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A note on sources
Most case studies in this book are drawn from accounts published in scientific and medical reports, written by the doctors who treated them and the scientists who have researched their conditions. These people allowed their lives to be described in this way on the condition they were granted anonymity. As such, I have not tried to contact them or to identify them. I hope I have done their stories justice. Names have been changed and invented throughout, but where a given name was included in the original report, I have used it too.
Suggestions for further reading
A good place to start for more on the science of OCD is Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder by Dan Stein and Naomi Fineberg (Oxford University Press, 2007).
The most comprehensive and up-to-date academic review of the science of OCD and related disorders I have found is The Oxford Handbook of Obsessive Compulsive and Spectrum Disorders, edited by Gail Steketee (Oxford University Press, 2012).
For more on human stories of OCD it’s still hard to beat The Boy Who Couldn’t Stop Washing by Judith Rapoport (Penguin, 1991).
A recent memoir of life with OCD is The Woman Who Thought Too Much by Joanne Limburg (Atlantic Books, 2010).
A good general account of OCD is Tormenting Thoughts and Secret Rituals by Ian Osborn (Dell Publishing, 1999).
For an alternative view on OCD see Obsession: A History by Lennard Davis (University of Chicago Press, 2008).
For a scientific exploration of the nature and importance of intrusive thoughts see Intrusive Thoughts in Clinical Disorders, edited by David A. Clark (Guildford Press, 2005).
Rachel Herz has written a book that describes the emerging science of disgust: That’s Disgusting (W. W. Norton, 2012).
For more on Freud and Lanzer see Freud and the Rat Man by Patrick Mahony (Yale University Press, 1986).
For more on Esquirol and monomania and the politics of the era see Console and Classify by Jan Goldstein (University of Chicago Press, 1987).
I glossed over a century or so of important medical and scientific thinking on OCD in the 1800s. For a fuller account see German Berrios, ‘Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Its Conceptual History in France During the 19th Century’, Comprehensive Psychiatry, vol. 30 (1989), pp. 283−95.
For more on the Collyer brothers see Ghosty Men by Franz Lidz (Bloomsbury, 2003).
For a fuller account of the history of lobotomy see Great and Desperate Cures by Elliot Valenstein (Basic Books, 1986).
For more on the development of drugs for OCD and other psychiatric conditions see David Healy’s The Psychopharmacologists series (CRC, 1998−2000).
I wrote a feature article for Nature on the problems with the DSM and the category approach to mental illness: ‘On the Spectrum’, Nature (25 April 2013).
For a biography of Nikola Tesla try Tesla: Man out of Time by Margaret Cheney (Touchstone, 2001).
References
ONE: Our siege mentality
‘Bira’, Y. Baheretibeb et al., ‘The Girl Who Ate Her House – Pica as an Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Case Report’, Clinical Case Studies, 7 (2008), pp. 3−11.
‘Four thousand thoughts’, D. Clark and S. Rhyno, ‘Unwanted Intrusive Thoughts in Nonclinical Individuals’ in D. Clark (ed.), Intrusive Thoughts in Clinical Disorders (Guildford Press, 2005), p. 1.
‘six hours’, A. Ruscio et al., ‘The Epidemiology of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication’, Molecular Psychiatry, 15 (2010), pp. 53−63.
‘Marcus prodded himself blind’, A. Torres et al., ‘Loss of Vision Secondary to Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Case Report’, General Hospital Psychiatry, 31 (2009), pp. 292−4.
‘between 2 per cent and 3 per cent’ and ‘fourth most common’, Karno et al., ‘The Epidemiology of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder in Five US Communities’, Archives of General Psychiatry, 45 (1988), pp. 1094−9.
‘World Health Organization’, C. Murray and A. D. Lopez, ‘Global Burden of Disease: A Comprehensive Assessment of Mortality and Disability from Diseases, Injuries and Risk Factors in 1990 and Projected to 2020’, Global Burden of Disease and Injury Series, vol. I (Harvard School of Public Health, 1996).
‘more severe than diabetes’, L. Koran et al., ‘Quality of Life for Patients with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder’, American Journal of Psychiatry, 153 (6) (1996), pp. 783−8.
‘wait a decade’, M. Demet et al., ‘Risk Factors for Delaying Treatment Seeking in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder’, Comprehensive Psychiatry, 51 (2010), pp. 480−85.
‘men and women’, C. Lochner and D. Stein, ‘Gender in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and Obsessive Compulsive Spectrum Disorders’, Archives of Women’s Mental Health, 4 (2001), pp. 19−26.
‘It begins usually’, C. Carmin et al., ‘OCD and Spectrum Conditions in Older Adults’, in G. Steketee, Oxford Handbook of Obsessive Compulsive and Spectrum Disorders (Oxford University Press, 2012), p. 455.
‘unemployed’, A. Torres et al., ‘Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Prevalence, Comorbidity, Impact and Help-Seeking in the British National Psychiatric Morbidity Survey of 2000’, American Journal of Psychiatry, 163 (11) (2006), pp. 1978−85.
‘unmarried’, L. Koran, ‘Quality of Life in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder’, Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 23 (2000), pp. 509−17.
‘live with their parents’, G. Steketee and N. Pruyn, ‘Families of Individuals with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder’, in R. Swinson et al., Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Theory, Research and Treatment (Guildford Press, 1998), pp. 120−40.
‘divorce’, A. Torres et al., ‘Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Prevalence, Comorbidity, Impact and Help-Seeking in the British National Psychiatric Morbidity Survey of 2000’, American Journal of Psychiatry 163 (11) (2006), pp. 1978−85.
‘fail to recognize’, K. Wahl et al., ‘Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Is Still an Unrecognised Disorder: A Study on the Recognition of OCD in Psychiatric Outpatients’, European Psychiatry, 25 (2010), pp. 374−7.
‘two-thirds of sufferers never see’, J. Calamari et al., ‘Phenomenology and Epidemiology of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder’, in G. Steketee, The Oxford Handbook of Obsessive Compulsive and Spectrum Disorders (Oxford University Press, 2012), p. 36.
‘Kurt Gödel’, H. Szechtman and E. Woody, ‘Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder as a Disturbance of Security Motivation’, Psychological Review, 111 (2004), pp. 111−27.
TWO: Bad thoughts
‘survey after survey’, P. Salkovskis and J. Harrison, ‘Abnormal and Normal Obsessions: A Replication’, Behaviour Research and Therapy, 22 (1984), pp. 549–52.
‘off the road’, C. Purdon and D. Clark, ‘Obsessive Intrusive Thoughts in Nonclinical Subjects: Part 1. Content and Relation with Depressive, Anxious and Obsessional Symptoms’, Behaviour Research and Therapy, 31 (1993), pp. 713−20.
‘high-place phenomenon’, J. Hames et al., ‘An Urge to Jump Affirms the Urge to Live: An Empirical Examination of the High Place Phenomenon’, Journal of Affective Disorders, 136 (2012), pp. 1114–20.
‘Stanley Rachman’, S. Rachman and P. de Silva, ‘Abnormal and Normal Obsessions’, Behaviour Research and Therapy, 16 (1978), pp. 233−48.
‘Winston Churchill’, I. Osborn, Tormenting Thoughts and Secret Rituals (DTP, 1999), pp. 56−7.
‘idea generator’, D. Clark and S. Rhyno, ‘Unwanted Intrusive Thoughts in Nonclinical Individuals’, in D. Clark, Intrusive Thoughts in Clinical Disorders (Guildford Press, 2005), pp. 18−19.
‘Mozart … Beethoven’, S. Rachman and R. Hodgson, Obsessions and Compulsions (Prentice Hall, 1980), pp. 10−11.
‘Arnold Schwarzenegger’, N. Berman et al., ‘The “Arnold Schwarzenegger Effect”: Is Strength of the “Victim” Related to Misinterpretations of Harm Intrusions?’, Behaviour Research and Therapy, 50 (2012), pp. 761−6.
‘under stress’, L. Parkinson and S. Rachman, ‘Part III – Intrusive Thoughts: The Effects of an Uncontrived Stress’, Advances in Behaviour Research and Therapy, 3 (3) (1981), pp. 111−18.
‘Tolstoy’, R. Bartlett, Tolstoy: A Russian Life (Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2011), p. 53.
‘Playboy’, D. Wegner and D. Schneider, ‘The White Bear Story’, Psychological Inquiry, 14 (2003), pp. 326−9.
‘Worst Thing’, D. Wegner, ‘How to Think, Say, or Do Precisely the Worst Thing for Any Occasion’, Science, 325 (3 July 2009), pp. 48−50.
‘Tolstoy trial’, D. Wegner et al., ‘Paradoxical Effects of Thought Suppression’, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53 (1987), pp. 5−13.
‘quit cigarettes’, B. Toll et al., ‘The Relationship Between Thought Suppression and Smoking Cessation’, Addictive Behaviors, 26 (2001), pp. 509−15.
‘obese’, B. Soetens and C. Braet, ‘The Weight of a Thought: Food-Related Thought Suppression in Obese and Normal-Weight Youngsters’, Appetite, 46 (2006), pp. 309−17.
‘resurface in a dream’, R. Bryant et al., ‘Dream Rebound of Suppressed Emotional Thoughts: The Influence of Cognitive Load’, Consciousness and Cognition, 20 (2011), pp. 515−22.
‘mental processes’, D. Wegner, ‘Ironic Processes of Mental Control’, Psychological Review, 101 (1) (1994), pp. 34–52.
‘Wasmeier’, J. Beckmann, interview with author (11 January 2012).
‘odd and meaningless rituals’, P. Muris et al., ‘Abnormal and Normal Compulsions’, Behavioural Research and Therapy, 35 (3) (1997), pp. 249−52.
‘worms’, M. Nguyen et al., ‘A Case of Severe Adolescent Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Treated with Inpatient Hospitalisation, Risperidone and Sertraline’, Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 1 (2) (2012), pp. 78−82.
‘Eddie’, W. Marshall and C. Langton, ‘Unwanted Thoughts and Fantasies Experienced by Sexual Offenders’, in D. Clark (ed.), Intrusive Thoughts in Clinical Disorders (Guildford Press, 2005), pp. 206−7.
‘Mike … Jennifer’, G. Doron et al., ‘Flaws and All: Exploring Partner-Focused Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms’, Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders, 1 (2012), pp. 234−43.
‘Israel … Jack’, G. Doron et al., ‘Tainted Love: Exploring Relationship-Centred Obsessive Compulsive Symptoms in Two Non-clinical Cohorts’, Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders, 1 (2012), pp. 16−24.
‘Nanaimo Correctional Centre’, M. O’Neill et al., ‘Intrusive Thoughts and Psychopathy in a Student and Incarcerated Sample’, Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 40 (2009), pp. 147−57.
THREE: The mademoiselle and the Rat Man
‘Aids-phobia’, M. Jenike and C. Pato, ‘Disabling Fear of AIDS Responsive to Imipramine’, Psychosomatics, 27 (1986), pp. 143−4.
‘Munich’, Proceedings published as H. Jäger, Aids Phobia: Disease Patterns and Possibilities of Treatment (Ellis Horwood, 1988).
‘syphilis-phobia’, F. Cormia, ‘Syphilophobia and Allied Anxiety States’, The Canadian Medical Association Journal (October, 1938), pp. 361−6.
‘asbestos’, P. de Silva, ‘Culture and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder’, Clinical Conditions (2006), pp. 402−4.
‘it was HIV’, J. Rapoport, The Boy Who Couldn’t Stop Washing (Penguin, 1991), pp. 161−4.
‘climate change’, M. Jones et al., ‘The Impact of Climate Change on Obsessive Compulsive Checking Concerns’, Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 46 (3) (2012), pp. 265−70.
‘Andy Warhol’, B. Dillon, Tormented Hope: Nine Hypochondriac Lives (Penguin, 2010), pp. 255−261.
‘Warrington’, D. Walton and M. Mather, ‘The Application of Learning Principles to the Treatment of Obsessive-Compulsive States in the Acute and Chronic Phases of Illness’, Behaviour Research and Therapy, August (1963), pp. 163−74.
‘coffins’, J. Bondeson, Buried Alive: The Terrifying History of Our Most Primal Fear (W. W. Norton, 2002), p. 118.
‘Washington … Chopin’, L. Dossey, ‘The Undead: Botched Burials, Safety Coffins and the Fear of the Grave’, Explorations, July/August 2007, pp. 347−54.
‘Nobel’, www.nobelprize.org/alfred_nobel/will/will-full.html.
‘mad disease’, S. Freud, Introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis (1920), p. 220.
‘Lanzer’, S. Freud, Notes upon a Case of Obsessional Neurosis (1909).
‘Ernest Jones’, E. Jones, Sigmund Freud Life and Work, Vol. 2: Years of Maturity 1901−1919 (The Hogarth Press, 1958), p. 42.
‘Sulloway’, F. Sulloway, ‘Reassessing Freud’s Case Histories’, Isis, 82 (1991), pp. 245−75.
‘Mademoiselle F’, J. Esquirol, Mental Maladies: A Treatise on Insanity (Lea and Blanchard, 1845/1938), pp. 348−51.
‘To see madhouses’, quoted in J. Goldstein, Console and Classify: The French Psychiatric Profession in the Nineteenth Century (University of Chicago Press, 1987), p.141.
‘field of law’, J. Goldstein, ‘Professional Knowledge and Professional Self-Interest: The Rise and Fall of Monomania in 19th-Century France’, International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 21 (1998), pp. 385−96.
‘Harrington Tuke’, H. Tuke, ‘Monomania and Homicide’, The Lancet (12 October 1867), pp. 472−3.
‘Newgate’, J. Gibson, ‘Bordier’s Case’, The Lancet (2 November 1867), pp. 567−8.
FOUR: An emerging obsession
‘UK government’, www.dh.gov.uk/health/category/policy-areas/social-care/mental-health.
‘Tavistock Clinic’, J. Sandler and A. Hazari, ‘The “Obsessional”: On the Psychological Classification of Obsessional Character Traits and Symptoms’, British Journal of Medical Psychology, 33 (1960), pp. 113−22.
‘bowel movements’, See for example E. Hetherington and Y. Brackbill, ‘Etiology and Covariation of Obstinacy, Orderliness and Parsimony in Young Children’, Child Development, 34 (1963), pp. 919−43.
‘Selfridges’, L. Warren, ‘The OCD Chopping Board with Etched Lines for a Perfectionist’, Daily Mail online (1 September 2011), http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2032812/The-OCD-chopping-board-etched-lines-perfectionist.html.
‘Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder for Dummies’, C. Elliot and L. Smith, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder for Dummies (Wiley, 2008).
‘Zohar’, D. Stein and N. Fineberg, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (Oxford University Press, 2007), p. 10.
‘Yale-Brown’, W. Goodman et al., ‘The Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale’, Archives of General Psychiatry, 46 (1989), pp. 1006−16.
‘all white here’, ‘Cricket: West Indies Seeing Red Over “All White” Slogan’, New Zealand Herald (23 November 2008).
‘cannabis’, L. Arseneault et al., ‘Cannabis Use in Adolescence and Risk for Adult Psychosis: Longitudinal Prospective Study’, British Medical Journal, 325 (2002), pp. 1212−13.
‘quarter of the cohort’, M. Fullana et al., ‘Obsessions and Compulsions in the Community: Prevalence, Interference, Help-Seeking, Developmental Stability and Co-occurring Psychiatric Conditions’, American Journal of Psychiatry, 166 (3) (2009), pp. 329−36.
‘Belgium’, M. Fullana et al., ‘Obsessive-Compulsive Symptom Dimensions in the General Population: Results from an Epidemiological Study in Six European Countries’, Journal of Affective Disorders, 124 (2010), pp. 291−9.
‘two-week spell’, A. Ruscio et al., ‘The Epidemiology of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication’, Molecular Psychiatry, 15 (2010), pp. 53−63.
‘Murray Stein’, M. Stein, ‘Worrying About Obsessions and Compulsions’, American Journal of Psychiatry, 166 (March 2009), pp. 271−3.
‘pure-O’, See www.ocduk.org/pure-o.
‘just-not-right’, C. Sica et al., ‘“Not Just Right Experiences” Predict Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms in Non-clinical Italian Individuals: A One-Year Longitudinal Study’, Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders, 1 (2012), pp. 159−67.
‘high-place phenomenon’, J. Hames et al. ‘An Urge to Jump Affirms the Urge to Live: An Empirical Examination of the High Place Phenomenon’, Journal of Affective Disorders, 136 (2012), pp. 1114−20.
‘dentist’, L. Altman, ‘AIDS and a Dentist’s Secrets’, New York Times, 6 June 1993, http://www.nytimes.com/1993/06/06/weekinreview/aids-and-a-dentist-s-secrets.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm.
‘Concordia’, A. Radomsky et al., ‘Repeated Checking Really Does Cause Memory Distrust’, Behaviour Research and Therapy, 44 (2006), pp. 305−16.
‘two checks’, M. Coles et al., ‘Exploring the Boundaries of Memory Distrust from Repeated Checking: Increasing External Validity and Examining Thresholds’, Behaviour Research and Therapy, 44 (2006), pp. 995−1006.
‘to stare’, M. Van den Hout et al., ‘Uncertainty About Perception and Dissociation After Compulsive-like Staring: Time Course of Effects’, Behaviour Research and Therapy, 47 (2009), pp. 535−9.
FIVE: The OCD family
‘Collyers mansion’, A. Newman, ‘“Collyers Mansion” Is Code for Firefighters’ Nightmare’, New York Times (5 July 2006).
‘Homer and Langley’, Most details taken from M. Natanson, ‘The Rock Cried Out’, Prairie Schooner, 24 (1950), pp. 7−12 and F. Lidz, Ghosty Men (Bloomsbury, 2003).
‘tried to rename’, C. Gray, ‘Streetscapes’, New York Times (23 June 2002).
‘autism’, A. Wakabayashi et al., ‘Do the Traits of Autism Spectrum Overlap with Those of Schizophrenia or Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder in the General Population?’, Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 6 (2012), pp. 717−25.
‘a tenth’, J. Stern, ‘Update on Tic Disorders and Tourette Syndrome’, Paediatrics and Child Health 20 (9) (2010), pp. 411−15.
‘teleshopping’, A. Bonfanti et al., ‘Kleptomania, an Unusual Impulsive Control Disorder in Parkinson’s Disease?’, Parkinsonism and Related Disorders, 16 (2010), pp. 358−9.
‘gambling’, D. Drapier et al., ‘Pathological Gambling Secondary to Dopaminergic Therapy in Parkinson’s Disease’, Psychiatry Research, 144 (2006), pp. 241−4.
‘sexsomniac’, Y. Béjot et al., ‘Sexsomnia: An Uncommon Variety of Parasomnia’, Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery, 112 (2010), pp. 72−5.
‘nonparaphilic … Matt … Robert’, J. Abramowitz, ‘Is Nonparaphilic Compulsive Sexual Behavior a Variant of OCD?’, in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (Elsevier, 2007), pp. 271−86.
‘Charles Marc’, M. Goldman, ‘Kleptomania: Making Sense of the Nonsensical’, American Journal of Psychiatry, 148 (1991), pp. 986–96.
‘Mathey’, R. Fullerton and G. Punj, ‘Shoplifting as Moral Insanity: Historical Perspectives on Kleptomania’, Journal of Macromarketing, 24 (2004), pp. 8−16.
‘rise in tension’, D. Simeon and H. Berlin, ‘Impulse-Control Disorders’, in Psychiatry (John Wiley, 2008).
‘dashboard’, J. Dean et al., ‘Pathological Hair-Pulling: A Review of the Literature and Case Reports’, Comprehensive Psychiatry, 33 (1992), pp. 84−91.
‘Rapunzel syndrome’, I. Kirpinar et al., ‘Recurrent Trichobezoar Due to Trichophagia: A Case Report’, General Hospital Psychiatry, 35 (2013), pp. 439−41.
‘near-fatal’, R. O’Sullivan et al., ‘Near Fatal Skin Picking from Delusional Body Dysmorphic Disorder Responsive to Fluvoxamine’, Psychosomatics, 40 (1999), pp. 79−81.
‘BDD by proxy’, M. Kelly and K. Phillips, ‘Phenomenology and Epidemiology of Body Dysmorphic Disorder’ in G. Steketee, The Oxford Handbook of Obsessive Compulsive and Spectrum Conditions (Oxford University Press, 2012), p. 55.
‘a quarter’, M. Kelly and K. Phillips, ‘Phenomenology and Epidemiology of Body Dysmorphic Disorder’ in G. Steketee, The Oxford Handbook of Obsessive Compulsive and Spectrum Conditions (Oxford University Press, 2012), p. 57.
‘Morselli’, K. Phillips, ‘Body Dysmorphic Disorder: Recognising and Treating Imagined Ugliness’, World Psychiatry, 3 (1) (2004), pp. 12−17.
‘Body Integrity’, R. Blom et al., ‘Body Integrity Identity Disorder’, PLoS ONE, 7 (April 2012), e34702.
‘hypochondriasis’, S. Taylor et al., ‘Hypochondriasis and Health-Related Anxiety’, in P. Sturmey and M. Hersen (eds.), Handbook of Evidence-Based Practice in Clinical Psychology (Wiley, 2012).
‘unrelated to food’, D. Garner et al., ‘Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy for Anorexia Nervosa’, in D. Garner and P. Garfinkel, Handbook of Treatment for Eating Disorders, Guildford (1997), pp. 94−144.
‘Rachel’, C. Schupak and J. Rosenthal, ‘Excessive Daydreaming: A Case History and Discussion of Mind Wandering and High Fantasy Proneness’, Consciousness and Cognition, 18 (2009), pp. 290−92.
‘academic survey’, J. Bigelsen and C. Schupak, ‘Compulsive Fantasy: Proposed Evidence for an Under-reported Syndrome Through a Systematic Study of 90 Self-Identified Non-normative Fantasisers’, Consciousness and Cognition, 20 (2011), pp. 1634−48.
‘jealousy’, D. Marazziti et al., ‘Normal and Obsessional Jealousy: A Study of a Population of Young Adults’, European Psychiatry, 18 (2003), pp. 106−11.
‘pet rabbit’, S. Taylor et al., ‘Cognitive Approaches to Understanding Obsessive Compulsive and Related Disorders’ in G. Steketee, The Oxford Handbook of Obsessive Compulsive and Spectrum Disorders (Oxford University Press, 2012), p. 234.
‘signs of a tail’, C. Volz and I. Heyman, ‘Case Series: Transformation Obsession in Young People with Obsessive-Compulsive disorder’, Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 46 (2007), pp. 766−72.
SIX: Cruel to be kind
‘pleaded’, A. Solomon, The Noonday Demon: An Anatomy of Depression (Vintage, 2002), p. 84.
‘zero evidence’, K. Ponniah et al., ‘An Update on the Efficacy of Psychological Treatments for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder in Adults’, Journal of Obsessive Compulsive and Related Disorders, 2 (2013), pp. 207−18.
‘Holy Ghost’, V. Meyer, ‘Modification of Expectations in Cases with Obsessional Rituals’, Behaviour Research and Therapy, 4 (1966), pp. 273−80.
‘compromise’, www.ocdhistory.net/20thcentury/the_term_ocd.html.
‘reflex at a distance’, D. Todes, ‘From the Machine to the Ghost Within: Pavlov’s Transition from Digestive Physiology to Conditional Reflexes’, American Psychologist, 52 (1997), pp. 947–55.
‘wallpaper’, H. Eysenck, ‘Personality and Behaviour Therapy’, Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine, 504 (1960), pp. 18−22.
‘gamblers’, J. Barker and M. Miller, ‘Aversion Therapy for Compulsive Gambling’, The Lancet (26 February 1966), pp. 491−2.
‘alcoholics’, R. Elkins, ‘An Appraisal of Chemical Aversion (Emetic Therapy) Approaches to Alcoholism Treatment’, Behaviour Research and Therapy 29 (5) (1991), pp. 387−413.
‘doughnut’, J. Foreyt and W. Kennedy, ‘Treatment of Overweight by Aversion Therapy’, Behaviour Research and Therapy, 9 (1) (1971), pp. 29−34.
‘Gay men’, M. MacCulloch et al., ‘Anticipatory Avoidance Learning for the Treatment of Homosexuality: Recent Developments and an Automatic Aversion Therapy System’, Behavior Therapy, 2 (1971), pp. 151−69.
‘eel’, P. Kellaway, ‘The Part Played by Electric Fish in the Early History of Bioelectricity and Electrotherapy’, Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 20 (1946), pp. 112−37.
‘chaplain’, P. de Silva, ‘Buddhism and Behaviour Modification’, Behaviour Research and Therapy, 22 (6) (1984), pp. 661−78.
‘Birmingham’, A. Le Boeuf, ‘An Automated Aversion Device in the Treatment of a Compulsive Handwashing Ritual’, Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 5 (3–4) (1974), pp. 267−70.
‘Kenny’, F. Kenny et al., ‘Faradic Disruption of Obsessive Ideation in the Treatment of Obsessive Neurosis’, Behavior Therapy, 4 (1973), pp. 448−57.
‘brainwash … Rockefeller Nazis … McConnell’, A. Bandura, ‘Swimming Against the Mainstream: The Early Years from Chilly Tributary to Transformative Mainstream’, Behaviour Research and Therapy, 42 (2004), pp. 613−30.
‘great line’, B. Dillon, Tormented Hope: Nine Hypochondriac Lives (Penguin, 2009), p. 2.
‘seventeen years’, M. Jenike, ‘Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder’, The New England Journal of Medicine, 350 (2004), pp. 259−65.
‘erect penises’, W. Butler-Bowdon, The Book of Margery Kempe, A Modern Version (Jonathan Cape, 1936), pp. 352−3.
‘porpoise’, R. Hunter, 300 Years of Psychiatry 1535–1860 (1963), pp. 338–41.
‘Some stories’, P. de Silva, ‘Culture and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder’, Clinical Conditions (2006), pp. 402–4.
‘enlightenment’, K. Wong, The Complete Book of Zen (Tuttle, 2002), p. 293.
‘Boswell’, http://www.ocdhistory.net/philosophical/johnson.html.
‘Luther’, M. Luther, Luther: Letters of Spiritual Counsel. (Regent College, 2003), p. 90.
SEVEN: The God obsession
‘misled’, C. Sica et al., ‘Religiousness and Obsessive-Compulsive Cognitions and Symptoms in an Italian Population’, Behaviour Research and Therapy, 40 (7) (2002), pp. 813–23.
‘Climacus’, J. Climacus, The Ladder of Divine Ascent (Paulist Press, 1982), pp. 211–13.
‘Antoninus’, www.ocdhistory.net/earlypastoral/antoninus.html.
‘display this trend’, H. Van Megen et al., ‘Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and Religion: A Reconnaissance’, in P. Verhagen et al., Religion and Psychiatry: Beyond Boundaries (Wiley, 2010), p. 274.
‘Sermon’, Matthew 5:27–28.
‘Lutheran’, B. Deacon et al., ‘Lutheran Clergy Members’ Responses to Scrupulosity: The Effects of Moral Thought-Action Fusion and Liberal vs Conservative Denomination’, Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders, 2 (2) (2013), pp. 71–7.
‘Protestant’, N. Berman, ‘The Relationship Between Religion and Thought-Action Fusion: Use of an In Vivo Paradigm’, Behaviour Research and Therapy, 48 (2010), pp. 670–74.
‘waswaas’, M. Awais Tahir, ‘Islamic Solution for OCD (Waswaas) – a Comprehensive Guide’, Islam and Psychology (blog) (August 2011).
‘Islamic text’, ‘Forgetfulness in Prayer and Prostration as Compensation for it’, Sahih al-Muslim.
‘Jewish people’, J. Huppert and J. Siev, ‘Treating Scrupulosity in Religious Individuals Using Cognitive Behavioural Therapy’, Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 17 (2010), pp. 382–92.
‘Joan’, F. Tallis, ‘Obsessions, Responsibility and Guilt: Two Case Reports Suggesting a Common and Specific Aetiology’, Behaviour Research and Therapy, 32 (1994), pp. 143–5.
‘broken glass’, V. Bream Oldfield, ‘Hoarding – a New Chapter’, Presentation at OCD-UK conference at Cardiff University (10 November 2012).
‘cognitive model’, P. Salkovskis, ‘Obsessional-Compulsive Problems: A Cognitive Behavioural Analysis’, Behaviour Research and Therapy, 23 (1985), pp. 571–83.
‘turn them into’, Obsessive Compulsive Cognitions Work Group, ‘Cognitive Assessment of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder’, Behaviour Research and Therapy, 35 (1997), pp. 667–81.
‘mixed pills’, R. Ladoucheur et al., ‘Excessive Responsibility in Obsessional Concerns: A Fine-Grained Experimental Analysis’, Behaviour Research and Therapy, 35 (1997), pp. 423–7.
‘snakes’, B. Fritzler et al., ‘From Intrusive Thoughts to Obsessions: The Role of Perceptions of Responsibility, Salience and Thought Suppression’, Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 39 (2008), pp. 610–24.
‘soldier’, A. Kalman, ‘State Admits Soldier Developed OCD Guarding Military Secrets’, The Times of Israel (7 April 2013).
‘Sara’, L. Christian and E. Storch, ‘Cognitive Behavioural Treatment of Postpartum Onset Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder with Aggressive Obsessions’, Clinical Case Studies, 8 (1) (2009), pp. 72–83.
‘one in ten’, E. Miller et al., ‘Obsessive Compulsive Symptoms During the Postpartum Period: A Prospective Cohort’, Journal of Reproductive Medicine (8 May 2013).
‘worsen’, M. Altemus and K. Brogan, ‘Pregnancy and Postpartum’, CNS Spectrums, 9 (2004), pp. 10–11.
‘psychosis’, N. Fairbrother and J. Abramowitz, ‘New Parenthood as a Risk Factor for the Development of Obsessional Problems’, Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45 (2007), pp. 2155–63.
‘Rachman’, S. Rachman, personal communication with author (11 September 2013).
EIGHT: Animals and other relatives
‘Lorenz’, K. Lorenz, King Solomon’s Ring (Methuen, 1957), p. 108.
‘sniffy’, J. Abramowitz et al., ‘Animal Models of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder’, Biological Psychiatry, 69 (2011), pp. 29–30.
‘veterinary scientists’, A. Goto et al., ‘Risk Factors for Canine Tail-Chasing Behaviour in Japan’, The Veterinary Journal, 192 (2012), pp. 445–8.
‘Birds’, For review see N. Fineberg et al., ‘Translational Approaches to Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: From Animal Models to Clinical Treatment’, British Journal of Pharmacology, 164 (2011), pp. 1044–61.
‘Vienna’, Quoted in D. Eilam et al., ‘Rituals, Stereotypy and Compulsive Behavior in Animals and Humans’, Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 30 (2006), pp. 456–71.
‘rituals’, All of these examples from S. Dulaney and A. Fiske, ‘Cultural Rituals and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Is There a Common Psychological Mechanism?’, Ethos, 22 (3) (1994), pp. 243–83.
‘rape’, R. Thornhill and C. Palmer, A Natural History of Rape (MIT Press, 2001).
‘anxiety’, W. Lee et al., ‘The Protective Role of Trait Anxiety: A Longitudinal Cohort Study’, Psychological Medicine, 36 (2006), pp. 345–51.
‘contradiction’, W. Lee, personal communication with the author (22 June 2012).
‘immune’, R. Abed and K. de Pauw, ‘An Evolutionary Hypothesis for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Psychological Immune System?’, cogprints.org/1147/1/ocd-final.htm (1999).
‘speculated … Congo people … Waica’, J. Polimeni et al., ‘Could Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Have Originated as a Group-Selected Adaptive Trait in Traditional Societies?’, Medical Hypotheses, 65 (2005), pp. 655–64.
‘Seligman’, R. Littlewood and S. Dein, Cultural Psychiatry and Medical Anthropology (Athlone Press, 2000), p. 10.
‘Ghana’, V. Curtis et al., ‘Masters of Marketing: Bringing Private Sector Skills to Public Health Partnerships’, American Journal of Public Health, 97 (4) (2007), pp. 634–41.
‘filthy toilets’, S. Moritz et al., ‘Larger Than Life: Overestimation of Object Size Is Moderated by Personal Relevance in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder’, Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 42 (2011), pp. 481–7.
‘Darwin’, C. Darwin, The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals (Fontana, 3rd edn, 1998), p. 257.
‘Andy’, S. Rachman, personal communication with author (11 September 2013).
‘dirty kiss’, C. Elliot and A. Radomsky, ‘Mental Contamination: The Effects of Imagined Physical Dirt and Immoral Behaviour’, Behaviour Research and Therapy, 50 (2012), pp. 422–7.
‘Claire’, K. Wagner and M. Sullivan, ‘Fear of AIDS Related to Development of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder in a Child’, Journal of the American Academy of Adolescent Psychiatry, 30 (5) (1991), pp. 740–42.
NINE: Man hands on misery to man
‘run in families’, J. Samuels et al., ‘Genetic Understanding of OCD and Spectrum Disorders’ in G. Steketee, The Oxford Handbook of Obsessive Compulsive and Spectrum Disorders (Oxford University Press, 2012), p. 113.
‘eye colour’, R. Sturm and M. Larsson, ‘Genetics of Human Iris Colour and Patterns’, Pigment Cells and Melanoma Research, 22 (2009), pp. 544–62.
‘obsessive family’, C. Mathews et al., ‘Genome-wide Linkage Analysis of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Implicates Chromosome 1p36’, Biological Psychiatry, 72 (2012), pp. 629–36.
‘parallel study’, S. Stewart et al., ‘Genome-wide Association Study of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder’, Molecular Psychiatry (2012), pp. 1–11.
‘twins … best guess’, J. Samuels et al., ‘Genetic Understanding of OCD and Spectrum Disorders’ in G. Steketee, The Oxford Handbook of Obsessive Compulsive and Spectrum Disorders (Oxford University Press, 2012), pp. 112−13.
‘too much power’, K. Renshaw et al., ‘The Role of Family and Social Relationships in OCD and Spectrum Conditions’ in G. Steketee, The Oxford Handbook of Obsessive Compulsive and Spectrum Disorders (Oxford University Press, 2012), pp. 171–3.
‘tests’, L. Farrell et al., ‘Do Mothers Enhance Responsibility in Children with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder? A Preliminary Study of Mother-Child Interactions During a Problem Solving Discussion’, Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders, 2 (2) (2013), pp. 76–84.
‘Raymond Fowler’, R. Fowler, ‘Howard Hughes: A Psychological Autopsy’, Psychology Today (May 1986).
‘overprotection’, P. Salkovskis et al., ‘Multiple Pathways to Inflated Responsibility Beliefs in Obsessional Problems: Possible Origins and Implications for Therapy and Research’, Behaviour Research and Therapy, 37 (1999), pp. 1055–72.
‘known study’, P. Barrett et al., ‘Do Parent and Child Behaviours Differentiate Families Whose Children Have Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder from Other Clinic and Non-clinic Families?’, Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 43 (2002), pp. 597–607.
‘Mrs D’, S. Rachman and R. Hodgson, Obsessions and Compulsions (Prentice Hall, 1980), p. 61.
‘George … Harry’, S. Rachman and R. Hodgson, Obsessions and Compulsions (Prentice Hall, 1980), pp. 66–8.
‘become involved’, K. Renshaw et al., ‘Role of Family and Social Relationships in OCD and Spectrum Conditions’ in G. Steketee, The Oxford Handbook of Obsessive Compulsive and Spectrum Disorders (Oxford University Press, 2012), p. 178.
‘can get angry’, E. Storch et al., ‘Family Accommodation in Paediatric Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder’, Journal of Clinical Child Adolescent Psychiatry, 36 (2007), pp. 207–16.
‘bargaining’, C. Purdon, ‘Assessing Comorbidity, Insight, Family and Functioning in OCD’ in G. Steketee, The Oxford Handbook of Obsessive Compulsive and Spectrum Disorders (Oxford University Press, 2012), p. 283.
‘monkey, the snake and the flower’, M. Cook and S. Mineka, ‘Second-Order Conditioning and Overshadowing in the Observational Conditioning of Fear in Monkeys’, Behaviour Research and Therapy, 25 (5) (1987), pp. 349–64.
‘Mr Rossi’, J. Calamari et al., ‘Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder in Late Life’, Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 19 (2012), pp. 136–50.
‘fewer than 15 per cent’, S. Rasmussen and J. Eisen, ‘The Epidemiology and Clinical Features of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder’, Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 15 (1992), pp. 743–58.
‘Howard’, D. Tolin, ‘Case Study: Bibliotherapy and Extinction Treatment of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder in a 5-Year-Old Boy’, Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 40 (2001), pp. 1111–14.
‘more than half’, J. Pollitt, ‘Natural History Studies in Mental Illness: A Discussion Based on a Pilot Study of Obsessional States’, Journal of Mental Science, 106 (1960), pp. 93–113.
‘Max’, E. Storch et al., ‘Peer Victimization and the Development of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder in Adolescence’, Depression and Anxiety, 21 (2005), pp. 41–4.
‘Mr A’, M. Jenike and A. Brandon, ‘Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and Head Trauma: A Rare Association’, Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 2 (1988), pp. 353–9.
‘Istanbul’, I. Baral Kulaksizoglu et al., ‘Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder After Epilepsy Surgery’, Epilepsy & Behavior, 5 (2004), pp. 113–18.
‘Dudley’, N. Lewis et al., ‘Delayed Diagnosis of Appendicitis and Peritonitis, Resulting in the Onset of OCD: D v. Dudley Group of Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust’, Clinical Risk, March 2011, p. 73.
‘most toddlers’, H. Leonard et al., ‘Childhood Rituals: Normal Development or Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms?’, Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 29 (1) (1990), pp. 17–23.
‘test the impact’, A. Pietrefesa and D. Evans, ‘Affective and Neuropsychological Correlates of Children’s Rituals and Compulsive-like Behaviours: Continuities and Discontinuities with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder’, Brain and Cognition, 65 (2007), pp. 36–46.
‘oversensitivity’, R. Dar et al., ‘The Relationship Between Sensory Processing, Childhood Rituals and Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms’, Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 43 (2012), pp. 679–84.
‘adapted version’, L. Scahill et al., ‘Children’s Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale: Reliability and Validity’, Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36 (1997), pp. 844–52.
TEN: The runaway brain
‘Penfield’, For example R. Hogan and E. English, ‘Epilepsy and Brain Function: Common Ideas of Hughlings-Jackson and Wilder Penfield’, Epilepsy & Behavior, 24 (2012), pp. 311–13.
‘drop the word’, S. Goldberg, ‘MRIs and the Perception of Risk’, American Journal of Law and Medicine, 33 (2007), pp. 229–37.
‘Atlantic salmon’, C. Bennett et al., ‘Neural Correlates of Interspecies Perspective Taking in the Post-mortem Atlantic Salmon’, Journal of Serendipitous and Unexpected Results, 1 (2010), pp. 1–5.
‘my brain scanned’, D. Adam, ‘I Feel as if I’ve Been Entombed’, The Guardian (20 November 2003).
‘inside MRI tubes’, C. Adler et al., ‘fMRI of Neuronal Activation with Symptom Provocation in Unmedicated Patients with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder’, Journal of Psychiatric Research, 34 (2000), pp. 317–24.
‘normal’, J. Hou et al., ‘Localization of Cerebral Function Deficits in Patients with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Resting State fMRI Study’, Journal of Affective Disorders, 138 (2012), pp. 313–21.
‘fighter aircraft’, J. Sak and A. Grzybowski, ‘Brain and Aviation: On the 80th Anniversary of Constantin von Economo’s (1876–1931) death’, Neurological Sciences, 34 (3) (2013), pp. 387–91.
‘write-up’, C. von Economo, Encephalitis Lethargica: Its Sequelae and Treatment (tr. K. Newman, Oxford University Press, 1931), p. 121.
‘lampreys’, M. Stephenson-Jones et al., ‘Evolutionary Conservation of the Basal Ganglia as a Common Vertebrate Mechanism for Action Selection’, Current Biology, 21 (2011), pp. 1081–91.
‘Mr V’, D. Laplane et al., ‘Pure Psychic Akinesia with Bilateral Lesions of Basal Ganglia’, Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 47 (1984), pp. 377–85.
‘whistle’, Polak et al., ‘Compulsive Carnival Song Whistling Following Cardiac Arrest: A Case Study’, BMC Psychiatry, 12 (2012).
‘Pandas’, S. Swedo et al., ‘Paediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorders Associated With Streptococcal Infections: Clinical Description of the First 50 Cases’, American Journal of Psychiatry, 155 (2 February 1998), pp. 264–71.
‘replacing the plasma’, S. Perlmutter et al., ‘Therapeutic Plasma Exchange and Intravenous Immunoglobulin for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and Tic Disorders in Childhood’, The Lancet, 354 (1999), pp. 1153–8.
‘Disagreement’, S. Swedo et al., ‘From Research Subgroup to Clinical Syndrome: Modifying the Pandas Criteria to Describe Pans’, Paediatrics and Therapeutics, 2 (2012).
‘green anoles’, L. Baxter, ‘Basal Ganglia Systems in Ritualistic Social Displays: Reptiles and Humans; Function and Illness’, Physiology & Behavior, 79 (2003), pp. 451–60.
‘supported other research’, N. Greenberg et al., ‘Role of the Paleostriatum in Species-Typical Display Behaviour of the Lizard (Anolis carolinensis)’, Brain Research, 172 (1979), pp. 229–41.
‘something like this’, D. Mataix-Cols and O. van den Heuvel, ‘Neuroanatomy of Obsessive Compulsive and Related Disorders’, in G. Steketee, The Oxford Handbook of Obsessive Compulsive and Spectrum Disorders (Oxford University Press, 2012), pp. 126–7.
ELEVEN: Daddy’s little helper
‘six hours’, ‘International Programme on Chemical Safety Poisons Information Monograph’, Pharmaceutical, 177 (1997).
‘Heroin’, S. Everts, ‘Brain Barricade’, Chemical and Engineering News (4 June 2007), pp. 33–6.
‘gateway proteins’, For overview see M. Alavijeh et al., ‘Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, the Blood-Brain Barrier and Central Nervous System Drug Discovery’, NeuroRx, 2 (4) (2005), pp. 554–71.
‘consistent picture’, D. Dougherty et al., ‘Pharmacological Treatments for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder’ in G. Steketee, The Oxford Handbook of Obsessive Compulsive and Spectrum Disorders (Oxford University Press, 2012), pp. 293–5.
‘Guyotat’, D. Healy, The Psychopharmacologists, vol. 3 (Arnold, 1998), pp. 40–45.
‘table tennis’, D. Healy, The Psychopharmacologists, vol. 2 (Arnold, 1998), pp. 412–15.
‘Beaumont’, D. Healy, The Psychopharmacologists, vol. 1 (Arnold, 1998), pp. 310–15.
‘Rapoport’, J. Rapoport, The Boy Who Couldn’t Stop Washing (Penguin, 1991), p. 115.
‘rapid relapse’, D. Dougherty et al., ‘Pharmacological Treatments for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder’ in G. Steketee, The Oxford Handbook of Obsessive Compulsive and Spectrum Disorders (Oxford University Press, 2012), pp. 296–7.
‘serotonin hypothesis’, For overview see D. Stein and N. Fineberg, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (Oxford University Press, 2007), pp. 18–19.
‘PET’, D. Perani et al., ‘In Vivo PET Study of 5HT(2A) Serotonin and D(2) Dopamine Dysfunction in Drug-Naïve Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder’, Neuroimage, 42 (2008), pp. 306–14.
‘glutamate’, C. Pittenger et al., ‘Glutamate Abnormalities in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Neurobiology, Pathophysiology and Treatment’, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 132 (2011), pp. 314–32.
‘squirts’, C. Neill Epperson et al., ‘Intranasal Oxytocin in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder’, Biological Psychiatry, 40 (1996), pp. 547–9.
‘Turkey … measured as smaller’, M. Atmaca et al., ‘Hippocampus and Amygdala Volumes in Patients with Refractory Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder’, Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 32 (2008), pp. 1283–6.
TWELVE: The helicopter view
‘Solomon’, V. LoLordo, ‘Experimental Psychologist Richard L. Solomon (1918–1995)’, APS Observer, 9 (2) (1996).
‘dogs’, J. Abramowitz et al., ‘Exposure-Based Treatment for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder’ in G. Steketee, Oxford Handbook of Obsessive Compulsive and Spectrum Disorders (Oxford University Press, 2012), p. 323.
‘semen’, S. Rachman and R. Hodgson, Obsessions and Compulsions (Prentice Hall, 1980), p. 304.
‘hamster’, S. Rachman et al., ‘The Treatment of Chronic Obsessive-Compulsive Neurosis’, Behaviour Research and Therapy, 9 (1971), pp. 237–47.
‘tamed’, J. Abramowitz, ‘Effectiveness of Psychological and Pharmacological Treatments for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Quantitative Review’, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 65 (1997), pp. 44–52.
‘Simon’, M. Williams et al., ‘Treatment of Sexual-Orientation Obsessions in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Using Exposure and Ritual Prevention’, Clinical Case Studies, 10 (1) (2011), pp. 53–66.
‘Meyer’, R. Levy and V. Meyer, ‘Ritual Prevention in Obsessional Patients’, Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine, 64 (1971), pp. 1115–18.
‘especially tolerant’, D. Hezel et al., ‘Emotional Distress and Pain Tolerance in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder’, Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 43 (2012), pp. 981–7.
‘David’, B. Bruce and V. Stevens, ‘AIDS-Related Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Treatment Dilemma’, Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 6 (1992), pp. 79–88.
‘meta-analysis’, B. Olatunji et al., ‘Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Meta-analysis of Treatment Outcome and Moderators’, Journal of Psychiatric Research, 47 (1) (2013), pp. 33–41.
‘smart drugs’, M. Norberg et al., ‘D-Cycloserine for Treatment Nonresponders with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Case Report’, Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 19 (2012), pp. 338–45.
‘shows up’, S. Vázquez Rivera et al., ‘Effects on the Brain of Effective Psychological Treatments for Anxiety Disorders: A Systematic Review’, Actas españolas de psiquiatría, 38 (4) (2010), pp. 239–48.
THIRTEEN: Long live lobotomy
‘Mr V’, P. Doshi, ‘Anterior Capsulotomy for Refractory OCD: First Case as per the Core Group Guidelines’, Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 53 (2011), pp. 270–73.
‘miner’, M. Wainwright, ‘Snapshot Revisited: The Miner and the Copper’, The Guardian (23 February 2009).
‘my report’, D. Adam, ‘Open Your Mind’, The Guardian (11 November 2004).
‘banned the surgery’, N. Li et al., ‘Nucleus Accumbens Surgery for Addiction’, World Neurosurgery, 80 (3) (2013), pp. S28.e9–S28.e19.
‘doctor who treated’, J. Harlow, ‘Recovery from the Passage of an Iron Bar Through the Head’, Bulletin of the Massachusetts Medical Society, 2 (1868), p. 327.
‘Burckhardt’, S. Manjila et al., ‘Modern Psychosurgery Before Egas Moniz: A Tribute to Gottlieb Burckhardt’, Neurosurgery Focus, 25 (2008), pp. 1–4.
‘Pavlov’, E. Reynolds, ‘The John Hughlings Jackson 1935 Centenary Congress Medal’, Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 76 (2005), pp. 858–9.
‘sever pathways’, G. Mashour et al., ‘Psychosurgery: Past, Present and Future’, Brain Research Reviews, 48 (2005), pp. 409–19.
‘quietly returned’, E. Valenstein, Great and Desperate Cures: The Rise and Decline of Psychosurgery and Other Radical Treatments for Mental Illness (Basic Books, 1986), p. 112.
‘roast a pig’, J. Pressman, Last Resort: Psychosurgery and the Limits of Medicine (Cambridge University Press, 1998), pp. 83–4.
‘400,000 patients’, G. Mashour et al., ‘Psychosurgery: Past, Present and Future’, Brain Research Reviews, 48 (2005), pp. 409–19.
‘two years’, B. Kopell and A. Rezai, ‘Psychiatric Neurosurgery: A Historical Perspective’, Neurosurgery Clinics of North America, 14 (2003), pp. 181–97.
‘defended them’, J. Pressman, Last Resort: Psychosurgery and the Limits of Medicine (Cambridge University Press, 1998), p. 146.
‘The Lancet’, ‘Prefrontal Leucotomy’, The Lancet (5 July 1941), p. 13.
‘Freeman alone’, B. Kopell and A. Rezai, ‘Psychiatric Neurosurgery: A Historical Perspective’, Neurosurgery Clinics of North America, 14 (2003), pp. 181–97.
‘Iowa … 4-year-old’, B. Goodman, The Lobotomist, American Experience PBS Documentary (2008).
‘shotgun’, J. Pressman, Last Resort: Psychosurgery and the Limits of Medicine (Cambridge University Press, 1998), p. 342.
‘Perón’, D. Nijensohn et al., ‘New Evidence of Prefrontal Lobotomy in the Last Months of the Illness of Eva Perón’, World Neurosurgery, 77 (3/4) (2012), pp. 583–90.
‘published the results’, ‘Prefrontal Leucotomy: Report on 1000 Cases’, The Lancet (15 February 1947), p. 265.
‘Bristol’, R. Hemphill, ‘Return of Virility After Prefrontal Leucotomy with Enlargement of Gonads’, The Lancet (9 September 1944), pp. 345–6.
‘Mary Lou Zimmerman’, The court docket is a matter of public record and can be accessed online at http://cpdocket.cp.cuyahogacounty.us/CV_CaseInformation_Docket.aspx?q=Rw1eHnTVIqL0oQenQx7mcg2. Case was Mary Lou and Sherman Zimmerman v. Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cuyahoga County Common Pleas Case No. CV-00-399411.
‘in Germany’, I. Rieber and V. Sigusch, ‘Psychosurgery on Sex Offenders and Sexual “Deviants” in West Germany’, Archives of Sexual Behaviour, 8 (1979), pp. 523–7.
‘Russian’, N. Walsh, ‘Russia Bans Brain Surgery on Drug Addicts’, The Guardian (9 August 2002), p. 12.
‘obesity’, ‘Stereotaxy for Obesity’, The Lancet (4 May 1974), p. 867.
‘editorial’, Susanne Bejerot, ‘Psychosurgery for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder – Concerns Remain’, Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 107 (2003), pp. 241–3.
‘rare analysis’, C. Rück et al., ‘Capsulotomy for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Long Term Follow-up of 25 Patients’, Archives of General Psychiatry, 65 (8) (2008), pp. 914–22.
‘Radano’, freeofocd.com and http://www.ocfoundation.org/radano.aspx.
‘hopes to restart’, S. Rasmussen, personal communication with the author (14 March 2013).
‘Iran’, S. Hosseini et al., ‘Suppression of Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms After Head Trauma’, Case Reports in Medicine (26 August 2012).
‘suicide’, L. Solyom et al., ‘A Case of Self-Inflicted Leucotomy’, British Journal of Psychiatry, 151 (1987), pp. 855–7.
‘Claudius’, K. Kane and A. Taub, ‘A History of Local Electrical Analgesis’, Pain, 1 (1975), pp. 125–38.
‘Interviewed’, J. Horgan, ‘The Forgotten Era of Brain Chips’, Scientific American (October 2005), pp. 67–73.
‘Córdoba’, J. Osmundsen, ‘Matador with a Radio Stops Wired Bull’, New York Times (17 May 1965), p.1.
‘Rhode Island … I guess doctor’, J. Horgan, ‘The Forgotten Era of Brain Chips’, Scientific American (October 2005), pp. 67–73.
‘two-way communication’, J. Delgado, Physical Control of the Mind (Irvington, 1971).
‘Robert Heath’, C. Moan and R. Heath, ‘Septal Stimulation for the Initiation of Heterosexual Behavior in a Homosexual Male’, Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 3 (1972), pp. 23–30.
‘Supreme Court’, S. Beyer, ‘Thought Control and the First Amendment’, Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 1 (1983), pp. 59–76.
‘Michigan’, Kaimowitz v. Michigan Department of Mental Health, No. 73-19434-AW (Michigan, Wayne County Circuit Court, 10 July 1973). See S. Beyer, ‘Thought Control and the First Amendment’, Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 1 (1983), pp. 59–76.
‘Breggin’, P. Breggin, US Congressional Record, 118 (26) (1972).
‘Science magazine’, B. Culliton, ‘Psychosurgery: National Commission Issues Surprisingly Favourable Report’, Science (15 October 1976), pp. 299–301.
‘never happened’, N. McLaughlin and B. Greenberg, ‘Other Biological Approaches to OCD’, in G. Steketee, The Oxford Handbook of Obsessive Compulsive and Spectrum Disorders (Oxford University Press, 2012), p. 309.
FOURTEEN: Politics and prejudice
‘Walker’, ‘I’m a Fruitcake! (but That Doesn’t Mean I Can’t Work): MP Reveals His Battle Against OCD as He Campaigns Against Stigma of Mental Illness’, Daily Mail online (16 June 2012).
‘Kaufman’, ‘Veteran Labour MP Gerald Kaufman Blames Claim for Waterford Crystal Grapefruit Bowls on OCD’, Daily Mail online (6 June 2009).
‘child protection’, P. Salkovskis, personal communication with the author (14 August 2013).
‘Puleston-Davies’, Presentation at OCD-UK conference at Cardiff University (10 November 2012).
‘Cefalu’, P. Cefalu, ‘What’s So Funny About Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder?’, PMLA, 124 (1) (2009), pp. 351–2.
‘Lennard Davis’, L. Davis, Obsession: A History (University of Chicago Press, 2008), p. 18.
‘Tesla’, M. Cheney, Tesla: Man out of Time (Touchstone, 2001).
FIFTEEN: A new dimension
‘officially reclassified’, www.dsm5.org.
‘B.A.’, R. Pitman, ‘Posttraumatic Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Case Study’, Comprehensive Psychiatry, 34 (2) (1993), pp. 102–7.
‘grim parade’, P. de Silva and M. Marks, ‘The Role of Traumatic Experiences in the Genesis of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder’, Behaviour Research and Therapy, 37 (1999), pp. 941–51.
‘Arkansas’, C. Badour et al., ‘Specificity of Fear and Disgust Experienced During Traumatic Interpersonal Victimization in Predicting Posttraumatic Stress and Contamination-Based Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms’, Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 26 (2012), pp. 590–98.
‘develop schizophrenia’, A. Morrison, ‘Psychosis and the Phenomenon of Unwanted Intrusive Thoughts’ in D. Clark (ed.), Intrusive Thoughts in Clinical Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment (Guildford Press, 2005), pp. 175–9.
‘less insight’, M. Poyurovsky and L. Koran, ‘Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder with Schizotypy vs Schizophrenia with OCD: Diagnostic Dilemmas and Therapeutic Implications’, Journal of Psychiatric Research, 39 (2005), pp. 399–408.
‘full retreat’, For example ‘A. Abbott Novartis to Shut Brain Research Facility’, Nature, 480 (8 December 2011), pp. 161–2.
‘thirteen years’, D. Nutt and G. Goodwin, ‘Pharma Fears’, Public Service Review: European Science and Technology, 14 (2012), pp. 129–30.
‘rediscovered’, W. Compton and S. Guze, ‘The Neo-Kraepelinian Revolution in Psychiatric Diagnosis’, European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 245 (1995), pp. 196–201.
‘functional connectome’, J. Buckholtz and A. Meyer-Lindenberg, ‘Psychopathology and the Human Connectome: Toward a Transdiagnostic Model of Risk for Mental Illness’, Neuron, 74 (2012), pp. 990–1004.
‘new project’, T. Insel and B. Cuthbert, ‘Research Domain Criteria: Toward a New Classification Framework of Research on Mental Disorders’, American Journal of Psychiatry, 167 (7) (2010), pp. 748–9.
‘subclinical psychoses’, W. Rössler et al., ‘Psychotic Experiences in the General Population: A Twenty-Year Prospective Community Study’, Schizophrenia Research, 92 (2007), pp. 1–14.
‘delusional ideation’, E. Peters et al., ‘Measurement of Delusional Ideation in the Normal Population: Introducing the PDI (Peters et al. Delusional Inventory)’, Schizophrenia Bulletin, 25 (3) (1999), pp. 553–76.
SIXTEEN: Final thoughts
‘high cliff’, D. Lafleur et al., ‘Traumatic Events and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder in Children and Adolescents: Is There a Link?’, Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 25 (2011), pp. 513–19.
‘Andersen’, F. Toates and O. Coschug-Toates, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (Class, 2002), pp. 193–9.