FOOTNOTES

1 “Rigor mortis is caused by lack of ATP, which is needed to pump calcium back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Calcium triggers muscle contractions and must be withdrawn to allow the muscle to relax.” (Fahey, 2010)

2 Ilyin (2003)

3 Häggmark & Thorstensson (1979) reported that the RA is 55% slow twitch and Colling (1997) had the opposite results: 54% fast twitch.

4 Johnson et al. (1973), Colling-Saltin (1979)

5 Clamann (1970)

6 “An important maxim of muscle physiology is that a fiber is trained in direct proportion to its recruitment.” (Fahey, 2010)

7 Bret Contreras comments: “My problem with the other researchers is that they weren’t measuring the most effective movements to target the upper versus the lower abs. My experiments show that you can definitely target one over the other. I know McGill showed that belly dancers could completely isolate one over the other, so there is probably a neural aspect that can be learned over time. At any rate, I palpate the upper and lower abs of people doing RKC planks and you will definitely feel the low abs being rock hard with the upper not as hard, which is consistent with their posterior pelvic tilting role… research down the road might provide more definitive conclusions…”