Conventions Used in This Book

The following typographical conventions are used in this book:

Plain text

Indicates menu titles, menu options, menu buttons, keyboard accelerators (such as Alt and Ctrl), plugins, gems, and libraries.

Italic

Indicates new terms, URLs, email addresses, filenames, file extensions, pathnames, directories, controls, and Unix utilities.

Constant width

Indicates commands, options, switches, variables, attributes, keys, functions, types, classes, namespaces, methods, modules, properties, parameters, values, objects, events, event handlers, interfaces, XML tags, HTML tags, macros, the contents of files, or the output from commands.

Constant width italic

Shows text that should be replaced with user-supplied values.

Constant width bold

Used to highlight portions of code.

Tip

This icon signifies a tip, suggestion, or general note.

Warning

This icon indicates a warning or caution.