Abdullah, Ibrahim. 1998. “Bush Path to Destruction: The Origin and Character of the Revolutionary United Front / Sierra Leone.” Journal of Modern African Studies 36(2): 203–235.
Agence France-Presse. 2015a. “Congo since the Return to Power of Sassou Nguesso.” October 25. http://reliefweb.int/report/congo/republic-congo-return-power-sassou-nguesso, accessed August 10, 2016.
Agence France-Presse. 2015b. “Former Separatist Fighters Surrender in Indonesia’s Aceh Province.” NDTV.com. http://www.ndtv.com/world-news/former-separatist-fighters-surrender-in-indonesias-aceh-1260232, accessed January 27, 2016.
Agence France-Presse. 2015c. “Sierra Leone Loses Track of Millions in Ebola Funds.” New York Times, February 14. http://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/15/world/africa/sierra-leone-loses-track-of-millions-in-ebola-funds.html?ref=topics&_r=1, accessed January 27, 2016.
Alifandi, Anton. 2015. “Indonesia’s Islamic State–Affiliated Militant Group More Likely to Attack Security Forces and Entertainment Targets Outside Jakarta.” Jane’s Intelligence Review, November 30. http://www.janes.com/article/56393/indonesia-s-islamic-state-affiliated-militant-group-more-likely-to-attack-security-forces-and-entertainment-targets-outside-jakarta, accessed January 29, 2016.
Amnesty International. 1999. “Republic of Congo: An Old generation of Leaders in New Carnage.” March 25. Index no. AFR 22/001/1999.
Amnesty International. 2015. “A ‘Lost Decade’ for Victims of Indonesia’s Aceh Conflict.” Gale Group Targeted News Service, August 14. http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?p=STND&u=ncliveecu&id=GALE|A425375542&v=2.1&it=r&sid=summon&userGroup=ncliveecu&authCount=1, accessed January 27, 2016.
“Amnesty Request for Din Minimi to Be Processed.” Jakarta Post, January 1, 2016. http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2016/01/01/amnesty-request-din-minimi-be-processed.html, accessed January 27, 2016.
Ananta, Aris. 2006. “Changing Ethnic Composition and Potential Violent Conflict in Riau Archipelago, Indonesia: An Early Warning Signal.” Population Review 45(1): n.p.
Archibald, Steven, and Paul Richards. 2002. “Converts to Human Rights? Popular Debate about War and Justice in Rural Central Sierra Leone.” Africa: Journal of the International African Institute 72(3): 339–367.
Arifianto, Alexander. 2009. “Explaining the Cause of Muslim-Christian Conflicts in Indonesia: Tracing the Origins of Kristenisasi and Islamisasi.” Islam and Christian-Muslim Relations 20(1): 73–89.
Asplund, Knut. 2009. “Resistance to Human Rights in Indonesia: Asian Values and Beyond.” Asia-Pacific Journal on Human Rights and the Law 10(1): 27–47. Atlantic. 2015. “Burma Doesn’t Want the Rohingya Muslims but Insists on Keeping Them.” June 12.
Australia West Papua Association, Sydney. 1995. West Papua Information Kit. http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/cline/papua/core.htm#top, accessed August 26, 2014.
Azca, Muhammad Najib. 2006. “In between Military and Militia: The Dynamics of the Security Forces in the Communal Conflict in Ambon.” Asian Journal of Social Science 34(3): 431–455.
Badcock, James. 2015. “U.S.-Belgian Businessman Arrested on Sierra Leone ‘Blood Diamonds’ Charge in Spain.” Telegraph, August 31.
Baer, Suzie. 2003. Peru’s MRTA: Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement. New York: Rosen.
Balch-Lindsay, Dylan, Andrew J. Enterline, and Kyle A. Joyce. 2008. “Third-Party Intervention and the Civil War Process.” Journal of Peace Research 45(3): 345–363.
Ballentine, Karen, and Heiko Nitzschke. 2003. “Beyond Greed and Grievance: Policy Lessons from Studies in the Political Economy of Armed Conflict.” IPA Policy Report, October.
Bandarage, Asoka. 2009. The Separatist Conflict in Sri Lanka: Terrorism, Ethnicity, Political Economy New York: Routledge.
Bapat, Navin. 2005. “Insurgency and the Opening of Peace Processes.” Journal of Peace Research 42(6): 699–717.
BBC News. 2003. “Foday Sankoh: The Cruel Rebel.” July 30. http://news.bbc.co.uk/go/pr/fr/-/2/hi/africa/3110629.stm.
BBC News. 2015a. “Sri Lanka Profile–Timeline.” January 9. http://www.bbc.com/news/world-south-asia-12004081, accessed January 26, 2016.
BBC News. 2015b. “What’s Happening in Syria?” February 20. http://www.bbc.co.uk/newsround/16979186.
Beeson, Mark. 2008. “Civil-Military Relations in Indonesia and the Philippines: Will the Thai
Coup Prove Contagious?” Armed Forces & Society 34(3): 474–490.
Béjar, Hector. 1969. Peru 1965: Notes on a Guerrilla Experience. New York: Monthly Review Press.
Berg, Ronald H. 1994. “Peasant Responses to Shining Path in Andahuaylas.” In Palmer, Shining Path of Peru, 101-122.
Bertrand, Jacques. 2008. “Ethnic Conflicts in Indonesia: National Models, Critical Junctures, and the Timing of Violence.” Journal of East Asian Studies 8(3): 425–449.
Bhattacharji, Preeti. 2009. “Backgrounder: Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (aka Tamil Tigers) (Sri Lanka, Separatists).” Council on Foreign Relations, May 20, 2009. http://www.cfr.org/publication/9242/, accessed October 14, 2009.
Bilveer, Singh. 2000. “Civil-Military Relations in Democratizing Indonesia: Change amidst Continuity.” Armed Forces & Society 26(4): 607–633.
Biswas, Bidisha. 2009. “Can’t We Just Talk? Reputational Concerns and International Intervention in Sri Lanka and Indonesia (Aceh).” International Negotiation 14(1): 121–147.
Blair, David. 2012. “Liberian Warlord Charles Taylor Is Jailed for 50 Years.” Telegraph, June 5.
Blenkinsop, Philip. 1998. “Behind the Lines . . . with Timor’s Forgotten Guerrillas.” Far Eastern Economic Review, September 3, 25–27.
Bottom, William P., James Holloway, Scott McClurg, and Gary J. Miller. 2000. “Negotiating a Coalition: Risk, Quota Shaving, and Learning to Bargain.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 44(2): 147–169.
Boulding, Kenneth. 1989. The Three Faces of Power. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.
Boulding, Kenneth. 2009. “A Proposal for a Research Program in the History of Peace.” Peace & Change 14(4): 461–469.
Brecher, Michael, and Jonathan Wilkenfeld. 1997. A Study of Crisis. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
Brown, Catherine. 1999. “Burma: The Political Economy of Violence.” Disasters 23(3): 234–256.
Brown, Derek. 2000. “Who is Foday Sankoh?” Guardian, May 17. http://www.theguardian.com/world/2000/may/17/sierraleone/print.
Brown, Graham. 2005. Horizontal Inequalities, Ethnic Separatism, and Violent Conflict: The Case of Aceh, Indonesia. UNDP Human Development Report. New York: United Nations, 2005.
Brundige, Elizabeth, Winter King, Priyneha Vahali, Stephen Vladeck, and Xiang Yuan. 2004. “Indonesian Human Rights Abuses in West Papua: Application of the Law of Genocide to the History of Indonesian Control.” Paper prepared for the Indonesia Human Rights Network. April.
Bueno de Mesquita, Ethan. 2005. “The Quality of Terror.” American Journal of Political Science 49(3): 515–530.
Bueno de Mesquita, Ethan. 2008. “Conciliation, Counterterrorism, and Patterns of Terrorist Violence.” International Organization 59 (Winter): 145–176.
Bueno de Mesquita, Ethan, and Eric Dickson. 2007. “The Propaganda of the Deed: Terrorism, Counterterrorism, and Mobilization.” American Journal of Political Science 51(2): 364–381.
Bullion, Alan. 1995. “War Eclipses Peace in Sri Lanka.” World Today 51(12): 227-229.
Burgoyne, Major Michael L. 2010. “The Allure of Quick Victory: Lessons from Peru’s Fight against Sendero Luminoso.” Military Review, September-October, 68–73.
Capizzi, Elaine, Helen Hill, and Dave Macey. 1976. “FRETILIN and the Struggle for Independence in East Timor.” Race & Class 17(4): 381–395.
Carment, David, and Patrick James. 1996. “Two-Level Games and Third-Party Intervention: Evidence from Ethnic Conflict in the Balkans and South Asia.” Canadian Journal of Political Science 29(3): 521–554.
Carment, David, and Patrick James. 1998. Peace in the Midst of Wars: Preventing and Managing International Ethnic Conflicts. Columbia, S.C.: University of South Carolina Press.
Cederman, Lars-Erik, and Kristian Skrede Gleditsch. 2009. “Introduction to Special Issue ‘Disaggregating Civil War.’” Special issue, Journal of Conflict Resolution 53(4): 487–495.
Center for Defense Information. 2003. “In the Spotlight: Sendero Luminoso.” Terrorism Project. http://www.cdi.org/terrorism/sendero.cfm, accessed October 8, 2016.
CEPAL (Comision Economica Para America Latino y el Caribe). 1990. Magnitud de la Probreza en America Latina en los Anos Ochenta. May. Reported in World Bank (1993).
Champion, Margaret Y. 2001. “Nationalization and Privatization in Peru: Socio-Economic Images in Perpetual Conflict?” Journal of Socio-Economics 30(6): 517–532.
Charlé, Suzanne. 2003. “Losing Friends in Indonesia.” Nation, December 29, 19–22.
Chen, Matthew E. 2007. “Chinese National Oil Companies and Human Rights.” Orbis 51(1): 41–54.
Chopra, Anuj. 2006. “Sri Lankan Talks a Welcome Step for Weary Observers.” Christian Science Monitor, October 30. http://www.csmonitor.com/2006/1030/p04s02-wosc.html, accessed October 8, 2016.
Christia, Fotini. 2012. Alliance Formation in Civil Wars. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Clark, John. 1997. “Petro-Politics in Congo.” Journal of Democracy 8(3): 62–76.
Clark, John. 1998. “Foreign Intervention in the Civil War of the Congo Republic.” Issue: A Journal of Opinion 26(1): 31–36.
Clark, John. 2002a. “The Neo-Colonial Context of the Democratic Experiment of Congo-Brazzaville.” African Affairs 101(403): 171–192.
Clark, John. 2002b. “Resource Revenues and Political Development in Sub-Saharan Africa Congo Republic in Comparative Perspective.” Africa Spectrum 37(1): 25–41.
Clark, John. 2008. The Failure of Democracy in the Republic of Congo. Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner.
Cochrane, Joe. 2012. “Aceh Peace Process at Risk in Indonesia?” Wall Street Journal, January 31. http://blogs.wsj.com/indonesiarealtime/2012/01/31/aceh-peace-process-at-risk-in-indonesia/, accessed September 28, 2016.
Coker, Christopher. 2002. “Globalization and Insecurity in the Twenty-First Century: NATO and the Management of Risk.” Special issue, Adelphi Papers 42 (345).
Collier, Paul, and Anke Hoeffler. 1998. “On Economic Causes of Civil War.” Review of Economic Studies 50(4): 563–573.
Collins, Elizabeth Fuller. 2002. “Indonesia: A Violent Culture.” Asian Survey 42(4): 582–604.
Colombijn, Freek. 2002. “Explaining the Violent Solution in Indonesia.” Brown Journal of World Affairs 9(1): 49–56.
Cook, Alethia, and Marie Olson Lounsbery. 2010. “Choose Your Weapon (or Strategy)! An Analysis of the Factors Influencing Strategy in Civil Wars.” Democracy and Security 6(3): 256–277.
Coppel, C. A. 2006. “Violence: Analysis, Representation and Resolution.” In Violent Conflicts in Indonesia: Analysis, Representation, Resolution, edited by C. A. Coppel, 3–18. London: Routledge, 2006.
Cormick, Craig. 1994. “Xanana Gusmao: Fighting for Freedom with Words.” Green Left Weekly, May 25, n.p. http://www.greenleft.org.au/node/6530, accessed September 17, 2014.
Cornwell, Svante E. 2005. “The Interactions of Narcotics and Conflict.” Journal of Peace Research 42(6): 751–760.
CQ Press. 2003. “Sri Lankan Government and Rebels on Cease-Fire.” In Historic Documents of 2002, 92. Washington, D.C.: CQ Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781483302591.n2, accessed September 24, 2016.
CQ Press. 2007a. “International Diplomats on the Peace Process in Sri Lanka.” In Historic Documents of 2006, 249–56. Washington, D.C.: CQ Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781483302638 accessed September 24, 2016.
CQ Press. 2007b. “Sri Lanka.” In Political Handbook of the World 2007, edited by Arthur S. Banks, Thomas C. Muller, and William R. Overstreet, 1155–67. Washington, D.C.: CQ Press. http://library.cqpress.com/phw/phw2007_srilanka, accessed September 24, 2016.
CQ Press. 2009a. “Peru.” In Political Handbook of the World. CQ Press Online Editions. http://library.cqpress.com/phw/document.php?id=phw2009_Peru&type=toc&num=144, accessed September 24, 2016.
CQ Press. 2009b. “Sri Lanka.” In Political Handbook of the World. http://library.cqpress.com/phw/document.php?id=phw2009_SriLanka&type=toc&num=171, accessed October 20, 2009.
CQ Press. 2011a. “Republic of the Congo.” In Political Handbook of the World. CQ Press Online Editions. http://library.cqpress.com/phw/document.php?id=phw2011_RepublicoftheCongo&type=toc&num=43, accessed September 24, 2016.
CQ Press. 2011b. “Sierra Leone.” In Political Handbook of the World: Online Edition. http://library.cqpress.com/phw/document.php?id=phw2011_SierraLeone&type=toc&num=164, accessed September 24, 2016.
Crabtree, John. 2002. “The Impact of Neo-Liberal Economics on Peruvian Peasant Agriculture in the 1990s.” Journal of Peasant Studies 29(3–4): 131–161.
Crawford, Timothy, and Alan Kuperman, eds. 2006. Gambling on Humanitarian Intervention: Moral Hazard, Rebellion, and Internal War. New York: Routledge.
Cronin, Audrey K. 2002/2003. “Behind the Curve: Globalization and International Terrorism.” International Security 27(3): 30–58.
Cronin, Audrey K. 2006. “How al-Qaida Ends.” International Security 31(1): 7–48.
Cronin, Audrey K. 2010. “When Should We Talk to Terrorists?” United States Institute of Peace Special Report. https://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/SE240Cronin.pdf, accessed June 29, 2015.
Cunningham, David E. 2006. “Veto Players and Civil War Duration.” American Journal of Political Science 50 (4): 875–92.
Cunningham, David E., Kristian Skrede Gleditsch, and Idean Salehyan. 2009. “It Takes Two: A Dyadic Analysis of Civil War Duration and Outcome.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 53(4): 570–597.
Dalpino, Catharin E. 2002. “Indonesia’s Democratic Difficulty: The Center Will Not Hold.” Brown Journal of World Affairs 9(1): 85–94.
De Angelis, Martin. 2015. “Peru’s Shining Path Insurgency Reemerges as a Security Threat.” Global Risk Insights, August 17. http://globalriskinsights.com/2015/08/perus-shining-path-insurgency-reemerges-as-security-threat/.
deBeer, Hanlie, and Richard Cornwell. 1999. “Congo-Brazzaville: The Deep End of the Pool.” Occasional Paper no. 41. Pretoria: Africa Early Warning Programme, Institute for Security Studies.
de Jonge, Huub, and Gerben Nooteboom. 2006. “Why the Madurese? Ethnic Conflicts in West and East Kalimantan Compared.” Asian Journal of Social Science 34(3): 456–474.
De Rosayro, Gaston. 1997. “Explosion Betrays Tigers’ Desperation.” South China Morning Post, October 16.
DeRouen, Karl R., Jr., and Jacob Bercovitch. 2008. “Enduring Internal Rivalries: A New Framework for the Study of Civil War.” Journal of Peace Research 45(1): 55–74.
DeRouen, Karl R., Jr., Jacob Bercovitch, and Jun Wei. 2009. “Duration of Peace and Recurring Civil Wars in Southeast Asia and the Pacific.” Civil Wars 11(2): 103–120.
De Silva, K. M. 1981. A History of Sri Lanka. Berkeley: University of California Press.
DeVotta, Neil. 2000. “Control Democracy, Institutional Decay, and the Quest for Eelam: Explaining Ethnic Conflict in Sri Lanka.” Pacific Affairs 73(1): 55–76.
DeVotta, Neil. 2009. “The Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam and the Lost Quest for Separatism in Sri Lanka.” Asian Survey 49(6): 1021–1051.
de Witt, Ton, and Vera Gianotten. 1994. “The Center’s Multiple Failures.” In Palmer, Shining Path of Peru, 63–75.
“Discourse: Threat Looms from IS Returnees, 600 Freed Former Terrorists.” 2015. Jakarta Post, December 11. http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2015/12/11/discourse-threat-looms-is-returnees-600-freed-former-terrorists.html.
Djuli, M. N., and Robert Jereski. 2002. “Prospects for Peace and Indonesia’s Survival.” Brown Journal of World Affairs 9(1): 35–48.
Driscoll, Jesse. 2012. “Commitment Problems or Bidding Wars? Rebel Fragmentation as Peace Building.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 56(1): 118–149.
Dugger, Celia W. 2000. “The Blood All Over.” New York Times, October 8.
“East Timor President Accepts New Cabinet Roster.” 2015. Kyodo News Service, February 11.
Eaton, David. 2006. “Diagnosing the Crisis in the Republic of Congo.” Africa 76(1): 44–69.
Economist. 1992. “Myanmar’s Monsters.” February 29. http://www.economist.com/node/1974062/print.
Economist. 1998. “A Tooth for a Tooth.” January 29. http://www.economist.com/node/111669.
Economist. 2003. “Obituary: Foday Sankoh: Foday Saybana Sankoh, an African Revolutionary, Died on July 29th, Aged 65.” August 7. http://www.economist.com/node/1974062.
Economist. 2004. “Asia: Deep Freeze; Myanmar.” November 27. http://www.economist.com/node/3429072.
Economist. 2005. “The Mess That the Army has Made.” July 23. http://www.economist.com/node/4197705.
Economist. 2007. “Oil, Votes and Ninjas: The Smaller Congo Goes to the Polls.” August 9. http://www.economist.com/node/9621999.
Elson, R. E., and Chiara Formichi. 2011. “Why Did Kartosuwiryo Start Shooting? An Account of Dutch-Republican-Islamic Forces Interaction in West Java, 1945–49.” Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 42(3): 458–486.
Ethnic Nationalities Council (Union of Burma). 2007. 60th Anniversary of the Panglong Agreement. Chang Mai, Thailand: Chang Mai University.
Falksohn, Rüdiger, and Padma Rao. 2008. “Extorting the Diaspora: Tamil Tigers Exploit Exiles Abroad to Fund Insurgency.” Spiegel Online, February 14. http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/extorting-the-diaspora-tamil-tigers-exploit-exiles-abroad-to-fund-insurgency-a-535316.html, accessed October 8, 2016.
Fearon, James, and David Laitin. 2003. “Ethnicity, Insurgency, and Civil War.” American Political Science Review 97(1): 75–90.
Feith, Herbert, and Daniel Lev. 1963. “The End of the Indonesian Rebellion.” Pacific Affairs 36(1): 32–46.
Feldman, Andreas, and Maiju Perala. 2004. “Reassessing the Causes of Nongovernmental Terrorism in Latin America.” Latin American Politics and Society 46(2): 101–132.
Findley, Michael. 2012. “Bargaining and the Interdependent Stages of Civil War Resolution,” Journal of Conflict Resolution 57(5): 905–932.
Fison, Darren, and Suzanne Werner. 2002. “A Bargaining Model of War and Peace.” American Journal of Political Science 46(4): 819–838.
Formichi, Chiara. 2012. Islam and the Making of the Nation. Leiden: KITLV Press.
Forsberg, Erika. 2009. “Neighbors at Risk: A Quantitative Study of Civil War Contagion.” PhD dissertation, Uppsala University.
Francis, David. 1999. “Mercenary Intervention in Sierra Leone: Providing National Security or International Exploitation.” Third World Quarterly 20(2): 319–338.
Franck, Raphael, and Ilia Rainer. 2012. “Does the Leader’s Ethnicity Matter? Ethnic Favoritism, Education, and Health in Sub-Saharan Africa.” American Political Science Review 106(2): 294–319.
Freeman, Colin. 2015. “Guinea and Sierra Leone Tried to Cover Up Ebola Crisis, Says Medecins Sans Frontieres.” Telegraph. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/ebola/11488726/Guinea-and-Sierra-Leone-tried-to-cover-up-Ebola-crisis-says-Medecins-Sans-Frontieres.html, accessed January 27, 2016.
Fritz, Mark. 1994. “Africa’s Youngest Dictator Keeps Tight Rein.” Los Angeles Times, March 20.
Fuller, Thomas. 2009. “Sri Lanka Rejects Tamil Call for Cease-Fire.” New York Times, April 26. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/27/world/asia/27lanka.html, accessed October 8, 2016.
Galloy, Martine-Renée, and Marc-Éric Gruénais. 1997. “Fighting for Power in the Congo.” LaMonde, November.
Ganguly, Rajat. 2004. “Sri Lanka’s Ethnic Conflict: At a Crossroad between Peace and War.” Third World Quarterly 25(5): 903–917.
Gargan, Edward. 1993. “Suicide Bomber Kills President of Sri Lanka.” New York Times, May 2.
Gberie, Lansana. 2003. “West Africa: Rocks in a Hard Place: The Political Economy of Diamonds and Regional Destabilization.” In The Diamonds and Human Security Project, edited by Ian Smillie. Ottawa: Partnership Africa Canada.
Gberie, Lansana. 2005. Dirty War in West Africa: The RUF and the Destruction of Sierra Leone. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Gberie, Lansana. 2007. “Liberia and Sierra Leone: Civil Wars, 1989–2004.” In Daily Lives of Civilians in Wartime Africa: From Slavery Days to Rwanda, edited by John Laband, 195–226. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood.
Gberie, Lansana. 2011. “How Sierra Leone Fell into the Hands of Young Soldiers.” New African, April, 48–53.
Ghosh, P. A. 1999. Ethnic Conflict in Sri Lanka and Role of Indian Peace Keeping Force (IPKF). New Delhi: A.P.H.
Giblin, Susan. 2007. “Violent Conflicts in Indonesia.” International Journal of Human Rights 11(4): 517–527.
Gleditsch, Nils Peter, Peter Wallensteen, Mikael Eriksson, Margareta Sollenberg, and Havard Strand. 2002. “Armed Conflict, 1946–2001: A New Dataset.” Journal of Peace Research 39(5): 615–637.
Globalsecurity.org. N.d. “Mong Tai Army (MTA), United Wa State Army (UWSA).” http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/para/wa.htm.
Goertz, Gary, and Paul F. Diehl. 1992. “The Empirical Importance of Enduring Rivalries.” International Interactions 18(2): 151–183.
Goertz, Gary, and Paul F. Diehl. 1993. “Enduring Rivalry: Theoretical Constructs and Empirical Patterns.” International Studies Quarterly 37(2): 147–171.
Gonzales, José E. 1994. “Guerrillas and Coca in the Upper Huallaga Valley.” In Palmer, Shining Path of Peru, 123–143.
Gorriti, Ellenbogen Gustavo. 1999. The Shining Path: A History of the Millenarian War in Peru. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
Gregory, Kathryn. 2009. “Backgrounder: Shining Path, Tupac Amaru (Peru, Leftists).” Council on Foreign Relations, August 27.
Greig, J. Michael. 2001. “Moments of Opportunity: Recognizing Conditions of Ripeness for International Mediation between Enduring Rivals.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 45(6): 691–718.
Grundy-Warr, Carl. 1993. “Coexistent Borderlands and Intra-State Conflicts in Mainland Southeast Asia.” Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography 14(1): 42–57. Guardian. 2015. “Burma’s Birth Control Law Exposes Buddhist Fear of Muslim Minority.” May 25.
Gurr, Ted Robert. 1971. Why Men Rebel. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
Gurr, Ted Robert. 1990. “Ethnic Warfare and the Changing Priorities of Global Security.” Mediterranean Quarterly 1(1): 82–98.
Gurr, Ted Robert. 1993. Minorities at Risk: A Global View of Ethnopolitical Conflicts. Washington, D.C.: United States Institute of Peace.
Guzman, Abimael. 1993. “Exclusive Comments by Abimael Guzman.” World Affairs 156(1): 52–57.
Harbom, Lotta, and Peter Wallensteen. 2010. “Armed Conflict, 1946–2009.” Journal of Peace Research 47(4): 501–509.
Hassan, S. Azmat. 2009. Countering Violent Extremism: The Fate of the Tamil Tigers. New York: EastWest Institute.
Havermans, Jos. 1999. “Congo Brazzaville: A Democratization Process Scourged by Violence.” In Searching for Peace in Africa: An Overview of Conflict Prevention and Management Activities, edited by Monique Mekenkamp, Paul Van Tongeren, and Hans Van der Veen. Utrecht, Netherlands: European Platform for Conflict Prevention and Transformation/European Centre for Conflict Prevention.
Hayami, Yoko. 2011. “Pagodas and Prophets: Contesting Sacred Space and Power among Buddhist Karen in Karen State.” Journal of Asian Studies 70(4): 1083–1105.
Hefner, Robert. 2003. “Roots of Violence in Indonesia: Contemporary Violence in Historical Perspective.” Journal of Asian Studies 62(2): 1005–1007.
Henderson, Errol, and J. Singer. 2002. “ ‘New Wars’ and Rumors of ‘New Wars.’” International Interactions 28(2): 165–190.
Herriman, Nicholas. 2006. “Fear and Uncertainty: Local Perceptions of the Sorcerer and the State in an Indonesian Witch-hunt.” Asian Journal of Social Science 34(3): 360–387. Hindu. 1986. “The View from the Tigers: Part 1 and 2.” September. (two-part interview with Velupillai Prabhakaran).
Hirsch, John. 2001. Sierra Leone: Diamonds and the Struggle for Democracy. Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner.
Hoffman, Bruce. 1998. Inside Terrorism. New York: Columbia University Press.
Hoffman, Bruce. 2009. “The First Non-State Use of a Chemical Weapon in Warfare: The Tamil Tigers’ Assault on East Kiran.” Small Wars & Insurgencies 20(3): 463–477.
Hoffman, Danny. 2002. “The Meaning of a Militia: Understanding the Civil Defence Forces of Sierra Leone.” African Affairs 106(425): 639–662.
Holliday, Ian. 2005. “Doing Business with Rights and Violating Regimes Corporate Social Responsibility and Myanmar’s Military Junta.” Journal of Business Ethics 61(4): 329–342.
Holliday, Ian. 2008. “Voting and Violence in Myanmar: Nation Building for a Transition to Democracy.” Asian Survey 48(6): 1038–1058.
Homer-Dixon, Thomas. 1999. Environment, Scarcity, and Violence. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
Hopgood, Stephen. 2005. “Tamil Tigers, 1987–2002.” Making Sense of Suicide Missions, edited by Diego Gambetta, 43–76. Oxford: Oxford University Press..
Horikoshi, Hiroko. 1975. “The Dar ul-Islam Movement in West Java (1948–62): An Experience in the Historical Process.” Indonesia, no. 20, 58–86.
Hulst, Wiecher. 1991. “From Now On, It is Not Just Free Acheh but Free Sumatra.” http://Acehnet.tripod.com/sumatra.htm, accessed September 9, 2014.
Human Rights Watch. 1995a. Peru: The Two Faces of Justice. Human Rights Watch report 7(9), July. New York: Human Rights Watch. https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/PERU957.pdf, accessed September 24, 2016.
Human Rights Watch. 1995b. Playing the “Communal Card”: Communal Violence and Human Rights. New York: Human Rights Watch. https://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports/1995/communal/, accessed September 24, 2016.
Human Rights Watch. 1996. “Sri Lanka.” Human Rights Watch World Report 1996. https://www.hrw.org/reports/1996/WR96/Asia-08.htm#P735_195262, accessed October 8, 2016.
Human Rights Watch. 1997. “Sri Lanka.” Human Rights Watch World Report 1997. New York:
Human Rights Watch. https://www.hrw.org/reports/1997/WR97/ASIA-06.htm#P487_223952, accessed October 8, 2016.
Human Rights Watch. 1998. Burma/Thailand: Unwanted and Unprotected: Burmese Refugees in Thailand. Human Rights Watch report 10(6), September. New York: Human Rights Watch. https://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports98/thai/Thai989-03.htm, accessed September 24, 2016.
Human Rights Watch. 1999a. “Sierra Leone: Getting Away with Murder, Mutilation, and Rape.” Human Rights Watch report 11(3A), July. New York: Human Rights Watch. https://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports/1999/sierra/, accessed September 24, 2016.
Human Rights Watch. 1999b. “Sri Lanka.” Human Rights Watch World Report 1999. New York:
Human Rights Watch. https://www.hrw.org/legacy/worldreport99/asia/srilanka.html, accessed October 8, 2016.
Human Rights Watch. 2002. Indonesia: Accountability for Human Rights Violations in Aceh.
Human Rights Watch report 14(1), March. New York: Human Rights Watch. https://www.hrw.org/reports/2002/aceh/, accessed September 24, 2016.
Human Rights Watch. 2005. “They Came and Destroyed Our Village Again”: The Plight of Internally Displaced People in the Karen State. Human Rights Watch report 17(4C), June. New York: Human Rights Watch. https://www.hrw.org/report/2005/06/09/they-came-and-destroyed-our-village-again/plight-internally-displaced-persons accessed October 8, 2016.
Human Rights Watch. 2006. “Sri Lanka.” Human Rights Watch World Report 2006. New York:
Human Rights Watch. https://www.hrw.org/legacy/english/docs/2006/01/18/slanka12252.htm accessed October 8, 2016.
Human Rights Watch. 2012. ”The Government Could Have Stopped This”: Sectarian Violence and Ensuring Abuses in Burma’s Arakan State. New York: Human Rights Watch. https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/burma0812webwcover_0.pdf, accessed September 24, 2016.
Hunter, Helen-Louise. Sukarno and the Indonesian Coup: The Untold Story. Westport, Conn.: Praeger Security International, 2007.
IRIN News. 2000. “Sierra Leone: IRIN Interview with Johnny Paul Koroma.” IRIN News, a service of the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. June 6.
IRIN News. 2003. “West Africa: Bockarie’s Death Boost Chances for Peace.” IRIN News, a service of the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. May 9.
Isbell, Billie Jean. 1994. “Shining Path and Peasant Responses in Rural Hyacucho.” In Palmer, Shining Path of Peru, 77–99.
Jagan, Larry. 2009. “Junta Has ‘Stolen Billions’ in Gas Revenue.” National, September 13.
Jane’s. 2012. “Procurement (MYANMAR), Procurement.” Sentinel Security Assessment—Southeast Asia. Coulsdon, Surrey UK: Jane’s Information Group. Jane’s Intelligence Weekly. 2015. “Resignation of East Timor PM Will Be Managed Transition, but Protest and Riot Risks Increase.” February 11.
Johnston, Patrick. 2007. “Negotiated Settlements and Government Strategy in Civil War: Evidence from Darfur.” Civil Wars 9(4): 359–377.
Jones, Lucy. 2003. “Bockarie Died a Wanted Man.” BBC News, May 8. http://newsvote.bbc.co.uk/mpapps/pagetools/print/news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/3006851.stm.
Jordan, Jenna. 2009. “When Heads Roll: Assessing the Effectiveness of Leadership Decapitation.” Security Studies 18(4): 719–755.
Kamaluddin, S. 1992. “Burma-Bangladesh: The Arakan Exodus, Anxious Neighbors.” Far East Economic Review, March 26.
Kammen, Douglas. 2009. “A Tape Recorder and a Wink? Transcript of the May 29, 1983 Meeting between Governor Carrascalão and Xanana Gusmão.” Indonesia 87: 73–140.
Kandeh, Jimmy. 2003. “Sierra Leone’s Post-Conflict Elections of 2002.” Journal of Modern African Studies 41(2): 189–216.
Kaufmann, Chaim. 1996. “Possible and Impossible Solutions to Ethnic Civil Wars.” International Security 20(4): 136–175.
Kay, Cristobal. 1983. “Agrarian Reform in Peru: An Assessment.” In Agrarian Reform in Contemporary Developing Countries, edited by Ajit Kumar Ghose, 185–239. New York: St. Martin’s Press.
Keen, David. 2005. “Liberalization and Conflict.” International Political Science Review 26(1): 73–89.
Keesing’s World News Archive. 1931–2016. Reno, Nev.: Keesings Worldwide LLC. www.keesings.com, accessed May 19, 2010, to May 19, 2011.
Kerry, John. 2015. “In the Matter of the Designation of Mujahidin Indonesia Timur (MIT), aka Mujahideen Indonesia Timor, aka Mujahidin of Eastern Indonesia, aka Mujahidin Indonesia Barat, aka Mujahidin Indonesia Timor, aka Mujahidin of Western Indonesia (MIB), as a Specially Designated Global Terrorist Entity Pursuant to Section 1(b) of Executive Order 13224, as Amended.” Federal Register. https://www.federalregister.gov/articles/2015/09/30/2015–24898/in-the-matter-of-the-designation-of-mujahidin-indonesia-timur-mit-aka-mujahideen-indonesia-timor-aka, accessed January 29, 2016.
Kingsbury, Damien. 2007. “Indonesia in 2006: Cautious Reform.” Asian Survey 47(1): 155–161.
Kipp, Rita Smith. 2004. “Indonesia in 2003: Terror’s Aftermath.” Asian Survey 44(1): 62.
Kriesberg, Louis. 1998. Constructive Conflicts: From Escalation to Resolution. Lanham, Md.: Rowman and Littlefield.
Kuperman, Alan. 2008. “The Moral Hazard of Humanitarian Intervention: Lessons from the Balkans.” International Studies Quarterly 52(1): 49–80.
Kurlantzick, Joshua. 2001. “Indonesia’s Splintering.” World & I 16(7): n.p.
Lacina, Bethany, and Nils Petter Gleditsch. 2005. “Monitoring Trends in Global Combat: A New Dataset of Battle Deaths.” European Journal of Population 21(2–3): 145–166.
Lanka Newspapers. 2007. “President Orders Recruitment of 50,000 More Youths to Forces.” Sri Lankan News & Discussions, June 19. http://www.lankanewspapers.com/news/2007/6/16057.html, accessed October 8, 2016.
Lavalie, A. M. 1985. “Government and Opposition in Sierra Leone, 1968–78.” In Sierra Leone Studies at Birmingham 1983: Symposium Proceedings, edited by A. Jones and P. K. Mitchell, 77–106. Birmingham: University of Birmingham, Centre of West African Studies.
Le Billon, Phillipe. 2005. Fueling War: Natural Resources and Armed Conflict. London: Routledge, for the Institute for Strategic Studies.
Le Billon, Phillipe, and Estelle Levin. 2009. “Building Peace with Conflict Diamonds? Merging Security and Development in Sierra Leone.” Development and Change 40(4): 693–715.
Lee, Thomas J., Luke C. Mullany, Adam K. Richards, Heather K. Kulper, Cynthia Maung, and Chris Beyrer. 2006. “Mortality Rates in Conflict Zones in Karen, Karenni, and Mon States in Eastern Burma.” Tropical Medicine and International Health 11(7): 1119–1127.
Licklider, Roy. 1995. “The Consequences of Negotiated Settlements in Civil Wars, 1945–1993.” American Political Science Review 89(3): 681–690.
Lilja, Jannie. 2010. Disaggregating Dissent: The Challenges of Intra-Party Consolidation in Civil War and Peace Negotiations. Uppsala: Uppsala Universitet.
Lintner, Bertil. 1990. Outrage: Burma’s Struggle for Democracy. Ann Arbor, Mich.: White Lotus.
Lintner, Bertil. 1991. “Unexpected Karen Rebel Push Worries Ruling Junta.” Far Eastern Economic Review, November 14.
Lintner, Bertil. 1992. “The Arakan Exodus.” Far Eastern Economic Review, March 26.
Lintner, Bertil. 1993. “One More to Go.” Far Eastern Economic Review, October 21.
Lintner, Bertil. 1994. Burma in Revolt: Opium and Insurgency since 1948. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press.
Liong, Liem Soei. 1988. “Indonesian Muslims and the State: Accommodation or Revolt?” Third World Quarterly 10(2): 869–896.
Litse, Janvier. 2015. Foreword to Development Effectiveness Review 2015: Sierra Leone, by African Development Bank Group, 1. Country Report. Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire: African Development Bank Group.
Little, David. 1994. Sri Lanka: The Invention of Enmity. Washington, D.C.: United States Institute of Peace Press.
Los Angeles Times. 1989. “The World—February 05, 1989.” February 5. http://articles.latimes.com/1989-02-05/news/mn-2347_1_victor-polay-campos.
Magnusson, Bruce A., and John F. Clark. 2005. “Understanding Democratic Survival and Democratic Failure in Africa: Insights from Divergent Democratic Experiments in Benin and Congo (Brazzaville).” Comparative Study of Society and History 47(3): 552–582.
Manwaring, Max G. 1995. “Peru’s Sendero Luminoso: The Shining Path Beckons.” The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 541(1): 157–166.
Marshall, C. Andrew. 2000. “The Republic of Congo on the Brink: Mission of the Henry Dunant Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue to the Republic of Congo on behalf of the Inter-Agency Standing Committee Working-Group, 5–15 April 2000.” Geneva: Henry Dunant Center for Humanitarian Dialogue. http://www.hdcentre.org/uploads/tx_news/224-The-Republic-of-Congo-on-the-Brink.pdf.
Marshall, Monty, and Ted Robert Gurr. 2003. Peace and Conflict, 2003: A Global Survey of Armed Conflicts, Self-Determination Movements, and Democracy. College Park, Md.:
Center for International Development and Conflict Management.
Martel, Frances. 2015. “Peru: Long-Diminished Shining Path Terror Group May Now Have Up to 350 Members.” August 6. http://www.breitbart.com/national-security/2015/08/06/peru-long-diminished-shining-path-terror-group-may-now-have-up-to-350-members/.
Maung, Mya. 1990. “The Road from the Union of Burma to Myanmar.” Asian Survey 30: 602–624.
Mayilvaganan, M. 2009. “Is It Endgame for ltte?” Strategic Analysis 33(1): 25–39.
McClintock, Cynthia. 1989. “The Prospects for Democratic Consolidation in a ‘Least Likely’ Case: Peru.” Comparative Politics 21(2): 127–148.
McDonnell, Ted. 2015. “Timor President Urged to Resign over Role in Party.” Australian, November 18, 10.
Mercury. 1950. “Ambon Rebellion Expected to Spread to Celebes.” April 28. http://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/26692821?searchTerm=Ambon+Bay, accessed October 8, 2016.
Miall, Hugh. 1992. The Peacemakers: Peaceful Settlement of Disputes since 1945. London: Macmillan.
Mietzner, Marcus. 2002. “Politics of Engagement: The Indonesian Armed Forces, Islamic Extremism, and the ‘War on Terror.’” Brown Journal of World Affairs 9(1): 71–84.
“Military Reform from Above.” 1992. In Peru: A Country Study, edited by Rex A. Hudson. 4th ed. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office for the Library of Congress. http://countrystudies.us/peru/21.htm.
Minorities at Risk Project. 2009. “Minorities at Risk Dataset.” College Park, Md.: Center for International Development and Conflict Management. http://www.cidcm.umd.edu/mar/, July 30, 2015.
Muggah, Robert, Philippe Maughan, and Christian Bugnion. 2003. “The Long Shadow of War: Prospects for Disarmament Demobilisation and Reintegration in the Republic of Congo: A Joint Independent Evaluation for the European Commission, UNDP and the MDRP Secretariat.” February 13–March 6.
Mullany, L. C., C. I. Lee, L. Yone, P. Paw, E. K. S. Oo, C. Maung, et al. 2008. “Access to Essential Maternal Health Interventions and Human Rights Violations among Vulnerable Communities in Eastern Burma.” PLoS Med 5(12): e242. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0050242.
Nadarajah, Suthaharan, and Dhananjayan Sriskandarajah. 2005. “Liberation Struggle or Terrorism: The Politics of Naming the LTTE.” Third World Quarterly 26(1): 87–100.
Nawawi, Mohammed. 1969. “Stagnation as a Basis of Regionalism: A Lesson from Indonesia.” Asian Survey 9(12): 934–945.
Ndumbe, J. Anyu, and Babalola Cole. 2005. “The Illicit Diamond Trade, Civil Conflicts, and Terrorism in Africa.” Mediterranean Quarterly 16(2): 52–65.
New York Times. 1948. “Burmese Rebels Hurt by Sea-Air Assault.” August 20.
New York Times. 1958. “Indonesia Split Traced Far Back.” February 16.
New York Times. 1961. “Surrender of Arms Ordered.” April 25.
New York Times. 2009. “Tamil Tigers.” May 18.
Nieto, W. Alejandro Sanchez. 2008. “A War of Attrition: Sri Lanka and the Tamil Tigers.” Small Wars & Insurgencies 19(4): 573–587.
Norwegian Refugee Council/Global IDP Project. 2005. “Profile of Internal Displacement: Republic of Congo (Brazzaville).” Compilation of the information available in the Global IDP Database of the Norwegian Refugee Council, Geneva, Switzerland.
O’Flaherty, Michael. 2004. “Sierra Leone’s Peace Process: The Role of the Human Rights Community.” Human Rights Quarterly, 26(1): 29–62.
Olson Lounsbery, Marie. 2005. “Enduring Intrastate Rivalries in Southeast Asia: A New Direction in Intrastate Conflict Exploration.” Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Washington D.C., September.
Olson Lounsbery, Marie. 2015. “Foreign Military Intervention and Rebel Group Cohesion.” Unpublished manuscript.
Olson Lounsbery, Marie, and Alethia Cook. 2010. “Rebellion, Mediation, and Group Change: An Empirical Investigation of Competing Hypotheses.” Journal of Peace Research 48(1): 73–84.
Olson Lounsbery, Marie, and Karl DeRouen Jr. 2015. “Foreign Intervention and Civil War Peace Agreement Provisions.” Unpublished manuscript.
Olson Lounsbery, Marie, and Frederic Pearson. 2009. Civil Wars: Internal Struggles, Global Consequences. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
Onís, Paco, Peter Kinoy, Pamela Yates, and Karen Duffy. State of Fear. New York: Skylight Pictures, 2005.
Palmer, David Scott, ed. 1994. Shining Path of Peru. New York: St. Martin’s Press.
“Papuan Leader Says Netherlands Created OPM to Oppose Indonesia.” 2014. AntaraNews.com, May 12. http://www.antaranews.com/en/news/94013/papuan-leader-says-netherlands-created-opm-to-oppose-indonesia, accessed November 12, 2014.
Parlina, Ina. 2016. “Govt to Take ‘Soft Approach’ in Papua.” Jakarta Post, January 5. http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2016/01/05/govt-take-soft-approach-papua.html, accessed January 27, 2016.
Parnini, Syeda Naushin. 2013. “The Crisis of the Rohingya as a Muslim Minority in Myanmar and Bilateral Relations with Bangladesh.” Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs 33(2): 281–297.
pbs. 1999. “War in Europe.” Frontline. http.://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/kosovo, accessed July 30, 2015.
Pearson, Frederic S., and Robert Baumann. 1993. International Military Intervention, 1946– 1988. Inter-University Consortium for Political and Social Research (ICPSR), Data Collection 6035. Ann Arbor: Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan.
Pearson, Frederic S., Marie Olson Lounsbery, Scott Walker, and Sonja Mann. 2006. “Replicating and Extending Theories of Civil War Settlement.” International Interactions 32(2): 109–128.
Pearson, Frederic S., John Sislin, and Marie Olson. 1998. “Arms Trade, Economics of.” In The Encyclopedia of Violence, Peace and Conflict, edited by Lester Kurtz. San Diego: Academic Press.
Pemberton, John. 1999. “Open Secrets: Excerpts from Conversations with a Javanese Lawyer, and a Comment.” In Figures of Criminality in Indonesia, the Philippines, and Colonial Vietnam, edited by Vicente L. Rafeal, 193–209. Ithaca, N.Y.: Southeast Asia Program, Cornell University.
Peruvian Times. 1990. “Peru Journalists Remember Fallen Colleagues on 26th Anniversary of Uchuraccay Massacre.” January 28.
Peruvian Times. 2012. “Peru’s Poverty Rate Falls 3 Percent in 2011.” May 31.
Pfaffenberger, Bryan. 1987. “Sri Lanka in 1986: A Nation at the Crossroads.” Asian Survey 27(2): 155–162.
Powell, Robert. 2004. “Bargaining and Learning While Fighting Over the Distribution of Power.” American Journal of Political Science 48(2): 344–361.
Prabhakaran, V. 1994. “Heroes Day Speech 1994.” Eelam View, November 27. As translated by eelamaran and posted November 7, 2012. http://www.eelamview.com/2012/11/07/leader-v-prabakarans-heros-day-speech-1994/.
Prabhakaran, V. 1995. “Heroes Day Speech 1995.” Eelam View, November 27. As translated by eelamaran and posted November 7, 2012. http://www.eelamview.com/2012/11/07/leader-v-prabakarans-heros-day-speech-1995/.
Prabhakaran, V. 1999. “Heroes Day Speech 1999.” Eelam View, November 27. As translated by eelamaran and posted November 7, 2012. http://www.eelamview.com/2012/11/07/leader-v-prabakarans-heros-day-speech-1999-2/.
Pratap, Anita. 1984. “Velupillai Pirabaharan: Interview with Anita Pratap.” Sunday Magazine, India, March 11–17. http://tamilnation.co/ltte/vp/interviews/8403%20anita%20pratap.htm.
Radio Free Asia. 2015. “Armed Ethnic Groups Call for an End to Myanmar Military Offensives.” November 3. http://www.rfa.org/english/news/myanmar/armed-ethnic-groups-call-for-an-end-to-myanmar-military-offenses-11032015150042.html.
Radio Free Asia. 2016. “Myanmar Army Vows to Eliminate Armed Ethnic Rebels in Rahkine State.” January 8. http://www.rfa.org/english/news/myanmar/myanmar-army-vows-to-eliminate-armed-ethnic-rebels-in-rakhine-state-01082016153351.html?searchterm :utf8:ustring=KIA+myanmar.
Rajah, Ananda. 2002. “A ‘Nation of Intent’ in Burma: Karen Ethno-Nationalism, Nationalism and Narrations of Nation.” Pacific Review 15(4): 517–537.
Rajasingham-Senanayake, Darini. 2009. “Transnational Peace Building and Conflict Lessons from Aceh, Indonesia and Sri Lanka.” Sojourn: Journal of Social Issues in Southeast Asia 24(2): 211–234.
Raman, Nachammai. 2009. “A History of Violence.” Alternatives International, July 21. http://www.alterinter.org/article3330.html?lang=fr, accessed October 16, 2009.
Ramesh, Randeep. 2007. “Tamil Tigers Used Truce to Rearm, Says Former Commander.” Guardian, April 4. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/apr/04/srilanka, accessed October 8, 2017.
Rashid, Ismail. 2016. “Sierra Leone: The Revolutionary United Front.” In Criminalized Power Structures: The Overlooked Enemies of Peace, edited by Michael Dziedzic, 81–110. Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield.
Ratnayake, K. 2004. “A Split in the LTTE Heightens Danger of War in Sri Lanka.” World Socialist Web Site, March 18. https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2004/03/ltte-m18.html.
Rauchhaus, Robert. 2009. “Principal-Agent Problems in Humanitarian Intervention: Moral Hazards, Adverse Selection, and the Commitment Dilemma.” International Studies Quarterly 53(4): 871–884.
Regan, Patrick M. 2000a. Civil Wars and Foreign Powers. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
Regan, Patrick M. 2000b. “The Substitutability of U.S. Policy Options in Internal Conflicts.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 44(1): 90–106.
Reisinger, William M. 1986. “Situational and Motivational Assumptions in Theories of Coalition Formation.” Legislative Studies Quarterly 11(4): 551–563.
Reno, William. 1996. Corruption and State Politics in Sierra Leone. Cambridge, Mass.: Cambridge University Press.
Reno, William. 1998. Warlord Politics and African States. Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner. Report of the Secretary-General’s Panel of Experts on Accountability in Sri Lanka. 2011. United Nations, March 31. http://www.un.org/News/dh/infocus/Sri_Lanka/POE_Report_Full.pdf, accessed July 10, 2012.
Richards, Joanne. 2014. An Institutional History of the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE). Geneva: Centre on Conflict, Development and Peacebuilding.
Richards, Paul. 2005. “West-African Warscapes: War as Smokes and Mirrors.” Anthropological Quarterly 78(2): 377–402.
Ricklefs, Merle. 2003. “The Future of Indonesia.” History Today 53(12): 46–53.
Riker, William H. 1962. The Theory of Political Coalitions. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press.
Rotberg, Robert I. 1999. Creating Peace in Sri Lanka: Civil War and Reconciliation. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press.
Rothman, Jay. 1997. Resolving Identity-Based Conflict in Nations, Organizations, and Communities. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Rothman, Jay, and Marie Olson. 2001. “From Interests to Identities: Toward a New Emphasis in International Conflict Resolution.” Journal of Peace Research 38(3): 289–305.
Rupesinghe, Kumar. 1988. “Ethnic Conflicts in South Asia: The Case of Sri Lanka and the Indian Peace-Keeping Force.” Journal of Peace Research 25(4): 337–350.
Rupesinghe, Kumar. 1998. Civil Wars, Civil Peace: An Introduction to Conflict Resolution. London: Pluto Press.
Saddique, Haroon. 2007. “Tamil Tigers Attack Airforce Base.” Guardian, October 22. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/oct/22/srilanka, accessed October 8, 2016.
Saideman, Stephen. 1997. “Explaining the International Relations of Secessionist Conflicts: Vulnerability versus Ethnic Ties.” International Organization 51(4): 721–753.
Sandy, Denis. 2016. “The Dark Side of Sierra Leone’s Development—Part One.” Sierra Leone Telegraph. http://www.thesierraleonetelegraph.com/?p=11446#more-11446, accessed January 27, 2016.
Saravanamuttu, Paikiasothy. 2000. “Sri Lanka: The Intractability of Ethnic Conflict.” In The Management of Peace Processes, edited by John Darby and Roger MacGinty, 195–227. New York: St. Martin’s Press.
Schock, Kurt. 1999. “People Power and Political Opportunities: Social Movement Mobilization and Outcomes in the Philippines and Burma.” Social Problems 46(3): 355–375.
Schulze, Kirsten. 2002. “Laskar Jihad and the Conflict in Ambon.” Brown Journal of World Affairs 9(1): 57–69.
Schulze, Kirsten. 2004. The Free Aceh Movement (GAM): Anatomy of a Separatist Organization. Policy Studies no. 2. Washington, D.C.: East-West Center.
SCSL (Special Court for Sierra Leone). 2003. The Prosecutor against Charles Ghankay Taylor, Also Known as Charles Ghankay Macarthur Dapkpana Taylor: Indictment. March 7. Case no. SCSL-03-01-I.
SCSL (Special Court for Sierra Leone). 2004. Trial Chamber II: Judgment: Prosecutor v. Alex Tamba Brima, Brima Bazzy Tamara, and Santigie Borbor Kanu. May 18. Case no. SCSL04-16-T.
SCSL (Special Court for Sierra Leone). 2009. Trial Chamber II: Judgment: Prosecutor v. Issa Hassan Sesay, Morris Kallon, and Augustine Gbao. March 2. Case no. SCSL-04-T-2234 D.
SCSL (Special Court for Sierra Leone). 2012. Trial Chamber II: Judgment: Prosecutor v. Charles Ghankay Taylor. May 18. Case no. SCSL-03-01-t.
Sengupta, Somini. 2015. “U.N. Delays Release of Report on Possible War Crimes in Sri Lanka.” New York Times, February 16. http://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/17/world/asia/united-nations-postpones-report-possible-war-crimes-sri-lanka.html?ref=topics&_r=0, accessed January 26, 2016.
Silverstein, Josef. 1997. “Fifty Years of Failure in Burma.” In Government Policies and Ethnic Relations in Asia and the Pacific, edited by Michael Brown and Sumit Ganguily, 167–196. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
Singer, Marshall. 1992. “Sri Lanka’s Tamil-Sinhalese Ethnic Conflict: Alternative Solutions.” Asian Survey 32(8): 712–722.
Singh, Bilveer. 2004. “The Challenge of Militant Islam and Terrorism in Indonesia.” Australian Journal of International Affairs 58(1): 47–68.
Sisk, Timothy. 2009. International Mediation in Civil Wars: Bargaining with Bullets. New York: Routledge.
Sislin, John, and Frederic Pearson. 2001. Arms and Ethnic Conflict. Lanham, Md.: Roman & Littlefield.
Sislin, John, and Frederic Pearson. 2006. “Arms and Escalation in Ethnic Conflicts: The Case of Sri Lanka.” International Studies Perspectives 7(2): 137–158.
Skeen, Lisa. N.d. “A Shining Path Resurgence?” NACLA: Reporting on the Americas since 1967. https://nacla.org/news/shining-path-resurgence.
Slantchev, Branislav. 2003. “The Principle of Convergence in Wartime Negotiations.” American Political Science Review 97(4): 621–632.
Small, Melvin, and J. David Singer. 1982. Resort to Arms: International and Civil Wars, 1816– 1980. Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage.
Smillie, Ian, Lansana Gberie, and Ralph Hazleton. 2000. The Heart of the Matter: Sierra Leone, Diamonds and Human Security. Ottawa: Partnership Africa Canada.
Smith, Anthony D. 1986. “Conflict and Collective Identity: Class, Ethnie, and Nation.” In International Conflict Resolution, edited by Edward D. Azar and John W. Burton, 64–73. Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner.
Snyder, Richard, and Ravi Bhavnani. 2005. “Diamonds, Blood, and Taxes: A Revenue-Centered Framework for Explaining Political Order.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 49(4): 563–597.
Soebardi, S. 1983. “Kartosuwiryo and the Darul Islam Rebellion in Indonesia.” Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 14(1): 109–133.
Somba, Nethy Dharma. 2016. “Hundreds of Papuans Hide in the Woods after the Death of TNI Officer.” Jakarta Post, January 7. http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2016/01/07/hundreds-papuans-hide-woods-after-death-tni-officer.html, accessed January 27, 2016.
Spencer, Jonathan. 1990. “Collective Violence and Everyday Practice in Sri Lanka.” Modern Asian Studies 24(3): 603–623.
Sri Lanka Project. 2004. “Sri Lanka Project Briefing.” Sri Lanka Project, International Section, Refugee Council. London: Refugee Council.
Stedman, Stephen J. 1997. “Spoiler Problems in Peace Processes,” International Security 22(2): 5–53.
Strong, Simon. 1992. Shining Path: Terror and Revolution in Peru. New York: Times Books.
Subramanian, Nirupama. 1995. “Fight to the Finish.” India Today, November 30.
Sullivan, Mark P. 2010. “Latin America: Terrorism Issues.” Congressional Research Service Report, October 26.
Svensson, Isak. 2009. “Who Brings Which Peace? Neutral versus Biased Mediation in Institutional Peace Arrangements in Civil Wars.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 53(3): 446–469.
Synge, Richard. 2002. “Sierra Leone: Recent History.” In Africa South of the Sahara, 2003, edited by Katharine Murison, 916–922. London: Europa.
Tadjoeddin, Mohammad Zulfan, and Anis Chowdhury. 2009. “Socioeconomic Perspectives on Violent Conflict in Indonesia.” Economics of Peace and Security Journal 4(1) 39–46.
Tajima, Yuhki. 2008. “Explaining Ethnic Violence in Indonesia: Demilitarizing Domestic Security.” Journal of East Asian Studies 8(2008): 451–472.
Tambiah, S. J. 1986. Sri Lanka: Ethnic Fratricide and the Dismantling of Democracy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Tanter, Richard, Desmond Ball, and Gerry Van Klinken, eds. 2006. Masters of Terror: Indonesia’s Military and Violence in East Timor. Lanham, Md.: Roman & Littlefield.
Taylor, Robert H. 2008. “Finding the Political in Myanmar, a.k.a. Burma.” Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 39(2): 219–237.
Thompson, Virginia. 1948. “Burma’s Communists.” Far Eastern Survey 17(9): 103–105.
UCDP (Uppsala Conflict Data Program). 1975-2016. UCDP Conflict Encyclopedia. Uppsala, Sweden: Uppsala University. http://www.ucdp.uu.se, accessed September 5, 2008, to October 8, 2016.
UCDP/PRIO (Uppsala Conflict Data Program / Peace Research Institute Oslo). 2014. UCDP/ PRIO Armed Conflict Dataset—2014. Vol. 4-2014, 1946–2013. http://www.pcr.uu.se/research/ucdp/datasets/ucdp_prio_armed_conflict_dataset/, accessed August 12, 2014.
UN News Centre. 2007. “China and Russia Veto U.S./uk-Backed Security Council Draft Resolution on Myanmar.” January 12.
U.S. CIA (Central Intelligence Agency). 2012, 2016. World Factbook. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/sl.html, accessed August 29, 2012, and January 27, 2016.
U.S. Department of State. 2009a. “Background Note: Peru.” Country Reports on Human Rights Practices. http://www.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/peru/123821.htm, accessed September 24, 2016.
U.S. Department of State. 2009b. “Background Note: Republic of the Congo.” Country Reports on Human Rights Practices. Bureau of African Affairs. August. http://www.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/congobrazzaville/127941.htm, accessed September 24, 2016.
U.S. Department of State. 2009c. Report to Congress on Incidents during the Recent Conflict in Sri Lanka. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/4792D63B35FAD909492576580005B2E2-Full_Report.pdf, accessed on September 24, 2016.
U.S. Department of State. 2015. “Designations of Foreign Terrorist Fighters.” September 29. http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2015/09/247433.htm, accessed January 29, 2016.
U.S. Department of the Treasury. 2009. “Treasury Targets U.S. Front for Sri Lankan Terrorist Organization.” Press Center, February 11. https://www.treasury.gov/press-center/press-releases/Pages/tg22.aspx, accessed October 14, 2009.
U.S. Energy Information Administration. 2014. “Congo (Brazzaville).” January 29. http://www.eia.gov/beta/international/analysis_includes/countries_long/Congo_Brazzaville/congo.pdf.
Van Bruinessen, Martin. N.d. “Islamic State or State Islam? Fifty Years of State-Islam Relations in Indonesia.” In Indonesien am Ende des 20. Jahrhunderts, edited by Ingrid Wessel, 19–34. Hamburg: Abera-Verlag.
Vandenbosch, Amry. 1952. “Nationalism and Religion in Indonesia.” Far Eastern Survey 21(18): 181–185.
van der Kroef, Justus. 1958a. “Disunited Indonesia.” Far Eastern Survey 27(4): 49–63.
van der Kroef, Justus. 1958b. “Disunited Indonesia II.” Far Eastern Survey 27(5): 73–80.
Varagur, Krithika. 2015. “World’s Largest Islamic Organization Tells ISIS to Get Lost.” Huffington Post, December 3. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/indonesian-muslims-counter-isis_us_565c737ae4b072e9d1c26bda, accessed January 28, 2016.
Varshney, Ashutosh. 2008. “Analyzing Collective Violence in Indonesia: An Overview.” In “Collective Violence in Indonesia,” special issue, Journal of East Asian Studies 8(3): 341–359.
Varshney, Ashutosh, Mohammad Zulfan Tadjoeddin, and Rizal Panggabean. 2008. “Creating Datasets in Information-Poor Envioronments: Patterns of Collective Violence in Indonesia, 1990–2003.” In “Collective Violence in Indonesia,” special issue, Journal of East Asian Studies 8(3): 361–394.
Vines, Alex. 2005. “Combating Light Weapons Proliferation in West Africa.” International Affairs 81(2): 341–360. Wall Street Journal. 2010. “World News: Myanmar Moves Troops to Borders.” March 12. Washington Post. 1988. “Peruvian Rebel Offers Grim Prophecy.” August 19.
Wax, Emily. 2009. “Without Me, They Couldn’t Win the War.” Washington Post, February 11.
Weatherbee, Donald. 2002. “Indonesia: Political Drift and State Decay.” Brown Journal of World Affairs 9(1): 23–33.
Weber, Max. 1964. The Theory of Economic and Social Organization. New York: Free Press.
Weiner, Myron. 1996. “Bad Neighbors, Bad Neighborhoods: An Inquiry into the Causes of Refugee Flows.” International Security 21(1): 5–42.
Wirajuda, N. Hassan. 2002. “The Democratic Response.” Brown Journal of World Affairs 9(1): 15–21.
Woods, Larry J., and Timothy R. Reese. 2008. “Military Interventions in Sierra Leone: Lessons from a Failed State.” Long War series, occasional paper 28. Ft. Leavenworth, Kan.: Combat Studies Institute Press.
World Bank. 1993. “Peru Poverty Assessment and Social Policies and Programs for the Poor.” Report no. 11191-pe. May 5.
“World Development Indicators.” 1960–2014. Poverty rates. World Bank. http://data.worldbank.org/data-catalog/world-development-indicators.
Yaeger, Carl. 2008. “Menia Muria: The South Moluccans Fight in Holland.” Terrorism 13(3): 215–226.
Yin Hlaing, Kyaw. 2004. “Myanmar in 2003: Frustration and Despair?” Asian Survey 44(1): 87.
Zack-Williams, Alfred. 1999. “Sierra Leone: The Political Economy of Civil War, 1991–98.” Third World Quarterly 20(1): 143–162.
Zack-Williams, Alfred, and Stephen Riley. 1993. “Sierra Leone: The Coup and Its Consequences.” Review of African Political Economy (56): 91–98.
Zartman, I. William. 1989. Ripe for Resolution: Conflict and Intervention in Africa. 2nd ed. New York: Oxford University Press.
Zartman, I. William. 1993. “The Unfinished Agenda: Negotiating Internal Conflicts.” In Stopping the Killing: How Civil Wars End, edited by Roy Licklider, 20–34. New York: New York University Press.
Zartman, I. William. 2000. “Ripeness: The Hurting Stalemate and Beyond.” In International Conflict Resolution after the Cold War, edited by Paul Stern and Daniel Druckman, 225– 250. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press.
Zartman, I. William, and Saadia Touval. 1985. “International Mediation: Conflict Resolution and Power Politics.” Journal of Social Issues 41(2): 27–45.
Zartman, I. William, and Katharina R. Vogeli. 2000. “Prevention Gained and Prevention Lost: Collapse, Competition, and Coup in Congo.” In Opportunities Missed, Opportunities Seized: Preventative Diplomacy in the Post-Cold War Era, edited by Bruce W. Jentleson, 265–292. Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield.
Zenn, Jacob. 2013. “East Indonesian Islamist Militants Expand Focus and Area of Operations.” Terrorism Monitor 11(11). A report by the Jamestown Foundation. http://www.jamestown.org/single/?tx_ttnews[tt_news]=40960&no_cache=1#.Vqu_SU9bjsA, accessed January 29, 2016.