Abbot, George, Archbishop of Canterbury, 29
Acallam na Senórach, 323
Act to Prevent the Further Growth of Popery, 56
Acton, Lord, 91; Cambridge Modern History, 271
Adventurers’ Act (1642), 40
agrarian organizations, 11
Agricultural and Technical Instruction, Department of, 367
agriculture: EEC membership and, 431–34; in Free State economy, 427, 428; households engaged in, 432–33; shrinking employment in, 432–33, 441–42
Ahern, Bertie, 169–70, 176, 266
Aitchison, Sir Charles, 348
Akenson, Donald, historian, 347, 349–50, 370
all-Ireland ideal, 143–45, 458–59
Allgood, Sara, 479
America, Irish emigration to, 494–95, 503
Amra Choluim Cille (“Colum Cille’s eulogy”), 321
An Foras Tionscal (Underdevelopment Areas Board), 430
Anbinder, Tyler, 501
Anglican Church. See Church of Ireland
anglicization, education to promote, 29–30
Anglo-Irish Agreement (1985), 161–62, 399, 426
Anglo-Irish Bank, 437
Anglo-Irish relations: twenty-first century, 175–76; eighteenth century, 206–7
Anglo-Irish Treaty, 13, 115–16
Anglo-Irish Union. See Union, Anglo-Irish
Anglo-Irish War (1918–1921). See Independence, War of
Anglo-Scottish Union, 74
Anti-Partition League of Great Britain, 458–59
antiquarian revival, 219
Antrim, County, plantations in, 37–38
Appeal of One Half of the Human Race, 472–73
Arbuckle, James, 198
Archaeologia Britannica, 321
archives, state, 273
aristocracy: English, 22–23; European, 9; Irish, 8–9, 22–23, 49, 51, 66, 69, 71; oppressive, 8–9
Armagh prison, “dirty protest” in, 483, 488–89n50
Ascendancy, 48–49; Catholic, 222; civil war and, 52–55; constitutional status and, 65; economic development and, 60–61; free trade issue and, 64–65; land settlement and, 49–51; landownership and, 53–54; mass politicization and, 68; parliament and, 53, 55, 61–62; patriotism and, 62–63; penal laws and Catholic elite of, 55–58; Protestant, 21, 70–71, 298–99, 303; revolutionary movements of, 68–70; social change and, 60
Ashe, Thomas, 312
Asquith, Herbert, Home Rule policy of, 114–15
Atkins, Humphrey, 161
Attainder, Act of, 53
Aughrim, Battle of, 6
austerity policy, 129, 180–81, 186, 440–41, 466
Australia, Irish immigrants to, 495, 496, 500, 503
Balfour of Glenawley, Lord, 26
Baltinglass, Viscount, 25
Banishment Act. See Bishop’s Banishment Act
Barnard, Toby, historian, 62
Barnes, Peter, 461
Barr, Colin, historian, 352
Barry, Frank, 435
Barry, Tom, 394
Bartlett, Thomas, historian, 68
Bayle, Pierre, 204
Beames, Michael, historian, 385
Beckett, J. C., historian, 2–3
Beckett, Samuel, 237, 246–47; Molloy, 247; Malone Dies, 247; Murphy, 246; Waiting for Godot, 247; The Unnamable, 247
Belfast, municipal franchise for women in, 476–77
Belfast Agreement (Good Friday Agreement), 156–57, 162, 174, 175, 465–66
Belfast Society, 195
Belfast Women’s Aid, 483
Belfast Women’s collective, 483
The Bell, 256
Bellings, Richard, 33
Berkeley, George, 7, 196–97, 199–201; Alciphron, 197, 201; Discourse Addressed to Magistrates, 201; New Theory of Vision, 197; The Querist, 208; A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge, 196–97
Berlin, Treaty of, 94
Berman, David, historian, 196
Beveridge Report (1942), 128
Bew, Paul, historian, 175, 283–84
Biagini, Eugenio F., historian, 90, 98, 99–100
Biever, Bruce Francis, 295
Binkley, Robert C., 92
Birrell, Augustine, 111
Bishops’ Banishment Act (1697), 56, 58
Black and Tans, 116
Blaidhain an air, 404
Blueshirts, 122
Bogside, Battle of the, 149, 150, 463, 466
Bono, 465
“booleying,” 24
Bord na Móna, 428
Borlase, Edmund, 276
Bosi, Lorenzo, historian, 154
Bourke, Joanna, historian, 368, 377, 379n26
Bowen, Elizabeth, 237–38, 239–42, 249; The Heat of the Day, 239, 241; The House in Paris, 239, 240–41; The Last September, 239–40, 242
Boyce, Joseph, 204
Boyd, Ernest, 247
Boyle, Henry, 63
Boyle, Richard (earl of Cork), 35–36
Boyne, Battle of, 6
Boyse, Joseph, 194
Brady, Conor, 265
Britain: hostility toward, 8–9; IRA and government of, 461, 463, 464; Irish emigration to, 495–96; Labour government of, 147; nationalism of, 450, 457–58; union of with Ireland, 48–49
British army: versus IRA, 151; as occupying force, 154
British Association for the Relief of Distress in Ireland and Scotland, 415
British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), 255
British Empire: collaboration with, 349–50; in Ireland, 354–57; Irish in, 345–53, 346–47, 351; Irish regiments in, 347–48, 359n28; Irish religious involvement in, 351–52; Irish role in, 343–44; O’Donnell brothers and, 343–45
British rule, legacy of, 120
broadcasting, 253–56; public-service, 262, 268
Broadcasting Act (1960), Section 31 of, 261–62
Brooke, Peter, 162
Browne, Noel, 127
Bruce, Edward, 404
Bruce, Reverend William, 472
Bryce, R. J., 79
buannachts, 25
Bubb, Alexander, 348
Buckle, Henry Thomas, 279
Burke, Edmund, 8, 99, 201–2; and concept of “people” 221; corporate identity concept of, 276; on Hume’s history of England, 277; on lost age, 228; on penal laws, 205; Philosophical Enquiry, 199–200; political philosophy of, 209–11; Reflections on the Revolution in France, 194, 202, 275; Vindication of Natural Society, 201–2
Burke, Ray, 264
Burridge, Ezekiel, 196
Butt, Isaac, 92–93, 95, 107n112, 222, 224, 355
Butterfield, Herbert, historian, 273–74
Byrne, Edward, 59
Caillard, Gaspar, 204
Cambrensis, Giraldus, 24
Cambridge Modern History, 271
Cameron, David, 176
Canny, Nicholas, historian, 284
Cardinal Secrets (TV series), 176–77
Carey, Hilary M., historian, 351
Carpenter, Archbishop John, 306
Carswell, John, 327
Casement, Roger, 356
Casey, Bishop Eamon: broadcasts of, 258; scandal of, 265–66
Castlereagh, Viscount, 78–79; conversion of, 80; support of for Catholic emancipation, 81–82
Catholic catechism, Irish-language, 331–32
Catholic Church: challenge to orthodoxy of, 312–13; collapsing authority of, 176–78; concerns about television of, 257–58; devotional revolution of, 306–9; imperial opportunities for, 352–53; internalization of doctrine of, 305–6; marriage and, 369; scandals in, 176–78, 265–66, 293; in seventeenth-century Ireland, 28–29; as shadow state, 304; as stabilizing influence, 305; state and, 310–12; women in, 365–66; in women’s education, 474; women’s suffrage and, 479
Catholic Committee, 67
Catholic communalism, 372
Catholic elites: conversions in, 58–59; protection of, 53–55
Catholic Emancipation, 9–10, 77–78, 81–82, 384, 453; opposition to, 84–85
Catholic Ex-Serviceman’s Association, 397
Catholic middle classes, displacement and exile of, 493
Catholic Relief Act (1792), 48, 85
Catholicism: cultural preoccupation with, 294; in early modern Ireland, 296; in Europe, 304; laws repressing, 362–63; matriarchal era in, 365; in post-war Ireland, 127–28; reversion to, 31; revival of, 305–9
Catholics: disaffection of, 6–7; discrimination against, 13–14; dispossessed, 447–48; distribution of in Ulster in 1911, xvii; forced transportation of, 498; land confiscated from, 40; lands owned by, xiv; loyalty of, 59, 276–77; migrations of, 495–96; in Northern Ireland, 145–46; oppression of, 8; penal laws and, 55–58, 302–5; percentages of, 296–98
cattle raiding, 25
Caughie, Pamela, 249
Celtic languages, 321
Celtic race, 386
Celtic Tiger, 131–32, 168–69, 171–74; economic crash of, 437; economic growth of, 434–36; employment opportunities in, 497; first phase of, 439; inequality in, 135–36; second phase of, 436–40; unregulated growth of, 184; women’s status and, 376–77
Censorship of Publications Bill (1929), 483
Central Relief Committee of the Society of Friends, 415
Chamberlain, Neville, 426
Charitable Bequests Act (1844), 87–88
Charles II: accession of, 48; land settlements of, 49–52; religious tolerance policy of, 51
childcare, 368
Christie, Ian R., historian, 273
Church of Ireland, 7; disestablishment of, 448; efforts to disestablish, 93–94; intellectual history of, 200–205; loyalists to, 383–84; Presbyterians and, 302; reform of, 28, 303
Civil Service Amendment Bill (1924), 482
Civil War (1922–1923), 13, 14, 118–19, 395–96, 457–58
Clandeboye estates, 37
Clann na Poblachta, 126
Clarendon, Earl of, 52
Clarke, Aidan, historian, 40
Clarke, Austin, 246
Clarke, Samuel, 198
Clayton, Robert, 202
Cleary, Father Michael, 258, 266
Cleeve, Brian, Cry of Morning, 253–54, 266
clerical authority, decline of, 132–33
Coal-Cattle Pact (1935), 426
Cobden, Richard, 75
coffin ships, 409
Cogadh Gaedhel re Gallaibh, 323
coign and livery system, 25
College Green, 83
Collins, Anthony, 200
Collins, Eamon, 154
Collins, Michael, 117–18, 124, 393, 394–95; assassination of, 118
colonial hierarchy, creation of, 22–23
colonization, 38–39; of County Down, 37; Irish nationalism and, 354–55; plantation system and, xiii, 4–5, 35–38, 327, 490, 493
Commercial Propositions (1785), 66
Commercial Treaty (1787), 66
commercialization, 21, 38, 40–41, 61, 364, 430
Commission for the Remedy of Defective Titles (1606), 38
Commission on the Status of Women (1970), 485
Committee for European Economic Cooperation (CEEC), 428–29
Commonwealth Immigrants Act (1962), 464
Communism, Catholic opposition to, 311–12
composition agreements, 34
Composition of Connacht (1585), 34
Conditions of Employment Act (1936), 123, 482
Confederate Wars, land expropriations of, 35
Congested Districts Board, 367
Connell, K. H., historian, 404
Connolly, James, 462, 463; support for women’s suffrage by, 479
Connolly, Sean, historian, 56–57, 309
Conolly, William, 61
conspicuous consumption, 40–41
Constitution, Irish Free State, 123–24; women’s rights in, 482
constitutional nationalism, 384–86, 391; reemergence of, 387–89
constitutional revolution, 22
Contagious Diseases Acts, repeal of, 476
Contraception Action Programme, 485
contraceptives: bans on, 373, 483; legal availability of, 375, 484–85
Cook, S. B., historian, 349
Cooke, Edward, 70
Cooper, Matt, 183
Corn laws, repeal of, 411
Corporation Act, repeal of, 85
Cosgrave, W. T., 120, 121, 122–23
coshering, 27
Coughlan, Anthony, 180
Coulter, Carol, 375
Courcy of Kinsale, conversion of to Protestantism, 29
Cousins, Margaret, 478
Cowen, Brian, 170
Cox, Walter, 385
The Crane Bag, 262
Crawford, Margaret, historian, 404
Crimean War, 354
Criminal Laws Amendment Act (1935), 373, 483
Cromwellian era: Catholic-Protestant intermarriage during, 30–31; forced transportation during, 498; land settlements of, 5, 40, 49–51
Crosbie, Barry, historian, 351
Croskery, Thomas, 93
Cubbon, Brian, 159
Cullen, Cardinal Paul, 91, 304, 352–53, 453
Cullen, Louis, historian, 285
Cumann na mBan (Irishwomen’s Council), 153, 479
Cumann na nGaedheal, 120, 121–22, 425–26
Cumberland, Richard, 207, 215n66
Curry, John, 274, 276–77; Brief Account of the Rebellion of 1641, 276; Historical and Critical Review of the Civil Wars in Ireland, 278–79
Curtis, Edmund, historian, 274
Dáil Eireann: Declaration of Independence of, 393; in Irish independence, 393–94
Daly, Mary, historian, 368
Daughters of Ireland. See Inghinidhe na hÉireann (Daughters of Ireland)
Davies, Sir John, 26, 29, 31, 276–77
Davis, Thomas, 220; concept of Irish people of, 228; inclusive patriotism of, 88–89, 92; Irish nationalism of, 218, 219, 221, 223, 225, 450–52; “A Nation Once Again!”, 450–51; on social fragmentation, 222
Dawkins, Richard, The God Delusion, 292
de Beaumont, Gustave, 9
de Gouges, Olympe, 471
de Lamartine, Alphonse, 385
de Paor, Louis, 249
de Saint-Just, Louis Antoine Léon, 10
de Valera, Éamon, 117, 120, 121, 124–25, 169; anti-partition position of, 457–58, 459–60; broadcast media and, 254–55; Catholic Church and, 311; clemency appeal of, 461; Constitution of, 123–24; economic war of, 122; on emigration, 490; IRA and, 394; and Irish independence, 393, 395; The Irish Press and, 259; St. Patrick’s Day speech of, 373; television and, 257
de Villette, Charles-Louis, 199, 214n21
Declaratory Act (1720), 63, 206; repeal of, 65
Derry, Siege of, 53–54, 359n28
Derry Citizens Defence Association, 150
Desmond, Barry, 178
Desmond, earl of, rebellion of, 25
Devlin, Bernadette, 483
Devoy, John, 93
Dewards, David, 34
diaspora: political power of, 502–3; reasons for, 497–501; shaping of Irish history by, 493–97, 504–5; significance of, 501–4
Dicey, A. V., 95
Dickson, David, historian, 421n11
Dillon, Arthur, 492
Dillon, John, 97
Dissenters, anti-Union, 80–81. See also Presbyterians
divorce: liberalization of views on, 133, 178, 311, 375; prohibition of, 311, 483
domestication campaign, 367–71
Donnelly, James, historian, 177, 409
Donough, Earl of Thomond, 29
Down, County, colonization of, 37
Doyle, Mark, 354
Drennan, William, 66, 83, 205, 211, 363, 470
Droysen, Johann Gustav, 272
Dublin lockout (1913), 113
Dublin media community, 261
Dublin Penny Journal, 219
Dublin Society, 62
Dublin Women’s Suffrage Association, 477
Duddy, Brendan, 158
Duffy, Charles Gavan, 89, 91, 217, 219, 224
Dunne, Ben, 265
Durcan, Mark, 175
Durcan, Paul, 257
earldoms, establishment of, 4
earls, flight of the, 327, 493
Easter Proclamation, 482
Easter Rising (1916), 10, 96, 111, 114, 312, 391–92, 456; Great War and, 114–16
Ecclesiastical Title Bill (1852), 90
economic boom, 131–32; construction sector during, 173–74; social partnerships during, 172–73. See also Celtic Tiger
economic liberalization (1948–1972), 7, 110–11, 126–30; industrialization in, 129–30; international influences in, 129; political support for, 129
economic policy: of Free State in 1920s, 425–26; of interwar years, 427–28; post-WWII, 428–29; protectionist, 13; of 1930s, 426–27; during World War II, 428. See also political economy
economy: of 1950s, 429–30; state planning of, 430–32
Edgeworth, Maria, novels of, 78–79, 103n20
Edgeworth, Richard Lovell, 77
education: expansion of employment in, 439; in post-war Ireland, 128–29; in promoting anglicization and Protestantism, 29–30; of women, 474–76
Edwards, Robert Dudley, historian, 274
Egan, Desmond, 155
elites: anti-Unionism of, 79–80, 454; corruption of, 110; landed, 33–38, 384
Elizabeth I, 22; founding of Trinity College, 29; Nine Years’ War of, 26–27
Elizabeth II, visit of, 176
Elliott, Bruce, 501
Elliott, Christopher, 492
Elliott, Marianne, historian, 283
Emancipation and Repeal campaign, 384
emigration, 490; to British Empire territories, 346–47; in Celtic Tiger era, 497; changing destination preferences for, 499–500; by county (1951–1911), xvi; economic reasons for, 498–99; gender disparity in, 499; individual aspirations and, 500; mass, 10; reasons for, 491; as recourse for poor, 417–18; of women, 370–71
Emmet, Robert, 384
Encumbered Estates Acts (1848–9), 12
Encumbered Estates Court, 413–14
enfranchisement: of Catholics, 205; mass, 11, 280–81, 282
English common law, introduction of, 31–33
English language: domination of, 327; introduced to Ireland, 323–24; legislation promoting, 27–28
Equal Franchise Bill, 481
Ervine, St. John, 97
Established Church: conversion to, 28, 297–98, 332, 333; dominance of, 58, 202–3, 210
ethnic identity. See Church of Ireland
Europe: Catholicism in, 304; dissolution of empires of, 452; famines in, 404; migrations of populations in, 5–6, 490–91; 1948 revolutions in, 385–86; Protestant Interest in, 303; reconstruction of after fall of Rome, 14–15
European Central Bank (ECB), 182–83
European Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), 431–32
European Common Market, Ireland’s entry into, 464
European Economic Community (EEC): Ireland’s bids to join, 13; economic expansion with membership in, 434–41; Ireland’s entry into, 375, 431–35
European Monetary System (EMS), 439–40
European Monetary Union, 440
European Recovery Program, 429
European Union (EU), 179–81; emigration in, 497
Evangelical Society of Ulster, 309
evangelicalism, 309–10; and missionary activity, 352
Evans, Bryce, 428
Exclusion Crisis, 51
Explanation, Act of (1665), 50; repeal of, 53
External Relations Act (1937), 459
family: laws regulating relationships of, 362–63; marriage and, 369; women in, 367–70
Famine, Great, 10, 60, 89–90; Catholic revival after, 307–8; cause of, 407–8; charitable response to, 415–17; church response to, 416–17; depopulation during, 346–47; disease during, 408; effects of, 92–93; evictions during, 409; explanation of, 224; historical research on, 403–4; and mass migration, 409, 417–18, 495–96; misery caused by, 409–10; nationalist construction of, 419; population collapse with, 416; poverty and, 413–14; public works measures for, 412; regional impacts of, 417; restructured rural society after, 308–9; sectarian interpretation of, 414; social and political importance of, 284; soup kitchens in, 412; state response to, 410–15, 421n11; workhouses during, 408–9
famines: in Ireland and Europe, 404; relief strategies for, 404
feasting, in medieval Ireland, 27
federalism, 88–89, 92–93, 105n84
femininity, in Free State, 373–74
feminism, 470; definition of, 470; in nineteenth century, 472–75; organizations of, 481–82; political activism and, 481–83, 485–86; second-wave, 483; social issues and, 483–84; suffrage campaign and, 476–81
Fenianism, 93–95, 97, 224, 386–89, 453–54
Fenton, Sir Geoffrey, 35
Ferns Report (2005), 177
Ferriter, Diarmaid, historian, 374
Fianna Fáil government, 120; anti-partition policy of, 458–60; constitutionalism of, 459, 464–65; economic policy of, 426–27; in modernization, 130, 131; nationalistpopulist appeal of, 122–23; political power in, 169–71
Financial Services Centre, 438
financial services industry, 438–39
Fine Gael, 170, 171, 458, 461, 464–65
First World War: domestic impact of, 125; Irish conflict and, 114–16
FitzGerald, Desmond, historian, 121
Fitzgerald, Edward, 69
FitzGerald, Garrett, 132, 178, 184, 311, 335, 464–65
Fitzgerald, Gerald, 325
Fitzgibbon, John, conversion of, 58–59
FitzPatrick, Brian, 34
Fitzpatrick, David, historian, 283, 499, 501; on Irish emigration, 346, 370, 495, 501, 504
Fletcher, Andrew, 211
Flood, Henry, 65
Foley, Donal, 260
food riots, 385
foreign investment, 131, 172, 255, 434
Foster, Roy, historian, 77, 78, 168, 172, 219; Vivid Faces, 138n24
Fox, Charles James, 77, 83, 209
France: Irish diasporic community in, 494; republicanism of, 383–84. See also French Revolution
Free State, 13; austerity measures in, 440–41; Catholic Church in, 176–78; credit crisis in, 14; economic crash of, 168, 181–86, 466; economic expansion of, 168–69, 172–74; economic growth and modernization of, 429–30; economic liberalization of, 126–30; economic policy of in 1920s, 425–26; employment statistics for, 433; European Union and, 179–81; financial services growth in, 438–39; fiscal autonomy of, 13, 425; foreign investment in, 434; GDP of, 440; gender relations in, 372–77; industrial development in, 434–37; liberalization of, 375–76; macroeconomic management of, 439–40; modernization of, 130–36; neutrality of, 125–26; 1987 Constitution of, 374–75; 1950s economy in, 429–30; 1930s economy in, 426–27; open economy of, 437–39; post-WWII economy of, 428–29; real estate development in, 439; revolutionary period of, 111–19; service sector employment in, 437; shifting employment profile in, 441–42; stability of, 119–20; state building in, 119–26; state economic planning in, 430–32; tourism in, 438; war economy of, 428
free trade, 64–66, 121, 126, 130, 131, 255, 259; in land, 407, 413; in 1920s, 425–26
French Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, 471
French Revolution: British involvement in, 448; Edmund Burke on, 209–10; ideas of, 8; impact in Ireland of, 205, 209–11; Irish politics and, 66–67; religion and, 305
Froude, James Anthony, 279
Gaelic Athletic Association, 113; adaptation of to global media, 267–68; foreign game policy of, 134; and promotion of physical discipline, 372
Gaelic chieftains, surrender and regrant agreements with, 34
Gaelic customary law, 32
Gaelic Revival movement, 98
Gaelic Union, 336
Gaeltacht, Kerry, 374
Gailey, Andrew, historian, 96
Gallagher, James, 333
Garda Siochána, 120
Garvin, Tom, historian, 179, 293
gender, 361; dearth of literature on, 361–62; power and, 362–63
gender relations: during the Great Famine, 366–71; from partition to economic boom, 372–77; in pre-Famine Ireland, 362–66; during revival and revolution, 371–72. See also masculinity; women
General Central Relief Committee for All Ireland, 415
General Reformation Society, 416
George, David Lloyd, 114
George III: mental incapacitation of, 66; opposition to Catholic Emancipation of, 78
German Romantics, 220
Gibbon, Peter, historian, 283–84
Gibbons, Luke, critic, 262
Gilmore, Eamon, 170
Gilmour, Raymond, 154
Girvin, Brian, historian, 178, 429
Gladstone, William, 92, 93–94, 280–81; Home Rule bill of, 95–96, 455; Parnell and, 96–98
Glorious Revolution, 196, 203, 209
Government of Ireland Act, 13
Gracious Declaration of November 1660, 49–50
Graham family, 350
Gray, Peter, historian, 90, 413, 414
great houses, 39
Great Leap Forward, 168
Great Reform Act (1932), 83
Gregory, Lady, 237, 242–43, 250
Griffith, Arthur, 113, 117–18, 225, 425; economic model of, 228–29; women’s suffrage and, 478
Grosse Île, 409
guesting, 27
Gunpowder Act, 68
Hague, William, 176
Hall, Stuart, 262
Hamilton, James, 37
Hamilton, William Gerard, 209
Hanna, Hugh, 294
Harney, Mary, 169
Harris, Walter, 276
Harty, Father Gabriel, 258
Haslam, Anna, 477
Haslam, Thomas, 479
Haughey, Charles, 132, 261, 265, 311
Healy, Timothy, 97
Heaney, Seamus, 460
Hemton, David, historian, 309–10
Hennessy, Richard, 494
Hibernians, Ancient Order of, 112, 454
Hillery, Patrick, 129
historical profession, advancement of, 273–74
historiographical revolution, 282–83
history: corporate identities across, 275–76; ideology and, 273–74, 284–85; myth and, 273, 274–75
History of the Irish Rebellion, 300
Hitchens, Christopher, God Is Not Great, 292
Home Rule, 10–11, 95–96; crisis of, 114; movement for, 387–88, 449–50; opposition to, 97–98, 111, 390–92; paramilitary campaign for, 98; Ulster Protestants’ resistance to, 142–43; versus unionism, 448
Home Rule bills, 11, 96, 454; amendment of, 456; defeat of, 280, 455; in 1886 and 1893, 12; failure of, 96–97; passage of, 390
Hope, Jemmy (James), 383
Hoppen, K. T., historian, 82, 96
Horgan, John, 259
Hume, David, 81, 277; History of England, 277
Hume, John, 157, 174, 175, 465
Hunger Strikes (1980–1981), 285, 399, 461
Hunt Report, 149
Hutcheson, Francis, 197–99; System of Moral Philosophy, 207–8
Hutchinson, John: on cultural nationalism, 232n8
Independence, War of, 12–13, 115–17, 175–76, 389–96, 397
independent Ireland. See Free State
India: Irish administrators in, 348–50; Irish networks in, 351; Irish soldiers in, 347–48, 359n28; nationalism in, 355–56; uprising in, 347–48
Indian Civil Service (ICS), 343–44, 348–50
Indian-Irish collaboration, 355–56
individualism, 222–23, 226, 263, 369, 376
Industrial Development Authority (IDA), 129, 172, 430, 435
industrialization, 129–30; EEC membership and, 434–37; women’s status with, 364–66
Ingersoll, Ralph, 264
Inghinidhe na hÉireann (Daughters of Ireland), 113, 371–72, 479
Ingram, John Kells, 224
Ingram, Thomas Dunbar, 310
Inter-Party government (1948), 127
Intermediate Education Act, 474
Irish Agricultural Organization Society, 367
Irish Catholic Women’s Suffrage Association, 479
Irish colleges, throughout Holy Roman Empire territories, 299
Irish Confederation, 385
Irish Country Women’s Association (ICA), 484–85
Irish Family Planning Association, 133
Irish Free State. See Free State
Irish Historical Studies, establishment of, 274
Irish historiography, 274, 283–84
Irish History Online, 361
Irish Housewives Association (IHA), 483–84, 489n52
The Irish Independent, 259
Irish Land Act, 280
Irish language, 228, 320; blogs containing, 342n50; current state of, 338–39; early modern period of, 323–27; eighteenth century, 331–36; in literature, 249; Middle Irish period of, 322–23; movement for, 371; nineteenth century, 335–36; Old Irish period of, 321–22; origins of, 321; Protestant vernacular literature and, 327; revival of, 320, 336–39; seventeenth century, 327–31
Irish Literary Revival, 224–30, 231, 236, 237
Irish literature: of early modern period, 324–27; eighteenth and nineteenth century, 331–36; of learned caste, 324, 327–28; Middle Irish, 322–23; Old Irish, 321–22; revival of, 336–39; seventeenth century, 327–31
Irish National Foundation, 97
Irish National Land League, 388
Irish National Liberation Army, 155; members of in prison, 159–60
Irish nationalism: Easter Rising and, 391–92; English liberals and, 94–95; nineteenth-century, 83–85; rebirth of, 92–93
Irish parliament: assertion of rights of, 55; Jacobite, 53; legislative independence of, 64, 66; penal laws of, 55–58
Irish Parliamentary Party, 12, 98, 114–15, 171; under Parnell, 280–81; reunited, 111; in War of Independence, 389–90
The Irish Press, 259; tabloid format of, 263–64
Irish Republic. See Free State
Irish Republican Army (IRA), 116; border campaign of, 126; British army and, 151; in Long War, 158–61; media coverage of, 261–62; mobilization of, 153; in negotiated peace, 156–57; Omagh bombing of, 174; organization and strategies of, 154–55; in peace agreement, 161–62, 175; members of as prisoners, 159–61; view of British army of, 154; violence of, 133–34; violent actions of, 396–400, 456–57, 461–66; in War of Independence, 393–96
Irish Republican Brotherhood, 93, 453, 455; marginalization of, 112
Irish revival, women’s role in, 371–72
Irish soldiers, in British Empire, 347–48
Irish Sugar Company, 426
The Irish Times, 259–61; Bishop Casey scandal in, 265–66
Irish vernacular literature, 320
Irish Volunteers, 114, 115, 456; in Home Rule crisis, 391
Irish Whig Club, 66
Irish Women United (IWU), 485
Irish Women Workers’ Union, 480; strike of, 482
Irish Women’s Citizen Association, 489n52
Irish Women’s Franchise League (IWFL), 478, 479–80
Irish Women’s Liberation Movement (IWLM), 133, 484, 485
Irish Women’s Reform League, 480
Irishwomen’s Suffrage and Local Government Association (IWSLGA), 477–78
Izzard, Eddie, on peace process, 163
Jackson, Alvin, historian, 284
Jacobite parliament, 53, 219–20
Jacobitism: abandonment of, 59; in political literature, 333–34
James II, 6, 51–52; patriot parliament of, 53, 219–20; repeal of land settlement act under, 53; wars of, 382; William of Orange and, 53–54
James VI and I, 22; Church of Ireland reforms of, 28; and promotion of law and order, 31–32; and redistribution of land, 38
John Paul II (pope), 133
Johnston, Denis, 237, 249; Shadowdance/The Old Lady Says No!, 248–49
Johnston, William, 99
Joint Committee of Women’s Societies and Social Workers, 481–82
Jones, Mary Harris (“Mother Jones”), 492
Joyce, James, 237–38, 245–46, 249; Dubliners, 237; A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, 245–46, 294; religious preoccupation of, 294; Ulysses, 237, 294
judicial system, establishment of, 32
Judt, Tony, historian, 171
Jupp, Peter, 83
Kanter, D. A., 79
Keane, John B., Many Young Men of Twenty, 504
Keating, Geoffrey, 329
Keenan-Thomson, Tara, historian, 483
Kelly, Patrick, historian, 206
Kenny, Enda, 178
Kenny Report, 182
Kerrigan, Gene, 182
Kiberd, Declan, literary critic, 366
Kickham, Charles, 224
Kilmainham Treaty (1882), 395
Kinealy, Christine, historian, 404
King, Carla, 356
King, William, 57, 193; in Anglican reform, 303; Discourse concerning the Inventions of Men in the Worship of God, 194; opposition to religious toleration of, 203; on religion of Ireland, 302; The State of the Protestants of Ireland, 205–6
Kingship Act (1541), 3–4, 21, 22
Kirkpatrick, James, 195
land: continuity through, 3; distribution of, 11–12; post-Famine politics of, 418; redistribution of to elites, 33–38
Land Acts, 11–12, 394–95; amendment of, 394–95; of 1870, 12, 95, 418
land settlements, 49; under Charles II, 49–52; Cromwellian and Restoration, 50; first phase of, 49–50; repeal of, 53
Land War, 12, 94–95, 111, 388–89
landlords, in Great Famine, 415
landowners, 384
Larkin, Delia and James, 480
Larkin, Emmet, historian, 307
Larkin, Jim, 113
Laughton, Freda, 249
lawlessness, of feudal lords, 24–26
Lawrence, Henry, 359n28
Lecky, W.E.H., 279–82, 284; Democracy and Liberty, 281–82; History of England in the Eighteenth Century, 280, 281; Leaders of Public Opinion in Ireland, 279, 280, 281
Lee, Joe, historian, 92, 262, 284; on conservative values in Great Famine, 366–67; on failed Revolution, 119, 124, 128, 134; Ireland, 1912–1985, 284
legislation, in civilizing/anglicizing campaign, 27–28
legislative independence, agitation over, 206–7
Lehman Brothers bankruptcy, 182
Leland, John, 201
Lemass, Seán, 462; economic policies of, 130, 375; Fianna Fáil and, 459; television services and, 255–56, 257, 259
Leon, Pauline, 471
Leslie, Charles, 194, 200, 206
Leslie, Cliffe, 224
Lever, Charles, 222
Lever, Charles James, The Knight of Gwynne, 79
Lewis, George Cornewall, 495–96
Lhuyd, Edward, 321
Liberal Land Act (1870), 94
Liberal Party (British), Irish nationalists and, 389
liberalism, 93; nineteenth-century, 85; Protestant, 86
liberalization: economic, 110–11, 126–30, 136; scandals and, 135; social, 132–34. See also modernization
Limerick, Treaty of, 6, 54, 205–6
Lisbon Treaty, 180
literature. See aesthetics; Irish language; Irish literature; poetry; theater
Locke, John, 195, 196–97, 198, 208; Essay concerning Human Understanding, 195, 196
Londonderry Area Plan, 462
Lost Lives, 141
Loughlin, T. J., 229
loyalism, in Northern Ireland, 399–400
Luddy, Maria, historian, 283
Luther, Martin, 301
Lyons, F.S.L., historian, 125–26, 282–83; Ireland since the Famine, 282; Modern Ireland, 282–83
Mac an Bhaird, Ferghal Óg, 324–25, 326
Mac Bruaideadha, Tadhg mac Dáire, 327
Mac Cumhaigh, Art, 331
Mac Gearailt, Píaras, 331
Mac Grianna, Seosamh, 337
Mac Stíofáin, Seán, 502
MacBride, Seán, 127
MacConghail, Muiris, 261
MacCurtain, Margaret, historian, 283
MacGreevy, Thomas, 245
MacSharry reforms, 432
Maguire, Lord, conspicuous consumption of, 40
Mahon Report, 184
Mandler, Peter, historian, 447
Mangan, Owen Peter, 491
Mannion, John, historical geographer, 504
market, “natural” laws of, 410–14
market-based economy, 38, 180, 181–85, 208, 263–64, 349–50, 376
Markievicz, Constance, 372, 478–79, 481
marriage: laws regulating, 362–63, 482–83; middle-class model of, 369; Protestant-Catholic, 362–63; in Protestant conversions, 30–31
Marriage Bar, 482
Married Women’s Property Committee, 474
Marshall Plan, 429
Martin, John, 94
Martyn, Edward, 237
masculinity, 361; crisis of, 376; Irish, 363, 366, 372
Mason, William Shaw, 296
Mathew, Father Theobald, 408
Matthews, Alan, 434
Maume, Patrick, historian, 86, 95
Maxwell, John, 215n66
Maynooth Act, 88
McBride, Ian, historian, 57
McCafferty, Nell, 260
McCann, Eamon, 174
McCarthy, Angela, 347
McCormick, James, 461
McCracken, Mary Ann, 364–65, 471
McDonnell, Joe, 161
McGahern, John, The Dark, 313
McGreevy, Thomas, 237
McGuinness, Martin, 155, 175, 176, 247
McKernan, Anne, 364
McKneight, James, 91
McNamara, Angela, 263
McQuaid, Archbishop John Charles, 295; criticism of TV by, 258; political influence of, 127, 293, 311–12, 313–14
McSkimmin, Samuel, 365
Meagher, Timothy J., historian, 501
media: deregulation of, 264–65; global, 267–68; Irish identity discussion in, 262; in 1960–1970s, 261–62; public debate about, 262–63; scandals and corruption revealed in, 265–66. See also broadcasting; newspapers; radio; television
medieval Ireland: feasting in, 27; fighting in, 24–27; nobility in, 24–26; Protestant peers in, 23; religious conformity in, 22–23
Melbourne government, conciliation policy of, 86–87
Methodist mission, 309
migration: assimilation and ethnic identity and, 501; cultural encounters generated by, 503–4; in Europe, 5–6, 497; reasons for, 497–501; Irish history shaped by, 493–97, 504; significance of, 501–4. See also emigration
Mill, John Stuart, first female suffrage petition of, 477
Miller, Kerby, historian, 347, 501
missionaries, Irish, 299, 303, 309–10, 352–53
Mitchel, John, 92, 220, 223, 385–86, 411; war on Mammon of, 228
modernism, 236; alienation and, 243–44; characteristics of, 237–38; Irish-language literature and, 249; realism and, 238–39; rural landscape and, 237–38; theater and, 247–49; transnational, 249–50; urban focus of, 237
modernization, 130–36; church and, 314–15; economic growth and, 128, 429–30; education in, 128–29; poverty and inequality with, 135–36; scandals and, 135; women’s status and, 375–77. See also industrialization; liberalization
Molesworth, Robert, 193, 198, 204, 206, 207
Molony, Helena, 479
Molyneux, William, 7, 62, 193, 196, 207, 277; The Case of Ireland’s Being Bound by Acts of Parliament in England, Stated, 206
Montgomery, Hugh de Fellenberg, 94
Montgomery, James, 37
Moody, Janet, 257
Moody, T. W., 1, 271–73; on ideology and history, 273–74; on myth and history, 273–74; New History of Ireland, 271
Moore, Thomas, 219
Moran, Cardinal Patrick, 57–58, 59
Moran, D. P., 98, 112; on need for dissent, 227–28
Morley, Vincent, 65
Morley, Viscount John, 82, 93, 99
Moryson, Fynes, 24
Munster rebellion, 35
Murdoch, Rupert, 264
mysticism, 294
Namier, Lewis, 273
Naoroji, Dadabhai, 355
Napoleon III, 452
Nation, 219, 220; on Great Famine, 224
National Asset Management Agency, 183–84
National Council of Women of Ireland, 481
National League, 11
National Recovery, Programme for, 172–73
nationalism: British, 450, 457–58; British colonization and, 354–55; constitutional, 384–89, 391; cultural, 217–18, 231, 232n8, 237; definition of, 447; diaspora effects on, 502–3; Indian, 355–56; Irish, 83–85, 92–95, 229, 391–92, 451–52; new forms of, 282; of nineteenth century, 450–54; “people” and, 221; political and cultural, 217–18; post-Famine, 452; radical, 113; revolutionary, 454–60; romantic, 226–27, 230–31; “spiritual,” 217–18; during Troubles, 460–66; versus unionism, 448–49; violent, 383–86; women and, 363, 479
Newman, Kenneth, 159
News of the World, 263
newspapers, 259–60; British invasion of, 264; Irish grievances voiced by, 354; liberal views of, 260–61; tabloid, 263–64
Nice referendum (2001), 179–80
Nicholson, John, 351
Nine Years’ War, 22, 25; cost of, 26–27; land expropriations after, 35
nobility: factional feuding among, 25; military leadership of, 26; rebellions led by, 25
Norman invasion, 4
Northern Ireland: British government model in, 458–59; British interest in, 175–76; British normalization of, 141–42; civil rights in, 148, 397; civil war in, 14, 151–56; emigration from, 496–97; escalating violence in, 149–51; housing discrimination in, 148; loyalism in, 399–400; making of, 142–43; opposition mobilization in, 147–49; paramilitary organizations in, 151–52; peace negotiations for, 156–58; peace process in, 161–63, 174–76; political violence in, 396–400; populists versus anti-populists in, 146; power-sharing government in, 175; prison issue in, 149–61; prosperity in, 13; public housing project in, 147–48; religious intolerance in, 13–14; reunification of, 164; rioting in, 151; stability of, 119; violence in, 133–34, 141; weakening church in, 314–15; women’s activism in, 483–85. See also Troubles; unionism
Northern Ireland Housewives League, 484
O’Brien, Barry, 95
O’Brien, Conor Cruise, 92, 261–62
O’Brien, Donough, 328
O’Brien, Eileen, 260
O’Brien, William Smith, 386
O’Briens of Thomond, 29
Ó Cadhain, Máirtín, 249
O’Casey, Sean, 247–48; Tassie, 248
Ó Ciosáin, Niall, historian, 419
Ó Clérigh, Tadhg, 329
Ó Connaire, Pádraic, 337
O’Connell, Daniel, 48, 82–86, 219–22, 384; death of, 418; opposition of to Union, 86–87; and support of federalists, 88–89
O’Connellism, 84–85; pragmatics of, 453–54; Young Ireland nationalism and, 88
O’Conor, Charles, 204–5, 274, 278
Ó Criomhthain, Thomás, 249
Ó Dálaigh, Gofraidh Fionn, 325, 326
O’Dogherty, Sir Cahir, revolt of, 36
Ó Doibhlin, Breandán, 249
O’Donnell, Charles James, 343–45, 355
O’Donnell, Frank Hugh, 343–44, 345, 355
O’Donnell, Liz, 178
O’Donnell, Red Hugh, 328
O’Dowd, Liam, 77
O’Dowd, Mary, 361
O’Dwyer, Sir Michael, 350
Ó Dubhthaigh, Eoghan, 326
O’Faolain, Nuala, 267
O’Flanagan, Father Michael, 392
Ó Gnímh, Fear Flatha, 21
Ó Gráda, Cormac, historian, 172, 284; on famine relief, 404; on population explosion, 405
O’Higgins, Kevin, 117
Ó hIfearnáin, Liam Dall, 333
O’Leary, Brendan, political scientist, 141
O’Leary, John, 224
Ó Longáin, Michael Óg, 59
Ó Maoil Chonaire, Flaithri, 328
Ó Mealláin, Toirdhealbhach, journal of, 330
Ó Miocháin, Thomás, 59
O’Neale, Sir Phelim, 300
O’Neill, Con, redistribution of estates of, 37
O’Neill, Terence, 130, 147; reformism of, 462–63
Orange Order, 69, 91, 99, 114, 145, 294; Orange diaspora and, 502
O’Reilly, Tony, 264
Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), 173, 429
Ormond, Lord, conversion to Protestantism of, 29
Ó Súilleabháin, Amhlaoibh, journal of, 335
Ó Súilleabháin, Muiris, 249
Ó Súlleabháin, Donncha, 334
O’Sullivan, Samuel, 221
O’Toole, Fintan, 171
Ó Tuairiac, Eoighan, 249
Ó Tuathaigh, Gearoid, historian, 83, 185–86
Owenson, Sydney (Lady Morgan), 74, 78–79; Castle-Rackrent, 78, 103n20; The Wild Irish Girl, 78
Paisley, Ian, 174–75, 294, 295
Parnell, Charles Stewart, 12; Gladstone and, 96–98; and Home Rule movement, 95, 355, 388; imprisonment of, 95; nationalist mobilization of, 75–76, 82–83
partition, 114–20, 123–24, 126; opposition to, 124–26, 130, 454–60; orthodox religion after, 312–13
pastoralism, 24
patriarchal order, in Great Famine, 366–67
patriarchal septs (clans), 24–25
patriotism: Fenianism and, 387–89; political, 62–63; political violence and, 382–86. See also nationalism
Patterson, Henry, historian, 174, 283–84
Paul-Dubois, Louis, 295
Pearse, Patrick, 115, 218, 219, 225, 337; cultural nationalism of, 231; on emigration, 490; revolutionism of, 389–90; “The Coming Revolution,” 454–56
Peel government: conciliation policy of, 90; Famine relief of, 410–11
penal laws, 7–8, 55–58; efforts toward repeal of, 204–5
Pender, Aidan, 259
People’s Democracy, 149
Petty, Sir William, 6–7, 30, 208
philosophy: intellectual history of, 194–200; moral, 197–98, 207–8; religion and, 196–97
Piers, Sir Henry, 305
Pilkington, Ellice, 371
Pilkington, Laetitia, 198
Pitt, William, 8, 69–70, 76; Commercial Propositions of 1785 of, 66
plantation, 4–5, 21–22, 34–38, 40, 80, 91; insurrection and, 301; spread of, 327; Tudor, xiii
Plunkett, Oliver (archbishop of Armagh), 51
Plunkett, Sir Horace, 293, 367, 371, 500
Pocock, J.G.A., historian, 77, 284
Poems and Ballads of Young Ireland, 224–25
poetry: clerical, 326; nineteenth-century, 335; praise, 327–28; revival of, 337; schools of, 328–29; seventeenth-century, 327–31
political economy, 222–24, 229–30; criticism of, 227–28
political literature, eighteenth-century, 333–34
political violence, 382; in early nineteenth century, 384–86; of Fenian movement and land war, 386–89; in Northern Ireland, 396–400; of 1790s, 383–84; of Volunteer movement, 382–83; in war of independence, 389–96
politics, 205–11; mass, 280–81; scandals of, 265–66
Poor Law Amendment Act, 412–13
Poor Law Commission, 413
Poor Law Guardians, 477
Poor Law Inquiry Commission, 406
popery laws. See penal laws
Popish Plot scare, 51
populism, 114, 122, 403–4; Catholic, 91, 97, 99; loyalist, 146
potato blight, 407–8. See also Famine, Great
poverty: during Great Famine, 413–14; population explosion and, 405–6; in pre-Famine Ireland, 405–7
Presbyterian Church: split in, 194–95, 213n4; and Synod of Ulster, 302
Presbyterianism, 311; radical, 83, 91
Presbyterians: Scottish, 498; Ulster, 351, 494–95
primogeniture, 33
Proclamation of 1916, 482
Protestant Home Rule Association, 454
Protestant Interest, European, 303
Protestant peerage, 23
Protestant Reformation, 4; failure of in Ireland, 298–99
Protestant Telegraph, 295
Protestantism: as civilization index, 28; conversions to, 29, 30–31; education to promote, 29–30; evangelical, 309–10; gradual erosion of since seventeenth century, 296–97; laws maintaining hegemony of, 362–63; liberal, 86; nationalist resentment of, 294; revival of, 84–85; and support for women’s education, 474–75. See also Presbyterianism
Protestants: as “colonial garrison,” 302; distribution of in Ulster, 1911, xvii; elite, 70–71; exodus of during Revolution, 498; massacres of, 299–302; militant, 294; political fate of, 205–6; as “settlers,” 448; Ulster, 142–43, 346, 352, 390–92, 449–50
Providentialism, 414
Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA), 151–52, 156, 158, 161–63, 398, 465–66
Pufendorf, Samuel von, 198
Quigley, George, 174
Quinn, D. B., historian, 284
Radcliffe, Stephen, 203
radicalism, 83, 91; Irish diaspora and spread of, 495
Radio Telefis Éireann (RTÉ), 254, 255, 256, 257, 268; challenges to, 264–65; IRA spokesmen interviewed on, 261–62; political pressure on, 266–67
Ram, Abel, 303
Ranke, Leopold von, 272
Rape Crisis Centres, 485
Raven, Thomas, 37
Reagan, Ronald, 263
rebellions: noble-led, 25; of 1798, 8–9; of 1641, 35, 39–40
Redmond, John, 96, 98, 109, 111, 112, 114, 456
Rees, Merlyn, 159
Reform Acts, Second and Third, 91–92
Regan-Lefebvre, Jennifer, 354, 355
Regency Crisis (1788–1789), 66
Relief Act: of 1792, 67; of 1793, 68
Relief Commission, establishment of, 404
religion: controversies of, 194–200; divisions of, 13–14, 80–81, 292–94, 299–302; freedom of, 53–55; revolt against, 294; sectarian, 292–93; state and, 310–14; weakening influence of, 314–15. See also Catholicism; Presbyterianism; Protestantism
Renan, Ernest, 76
Repeal Association, 84
Repeal movement, 384; collapse of, 418
Representation of the People Act, 481
republicanism: church and, 311; French, 383–84; and nationalist ideology, 120; physical force, 217–18; public support for, 116; success and limitations of, 117; of Young Irelanders, 220–21
reunification, 164
revisionism in Irish history, 110, 276–78, 282–86, 403–4
Revolution, Irish, 111–19; nationalism and, 454–60; Protestant exodus during, 498
revolutions, 2. See also French Revolution; Revolution, Irish
Ridden, Jennifer, historian, 86
Roberts, Frederick Sleigh, 348, 350–51
Robinson, Lennox, 247
Robinson, Mary, 134–35, 375, 419
Rosse, Lord, 80
Rothe, Bishop David, 24
Royal Irish Constabulary, 386, 387, 391, 449
Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC), 148–49, 152, 396, 397; disbandment of, 175; reforms of, 149–50
rural society, in Great Famine, 366–67
Russell, Conrad, historian, 300–301
Russell, George, 371
Russell, Lord John, 89, 90, 99
Russell government, Famine relief and, 411–12
Ryan, Louise, historian, 374
Ryan Report, 177
Rye House plot, 51
sacramental test (1704), 56, 202
Saint-Simonianism, 472, 487n10
Sands, Bobby, 161
Sarsfield, Patrick, 331
Sayers, Peig, 249
Scáthán Shacramuinte na hAithridhe, 328
Scheper-Hughes, Nancy, 374
Scots-Irish, in American colonies, 495
Scott, Dermot, 179
Scott, Walter, 78
Scottish mercenaries, 25
Scottish Presbyterians, migration of to Ulster, 498
sectarianism, 279, 292; failure of Union and, 80; violence and, 299–301
self-determination, 2
self-help movement, 451
separatists, 97–98, 111–17, 448–49, 456; violence of, 383–84; vision of, 9, 11, 13
service nobility, creation of, 22–23
Settlement Act: repeal of, 53; of 1701, 449; of 1652, 40; of 1662, 50
settlers, 275–76, 277, 299–301, 344, 347, 351–53, 457–58, 493, 497
sexual morality, preoccupation with, 123–25, 374
Sharman Crawford, William, 85–86, 88–89
Sheehy, Father Nicholas, execution of, 58
Sheehy Skeffington, Frank, 479–80
Sheehy Skeffington, Hanna, 471, 478, 489n52
Sheridan, General Philip, 386
Sheridan, Richard Brinsley, 206–7, 209
Shields, Arthur, 247
Shiring Ireland, Act for, 31
Silken Thomas’s rebellion, 25
Single European Market, 435
Sinn Féin, 11, 111, 113, 171; movement of, 456–58; 1918 manifesto of, 117; 1918 victory of, 115; in peace process, 162, 163, 174–75; splitting of, 395–96
Skinnider, Margaret, 372
Smith, Adam, 8
Smyth, Ailbhe, 375
social change, post-war, 132–33
Social Democratic and Labour Party (SDLP), 156–57, 162
socialism, 113
Society for the Irish Church Missions to the Roman Catholics, 417
Society for the Preservation of the Irish Language, 336
Society for the Promotion of Christian Knowledge in London, 303
Spence, Joseph, historian, 86
Spenser, Edmund, 26
The Spirit of the Nation, 450–51
Star, 264
state building (1923–1948), 119–26
Steelboys, 68
Stephens, James, 247
Stewart, Robert. See Castlereagh, Viscount
Stone, George, 63
Stormont government, 127, 145–46, 149, 175, 397–98, 461, 496–97
Stowe, Ken, 161
Stuarts, Catholic loyalty to, 59
Sullivan, Jim, 151
The Sunday Press, 259
Sunday World, 263
Sunningdale negotiations, 156–58
Sunningdale Power-Sharing Agreement, 398
Swift, Jonathan, 7, 200, 201; An Argument against Abolishing Christianity, 200; Drapier’s Letters, 206, 208; Gulliver’s Travels, 200; A Letter to the Whole People of Ireland, 63; A Tale of a Tub, 201
Sybel, Heinrich von, 272
Synge, Edward II, 200, 215n47; A Gentleman’s Religion, 194; opposition of to religious toleration, 203–4
Synge, Edward III, 203
Synge, J. M., 237, 242–43, 248; The Playboy of the Western World, 237
Talbot, Richard, 50
Tandy, James Napper, 68
Telesis report, 438
television, 253–55; and adaptability to global media, 267–68; commercial, 264–65; confrontational, 253–54; as “disrespectful,” 257–58; introduction of, 254–55; IRA spokesmen on, 261–62; political pressure on, 266–67; proliferation of channels in, 265; scandals and corruption revealed on, 265; as social critic, 255–57; talk shows on, 258–59
Temple, Sir John, 276, 277; History of the Irish Rebellion, 300
tenant farmers, ownership rights of, 12
tenant laws, 91
Tennent, Robert James, 88
terrorism, in Fenian movement, 388–89
Test Act (1673), 51; repeal of, 85
Test Act (Irish). See sacramental test (1704)
Thatcher, Margaret, election of, 263
theology, intellectual history of, 194–200
Theosophy, 294
Thirty Years’ War, 6
Thomond, Lord, conversion to Protestantism of, 29
Thornley, David, 254, 256, 261
Thurston, Katherine Cecil, 250
Tindal, Matthew, 200
Tithe War, 385
Tocqueville, Alexis de, 9, 221–22
Tod, Isabella M. S., 474, 475; suffrage society of, 477
Toland, John, 195, 196, 207; Christianity not Mysterious, 195
toleration, religious, 13–14; under Charles II, 51; controversy over, 202–5; under James II, 52
Toleration Act of 1719, 197–98
Torrington, Lord, recall of, 492
trade: in interwar years, 427; liberalization of, 441; wartime restrictions on, 428
transhumance, 24
Transport Union, 113
Trevelyan, Charles, 411; The Irish Crisis, 414–15
Trichet, Jean Claude, 183
Trinity College Dublin, 29, 193
Troubles, 115, 117, 141, 158–61, 396–400; escalating violence of, 149–51; feminism during, 483; Irish nationalism and, 134, 460–66
Troy, John Thomas, 304
Tuairim, 129
Tudors: feudal system under, 24–26; limited conquest policy of, 26–27; peerage of, 23; plantations, map of, xiii
Tyrconnell, earl of (Talbot), 52–53
Tyrone, earl of, 22
Ulster: Catholic and Protestant distribution in 1911 in, xvii; dragooning of (1797), 69; evangelicalism in, 309–10; land confiscation in, 36; plantation of, 4; unionism in, 142–46, 162, 163, 449–50
Ulster Covenant (1912), 143–44
Ulster Defence Regiment (UDR), 149–50, 152
Ulster Presbyterians: emigration of to North America, 494–95; in North American education, 351
Ulster Protestants: migration of, 346; missions of, 352; and opposition to Home Rule, 142–43; 390–92; unionism of, 449–50
Ulster Special Constabulary, 116, 142–43
Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF), 114, 152, 390–92
Ulster Workers Council, 157
Ultramontaine movement, 91
Union, Anglo-Irish, 74–75; aim of, 76–77; Anglo-Irish literature in, 78–79; critics of, 77–78; end of assimilation in, 95–98; failure of, 74–75; Irish ideas and, 82–89; Irish nationalism and, 89–95; legacy of, 99–100; obstacles to success of, 79–82; post-Famine period of, 89–93
Union, Act of, 8–9, 48, 74–79; repeal of, 448
unionism, 162–63, 448; diaspora and, 502; in divided Ireland, 143–45; essentialist, 462–63; masculinity and, 372; versus nationalism, 448–49; of Northern Ireland, 145–47; speculative, 78; Ulster, 142–46, 162, 164, 449–50
unionists: constructive, 75–76; mobilization of, 455–56; Ulster, 142–46, 162, 163
United Irish League, 11
United Irishmen, 8, 68, 219, 383, 448; women’s rights and, 471–72
United Irishwomen, 371
United Kingdom, political formation of, 447–48
urbanization, 38–39; post-WWII, 126; women’s status and, 364, 365–66
Valente, Joseph, historian, 372
Valiulis, Maryann, historian, 373
Vatican Council, Second, 128
Viney, Michael, 260
Volunteers, 64, 65, 219, 382–83, 392; opposition to, 67–68
Wall, Maureen, historian, 58
wardships, in Protestant conversion, 30–31
Warnock, Edmund, 147
Wentworth, Lord Deputy, 26, 29
West, Rebecca, The Return of the Soldier, 238
Wheatley, Michael, historian, 98
Whelan, Bernadette, historian, 429, 503–4
Whigs: historians of, 273; political philosophy of, 206–7
White Anglo-Saxon Protestants (WASPs), 386
white terror, 69
Whitelaw, William, 156
Whyte, John, 312
William of Orange (William III), 52–53, 205; conquest of Ireland by, 205–6; and financing of war, 54–55; wars of, 382
Williams, Raymond, 262, 263, 268
Wills, Clair, historian and literary critic, 367
Wolfe Tone, Theobald, 65, 205, 211, 218, 448, 451
Wolfe Tone Societies, 462
Wollstonecraft, Mary, 470, 471, 472.,473; Vindication of the Rights of Woman, 470, 471
women: banishment of from public sphere, 365; in Catholic Church, 365–66; control of finances of, 474; curtailed freedom of in Free State, 372–75; dearth of literature on, 361–62; diminished economic importance of, 366, 379n26; domestic roles of, 367–71, 373; economic prospects of, 364–65; education of, 373, 474–76; emigration of, 370–71; in Free State and economic boom period, 372–77; during Great Famine, 366–71; health issues for, 485; as housewives and mothers, 368–70; lack of economic opportunities for, 370; municipal franchise for, 476–77; nature of, 473–74; in peace work, 481; political activism of, 481–83, 485–86; in pre-Famine Ireland, 362–66; in public sphere, 371–72; restrictive laws regulating, 482–83; during revival and revolution, 371–72; right to work of, 482; suffrage campaign for, 476–81; in workforce, 364–65, 368, 373
Women Against Imperialism Group, 483
Women’s Progressive Association (Women’s Political Association), 485
women’s rights, 123, 133; appeals for, 472–73; in eighteenth-century Ireland, 471–72; revival of, 470–71
Women’s Social and Political Union (WSPU), 478, 480
Wood, Charles, 349
Woolf, Virginia, Mrs. Dalloway, 238
World War I: end of, 393; Home Rule crisis and, 391–92; suffrage movement and, 480–81
World War II: emigration and, 496; Irish experience of, 125; Irish neutrality in, 125–26
Wyndham, George, 96
Yeats, W. B., 217, 224; Abbey Theatre and, 237; on acquisitive Ireland, 229–30; alienation and disenchantment of, 243–44; archetypal images of, 237–38; class politics of, 244–45; Dublin Drama League and, 247, 248; “Easter, 1916,” 460; elite attitude of, 242; The Green Helmet, 237, 242–43, 244; on lost Ireland, 230; materialism and, 226–30; nationalism of, 225–27; Nobel Prize acceptance lecture of, 12–13; occult preoccupations of, 294; republican citizenship of, 231
Yelverton, Barry, 59
Young, Sir Arthur, 150
Young Ireland, 10, 91, 385–86; anthology of, 450–51; antiquarian revival and, 219; Benthamism and, 222–23; cultural program of, 221–22; Griffith’s model of, 228–29; historical significance of, 217; model of nationhood of, 226–27; nationalism and, 88–89, 92, 94, 225–28, 451; political economy and, 227–29; political ideals of, 219–21, 222–24; rebellion of, 217–18; Yeats and, 224–26