Abbasids, 132
Abd al-Muttalib (grandfather of Muhammad), 45, 46, 50
Abraham, 3, 35, 65, 159–160, 187–189; in Arabia, 16–17; covenant with, 13–16; and Ishmael, 16–17, 158; and Pilgrimage, 20–22; religion of, 15, 38–40, 232; Station of, 18, 21–22, 282, 292–293; writings of, 170
Abu Bakr, 72, 73, 86–87, 95–96, 115, 119–121, 122–123, 134, 144, 146, 151, 179–180, 281, 286, 299, 310, 321
Abu Talib (uncle of Muhammad), 67–68
Abyssinia: Muslim emigration to, 61–63
Adam, 10–14, 44, 159, 163, 187–188, 214
Afterlife, 207–211, 388–389, 403–412
Ahmad, as name of Muhammad, 47
Ali, 4, 72, 73, 87, 112, 115, 126, 199, 311; conversion of, 54–55; designation of as Imam, 124–128
Alms, alms-tithe, 93, 151, 153–154
Amina (mother of Muhammad), 44–45
Angels, 10–11, 20, 25, 33, 167, 170
Arafat, Mount, 21, 259, 283, 296–297
Bahira, 46
Black Stone, 19, 288–289, 290, 296
Caliph, Caliphate, 4, 10, 117–120, 122–123, 144–150
Christians, 15, 93, 197–198, 274; and asceticism, 321; errors of, 103–104; and fasting, 254–255; tampering with Scripture, 161–165
Companions of the Prophet, 118, 196, 201, 224–225, 303
Eschatology, 117, 173, 219, 388–412
Eve, 11
Ezra, 162–163; worshiped by Jews, 33
Fasting, 4, 252–256, 279; Feast of Breaking of the Fast, 9, 276–277
Fatima (daughter of Muhammad), 131, 135
Friday service, 3, 101, 270, 274–276
Gabriel, 51–53, 65–66, 72, 84, 178
God: providence of, 369–370; vision of, 411–412
Gospel, 159, 164–165, 170, 173, 198
Grave, torments of the, 403–405
Imam, 121; Hidden, 135–140; Shi‘ite, 123–124
Isaac, 18
Isaiah, 48
Ishmael, 16–17, 35–37, 91, 168, 258–259
Islam, 3, 6–7; eschatological preaching of, 307–310; and the Last Things, 388–412; and monasticism, 321–322; moral teaching in, 150–154; no compulsion in, 156–157; Pillars of, 3, 150–152; and rationalist ethics, 372–374; and theology, 370–371
Jawf, 81
Jesus 3, 27–31, 47, 65, 90 99, 103–104, l68, 188–189, 214, 26, 321; his apostles, 34; Ascension of, 34; crucifixion of, 31–32; and the Gospel, 159; as Muslim, 32–33; as Word and Son of God, 103–104
Jews, 15, 93, 197–198, 253–254; Banu Nadir, 80–81; Banu Qurayza, 83–85; Banu Qaynuqa‘, 78–79; in Constitution of Medina, 74–75; errors of, 100–102; and fasting, 253–254; opposition of to Muhammad, 75–76, 80–82; and prayer, 268, 274; tampering with Scripture, 161–165; warned by their prophets, 102–103
Jihad. See Holy War
Jinn, 25
John the Baptist, 160, 168, 214
Jurisprudence, 5; classical schools of, 240–242; controversial questions in, 251–252; and end of the classical period, 242–243; its evolution, 239–240
Ka‘ba, 4, 11–13, 40, 35, 51, 89–90, 258, 260, 282, 289–292
Khadija (wife of Muhammad), 49–50, 52–54, 67–68, 175
Law (Islamic), 4–6; and abrogation, 243–248; and consensus, 229–231; derivation of God’s commands in, 227–229; and divorce, 249–251; knowledge of and obligations, 236–239; and the obligation to study philosophy, 374–377; and personal initiative, 231–236; and prescribed penalties, 248–249; relationship of to Scripture and tradition, 214–220; scholasticism in, 240–241. See also Jurisprudence
Mary (mother of Jesus), 27–29, 90, 261
Mary (Muhammad’s concubine), 91
Mecca, 4, 16; Haram at, 289–294; monotheism in, 39–43; Muhammad’s conquest of, 88–89; paganism in, 37–39, 89–90, 258–260
Medina: Constitution of, 74–75; and invitation to Muhammad, 69–70; migration to (Hijra), 71–74; Prophet’s mosque and tomb at, 270–271, 298–306
Mina, 21, 283, 297–298, 298–299
Moses, 3, 22–24, 65, 99, 160, 169, 187–188
Mosque, 3
Mother of the Book, 170–171, 192
Mufti, 150
Muhammad: and armistice of Hudaybiyya, 85–88; Ascension of, 168–169; and attack on Khaybar, 88; and battle of Badr, 77–78; his birth, 44–46; boycott of, 63–64; and conflict with Jews, 78–79, 80–81; and conquest of Mecca, 89–90; and Constitution of Medina, 74–75; descent of, 44; Farewell Pilgrimage of, 94–95, 280–285; his first revelations, 50–51; his illness and death, 95–97; and invitation from Yathrib, 68–70; makes Umra, 88; his marriage to Khadija, 49–50; his mosque and tomb at Medina, 298–306; Night Journey of, 64–67; opening of his breast, 45–46; opposition to, 59–61; predictions concerning, 46–49; prophethood of, 189–191; public preaching of, 55–59; and raid on Tabuk, 91; as seal of the prophets, 185–187; and submission of idolators, 91–92; visions of, 51–52; wives of, 67
Muharram, Tenth of, 253–254, 277–279
Muslims: community of, 104–106, 115–116; consensus of, 109–112, 229–231
Mystics and mysticism: ecstatic utterances in, 342–343; and al-Hallaj, 339–341; and Oneness of God, 3 35 3 37, 338–339; and the Perfect Man, 349–351; and philosophy, 382–388; in Quran, 330–332; and self-obliteration, 337–338; and Shi‘ism, 353–357; its special way, 332–335
Night Journey, 64–67, 168, 189
Philosophy, 371–372, 374–377; and the Afterlife, 403–412
Pilgrimage, 4, 12–13, 20–22, 93, 94–95, 276, 279–289, 294–298; sacrifice on, 285, 298
Prayer, 3, 93, 151, 263–268; direction of, 3, 101, 105–106, 234–235, 268–270; manner and intent of, 273–274; summons to, 3, 271–272; and women, 267
Prophets, prophecy, 158–161, 167, 185, 186–187, 189–191, 214
Quran, 3, 91, 92, 158, 201; and abrogation, 243–248; ambiguities in, 191–194; as an Arabic book, 106–109; the arrangement of the suras in, 181; contents of early suras in, 56–58; created or uncreated, 172–173; crimes and penalties in, 248–249; divine origins of, 165–168; earliest sura in, 175–176; exegesis of, 194–211; and the Final Judgment, 392–401; first revelations of, 50–53; as heavenly Book, 170–172; inimitability of, 173–174; Jesus in, 27–33; and Muhammad’s Ascension, 168–169; and mysticism, 330–332; and Night of Destiny, 169–170; original and copy of, 178–179; “Satanic verses” in, 177–178; seven canonical readings of, 181–193; Shi‘ite view of, 183–185; study of, 201–203; Throne Verse in, 176–177; Uthman’s recension of, 179–181
Quraysh: their boycott of Muhammad, 63–64; their opposition to Muhammad, 59–61
Rahman, 61
Ramadan, 38–39, 51, 53, 169–170. See also Fasting
Sarah, 16
Scripture: Jewish and Christian tampering with, 161–165; and tradition, 214–220
Shi‘a, Shi‘ites, 4–5, 112–117, 122, 123–124, 133–142, 221, 241, 278; and the Quran, 183–185; sects of, 135, 140; (Isma‘ili) Seveners, 140–142; and Sufism, 353–357; (Imami) Twelvers, 140–142
Sufis, Sufism, 6; communities of, 325–326, 329–330; their devotions, 326–327; examples of conversions to, 312–321; and monasticism, 321–325; orders of, 327–328; origins of, 310–312; training of, 328–329
Theology (dialectical), 358, 365–367; and fundamentalism, 365–367; and Gnosticism, 377–382; and innovation, 367–368; limited role of, 363–365; and mysticism, 382–388; origins of in Islam, 359–361; and philosophy, 361–363; and rationalist theology, 386–369
Torah, 100–101, 158–159, 160, 162–164, 170, 173, 197
Tradition (Prophetic) and traditionism, 4, 201; canonical collections of, 226–227; categories of, 224; contradictions in, 225–226; criticism of, 222–224; divine validation of, 220; and Scripture, 214–220; sectarian tendencies of, 221–222; staying close to, 110–111; transmission of, 220–221; usefulness of, 213–214
Umar ibn al-Khattab, 96–98, 115, 119–121 134, 144, 145–146, 151 179–180, 247, 299–300, 310–311
Uthman, 123, 300, 311; his recension of the Quran, 179–181
War, 70–71, 76–77. See also Holy War
Waraqa ibn Nawfal, 53
Yathrib. See Medina
Zahirites, 241