ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

DK Travel would like to thank the following people whose help and assistance contributed to the preparation of this book

Karissa Adams, Adam Brackenbury, Elizabeth Byrne, Karen Constanti, James Davis, Sarah Dennis, Matt Dobbin, Bridget Fuller, Pauline Giacomelli-Harris, Meryl Halls, George Hamilton-Jones, Catherine Hetherington, Debbie James, Tom Morse, Chris Rushby, Mike Sansbury

Cartographic Data ERA-Maptec Ltd (Dublin) adapted with permission from original survey and mapping by Shobunsha (Japan)

PICTURE CREDITS

The publisher would like to thank the following for their kind permission to reproduce their photographs:

Key: a-above; b-below/bottom; c-centre; f-far; l-left; r-right; t-top

123RF.com: Roman Babakin 140bl; Viktor Gladkov 43c, gonewiththewind 71br, 275tr, Wiesław Jarek 150cr, jipen 80br, manjik 288t, Valerio Mei 325tr, Yana Menshchikova 182cla, Alessandro Russotto 174-5, sedmak 140crb.

500px: Bruce Ingwall 30t.

Alamy Stock Photo: AA World Travel Library 203cr, 216cl, 216clb, 217tr; Mauricio Abreu 230-1; Adam Eastland Art + Architecture 49cl, 324-5b; AF archive 183tl; AM Stock 30bl; Arcaid Images 316cr, 316-7t; Vito Arcomano 32tr, 41crb, 146clb, 186cl, 223bl, 234-5b, 236bl, 238bl, 272bl, 297cr; ART Collection 89clb, 285br; Azoor Photo 273crb; Carlo Bollo 28cr; Bridgeman Images 285clb; Michael Brooks 39br; BYphoto 187cr; Marco Campagna 59cra; Douglas Carr 13t; Collection Christophel 40-1t; Chronicle 54bl, 55cla, 56bl, 106clb, 231cl, 273tr; Classic Image 54crb, 88bc, 107tr; Clearview 308bl; Razvan Cosac 266bl; Luis Dafos 33cra, 311br, 324cl; Ian G Dagnall 30crb; Gabriele Dessì 190b; Adam Eastland 124bl, 195b, 273bl, 273bc, 290bl, 303tc; edpics 12clb, 28cl, 35br, 130-1t; Reiner Elsen 303br; Equatore 315br; F1online digitale Bildagentur GmbH/Ritterbach 83t, Falkensteinfoto 284cb; Nick Fielding 186-7b; FineArt 145tr; freeartist 8-9b; Vladislav Gajic 59tr; Givaga 10cla; GL Archive 56cr, 57bc, 122cb; Godong 145br; Mikel Bilbao Gorostiaga-Travels 288br; Granger Historical Picture Archive 57cra, 58bl; Susana Guzman 8cl; Dennis Hallinan 294tl; Gary Hebding Jr. 291t; Falkenstein Heinz-Dieter 214bl; Hemis 12t; Heritage Image Partnership Ltd 32-3t; Peter Horree 259, 289clb; Scott Hortop Travel 209br, 114tc; IanDagnall Computing 68bl; imageBROKER 13cr, 43tr, 262-3t; insidefoto srl 59br; Ivoha 68cr; maurice joseph 67ftr; B.O’ Kane 42tl, 55tl; Boris Karpinski 214-5; Brenda Kean 53cr; John Kellerman 216cla; Keystone Pictures USA 59bc; Kosobu 232t; Lanmas 104clb; Enzo Lisi 39clb; LOOK Die Bildagentur der Fotografen GmbH 37t; Dennis MacDonald 12-3b; Marka138br, 299br; Stefano Politi Markovina 26cr; mauritius images GmbH 289fcrb; Andrew Michael 295; Hercules Milas 26cl, 68t, 69tc, 95bl, 142-3t, 187cra; MuseoPics - Paul Williams 187crb; ilpo musto 35cl; Niday Picture Library 54t; Nikreates 106-7c; Sérgio Nogueira 285crb; Martin Norris Travel Photography 69crb, 248t; George Oze 37cr; Pacific Press 285cr; Andrea Palma 49br; Panther Media GmbH 35tl; Stefano Paterna 26bl; Pictorial Press Ltd 58crb; J. Pie 69bc; PjrStatues 128br; Danilo Poccia 168tl; The Print Collector 89bc; RalphWilliam 84-5t; M Ramírez 144-5b; Realy Easy Star 58cr, / Daniele Bellucci 20tl, 114bl, 178-9, / Fotografia Felici 53tr; John Rees 94bl; roberthardingNeale Clark 287tr; Felipe Rodriguez 258cl; ROPI 89crb; Clemente do Rosario 123bl; rudi1976 26t; andrea sabbadini 37br; Riccardo Sala 47cb; Science History Images 55clb; jozef sedmak 87bl, 298t; Andrea Spinelli 52cra; Eckhard Supp 166-7t; Krystyna Szulecka 94br; Glyn Thomas 206-7t; Martin Thomas Photography 222t; Fabrizio Troiani 267cra; Universal Images Group North America LLC / DeAgostini 265b; Stefano Valeri 30cr, 239crb; Ivan Vdovin 192tl; Taras Verkhovynets 55cr; Valery Voennyy 36tl; VPC Photo 231cra; Sebastian Wasek 129b; Gari Wyn Williams 53cl; Zoonar GmbH 297cla.

AWL Images: Marco Bottigelli 17ca, 76-7; Danita Delimont Stock 19t, 134-5; Francesco Iacobelli 2-3; Maurizio Rellini 4, 18tl, 100-1, 122-3t.

Bridgeman Images: Buyenlarge Archive / UIG 56-7t; G. Nimatallah / Giotto Boniface VIII announces Holy Year fresco (1300) 214cla, / G. Dagli Orti / Painted terracotta Sarcophagus of the Spouses, from Cerveteri 146bl, / Gabinetto Comunale delle Stampe, Rome, Italy / Andrea Sacchi and Filippo Gagliardi Saracen joust in Piazza Navona, February 25, 1634 122clb; / Galleria Nazionale d’Arte Moderna e Contemporea, Rome, Lazio / Stefano Baldini /Giorgio de Chirico ©DACS, London 2018 Spettacolo Misterioso (1971) 33clb; / L. de Masi / Close-up of a piano designed by Bartolomeo Cristofori di Francesco 218br; / San Marco, Venice, Italy Emperor Constantine I mosaic 55tr.

Dorling Kindersley: Demetrio Carrasco 140cl; Mike Dunning 216crb; John Heseltine 24cb, 82tc, 106c, 164bl, 234t, 235cr, 304-5; Mockford and Bonetti 170bl.

Dreamstime.com: Alkan2011 156bl; Leonid Andronov 171t; Anyaivanova 321tr; Frank Bach 96b, 113tr; Jennifer Barrow 43br; Alexey Belyaev 290tr; Benkrut 252bl; Bennymarty 66-6b; Boggy 113cr; Boris Breytman 233br; Bryan Busovicki 286bl; Stefano Carnevali 156tr; Stefano Carocci 253tl; Christophefaugere 151t, 152-3; Ciolca 237t; Jacqueline Cooper 141; Cynoclub 57crb; Daliu80 80-1t; Danflcreativo 23bl, 250-1, 268-9; Ionut David 111bc, 220-1; Elkamilo 314-5b; Ensens 297tc; Erix2005 110tr; Gekaskr 70tc; Ruslan Gilmanshin 88clb; Giuseppemasci 150b; Rostislav Glinsky 98-9t; Anna Hristova 300b; Gal Istvan 11br; Ixuskmitl 117tl, 202clb, 258cra; Kedsirin Jaidee 203crb; Luc Jean 10-1b; Dragan Jovanovic 98bl; Tzogia Kappatou 72bl; Sergii Kolesnyk 6-7cb; Elvira Kolomiytseva 67tl, 67ftl; Konstik 327bl; Ivan Kurmyshov 224bl; Marco Lavagnini 25t; 312; Lilianaesperanza13 208cla; Lorenzobovi 245bl; Lucamato 154t; Luxerendering 21bl, 226-7, 231tl; Alexandr Makarenko 74bl; Rosaria De Marco 11cr; Marcorubino 46bl, 55br, 58tl, 249b; Marcovarro 115t, 165t, 258crb; Marinv 219tl; Mariyasiyanko 163tr; Marsana 106cl, 188bl; Antony Mcaulay 206bl; Salvatore Micillo 40-1b; Roland Nagy 184-5; Nejron 104crb; Olgacov 300-1t; Olgapdrn 323b; Fabio Pagani 46-7t; William Perry 85br, 148-9t; Phant 187cla; Photogolfer 264cr, 289bc, 292-3, 308tc; Marek Poplawski 163cra, 192-3t; Beatrice Preve 34br; Gianluca Rasile 112b; Rinofelino 21t, 53tl, 210-1; Roman Romanadze 279tl; Valerio Rosati 147, 162-3b, 176bl; Cosmin - Constantin Sava 32b, 56crb; Scaliger 8clb, 97tr, 132bl; Juergen Schonnop 106cb; Jozef Sedmak 20cb, 73tr, 108-9t, 149br, 189t, 198-9, 204tl, 258bc, 298cra; Solarisys13 205br; Pawel Szczepanski 138cl; Carlo Taccari 218tl; Tinamou 244tr; Tupungato 125tr, 169b, 246tr; Stefano Valeri 92-3b, 170tr, 203ca, 225cra, 264t; Jose Juan Pasarin Vazquez 194tr; Vvoevale 67tr; Xantana 297cra; Zatletic 127br; Ariy Zimin 93cla; Znm 291cr.

Getty Images: AFP 52bl, / Andreas Solaro 36cra, 52cla, 52br, 322t; Afriandi 39tr; Elizabeth Beard 52cr; Bloomberg 44br, 48br; Marco Bottigelli 10clb; Christopher Chan 88-9t; Umberto Cicconi 58-9t; Corbis / Stefano Montesi 28br, 51cla, / Davide Mombelli 52cl; Paolo Cordelli 45b; De Agostini Picture Library 56tl, 315tl, / Biblioteca Ambrosiana 104bc, / G. Dagli Orti 32cla; duncan1890 88crb, 90bl; EyeEm /Tommaso Altamura 214cb; Heritage Images 191tl; Francesco Iacobelli 53br, 328-3; Dmitri Kessel 289crb; Domingo Leiva 16c, 62-3; Brian LoPiccolo 182-3b; Marka 278bl; Mondadori Portfolio 262bl; NurPhoto 53bl; Franco Origlia 42-3b; Paramount Pictures 41cla; joe daniel price 296-7b; Peter Ptschelinzew 50clb; Vittoriano Rastelli 293br; REDA&CO 13br, 23t, 254-5; rhkamen 50-1b; Slow Images 28t; Laszlo Szirtesi 105; ullstein bild Dtl. 57tr; UniversalImagesGroup 294br; Eric Vandeville 94cr; Tim E White 260-1; Barry Winiker 51tr; Kathrin Ziegler 34tl.

Heidemarie Niemann: 163cla

iStockphoto.com: alessandro0770 326tc; Borisb17 82br; bwzenith 247tr; Francesco Cantone 128tl, 172-3b; Cassianus12 315cr; chris-mueller 246b; fotoVoyager 24tl, 280-1; georgeclerk 284clb; Yves Grau 216-7; Imgorthand 11tc; J2R 45cl; Katharina13 203tl; KavalenkavaVolha 123cr; kenex 333tr, 335tr; Anna Kolesnikova 330bl; Lefteris_ 140clb; LightFieldStudios 38-9b; lillisphotography 183cr; lucamato 196bl; LuisPinaPhotogrpahy 47ca; MasterLu 48-9t; nejdetduzen 104cra; only_fabrizio 92tr; PaoloGaetano 274bl; pidjoe 36b; piola666 276-7; rarrarorro 38tr, 44-5t; ROMAOSLO 22t, 94cra, 240-1, 309tr; scaliger 87tr; sedmak 88cr; TatyanaGl 284-5t; Violetastock 139; wjarek 93tr; zorazhuang 90-1t; ZU_09 284bc.

Macro - Museo d’Arte Contemporanea Roma: photo@ Luigi Filetici 320b.

Robert Harding Picture Library: Neale Clark 60-1; Cuno Images 50t; Terrance Klassen 18cb, 118-9; Andrew Michael 19bl, 158-9.

Photo Scala, Florence: Fondo Edifici di Culto - Min. dell’Interno 140br; Andrea Jemolo 126-7t; courtesy of the Ministero Beni e Att. Culturali e del Turismo 146cra.

SuperStock: agf photo 155b; age fotostock / Adam Eastland 106br, / Fabrizio Troiani / Renzo Piano © DACS, London 2018 Auditorium Parco Della Musica Italy 318-9, / Ken Welsh 37clb; Shirley Bowers 140cra; DeAgostini 188tr; Hemis / Patrice Hauser 130bl; Marka / Alessandro Canova 51cr.

Cartographic Data
ERA-Maptec Ltd (Dublin) adapted with permission from original survey and mapping by Shobunsha (Japan).

Front flap: Alamy Stock Photo: AM Stock bl; Dreamstime.com: Gal Istvan cla, Scaliger cb; Getty Images: Christopher Chan cra; REDA&CO / Pino Pacifico br; Robert Harding Picture Library: Neale Clark t.

Sheet Map Cover: iStockphoto.com: fotoVoyager.

Cover images:
Front and spine: iStockphoto.com: fotoVoyager
Back: Alamy Stock Photo: eye35.pix tr; AWL Images: Maurizio Rellini c; Getty Images: Slow Images cla; iStockphoto.com: fotoVoyager b.

For further information see: www.dkimages.com

CONTRIBUTORS

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Main contributors Ros Belford, Olivia Ercoli, Roberta Mitchell
Additional contributor Natasha Foges
Senior Editor Alison McGill
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Project Editor Rada Radojicic
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Factchecker Daniel Mosseri
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Senior Picture Researcher Ellen Root
Picture Research Harriet Whitaker, Sarah Stewart-Richardson
Illustrators Studio Illibill, Kevin Jones Associates, Martin Woodward, Robbie Polley
Cartographic Editor James Macdonald
Cartography Subhashree Bharati, Deshpal Dabas, Suresh Kumar, Alok Pathak, Kunal Singh
Jacket Designers Maxine Pedliham, Bess Daly
Jacket Picture Research Susie Peachey
Senior DTP Designer Jason Little
DTP Coordinator George Nimmo
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Managing Editor Rachel Fox
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This edition updated by Sophie Adam, Agnes Crawford, Bharti Kharakoti, Sumita Khatwani, James Macdonald, Rada Radojicic, Ruth Reisenberger

eBOOK

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The information in this DK Eyewitness Travel Guide is checked regularly.

Every effort has been made to ensure that this book is as up-to-date as possible at the time of going to press. Some details, however, such as telephone numbers, opening hours, prices, gallery hanging arrangements and travel information are liable to change. The publishers cannot accept responsibility for any consequences arising from the use of this book, nor for any material on third party websites, and cannot guarantee that any website address in this book will be a suitable source of travel information. We value the views and suggestions of our readers very highly. Please write to: Publisher, DK Eyewitness Travel Guides, Dorling Kindersley, 80 Strand, London, WC2R 0RL, UK, or email: travelguides@dk.com