Plate 1. Coin of Domitian depicting two-horned African rhinoceros. (Photo by the author)

Plate 2. Bust of Commodus as Hercules. (Photo Credit: Alfredo Dagli Orti/The Art Archive at Art Resource, NY)

Plate 3. Amphitheatre riot in Pompeii. (Photo Credit: Alfredo Dagli Orti/The Art Archive at Art Resource, NY)

Plate 4. Portion of Zliten mosaic depicting gladiators and referee. (Copyright: Gilles Mermet/Art Resource, NY)

Plate 5. Magerius mosaic from Smirat. (Copyright: Vanni Archive/Art Resource, NY)

Plate 6. Amphitheatre mosaic from El Djem. (Photo Credit: Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY)

Plate 7. Tomb relief from Rome. (Photo Credit: Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY)

Plate 8. Relief depicting combat between female gladiators. (Copyright: The Trustees of the British Museum/Art Resource, NY)

Plate 9. Figurine depicting combat between hoplomachus and ‘Thracian’. (Photo Credit: Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY)

Plate 10. Mosaic depicting combat between two gladiators, with referee in background. (Photo Credit: HIP/Art Resource, NY)

Plate 11. Relief depicting combat between various animals and armoured venatores. (Photo Credit: HIP/ Art Resource, NY)

Plate 12. Gladiator helmets discovered in Pompeii and environs. (A: Photo Credit: Gianni Dagli Orti/ The Art Archive at Art Resource, NY. B: Copyright: RMN-Grand Palais/Art Resource, NY)

Plate 13. Detail of animal combat from Zliten mosaic. (Copyright: Gilles Mermet/Art Resource, NY)

Plate 14. Model of Ludus Magnus in Rome. (Copyright: Vanni Archive/Art Resource, NY)

Plate 15. Scenes of animal capture and transport from ‘Great Hunt’ mosaic. (A: [elephant] Photo Credit: Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY; B: [wagon] Photo Credit: Scala/Art Resource, NY; C: [bull] Photo Credit: Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY)

Plate 16. Coins minted to celebrate Philip’s Secular Games. (Photo by author)

Plate 17. Diptych of Areobindus. (Photo Credit: HIP/ Art Resource, NY)