| ANF | Ante-Nicene Fathers |
| ANRW | Aufstieg und Niedergang der Römischen Welt, ed. H. Temporini and A. Haase. Berlin: de Gruyter. |
| Arist. | Aristotle |
| CAH | Cambridge Ancient History |
| cf. | confer |
| CHJ | Cambridge History of Judaism |
| Compendia | Compendia Rerum Iudaicarum ad Novum Testamentum. Section One: The Jewish People in the First Century, ed. S. Safrai and M. Stern. 2 vols. Section Two: The Literature of the Jewish People in the Period of the Second Temple and the Talmud, ed. M. J. Mulder, M. E. Stone and S. Safrai. 3 vols. Philadelphia: Fortress; Assen/Maastricht: Van Gorcum. 1976–87. |
| cp. | compare |
| Dio Cass. | Dio Cassius |
| Diod. Sic. | Diodorus Siculus |
| Epict. | Epictetus (Disc. = Discourses) |
| esp. | especially |
| Euseb. | Eusebius |
| Ign. | Ignatius |
| Jos. | Josephus |
| JTS | Journal of Theological Studies |
| LCL | Loeb Classical Library |
| LXX | Septuagint version of the Old Testament (see below) |
| NRSV | New Revised Standard Version (see below) |
| NT | New Testament |
| OT | Old Testament |
| par(s). | and parallel(s) [in the synoptic tradition] |
| PG | J. P. Migne, Patrologia Graeca. Paris, 1857–66. |
| SB | H. L. Strack and P. Billerbeck, Kommentar zum Neuen Testament aus Talmud und Midrasch. 6 vols. Munich: C. H. Beck, 1926–56. |
| Schürer | E. Schürer, The History of the Jewish People in the Age of Jesus Christ (175 B.C.—A.D. 135). Rev. & ed. M. Black, G. Vermes, F. G. B. Millar. 4 vols. Edinburgh: T & T Clark, 1973–87. |
| Suet. | Suetonius |
| Tac. | Tacitus |
| TDNT | Theological Dictionary of the New Testament, ed. G. Kittel and G. Friedrich. 10 vols. Trans. & ed. G. W. Bromiley. Grand Rapids, Mich.: Eerdmans, 1964–76. |