…the population of Tibetan exiles around the world today is estimated to number about 150,000… Edward Wong, “Tibetans in exile debate independence,” The New York Times, November 21, 2008.
[Human is] a biological term. I am indebted to biopsychologist and animal-personhood advocate Dr. Lori Marino for pointing out this important distinction.
…in the United States, overall consumption of meat from cows, chickens, and fishes dropped 10 percent… www.msnbc.com/msnbc/the-decline-red-meat-america
…after being chained for months in a wooden crate so they can’t use their muscles… The American Veal Association has voted to phase out crates on all farms by 2017.
Factory-farmed pigs have been so genetically altered… Nathanael Johnson, “Swine of the Times: The making of the modern pig,” Harper’s Magazine, May 2006.
Some former slaughterhouse workers… Mark H. Bernstein, Without a Tear: Our Tragic Relationship with Animals, University of Illinois Press, 2004, page 97.
Recent research has found that fishes… Culum Brown, “Fish intelligence, sentience and ethics,” Animal Cognition, January 2015, Volume 18, Issue 1.
…with the commercial fishing industry catching as many as 3 trillion fishes a year. http://fishcount.org.uk/
…experiments show crustaceans… http://blogs.nature.com/news/2013/08/experiments-reveal-that-crabs-and-lobsters-feel-pain.html
“The dolphin’s life in a pool…” William Johnson, The Rose-Tinted Menagerie, Heretic Books, 1990, page 182.
…it’s important to note that zoos are traditionally tied to colonialism… See Reading Zoos: Representations of Animals in Captivity by Randy Malamud, NYU Press, 1998.
One study showed that children even demonstrated a “negative learning outcome”… See www.captiveanimals.org/news/2014/09/zoos-neither-educate-empower-children-newly-published-research-suggests
…but they are embracing a vegan ethic by boycotting marine parks… See for example Laura McVicker, “SeaWorld attendance and revenue continues to decline,” NBCSanDiego.com, February 26, 2015; Natalie DiBlasio, “Celebs join the fight against animaltested cosmetics,” USAToday.com, March 13, 2013; and Clint Jasper, “Lower production, changing fashions drive down sales of woollen clothing,” abc.net.au, December 4, 2014.
Donald Watson, one of the founders of The Vegan Society, put it this way…https://www.vegansociety.com/sites/default/files/DW_Interview_2002_Unabridged_Transcript.pdf
…but those who go vegan for the animals are less likely to abandon their diet… Alexandra Sifferlin, “These Vegans Are More Likely to Stick With It,” Time.com, April 6, 2015.
The big one seems to be cheese. This may be because cheese contains a protein called casein. When the human body digests casein, it produces casomorphins, which have an opiate-like effect on humans. Because cheese is denser than milk, the casein is more heavily concentrated, meaning that eating cheese produces a larger amount of casomorphins in the body compared to eating other dairy products.
Vegan dietitians say a couple servings… See http://jacknorrisrd.com/response-to-not-soy-fast/
According to some scholars… See, for instance, The Longest Struggle: Animal Advocacy from Pythagoras to PETA by Norm Phelps (2007), and A Companion to Gender History, edited by Teresa A. Meade and Merry E. Wiesner-Hanks (2004)—just two examples.
The theories of Friedrich Engels… See The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State by Friedrich Engels (1884). Not all of Engels’ speculations have found favor with modern historians, but he was an outspoken proponent of gender equality.
Joan Dunayer observes… See Joan Dunayer, “Sexist Words, Speciesist Roots” in Animals and Women: Feminist Theoretical Explorations, edited by Carol J. Adams and Josephine Donovan, Duke University Press, 1995.
Breaking away from this latter tradition is the ecofeminist movement… See “Ecofeminism Revisited: Rejecting Essentialism and Re-Placing Species in a Material Feminist Environmentalism” by Greta Gaard, Feminist Formations, Volume 23, Number 2, Summer 2011, pages 26–53.
As pattrice put it… See https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x0FjZQC8gcs
…the average life expectancy of a farm worker in the US is only 49 years? www.ufw.org/_page.php?menu=research&inc=history/12.html
According to one of the rare studies… http://cironline.org/reports/female-workers-face-rape-harassment-us-agriculture-industry-4798
By one estimate, 80 percent of women and girls… http://fusion.net/story/17321/is-rape-the-price-to-pay-for-migrant-women-chasing-the-american-dream/
“When they resisted, they were killed.” http://agriworkers.org/system/files/so-2012june-therealtrespassers.pdf
According to a BBC report…Joao Fellet, “High murder rates blight Brazil’s indigenous communities,” BBC.com, February 28, 2014.
Nearly 300 children are killed… http://humantraffickingsearch.net/wp/child-forced-labor-part-ii-agriculture-in-the-americas/
…where the sick are thrown overboard and the defiant are beheaded… Ian Urbina, “‘Sea Slaves’: Forced Labor for Cheap Fish,” The New York Times, July 27, 2015.
Children growing up in homes with animal abuse and domestic violence… As we consider the behavior we pass along to children as normal, let’s not overlook the violent language many men use to describe their interactions with women: “hit on,” “knock up,” “hit that,” etc.
Author and activist Suzanne Pharr… Suzanne Pharr, Homophobia: A Weapon of Sexism, Chardon Press, 1997, page 48.
Kimberlé Crenshaw observes that shelters… Kimberlé Williams Crenshaw, “Mapping the Margins: Intersectionality, Identity Politics, and Violence against Women of Color,” Stanford Law Review, Volume 43, Number 6, July 1991.
It wasn’t until 2013, when I heard pattrice jones speak at an animal rights conference in Luxembourg… You can watch pattrice’s talk here: http://blog.bravebirds.org/archives/1553
Indeed, there are now more Black men in prison, on probation, or on parole… Max Ehrenfreund, “There’s a disturbing truth to John Legend’s Oscar statement about prisons and slavery,” Washington Post, February 23, 2015.
And with many more people of color than Whites being made felons… See Michelle Alexander’s 2010 book The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness.
Social activist Angela Davis observes… Angela Davis, “Masked Racism: Reflections on the Prison Industrial Complex,” ColorLines, Fall 1998.
In Arlington, Virginia, for example, two 10-year-old boys… Anjetta McQueen, “Youth violence down, suspensions on rise,” Associated Press, April 12, 2000.
According to the US Department of Education Office for Civil Rights… http://ocrdata.ed.gov/Downloads/CRDC-School-Discipline-Snapshot.pdf
Meanwhile, LGBTQ youth represent just 5 to 7 percent… Jerome Hunt and Aisha C. Moodie-Mills, “The Unfair Criminalization of Gay and Transgender Youth: An Overview of the Experiences of LGBT Youth in the Juvenile Justice System,” Center for American Progress, June 2012.
These students may be three times more likely… Andrew Cray, Katie Miller, and Laura E. Durso, “Seeking Shelter: The Experiences and Unmet Needs of LGBT Homeless Youth,” Center for American Progress, September 2013.
Once suspended from school, there is an increased likelihood…www.aclu.org/fact-sheet/what-school-prison-pipeline#4
In India, children as young as four years old… www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-25556965
According to the Urban Institute… http://money.cnn.com/2014/10/21/pf/labor-trafficking/
Those who resist or don’t “follow the rules” might be severely beaten or killed. Theresa Fisher, “Victim of Sex Trafficking in U.S. Tells Her Story,” Juvenile Justice Information Exchange (jjie.org), January 23, 2014.
Women are enticed with offers of legitimate work…www.soroptimist.org/trafficking/faq.html
…women and girls account for 98 percent of those trafficked… Stephanie Hepburn and Rita J. Simon, Human Trafficking Around the World: Hidden in Plain Sight, Columbia University Press, 2013, page 2.
But at least one study, released in 2008… Richard Curtis, Meredith Dank, Kirk Dombrowski, Bilal Khan, Melissa Labriola, Amy Muslim, Michael Rempel, and Karen Terry, “The Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children in New York City,” Report to the National Institute of Justice, New York, NY, Center for Court Innovation and John Jay College of Criminal Justice, September 2008.
[LGBTQ] represent about 40 percent of homeless youth… Laura E. Durso and Gary J. Gates, “Serving Our Youth: Findings from a National Survey of Service Providers Working with Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Youth Who Are Homeless or at Risk of Becoming Homeless,” The Williams Institute with True Colors Fund and The Palette Fund, July 2012.
…some 26 percent of homeless LGBTQ youth have been kicked out of their homes because…http://www.sdgln.com/news/2010/02/09/sex-trafficking-hits-san-diegos-lgbt-youths#sthash.0Rd4NAUe.dpbs
According to statistics gathered by Thorn… www.wearethorn.org/online-exploitation-child-sex-trafficking-escort-websites/?utm_source=tw&utm_medium=tweet&utm_campaign=blog
(Amnesty International estimates the nation puts thousands of people to death each year.) www.amnesty.org.uk/sites/default/files/death_sentences_and_executions_2014_en.pdf
…blistering pain for up to two hours… www.latimes.com/nation/nationnow/la-na-nn-arizona-execution-20140723-story.html
“I feel my whole body burning.” http://nation.time.com/2014/01/10/oklahoma-convict-who-felt-body-burning-executed-with-controversial-drug
Of the 35 prisoners the US executed in 2014…www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/execution-list-2014
…researchers from Ohio State University found…www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/node/476
Latinos, meanwhile, are 1.4 times more likely… Jason T. Carmichael, David Jacobs, Stephanie L. Kent, and Zhenchao Qian, “Who Survives on Death Row? An Individual and Contextual Analysis,” American Sociological Review, Volume 72, August 2007.
…researchers in Louisiana concluded… Frank R. Baumgartner and Tim Lyman, “Race-of-Victim Discrepancies in Homicides and Executions, Louisiana 1976–2015,” Loyola University of New Orleans Journal of Public Interest Law, Fall 2015.
Among the first capital offenses codified in the eighteenth century… Stuart Banner, The Death Penalty: An American History, Harvard University Press, 2002, page 8.
“a truly unfortunate episode in our history.” www.cbsnews.com/news/south-carolina-boy-executed-for-1944-murder-is-exonerated
By one estimate, between 1877 and 1950… Equal Justice Initiative, “Lynching in America: Confronting the Legacy of Racial Terror,” February 2015.
…many studies show it does not have any impact on crime rates… M. Radelet and T. Lacock, “Do Executions Lower Homicide Rates?: The Views of Leading Criminologists,” Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, Volume 99, Number 2, 2009.
“One argument for the death penalty is that it is a strong deterrent to murder…” Jimmy Carter, “Show Death Penalty the Door,” Atlanta Journal-Constitution, April 25, 2012.
The role of meat, egg, and dairy foods in climate change has been quantified by a team of British researchers… John Upton, “Going vegetarian can cut your diet’s carbon footprint in half,” Grist.org, June 27, 2014.
…a 2014 study examining 25 years of data… Robert B. Wielgus and Kaylie A. Peebles, “Effects of Wolf Mortality on Livestock Depredations,” PLOS One, December 3, 2014.
According to the Center for Biological Diversity…www.biologicaldiversity.org/programs/public_lands/grazing
Scientists estimate that if meat production continues to grow… Brian Machovina, Kenneth J. Feeley, William J. Ripple, “Biodiversity conservation: The key is reducing meat consumption,” Science of the Total Environment, Volume 536, December 1, 2015.
Researchers from the University of Minnesota… Lara P. Clark, Dylan B. Millet, and Julian D. Marshall, “National Patterns in Environmental Injustice and Inequality: Outdoor NO2 Air Pollution in the United States,” PLOS One, April 15, 2014.
…Robert D. Bullard observes… Robert D. Bullard, “Confronting Environmental Racism in the Twenty-First Century,” Global Dialogue, Volume 4, Number 1, Winter 2002.
…Hurricane Katrina killed 1836 people… www.datacenterresearch.org/data-resources/katrina/facts-for-impact/
Most of the areas that were completely washed out… Reilly Morse, “Environmental Justice through the Eye of Hurricane Katrina,” Joint Center for Political and Economic Studies, Inc., Washington, DC, 2008.
“Hurricane Katrina and its aftermath…” Van Jones, “The New Environmentalists,” ColorLines, Issue 39, July/August 2007.
“To put it bluntly” Van Jones, “The New Environmentalists,” ColorLines, Issue 39, July/August 2007.
“This country can save the polar bears and poor kids too.” Van Jones, The Green Collar Economy: How One Solution Can Fix Our Two Biggest Problems, HarperCollins, 2008, page 22.
…some ecofeminists also refer to as the “logic of domination”… For more on the logic of domination, see Ecofeminist Philosophy: A Western Perspective on What It Is and Why It Matters by Karen J. Warren (2000), and Feminism and the Mastery of Nature by Val Plumwood (2002), as well as the work of Greta Gaard and Lori Gruen.
A 571-page scientific report… United States Department of Agriculture, “Scientific Report of the 2015 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee,” February 2015.
It takes 450 gallons of water to produce a hamburger… http://water.usgs.gov/edu/activity-watercontent.html
One gallon of cow’s milk requires 880 gallons of water. http://environment.nationalgeographic.com/environment/freshwater/embedded-water/
Farmed animals account for at least 32,000 million tons of carbon dioxide per year… www.worldwatch.org/node/6294
Farmed animals are responsible for 65 percent of all emissions of nitrous oxide… www.fao.org/docrep/010/a0701e/a0701e00.htm
Each lactating cow used in the dairy industry produces about 150 pounds of manure a day… James M. MacDonald, Marc O. Ribaudo, Michael J. Livingston, Jayson Beckman, and Wen Huang, “Manure Use for Fertilizer and for Energy—Report to Congress,” USDA Economic Research Service, June 2009.
…a vegan diet reduces his or her carbon emissions by 1.5 metric tons a year. www.newscientist.com/article/dn25795-going-vegetarian-halves-co2-emissions-from-your-food
Every second, 1.5 acres of rainforest are cleared. www.savetherainforest.org/savetherainforest_007.htm
Farmed animals and crops grown to feed them are the leading causes of rainforest destruction. www.fao.org/ag/magazine/0612sp1.htm
…as the late activist and author Norm Phelps observed… http://everydayutilitarian.com/essays/one-struggle-one-fight…
Black communities, to whom even the word “animal” can have a negative connotation…http://mic.com/articles/127821/the-surprising-way-these-activists-are-using-veganism-to-fight-white-supremacy
“It’s not merely that the most common rationale used…” pattrice jones, The Oxen at the Intersection: A Collision, Lantern Books, 2014, page 154. pattrice adds that disability rights activist Mary Fantaske goes even further, arguing that ableism and speciesism are the same thing. You can view Mary’s presentation online at www.youtube.com/watch?v=6gGC2Z93xXk
Research shows that ethical vegans… Massimo Filippi, Gianna Riccitelli, Andrea Falini, Francesco Di Salle, Patrik Vuilleumier, Giancarlo Comi, Maria A. Rocca, “The Brain Functional Networks Associated to Human and Animal Suffering Differ among Omnivores, Vegetarians and Vegans,” PLOS One, May 26, 2010.
…increases our happiness and health… www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3156028/
…makes us less inclined to be fearful of life’s pains. http://cercor.oxfordjournals.org/content/23/7/1552
It also doubles your body’s level of DHEA… T.W. Pace, L.T. Negi, D.D. Adame, et al., “Effect of compassion meditation on neuroendocrine, innate immune and behavioral responses to psychosocial stress,” Psychoneuroendocrinology, Volume 34, Number 1, 2009, pages 87–98.
A study by Sara Konrath… www.apa.org/news/press/releases/2011/09/volunteering-health.aspx
…as was illustrated by a study that measured a phenomenon known as… C. Daryl Cameron and B. Keith Payne, “Escaping affect: How motivated emotion regulation creates insensitivity to mass suffering,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Volume 100, Number 1, January 2011.
This intrigued researchers at Stanford University… Karina Schumann, Jamil Zaki, and Carol S. Dweck, “Addressing the empathy deficit: Beliefs about the malleability of empathy predict effortful responses when empathy is challenging,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Volume 107, Number 3, September 2014, pages 475–93.
Researchers Barbara Fredrickson and Steve Cole… www.pnas.org/content/110/33/13684.full
In yet another study… Jared Piazza, Matthew B. Ruby, Steve Loughnan, Mischel Luong, Juliana Kulik, Hanne M. Watkins, Mirra Seigerman, “Rationalizing meat consumption: The 4Ns,” Appetite, Volume 91, August 1, 2015.
…how sexist people also have racist tendencies… Maite Garaigordobil y Jone Aliri, “Sexismo hostil y benevolente: relaciones con el autoconcepto, el racismo y la sensibilidad intercultural,” Revista de Psicodidáctica, Volume 16, Number 2, 2011, pages 331–50.
I am reminded of a video… www.youtube.com/watch?v=2KlmvmuxzYE
…about 80 percent of all antibiotics are currently used on farmed animals… www.foodandwaterwatch.org/reports/antibiotic-resistance-101-how-antibiotic-misuse-on-factory-farms-can-make-you-sick/
Recent research has indicated that plants respond… Michael Pollan, “The Intelligent Plant,” The New Yorker, December 23, 2013.
…70 percent of crops go to feed farmed animals… www.worldwatch.org/node/549
With some 70 billion land animals butchered for human consumption worldwide every year… www.ciwf.org.uk/media/3640540/ciwf_strategic_plan_20132017.pdf