1. Howard Goldsmid, A Midnight Prowl Through Victorian London (London, 1887).
2. Sheffield Daily Telegraph, 20 July 1887.
3. PRO: Metropolitan Police Files: file 3/141, ff. 158–59.
4. Ibid.
1. Max Schlesinger, Saunterings in and About London (London, 1853), p. 89.
2. John Hollingshead, Ragged London (1861), pp. 39, 282.
3. First Report of the Commissioners for Inquiring into the State of Large Towns and Populous Districts,vol. 1 (London, 1844), pp. 111–13.
4. George R. Sims, How the Poor Live(London, 1883), p. 12.
5. First Report of the Commissioners for Inquiring into the State of Large Towns and Populous Districts,vol. 1 (London, 1844), pp. 111–13.
6. Coventry Standard, 27 June 1845.
7. LMA: London Parish Register: P69/BRI/A/01/MS6541/5. I am indebted to Neal and Jennifer Shelden for this discovery.
1. Franklin Parker, George Peabody: A Biography (Vanderbilt University Press, 1995), p. 126.
2. London Daily News, 29 January 1876.
3. “New Peabody Buildings in Lambeth,” theCircle, 11 April 1874.
4. Ibid.
5. Phebe Ann Hanaford, The Life of George Peabody (Boston, 1870), p. 133.
6. Daily News,29 January 1876.
7. Hanaford, The Life of George Peabody, p. 137.
8. Daily Telegraph, 24 December 1878.
9. LMA: Stamford Street Registers Acc/3445/PT/07/066.
10. Ibid.
11. Ancestry.com, Glasgow, Scotland, Crew Lists, 1863–1901.
1. LMA: Board of Guardian Records, 1834–1906; Church of England Parish Registers: 1754–1906, P 73/MRK2/001.
2. LMA: Holborn Union Workhouse records: HOBG 510/18 (Examinations). Records for Renfrew Road for the period in which Polly claimed to enter the workhouse in Lambeth are missing; however, her name does not appear in the 1880 records of the union’s other workhouse on Prince’s Road.
3. G. Haw, From Workhouse to Westminster: The Life Story of Will Crooks (London, 1907), p. 109.
4. Report HMSO, Royal Commission on Divorce and Matrimonial Causes (London, 1912b and c), pp. 291, 318.
5. John Ruskin, “Sesame and Lilies,” in Of Queens’ Gardens (London, 1865).
6. George C. T. Bartley, A Handy Book for Guardians of the Poor (London, 1876), pp. 152–53.
7. Ibid., p. 59.
8. LMA: Holborn Union Workhouse records HOBG 510/18 (Examinations).
9. Charles Booth, Life and Labour of the People in London: The Trades of East London(London: Macmillan and Co., 1893), p. 295.
10. C. Black, Married Women’s Work(London: Virago, 1983), p. 35.
11. Ancestry.com: New South Wales, Australia, Unassisted Immigrant Passenger Lists: 1826–1922. Woolls immigrated to Australia on board the P&O steamer Barrabool.
12. East London Observer, 8 September 1888.
13. Daily Telegraph, 3 September 1888.
14. Ibid.
15. Booth, Life and Labour of the People in London, pp. 55–56.
1. Pall Mall Gazette, 5 August 1887.
2. Evening Standard, 26 October 1887.
3. Ibid.
4. Daily News, 26 October 1887.
5. Ibid.
6. Evening Standard, 26 October 1887.
7. LMA: Lambeth Board of Guardians Creed Registers, X113/011.
8. Peter Higginbotham, http://www.workhouses.org.uk/Stallard/ (retrieved 16 January 2018).
9. George Augustus Sala, Gaslight and Daylight (London, 1859), p. 2.
10. William Booth, In Darkest England and the Way Out (London, 1890), p. 30.
11. Numbers are all taken from Margaret Harkness, Out of Work (London, 1888), p. 171; Rodney Mace, Trafalgar Square: Emblem of Empire(London, 2005), p. 171; Booth, Darkest England, p. 30.
12. Booth, Darkest England,pp. 26–27.
13. Peter Higginbotham, http://www.workhouses.org.uk/Higgs/TrampAmongTramps.shtml, from Mary Higgs, Five Days and Nights as a Tramp(London, 1904).
14. Higginbotham, http://www.workhouses.org.uk/Stallard/ from J. H. Stallard, The Female Casual and Her Lodging (London, 1866).
15. J. Thomson and Adolphe Smith, “The Crawlers,” in Street Life in London(London, 1877), pp. 116–18.
16. George R. Sims, Horrible London (London, 1889), pp. 145–48.
17. Evening Standard, 26 October 1887.
18. Mitcham Infirmary is now London’s Whittington Hospital.
19. LMA: Holborn Union Workhouse records: HOBG 510/18 (Settlement Examinations).
20. Neal Stubbings Shelden, The Victims of Jack the Ripper (Knoxville, Tennessee, 2007), p. 8.
21. East London Observer, 8 September 1888; Morning Advertiser, 4 September 1888; Exmouth Journal, 8 September 1888. Holland was said to claim that she knew Polly for both six weeks and three weeks. This could be the result of inconsistencies in reporting, or it is possible that Polly may have taken up residence at Wilmott’s shortly after leaving the Cowdrys.
22. East London Observer, 8 September 1888.
23. Western Daily Press, 4 September 1888.
24. TheStar, 1 September 1888.
25. East London Observer, 8 September 1888.
26. Ibid.
27. Evening Standard, 4 September 1888. More recently, many books on Jack the Ripper have deliberately rewritten this quote to read “a house where men and women were allowed to sleep together.”
28. East London Observer, 8 September 1888.
29. Ibid.
30. Manchester Guardian, 8 September 1888.
31. Morning Advertiser, 3 September 1888; Evening Standard, 3 September 1888; Illustrated Police News, 8 September 1888.
32. Daily News, 3 September 1888.
33. East London Observer, 8 September 1888.
34. London Times, Daily Telegraph, St. James Gazette, 1 September 1888.
35. Ibid.
36. The Times, 3 September 1888.
1. Morning Chronicle, 11 February 1840.
2. Henry Mayhew, “Soldiers’ Women,” in London Labour and the London Poor, vol. 4: Prostitution in London (London, 1862).
3. Ibid.
4. Myrna Trustram, Women of the Regiment and the Victorian Army(Cambridge, UK, 1984), p. 106.
5. Windsor and Eton Express, 24 April 1830.
6. C. Davis, ed., Memorials of the Hamlet of Knightsbridge(London, 1859), pp. 103, 144.
7. Chester Chronicle, 20 June 1863.
8. Isabella Beeton, Mrs. Beeton’s Book of Household Management(London, 1861).
9. The Duties of Servants: A Practical Guide to the Routine of Domestic Service, by a Member of the Aristocracy (London, 1894), pp. 49–50.
10. Ibid.
11. Chester Chronicle, 20 June 1863.
12. GRO: Death certificate for George Smith, 13 June 1863, Wrexham.
1. Shelden, Victims, p. 15.
2. William Lee, Classes of the Capital: A Sketch Book of London Life (Oxford, 1841), p. 43.
3. Berkshire Record Office: St. Leonard’s Hill Estate Sale Catalogue, D/EX 888/1, Illustrated Sales Catalogue with plan of the St. Leonard’s Hill Estate, D/EX 1915/5/11/1-2.
4. Evening Standard, 11 September 1888.
5. TheCourt, 18 June 1881.
6. Penny Illustrated Paper, 18 June 1881.
1. Pall Mall Gazette, 1 May 1889.
2. I am indebted to Neal and Jennifer Shelden for this information.
3. “Inebriety and Infant Mortality,” Journal of Inebriety, March 1878, vol. 2, p. 124.
4. “Visitor’s Day at Spelthorne,” Woman’s Gazette, December 1879.
5. Windsor and Eton Gazette, 15 September 1888.
1. http://booth.lse.ac.uk: Charles H. Duckworth’s Notebook, Police District 23, Booth/B/359, p. 143.
2. “The Female Criminal,” Female’s Friend,1846.
3. Daily News, 11 September 1888.
4. http://booth.lse.ac.uk: Interview with Sub-division Inspector W. Miller . . . Booth/B/355, pp. 166–85.
5. “The Worst Street in London,” Daily Mail,16 July 1901.
6. Evening Standard, 11 September 1888.
7. Shelden, Victims, p. 18.
8. Daily News, 11 September 1888.
9. Ibid.
10. Penny Illustrated Paper,22 September 1888.
11. TheStar, 10 September 1888; theTimes, 20 September 1888. In other versions of this interview, the engagement ring is described as “an oval.”
12. PRO Home Office papers: HO 45/9964/x15663.
13. PRO Home Office papers: HO 144/221/A49301C f 136, ff. 137–45.
14. TheTimes, 20 September 1888. Again, to confuse matters further, there are several versions of this statement. ThePeople claims Cooper said, “Bring men into the lodging house,” while various other papers, such as theFreeman’s Journal on the same date, claimed she said that Annie “used to bring them to the public house,” which holds different implications altogether.
15. Daily Telegraph, 11 September 1888.
16. The Star, 27 September 1888.
17. Daily Mail,“The Worst Street in London,” 16 July 1901.
18. Manchester Courier, 11 September 1888. The many varying newspaper reports of this conversation claim that Annie went to either the infirmary or the casual ward.
19. M. A. Crowther, The Workhouse System, 1834–1929: The History of an English Social Institution(Athens, GA, 1982).
20. Howard Goldsmid, Chapter 7, in Dottings of a Dosser(London, 1886).
21. Metropolitan Police Files (PRO); 3/140 ff. 9–11.
1. Orvar Lofgren, “Family and Household: Images and Realities: Cultural Change in Swedish Society,” in Households: Comparative and Historical Studies of the Domestic Group, ed. Robert McNetting et al. (1984), p. 456.
2. SE/GLA/13186/E I/1 Image 17, SE/GLA/13566/B/2 (1835–1860).
3. SE/GLA/13566/B/2 (1835–1860), SE/GLA/13186/A I/30 (1858–1864), p. 141.
4. Therese Nordlund Edvinsson and Johan Söderberg, “Servants and Bourgeois Life in Urban Sweden in the Early 20th Century,” Scandinavian Journal of History,vol. 35, no. 4 (2010), pp. 428–29.
5. Christer Lundh, “Life-cycle of Servants in Nineteenth-Century Sweden: Norms and Practice,” in Domestic Service and the Formation of European Identity(Bern, Switzerland: Peter Lang, 2004), p. 73.
6. SE/GLA/13186/B I/3.
1. Françoise Barret-Ducrocq, Love in the Time of Victoria (London, 1991), p. 60.
2. Yvonne Svanström, Policing Public Women: The Regulation of Prostitution in Stockholm, 1812–1880 (Stockholm, 2000), pp. 146–47.
3. SE/GLA/12703 D XIV a.
4. SE/GLA/12703 D XIV a.
5. SE/GLA/13566/F/H0004.
6. SE/GLA/12703 D XIV a.
7. SE/GLA/12703 D XIV a.
8. Ibid.
9. SE/GLA—Holtermanska (Kurhuset records, uncatalogued papers—original document has been lost).
10. I am indebted to Stefan Rantzow for this information.
11. Göteborgs Domkyrkoförsamling (O)–B:7 (1861–79) and Emigranten Populär 2006/Gustafsdotter/Elisabet (Emibas).
1. Maidstone Telegraph, 2 March 1861. Daniel Elisha Stride eventually married and became a pharmacist, though he ended his life in an asylum in 1900.
2. George Dodds, The Food of London(London, 1856), pp. 514–15.
3. Ulrika Elenora Församling (UT) HII:1, image 2110. I am indebted to Daniel Olsson for the discovery of this document in the Gothenburg Archives.
4. Walter Dew, I Caught Crippen (London, 1938).
5. TheTimes, 4 October 1888; Daily Telegraph, 4 October 1888.
6. An ad for Goffrie’s lessons at 67 Gower Street appears in the Daily Telegraph, 19 January 1869.
7. Jerome K. Jerome, My Life and Times (London, 1927), p. 38.
8. Charles Dickens, Household Words(London, 1852).
9. Alfred Fournier, Syphilis and Marriage (London, 1881), p. 157.
10. Sheerness Times and General Advertiser, 13 September 1873.
11. Probate Wills; William Stride the Elder of Stride’s Row, Mile Town, Sheerness, proven 30 September 1873.
1. LMA: Stepney Union; Bromley and Hackney Union Workhouse records: Admissions and Discharge Registers; SH BG/139/003, STBG/L/133/01.
2. Evening Standard, 31 December 1878.
3. Reynolds’ Newspaper,29 September 1878.
4. Goldsmid, Dottings of a Dosser(Kindle loc. 1250).
5. Birmingham Daily Post, 2 October 1888.
6. “Nooks and Corners of Character, The Charwoman,” Punch, January–June 1850.
7. Daniel Olsson, “Elizabeth Stride: The Jewish Connection,” Ripperologistno. 96 (October 2008).
8. Evening Standard, 3 October 1888.
9. LMA: Thames Police Court Ledgers PS/TH/01/005.
10. G. P. Merrick, Work Among the Fallen as Seen in the Prison Cells (London, 1890), p. 29.
11. LMA: Thames Police Court Ledgers PS/TH/A01/008.
12. TheTimes, 4 October 1888.
13. Daily Telegraph, 2 October 1888.
14. Bath Chronicle and Weekly Gazette, 4 October 1888.
15. Evening Standard, 3 October 1888.
16. Ibid.
17. Lloyd’s Weekly Newspaper, 7 October 1888.
18. Londonderry Sentinel, 2 October 1888.
19. Evening Standard, 6 October 1888.
20. TheTimes, 9 October 1888.
21. Illustrated Police News, 13 October 1888.
22. North London News, 6 October 1888.
1. Wolverhampton Chronicle and Staffordshire Advertiser,4 March 1840.
2. Ibid., 15 February 1843.
3. W. H. Jones, The Story of Japan, Tin-Plate Working, and Bicycle and Galvanising Trades in Wolverhampton (London: Alexander and Shepheard, 1900), p. 15.
4. W.C. & S.A., 25 January 1843.
5. Ibid., 29 March 1843.
6. Ibid.
7. Margaret Llewelyn Davies (ed.), Maternity: Letters from Working Women(London, 1915), p. 5.
8. For national illiteracy figures circa 1841, see Pamela Horn, The Victorian Town Child (Stroud, Gloucestershire, 1997), p. 73.
9. LMA: Bridge, Candlewick and Dowgate Schools, Minutes: CLC/215/MS31.165.
10. Manchester Weekly Times, 6 October 1888.
11. Gloucestershire Echo, 5 October 1888.
12. LMA: Bridge, Candlewick and Dowgate Schools, Minutes: CLC/215/MS31.165.
13. Clement King Shorter (ed.), The Brontës Life and Letters, vol. 2 (Cambridge, 2013; originally published in 1908).
14. Morning Advertiser, 27 June 1851.
15. That George Eddowes contracted tuberculosis from his wife is suggested by Neal Shelden in The Victims of Jack the Ripper (2007).
16. Manchester Weekly Times,6 October 1888.
17. LMA: Bermondsey Board of Guardians, Settlement Examinations: Indexed, 1857–59; Reference Number: BBG/523: Workhouse examination for the Eddowes children, Alfred, George, Thomas, Sarah Ann, and Mary, on December 16, 1857.
1. Charles Dickens, The Old Curiosity Shop (London, 1840–41), p. 71.
2. Shields Daily Gazette and Shipping Telegraph, 4 October 1888.
3. Ibid. “Mrs. Croote’s” version of events is recounted in this issue.
4. Bell’s Life in London and Sporting Chronicle, 18 September 1866.
5. Pierce Egan, Boxiana; or, Sketches of Ancient and Modern Pugilism (London, 1824), pp. 285, 293.
6. There is some dispute about the actual date and place of Conway/Quinn’s birth. I’m using the information cited by Anthony J. Randall in Jack the Ripper: Blood Lines(Gloucester, 2013). Conway’s army medical records suggest he was twenty-four in 1861 and born in Kilgeever, near Louisburgh, County Mayo.
7. PRO (Discharge papers for Thomas Quinn) WO97/1450/058 (Royal Hospital Kilmahain: Pensioner Register) WO118/33.
8. WO22/180 Monthly ledger for Kilkerry District, Ireland 1861; WO23/57 Yearly ledger 1855–64 for Royal Chelsea Hospital; WO23/57 Yearly ledger 1864–74 for Royal Hospital Chelsea.
9. See WO22/23 for Thomas Quinn’s pension records.
10. http://www.attackingthedevil.co.uk/ Andrew Mearns, The Bitter Cry of Outcast London: An Inquiry into the Condition of the Abject Poor (London, 1883).
11. Unfortunately, most ballads and chapbooks were written anonymously and so, with a rare exception, it is virtually impossible to trace the authors of these works.
12. Sheffield Independent, 10 January 1866.
13. Jarett Kobek, the author of “May My End a Warning Be: Catherine Eddowes and Gallows Literature in the Black Country” (https://www.casebook.org/dissertations/dst-kobek.html), builds a case for attributing the ballad to Kate Eddowes and Thomas Conway.
14. Black Country Bugle, January 1995.
1. Montagu Williams, Chapter 5, “Down East: Griddlers or Street Singers,” in Round London: Down East and Up West(London, 1894).
2. http://www.workhouses.org.uk/WHR.
3. Nancy Tomes, “A Torrent of Abuse,” Journal of Social History,vol. 11, no. 3 (March 1978), pp. 328-45.
4. Ibid.
5. Daily News, 4 October 1888.
6. Ibid.
7. LMA: GBG/250/12 Greenwich Workhouse Admissions and Discharge Registers.
8. Manchester Courier and Lancashire General Advertiser,6 October 1888.
9. Hull Daily Mail, 4 October 1888.
10. Goldsmid, Chapter 3, “Cooney’s,” in Dottings of a Dosser.
11. Manchester Weekly Times, 6 October 1888;MC & LGA,6 October 1888.
12. MC & LGA,6 October 1888.
13. Ibid.
14. LMA: CLA/041/IQ/3/65/135: John Kelly statement (Catherine Eddowes Inquest Records), the Times, 5 October 1888; Evening News, 5 October 1888.
15. Ibid.
1. TheEcho, 5 September 1888.
2. Ibid.
3. Wolverhampton Chronicle and Staffordshire Advertiser, 6 October 1888.
4. Sidney and Beatrice Webb, eds., The Break Up of the Poor Law(London, 1909).
5. Daily Telegraph, 5 October 1888.
6. TheTimes, 5 October 1888.
7. LMA: CLA/041/IQ/3/65/135: Frederick William Wilkinson, Statement.
8. Ibid.; Daily Telegraph, 5 October 1888.
9. Goldsmid, Chapter 7, “No Doss Money,” in Dottings of a Dosser.
10. Daily Telegraph, 3 October 1888.
11. LMA: CLA/041/IQ/3/65/135: George Henry Hutt.
12. LMA: CLA/041/IQ/3/65/135: James Byfield.
13. LMA: CLA/041/IQ/3/65/135: Hutt.
1. “Walter,” My Secret Life,vol. 10 (London, 1888).
2. LMA: MJ/SPC NE 1888 Box 3, case paper 19, Inquest statement of Joseph Barnett, 12 November 1888.
3. TheEcho, 12 November 1888.
4. Evening News, 12 November 1888; theStar, 10 November 1888.
5. Morning Advertiser, 12 November 1888; Eddowes Journal and General Advertiser for Shropshire and the Principality of Wales, 14 November 1888.
6. Evening News, 12 November 1888.
7. “Walter,” My Secret Life, vol. 11.
8. Daniel Joseph Kirwan, Palace and Hovel: Phases of London Life (London, 1878), p. 466.
9. Ibid., pp. 467–78.
10 Ibid., p. 474.
11. “Walter,” My Secret Life, vol. 10, pp. 642–43.
12. Julia Laite, Common Prostitutes and Ordinary Citizens: Commercial Sex in London, 1885–1960 (London, 2012) (Kindle loc. 1656).
13. W. T. Stead, “The Maiden Tribute of Modern Babylon IV: The Report of Our Secret Commission,”Pall Mall Gazette, 10 July 1885.
14. Sallecartes was the source interviewed in part IV of Stead’s “Maiden Tribute.”
15. Bridget O’Donnell, Inspector Minahan Makes a Stand (London, 2012), p. 71.
16. “The Maiden Tribute,”Pall Mall Gazette.
17. Ibid.
18. Ibid.
19. Ibid.
1. Neal Shelden, The Victims of Jack the Ripper: The 125th Anniversary (n.p., 2013).Adrianus’s daughter, Wilhelmina, claimed that she grew up in a brothel in Poplar between 1884 and 1891.
2. Edward W. Thomas, Twenty-Five Years Labour Among the Friendless and the Fallen (London, 1879), p. 36.
3. Ibid.
4. Ibid., p. 37.
5. Madeleine Blair (anonymous), Madeleine: An Autobiography (London, 1919).
6. Morning Advertiser, 12 November 1888.
7. TheEcho, 12 November 1888.
8. Evening Standard, 10 May 1891; also see Neal Shelden, Mary Jane Kelly and the Victims of Jack the Ripper: The 125th Anniversary (2013).
9. Daily Telegraph, 12 November 1888.
10. LMA: MJ/SPC NE 1888 Box 3, case paper 19, Julia Venturney.
11. Ibid.
12. Evening Star, 12 November 1888; theEcho, 12 November 1888.
13. Dew, Chapter 1, “The Hunt for Jack the Ripper,” in I Caught Crippen.
14. Pall Mall Gazette, 12 November 1888.
15. Paul Begg, Jack the Ripper: Just the Facts(London, 2004).
16. LMA: MJ/SPC NE 1888 Box 3, case paper 19, Inquest statement of Joseph Barnett, 12 November 1888.
17. Begg, Jack the Ripper.
18. Ibid. The term “bully” might be read in two ways here—the conventional definition, or in reference to the sex trade. A bully was also another name for a pimp.
19. LMA: MJ/SPC NE 1888 Box 3, case paper 19, Julia Venturney.
20. Begg, Jack the Ripper.
21. LMA: MJ/SPC NE 1888 Box 3, case paper 19, Julia Venturney.
22. Ibid., Joseph Barnett.
23. LMA: MJ/SPC NE 1888 Box 3, case paper 19, Inquest Statement of Mary Ann Cox, 9 November 1888.
1. TheTimes, 1 October 1888.
2. John Holland Rose (ed.), The Cambridge History of the British Empire,vol. 1 (Cambridge, UK, 1940), p. 745.
3. Nina Attwood, The Prostitute’s Body: Rewriting Prostitution in Victorian Britain (London, 2010), pp. 51–54.
4. PRO Home Office papers: HO 45/9964/x15663.
5. PRO: Metropolitan Police Files: file 3/141, ff. 158–59.
6. GRO: Death Certificate for Mary Ann Nichols: 1888, J-S Whitechapel 1c/219, Annie Chapman: 1888, J-S Whitechapel 1c/175, Elizabeth Stride: 1888 O-D St George in the East, 1c/268, Catherine Eddowes: 1888 O-D London City 1c/37, Mary Jane “Marie Jeanette” Kelly: 1888 O-D Whitechapel 1c/211.
7. Washington Post, 6 June 2016;Huffington Post, 7 June 2016.
8. Maxim Jakubowski and Nathan Braund (eds.), The Mammoth Book of Jack the Ripper (London, 2008), p. 470.
9. Mickey Mayhew, “Not So Pretty Polly,”Journal of the Whitechapel Society (April 2009); Mark Daniel, “How Jack the Ripper Saved Whitechapel,” in The Mammoth Book of Jack the Ripper,Maxim Jakubowski and Nathan Braund, eds. (London, 2008), p. 140.
10. Mayhew, “Not So Pretty Polly.”