Figures
Figure I.2. World rural and urban population, 1950–2015.
Figure I.3. World primary energy consumption by fuel type, 1850–2014.
Figure 1.2. Life cycle embodied and operational energy of five vehicle types.
Figure 1.3. Volumetric and gravimetric density of fuels and storage media.
Figure 2.1. World per capita primary energy consumption per year by fuel type, 1850–2014.
Figure 2.3. Per capita gross domestic product and energy consumption of various countries, 2012.
Figure 2.5. Current energy consumption by source, world and United States, 2012.
Figure 2.6. Flow of world energy production and consumption, 2012.
Figure 2.7. Energy inputs and outputs in the U.S. food system.
Figure 3.1. U.S. final energy consumption by fuel type, 2012.
Figure 3.2. U.S. total photovoltaic installations and capacity.
Figure 3.3. Intermittency of renewable energy electricity generation and its effect on price.
Figure 3.4. Conceptual energy balance.
Figure 3.5. Wind energy payback period.
Figure 5.1. Temperatures used in industrial processes.
Figure 5.2. Sankey diagram of process energy flow in U.S. manufacturing sector.
Figure 6.1. Considerations in a life cycle analysis of a solar photovoltaic system.
Figure 6.2. Global new investment in renewable energy by asset class, 2004–2014.
Figure 6.3. Energy intensity per unit of world gross domestic product over time.
Figure 8.2. Selected countries’ historic per capita contribution to climate change.
Figure 9.1. Selected countries’ public investments in renewable energy research and development.
Figure 11.1. Percentage of electricity generated by renewables in selected countries, 2014.
Figure 11.2. How many Earths does it take? Productive global hectares (gha) per capita.
Figure 11.3. U.S. average real wealth per family (chained 2010 dollars).
Figure 11.4. Materials required in the manufacturing and operation of a wind turbine.
Table
Table 1.1. U.S. average estimated levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) for new plants entering service in 2020 ($[2013]/MWh).