
11. Mahin, One War, 29–30.
12. Owsley, King Cotton Diplomacy, 546.
13. Mahin, One War, 223–224.
14. Ibid., 224–225.
15. Kerby, Kirby Smith's Confederacy, 187.
16. Johnson, Red River, 35.
17. Jones, War Clerk's Diary, 1:244.
18. Mahin, One War, 231–232.
19. Ibid., 233–234.
20. Owsley, King Cotton Diplomacy, 541–547.
21. Mahin, One War, 225.
22. Kerby, Kirby Smith's Confederacy, 189.
23. Fred Harrington, Fighting Politician (Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1948), 134–135.
24. Kerby, Kirby Smith's Confederacy, 191–198.
25. Alvin Josephy Jr., The Civil War in the American West (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1991), 223; Stephen Oates, “John S. ‘Rip’ Ford,” Southwestern Historical Quarterly 64, no. 3 (January 1961): 308–309.
26. Johnson, Red River, 46, 49.
27. Johnson, “Northern Profit,” 107; “Consumer Price Index (Estimate) 1800–,” Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis, accessed August 5, 2013, www.minneapolisfed.org/community_education/teacher/calc/hist1800.cfm?.
28. Dattel, Cotton and Race, 203.
29. Johnson, Red River, 49, 64.
30. Kerby, Kirby Smith's Confederacy, 160.
31. Johnson, Red River, 7–8.
32. Ibid., 13–14.
33. Harris, Lincoln's Last Months, 182.
34. Johnson, Red River, 47–48.
35. Kerby, Kirby Smith's Confederacy, 160.
36. Ibid., 183.
37. Ibid., 173.
38. Daddysman, Matamoros Trade, 142–143.
39. Kerby, Kirby Smith's Confederacy, 173–207.
40. Michael B. Dougan, Confederate Arkansas (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1991), 120.
41. Johnson, Red River, 99–100, 171.
42. Curt Anders, Disaster in Damp Sand (Carmel, IN: Guild Press, 1997), 26.
43. Johnson, Red River, 65.
44. Judith Gentry, “John A. Stevenson: Confederate Adventurer,” Louisiana History 35, no. 2 (1994): 155–159; Johnson, Red River, 64–65, 68–69.
45. Kerby, Kirby Smith's Confederacy, 274.
46. Johnson, “Northern Profit,” 114.
47. Johnson, Red River, 72.
48. Ibid., 71–74.
49. Gary Dillard Joiner, One Damn Blunder from Beginning to End (Wilmington, DE: SR Books, 2003), 59.
50. Francis Lieber, Lieber's Code and the Law of War (Chicago: Precedent, 1983), 52.
51. Johnson, Red River, 76–78, 101–103.
52. Taylor, Destruction, 193.
53. Johnson, Red River, 253–254, 283; Michael Thomas Smith, The Enemy Within (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 2011), 164.
54. Smith, Enemy Within, 164.
55. Coulter, “Commercial Intercourse,” 392–393; Johnson, Red River, 285–287; The Blockade Runners and Raiders (Chicago: Time-Life Books, 1983), 91.
56. Smith, Enemy Within, 165.
57. Kerby, Kirby Smith's Confederacy, 389–390.
58. Ibid., 386–409.
59. Johnson, “Contraband Trade,” 637–638.
CHAPTER NINE: EYES TIGHTLY SHUT
1. Futrell, “Federal Trade,” 422.
2. David G. Surdam, “Traders or Traitors: Northern Cotton Trading During the Civil War,” Business and Economic History 28, no. 2 (Winter 1999): 302.
3. Johnson, “Contraband Trade,” 38–39.
4. Grant at City Point, Virginia, to Stanton, September 13, 1864, in Futrell, “Federal Trade,” 437.
5. Futrell, 419–421.
6. Ibid., 423–424.
7. Lincoln to Canby, December 12, 1864, in Futrell, “Federal Trade,” 431.
8. Futrell, “Federal Trade,” 449.
9. Canby to Stanton, January 13, 1865, in Futrell, “Federal Trade,” 434.
10. Johnson, “Northern Profits,” 112.
11. Futrell, “Federal Trade,” 445.
12. Surdam, “Traders or Traitors,” 305.
13. Harris, Lincoln's Last Months, 181.
14. Ibid., 182.
15. Johnson, “Northern Profit,” 103.
16. George Winston Smith, “Cotton from Savannah in 1865,” Journal of Southern History 21, no. 4 (November 1955): 496.
17. Johnson, “Northern Profit,” 103.
18. Smith, “Cotton from Savannah,” 508.
19. Alex Ayers, The Wit and Wisdom of Mark Twain (New York: Meridian, 1989), 46.
20. Smith, “Cotton from Savannah,” 497–498; “Consumer Price Index (Estimate) 1800–,” Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis.
21. Miles, Cinco de Mayo, 6.
22. Johnson, “Northern Profits,” 104.
23. Ibid., 105–106; Futrell, “Federal Trade,” 439.
24. Browning, Orville Hickman Browning, xxii–xxiii.
25. Harris, Lincoln's Last Months, 107–110.
26. Ibid., 185–186.
27. Robert Selph Henry, The Story of Reconstruction (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1938), repr. (New York: Knockey & Knockey, 1999), 64.
28. Ibid.
29. Merton E. Coulter, The South during Reconstruction: 1865–1877 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1947), 7–10.
30. Harris, Lincoln's Last Months, 184–185.
31. Ibid., 185.
32. Selph, Reconstruction, 63.
33. Ibid., 63–64.
34. Ibid., 64–65.
35. Ibid., 64.
CONCLUSION
1. Dattel, Cotton and Race, 61–85; “Government Revenue Details,” USgovernmentrevnue.com, accessed August 3, 2013, www.usgovern-mentrevenue.com/year_revenue_1860USmn_14ms1n_4046#usgs302.
2. Lebergott, “Why the South Lost,” 72–73.
3. O'Connor, “Lincoln and the Cotton Trade,” 32; Owsley, King Cotton Diplomacy, 289.
4. Stanley Lebergott, “Through the Blockade,” Journal of Economic History 41, no. 4 (December 1981): 881.
5. House Commerce Committee, H. R. Summary Report No. 24, Trade with the Rebellious States, 38th Cong., 2nd sess., March 1, 1865.
6. “Consumer Price Index (Estimate) 1800–,” Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis.
7. National Automobile Dealers Association, NADA DATA: State-of-the-Industry Report 2013, 3.
8. Congressional Globe, 38th Cong., 1st sess., vol. 2 (Washington, DC: 1864), 2823.
9. House Commerce Committee, Trade with the Rebellious States, 2.
10. Roberts, “Federal Government,” 275.
11. Rhodes, History of the Civil War, 359.
12. McPherson, Battle Cry, 624–625.
13. Surdam, “Traders or Traitors,” 303.
14. Gabor Boritt, Lincoln and the Economics of the American Dream (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1978), 243–247.
15. Harris, Lincoln's Last Months, 188.
16. McPherson, Battle Cry, 621.
17. Lamon, Recollections of Abraham Lincoln, 184–185. Cited in The Lincoln Institute, “Abraham Lincoln and Cotton,” http://www.abrahamlincolnsclassroom.org/Library/newsletter.asp?ID=132&CRLI=180
18. Johnson, Red River, 50.
19. O'Connor, “Lincoln and the Cotton Trade,” 26.
20. Ibid., 25.
21. Johnson, “Northern Profit,” 114; Johnson, Red River, 71–74.
22. Rhodes, History of the Civil War, 359.