{xi} Chronology of Major Events

1114	Jurchen leader Akûdai of Manchuria rebels against the Kitan Liao dynasty and founds the Jin dynasty the next year.
1125	Akûdai’s forces capture the last Kitan emperor; Kitan prince Daiši Lemya flees to Central Asia.
1127	The Jurchen Jin dynasty captures the Song capital, Kaifengfu, and conquers North China.
1141	Daiši Lemya wins the Battle of Qatwan and founds the Qara-Khitai empire in Central Asia.
1162	Possible date of birth of Temüjin (Chinggis Khan).
1187	The Muslim armies of Saladin (Salah al-Din) recapture Jerusalem from the Crusaders.
1196	Temüjin (Chinggis Khan) and his patron, Ong Khan, join the Jin in an attack on the Tatars.
1203	Temüjin (Chinggis Khan) overthrows Ong Khan and begins the unification of Mongolia.
1204	The Fourth Crusade sacks Constantinople, beginning the Latin Empire of Byzantium.
1205	The first Mongol invasion of the Tangut Xia.
1206	Chinggis Khan is enthroned; the Song dynasty attacks the Jin dynasty.
1209	The Uyghurs surrender peacefully to the Mongols.
1210	Muhammad, Sultan of Khwarazm, defeats the Qara-Khitai at Talas.
1211	The Mongols invade the Jin dynasty in North China.
1217	Muqali is appointed viceroy in North China.
1219	The Mongols invade the Sultanate of Khwarazm in Central Asia and Iran.
1227	The Tangut Xia dynasty is destroyed; Chinggis Khan dies.
1229	Chinggis Khan’s son Öködei Khan is enthroned.
1230	Ila Chucai begins a new program of taxation in North China.
1234	The Song dynasty and the Mongol Empire cooperate to destroy the Jin.
1235	Öködei Khan orders armies against Eastern Europe and the Song dynasty.
1240	Abduraqman is appointed head of taxation in North China.
1241	Öködei Khan dies; his widow, Töregene, serves as regent.
{xii} 1251	Möngke Khan seizes power from Öködei Khan’s descendants.
1258	The Mongols, led by Möngke Khan’s brother Hüle’ü, conquer Baghdad, ending the Abbasid Caliphate.
1259	Möngke Khan dies while campaigning near Chongqingfu; the Mongol Empire breaks up.
1260	Qubilai Khan is enthroned in Shangdu and moves the Mongol Empire’s center of power to North China.
1276	Mongol armies enter Hangzhou; the Southern Song dynasty falls.
1294	Qubilai Khan dies; Mongol armies evacuate Dai Viet (Vietnam).
1347	The Black Death begins attacking the Black Sea and Mediterranean ports.
1351	The Red Turban Rebellions begin against Mongol rule in China.
1368	The Mongol dynasty is expelled from China.