Appendix A: Herbs and Their Growing Conditions
The following are some popular herbs you may want to consider growing in your herb shop. There are also detailed descriptions explaining how to plant these herbs and the specific growing conditions required for each plant.
Aloe
Aloe barbadensis
Description
Aloe is a succulent, a plant accustomed to arid conditions with fleshy leaves that store water. Cactus is also a succulent. Known as the “medicine plant,” aloe is often used externally to treat burns and other skin ailments. It is a perennial that can grow 2 to 3 feet tall. This plant grows outdoors in zones 9 and 10 but is often grown indoors because it is useful and decorative. The leaves are fleshy and sword-shaped with spiny edges. Keep one handy on the windowsill in the kitchen in the event of a minor burn or cut.
When to plant
Container-grown aloe plants can be planted in the garden anytime, but remember to bring them indoors during winter. Aloe can be planted directly in the ground at any time; however, unless you live in an arid climate, it should be brought in during the cold winter months.
Sun and soil
Aloe prefers full sun but can tolerate partial shade. Plant it in well-drained soil and allow 1 to 2 feet between plants if you are growing it outdoors. Aloe does not require constant watering. It also has a tendency to develop root rot if its soil is continually wet. Aloe should be watered only when the top inch of soil is dry.
When to harvest
Cut a leaf off any time it is needed, but cut the oldest, large leaves first.
Propagation
Aloe forms offshoots, or new plant growth, near the base of the plant. Remove the plant gently from the pot and carefully pull any offshoots away from the mother plant. The offshoots will create roots of their own once planted in the soil.
Angelica
Angelica archangelica
Description
Angelica is a biennial that can grow up to 8 feet tall and grows best in zones 4 to 9. The leaves are broad with toothed edges and can grow 2 feet long. Its small green flowers, which smell like honey, are similar to Queen Anne’s lace and can be up to 10 inches in diameter. The plants bloom in June or July in the second year of growth. They die in the winter months and will return from the same roots the following spring. There is a mild licorice flavor to the plant, and it is used to help fight colds, fevers, and minor aches.
When to plant
Angelica is difficult to transplant, so starting from seed is the best method. Gather seeds in late summer or early fall and sow them. If you purchase angelica seeds, refrigerate them until it is time to plant.
Sun and soil
Angelica will grow in the sun if it is in a mulched area to keep its roots cool and moist, but it prefers partial shade. The soil should be moderately moist and slightly acidic. Ideally, Angelica should be spaced 5 feet apart to allow for its larger size.
When to harvest
Harvest this plant in spring and summer before the plants flower. Many of the nutrients in the plant go to the flower, and the flower is not used for healing. Gather leaves and stems in the morning after the dew is dried. Collect the seeds in late summer when they are nearly ripe, and preserve them by enclosing the entire seed head in a paper bag and shaking gently. The roots can be dug up in early fall after one year and dried or used fresh. Cut the stems where the leaf attaches, and strip the leaves from the stems. Angelica dies after seeding, so if you do not want the seeds, cut the flowers off early to prolong the life of the plant. Hang leaves and enclosed seed heads to dry. The stems can be cut into 2-inch pieces to dry in a dehydrator or on a screen outdoors.
Astragalus
Astragalus membranaceus
Description
Astragalus, also known as huang qi, is a perennial that grows best in zones 6 through 11. It grows to 3 or 4 feet tall and has pale yellow, pea-shaped flowers that grow from midsummer through the frost season.
When to plant
To start astragalus from seed, stratify seeds for three weeks by refrigerating them. Then, scarify them by roughing up the outer shell of seeds with sandpaper or by puncturing so water can enter, and soak them in warm water for an hour before planting. Start seeds indoors and transplant them outside after the last frost. Sow them outdoors in early spring, and plant them about 15 inches apart from each other.
Sun and soil
Astragalus prefers sun to partial shade and dry, sandy soil. Water moderately.
When to harvest
Roots should be harvested after the plants are at least 2 years old.
Basil, Sweet
Ocimum basilicum
Description
Basil is an annual that grows 1 to 2 feet tall, with small white, pink, or purple flowers that bloom from midsummer to fall. Common basil has glossy, deep-green leaves with smooth edges, though the “ruffles” variety has frilled leaves with toothed edges. Basil is a tender annual in most zones and grows best outdoors during the hot summer months. Additionally, basil can be grown indoors on a sunny windowsill.
When to plant
Basil is easily grown from seed, and germination usually takes about a week. Start them indoors six weeks before the last frost and transplant after all danger of frost passes. Space the plants 12 to 18 inches apart. Sow seeds directly outdoors if the cold weather has finished.
Sun and soil
Basil needs well-drained, moist soil and mulching. It prefers full sun but will grow in partial shade.
When to harvest
Cut leaves and stems when plants are 8 inches tall and before they bloom. Basil can be harvested at any time throughout the growing season. Cut or pinch off branch tips, but always leave at least one pair of leaves below the cut so new branches can form. Basil stems can be cut and kept in a jar of water in your kitchen for several days, which makes them handy to use in cooking. Hang the basil upside down to dry, or it can be frozen in ice cube trays with olive oil after plunging the basil into boiling water for just a couple of minutes, a process called blanching.
Bee Balm
Monarda didyma, red or purple
Monarda fistulosa, pink
Description
Bee balm, commonly called bergamont, is a perennial herb native to the eastern part of North America that grows naturally from Ontario to Mexico. Bee balm was used as a medicinal plant by the Native Americans. Characterized by showy red, purple, or pink flowers, bee balm stands about 3 feet tall. The square-shaped stem of bee balm supports light-green leaves that occur in opposite pairs on each side of the stem.
When to plant
Bee balm is easiest to start when purchased as a plant from your local garden center. It can be planted in spring and will spread rapidly throughout your garden during the growing season. It can also be sown directly into the garden in spring. Bee balm grows best in zones 3 through 9. Space bee balm 8 to 12 inches apart for maximum growth potential.
Sun and soil
Bee balm can grow in a variety of soil conditions, from ordinary garden soil to clay. Bee balm prefers partial shade to sun. It will flourish in a dry, alkaline soil.
When to harvest
The flowers from the bee balm plant should be harvested in June or July for peak flavor and fragrance. The stems and leaves can be harvested throughout the growing season.
Boneset
Eupatorium perfoliatum
Description
A perennial native to the eastern United States, boneset belongs to the same botanical family as echinacea. It has loose, flat-topped white flowers, deep-green leaves, and hairy stems. This is a low-maintenance plant great for attracting butterflies. It grows to a height of 3 to 4 feet and will do best in zones 4 to 8.
When to plant
Boneset is easy to start from seed or cuttings and may be transplanted in early spring. Cuttings can be taken throughout the growing season and rooted directly into the soil to create new plants. You can also cut it back in early spring and fertilize to promote bushiness for a healthier and higher-yield producing plant. Start with root divisions planted in spring or fall.
Sun and soil
These plant will grow in sandy to clay soils but need constant moisture. They like partial to full sun and should be spaced 24 to 30 inches apart.
When to harvest
Harvest boneset throughout the growing season while it is in bloom by cutting the entire plant and hanging it upside down to dry.
Borage
Borago officinalis
Description
Borage is an annual that can grow up to 3 feet tall but usually grows to about 1 to 2 feet. It has beautiful blue, star-shaped flowers with black anthers, the piece that holds the pollen on top of the stamen. It has broad, hairy leaves with prominent veins. The branches can grow out about 3 feet, making a lovely round shape. Bees love to pollinate this plant. It grows well with strawberries and is thought to keep pesky insects off of surrounding plants.
When to plant
Start indoors six to eight weeks before the last frost preferably in peat or newspaper pots. Newspaper pots are pots you can make yourself from newspaper that will decompose in the soil when planted. Transplant seedlings to the garden or sow directly in after all danger of frost passes. Allow about 2 feet on all sides of the plant to allow for growth. It will self-seed easily, which reduces the need to re-plant the following season.
Sun and soil
Borage prefers moist, well-drained soil and likes full sun in cooler climates, but it will tolerate partial shade in southern regions of the country. Borage is highly susceptible to root rot if the soil is too soggy.
When to harvest
Leaves can be harvested any time during the growing season, and flowers can be picked when they are fully open. Harvest the plant after dew has dried. Strip stems off leaves or pick individual leaves; snip each flower or the entire cluster.
Calendula
Calendula officinalis
Description
This annual, also called the Scotch marigold, grows to about 18 inches tall, with bright yellow or orange flowers sometimes used to add color to salads. Calendula blooms from early summer to the time of the first frost, and its leaves are oval with smooth edges.
When to plant
Calendula is easy to start from seed, and germination takes about one to two weeks. Plant directly into soil after all danger of frost passes. This plant grows in clumps, so space about 10 inches apart.
Sun and soil
This herb prefers full sun, except in the most intense heat. It grows well in most soils.
When to harvest
Pick flowers when fully opened but before they start to form seeds. When the flowers start to seed, they are not medicinally active. Remove dead blossoms and separate petals to dry. Removing dead blossoms will also promote blooming of additional flowers.
California Poppy
Eschscholzia californica
Description
Used for thousands of years by the Pima and Yokut Indians, the California poppy is native to the west coast of North America. A close relative of the opium poppy, the California poppy is primarily used for its calming effects. Considered an annual in cooler zones, it grows to be about 2 feet tall. The flowers are bright orange with four 2-inch-long petals that balance on tall, thin stalks.
When to plant
Plant seeds directly in the garden during late spring. The seeds need to be stratified for a week prior to planting. The California poppy tends to self-sow, and you could end up with a decent size patch from year to year. The plants should be spaced 10 to 12 inches apart.
Sun and soil
This herb is drought tolerant and prefers sun to partial shade. The California poppy prefers to grow in poor, not well-fertilized soils.
When to harvest
Harvest the entire plant when it is in full bloom for the poppy flower and seedpods.
Caution
As a warning to poppy seed consumption, poppy seeds are also a source of opium, from which heroin and other narcotics are derived. Because of this, poppy seeds will create a positive result in drug testing.
Catnip
Nepeta cataria
Description
Cats love this herb. It acts as a stimulant for cats but a sedative for people. Catnip is a perennial that grows to about 2 feet tall. It has spikes of pinkish-purple or white flowers that bloom through the summer. Its leaves are heart-shaped with toothed margins, and its stems and leaves are covered with soft hairs. It dies in the winter months.
When to plant
Sow directly outdoors in mid-spring, and place the plants 8 inches apart. This plant can be started indoors and then transplanted outside later. Germination is better if seeds are stratified for about three weeks prior to planting. You might want to put a cage around this plant to keep the cats out until it is well established.
Sun and soil
Catnip really has no special soil needs, but it does like moist, well-drained soil. In the north, it prefers full sun and in the south, partial shade.
When to harvest
Wait for the plant to bloom and then harvest the leaves in the morning after the dew dries. You can snip off the individual leaves, but if harvesting to dry, cut the entire plant at the stem about 2 inches above the ground and hang upside down to air-dry.
Cayenne
Capsicum minimum
Description
Cayenne is an annual that grows to about 2 feet tall. It develops small white blooms prior to the development of the green chilies, which turn bright red when ripe. Cayenne can be grown in zones 7 through 11.
When to plant
Start cayenne indoors in early spring in a sunny location and the seeds will germinate in about a week. Transplant the herb outdoors about 12 inches apart after all danger of frost passes.
Sun and soil
Cayenne prefers full sun and requires little watering. Additionally, cayenne has no specific soil requirements.
When to harvest
Pick the chilies when they turn red, which usually happens in late summer and early fall. Use gloves, as the capsicum resin on the skin of the chilies can burn human skin.
Caution
Do not get cayenne in the eyes.
Celery
Apium graveolens
Description
Celery, a sometimes difficult plant to grow, originated in the wet plains of the Mediterranean basin. Although today it is mainly considered a vegetable, celery was originally thought of as a medicinal plant. The oils and seeds of the celery plant have been used since ancient times to treat colds, flu, and digestive issues. Celery is hardy in zones 5 and warmer.
When to plant
Celery needs a long time to germinate and has a long growing season. Therefore, start celery indoors by seed sometime in March. Prior to planting, the seeds need to be stratified for several weeks in the freezer and then soaked overnight before planting. Celery takes 120 to 140 days to reach maturity.
Sun and soil
Celery is vulnerable to dry weather, does not like the cold, and is picky about its soil conditions. Plant celery in full sun and heavily composted soil. Space celery plants 12 inches apart. Celery needs to be frequently watered and not allowed to dry out.
When to harvest
Harvest this plant when the stalks are fully grown and have reached about 1 foot tall.
Chamomile
Marticaria recutita and Chamaemelum nobile
Description
The German chamomile and the Roman chamomile have white flowers that look like daisies with yellow centers. The Roman chamomile has long stems, which creep along the ground away from the main plant, and coarse leaves. German chamomile, on the other hand, is more erect with feathery leaves.
When to plant
Sow outdoors when soil is about 55 to 60 degrees through the night. German chamomile is the most common form of chamomile found in the United States. Sow the tiny seeds in well-prepared soil, gently pat them down, and keep them moist.
Sun and soil
This herb prefers a well-drained, sandy soil and grows in full sun and partial shade. Chamomile is hardy in zones 4 through 9.
When to harvest
When flowers are in full bloom, pinch off the flowers or cut the whole stem. With the whole stem, the flowers can be dried upside down. If you do not cut the stem, dry flowers only on tightly woven drying screens.
Chicory
Cichorium intybus
Description
Chicory is well known for its use as an additive to coffee to enhance flavor. It grows as a wild roadside plant and is native to North America, Australia, and Europe. With periwinkle-colored flowers, chicory is a hardy perennial in zones 3 through 10.
When to plant
Chicory can be planted by seed either indoors or directly outdoors in the garden. For ideal germination, stratify seeds before planting. Plant these seeds outdoors mid- to late spring about 10 inches apart.
Sun and soil
Because it prefers to grow wild, the chicory plant has no specific soil requirements. It does, however, like full sun.
When to harvest
The roots of the chicory plant should be harvested in either the spring or fall. Its leaves can be picked throughout the growing season. Flowers of the chicory plant can be harvested throughout the growing season as well.
Chives
Allium Schoenoprasum
Description
Belonging to the plant family that includes onion, garlic, shallot, and leek, chives are a hardy perennial across most of the Northern Hemisphere. Their usage dates back to China in 3,000 B.C. Chives are characterized by long, hollow green stalks that can grow up to 2 feet long. Attractive, round lavender flowers bloom on the tops of the long chive stalks.
When to plant
Plant or divide in early spring or fall. Chives can be started by seed or crown division and should be spaced 6 to 9 inches apart. Chives are hardy in zones 3 through 10.
Sun and soil
Chives can tolerate a variety of soils but prefer full to partial sun to thrive.
When to harvest
Chives can be harvested when the stalks turn green and are several inches out of the ground. Harvesting prior to flowering will enhance the flavor and fragrance of the herb. When harvesting, cut the plant down to about 2 inches from the ground to promote the growth of another crop during the season.
Cilantro / Coriander
Coriandrum sativum
Description
Grown around the world for its culinary properties, the leaves of this medicinal plant are given the name cilantro while the seeds are referred to as coriander. Cilantro and coriander have been used in cooking prior to 5,000 B.C. and are mentioned in both Sanskrit texts and the Bible.The leaves and stems have a distinctive, strong odor, and it will grow 10 to 12 inches in height. The entire plant is edible and will grow in moist gardens in tropical and temperate climates. It is considered an annual, and it will not tolerate extremely hot conditions.
When to plant
Coriander seeds will not sow well under hot conditions. Sow the seeds outdoors in mid-spring or even in late summer or early fall. The plants need to be spaced 8 to 10 inches apart for optimal growing.
Sun and soil
Cilantro has no specialized soil requirements and will tolerate full sun, shade, or partial shade.
When to harvest
Harvest leaves and stems prior to flowering for maximum taste, oil, and fragrance. Seeds can be picked by hand once the plant has fully gone to seed.
Cinnamon
Cinnamomum Schaeff.
Description
One of the oldest known spices, cinnamon is from a tree that grows up to 50 feet in the wild and is native to Sri Lanka, Brazil, India, Egypt, and Vietnam. It has been used medicinally, as flavoring to foods, and as an embalming agent. The bark of the cinnamon tree is typically dried and rolled into sticks for use.
When to plant
Cinnamon can only be grown and cultivated in tropical climates. The cinnamon tree can be planted at any time. In the United States, it will only grow in zones 9 through 11. In the wild, it reaches 50 feet, but it can only reach about 10 feet tall when cultivated.
Sun and soil
Cinnamon prefers a moist soil in a tropical climate. It will need full sun to grow properly.
When to harvest
The tree must be grown for two years before harvesting its bark for use, as the bark will peel away more easily. The bark should be harvested during the rainy season to make it easier to work with.
Comfrey
Symphytum officinale
Description
Comfrey is a perennial that grows 3 to 5 feet tall. This herb grows best in zones 3 to 9. It has drooping, bell-shaped flowers that range from yellow to cream and even blue. Comfrey has large, hairy, oval leaves with smooth edges.
When to plant
In the north, plant root divisions in early spring, and in the south, plant this herb in the early fall. Comfrey needs to be spaced a minimum of 3 feet apart because it grows up to 3 feet wide.
Sun and soil
Comfrey prefers full sun but will tolerate partial shade, and it likes moist soil.
When to harvest
Pick young leaves during the spring and early summer. It is always best to gather in the morning after the dew dries. The roots are harvested in the fall after the plant begins to die. Dig up the roots and harvest only the smaller rhizomes, or little roots, growing from the side of the central root. Re-plant the central root.
Dill
Anethum graveolens
Description
Dill is an annual that grows 3 to 5 feet tall and is native to Eastern Europe and Western Asia. Dill features feathery leaves on a hollow stem. It bears a significant amount of yellow flowers when it blooms in mid to late summer. The word dill comes from the old Norse word “dilla,” which means “to lull” because it was often used to lull a colicky child’s stomach discomforts.
When to plant
Dill can easily be grown from seed sown directly in the garden after the final frost. Dill should be spaced 12 to 15 inches apart.
Sun and soil
Dill needs to be planted in well-drained soil and in full sun.
When to harvest
The leaves and seeds can be harvested from mid-July through late August for their maximum potential.
Echinacea
Echinacea angustifolia and Echinacea purpurea
Description
Known as the purple coneflower, echinacea purpurea is a perennial that grows best in zones 3 to 9. It has pinkish-purple flowers that bloom in the summer. The plant grows 2 to 3 feet tall. Echinacea angustifolia has a white flower, but otherwise, its characteristics are the same as echinacea purpurea.
When to plant
The seeds should be stratified for about three months before planting. Start the plant indoors and transplant the seeds in the late spring. Seeds can take from two to six weeks to sprout. They grow in clumps, so space 12 inches apart.
Sun and soil
E. purpurea requires more water than E. angustifolia and both like full sun. Water the plant regularly, but do not keep it too moist.
When to harvest
Roots are not harvested until they are about 3 years old. E. angustifolia has easier-to-harvest roots because they are thinner. The entire plant can be harvested from the second growing season onward. Harvest the whole plant when the flowers are in full bloom.
Elder
Sambucus nigra
Description
Elder is a well-known healing plant that dates back to Hippocrates and the Middle Ages. The flowers, bark, and berries have been used throughout the centuries to aid in a variety of ailments. Elderberry bushes are a hardy plant that will grow in a variety of climates and can often be found growing wild along roadsides. The elder bush produces elderberries that are small and dark and grow in clusters.
When to plant
These herbs are hardy in zones 4 through 9 and should be planted in spring 6 to 10 inches apart. Keep new plants well watered when first planted as they have a shallow root system. Elder can be propagated from hardwood cuttings in the fall.
Sun and soil
Elder grows best in well-drained, fertile, moist soil and prefers sun to partial shade.
When to harvest
The fruit of the elder should be harvested late July through August. Uncooked berries will be dark purple and inedible. You need to cook berries prior to eating them because they are poisonous in their natural form.
Elecampane
Inula helenium
Description
This is a tall perennial that grows best in zones 4 through 9. It has yellow daisy-like flowers and will grow to a height of 4 to 6 feet. It is often seen in the wild near streams and ponds.
When to plant
Seeds should be stratified in a baggie in the refrigerator or freezer for five to seven weeks prior to being started indoors and transplanted in the late spring. They can also be sown directly outdoors in mid-spring. Germination takes about two weeks. Space plants 3 feet apart.
Sun and soil
Elecampane likes rich, loamy soil, a combination of sand, clay, silt, and organic matter, and full sun to partial shade. It needs moderate amounts of water.
When to harvest
Harvest the roots in the spring or fall.
Fennel
Foeniculum vulgare
Description
Fennel is a perennial grown as an annual in most parts of the country. It grows to a height of 4 to 5 feet tall with flat-topped, rounded yellow flowers, known as umbels, which bloom until frost. The leaves are a feathery blue-green. Fennel is hardy in zones 4 through 10.
When to plant
Fennel is easily grown from seed one to two weeks before the last frost, and it sprouts in about two weeks. Because it grows in clumps, it should be spaced about 12 inches apart.
Sun and soil
Fennel likes full sun and well-drained soil that is moderately fertile with a variety of available nutrients. Do not over-water, as this plant is prone to root rot.
When to harvest
Harvest the roots in spring or fall. Leaves can be handpicked any time. The seeds can be harvested when still green or fully ripened.
Feverfew
Chrysanthemum parthenium
Description
Feverfew is a perennial that grows to a height of 2 feet. It grows best in zones 4 to 9 but will grow in most temperate climates. It has small, daisy-like white flowers with yellow centers that usually bloom from midsummer to the end of the season. It has light-green leaves divided into three segments. The top of the plant dies during winter and re-grows from the same roots in the spring.
When to plant
Sow indoors about eight weeks before the last frost, and transplant after all danger of frost passes, or sow outdoors in mid-spring. Space the seeds about 12 inches apart. This herb can be maintained year-round as a houseplant. Bees do not like feverfew, so do not plant it next to anything that requires bee pollination.
Sun and soil
This herb prefers a richer, well-drained soil but will adapt to most soils. Water moderately.
When to harvest
Pick or cut leaves before blooming, or cut stems and hang upside down to dry and then remove leaves. Flowers may also be dried for decoration, but most herbalists only use the leaves.
Flax
Linum usitatissimum
Description
Flax is characterized by a multitude of slender, flexible stems with small, narrow leaves and small blue flowers. Plants reach a height just shy of 3 feet. Flax is an annual plant native to the region between India and the Mediterranean. Historically, flax in this country was used as a fiber to make linen and linseed oil. Flax fibers are among the oldest fiber crop in the world and date back to the ancient Egyptians.
When to plant
Plant flax seeds in spring after all danger of frost passes. Space flax plants 10 to 12 inches apart.
Sun and soil
Plant flax in full sun. Flax prefers a moist, rich soil. Ideally, compost should be worked into about the top 4 inches prior to planting.
When to harvest
Harvest when 90 percent of the seeds turn brown.
Garlic
Allium sativum
Description
Originally from central Asia, garlic is grown by dividing its bulb. Garlic is a beneficial herb that offers vitamins A, B, C, and E.
When to plant
Garlic can be grown from seeds or cloves, but it is easiest to grow from cloves. Separate the cloves from the bulb, and plant 2 inches deep and 6 inches apart in early spring for fall gathering or plant in fall for early spring gathering. If planted in the fall, add 3 or 4 inches of mulch. Garlic can be planted about six weeks before the last frost. This plant is easy to grow and is a natural insect repellent.
Sun and soil
This herb prefers a sunny location and moderate watering. Soil should be slightly rich and well-composted.
When to harvest
Dig garlic out of the ground when the lower leaves begin to turn brown. After you harvest garlic, save some of the cloves at room temperature in a dark place for the next planting.
Ginger
Zingiber officinale
Description
Ginger is a perennial hardy in zones 9 through 11 with spikes of waxy, yellowish flowers. It is characterized as a thick, knotted light-tan root. Ginger has been used as a medicinal herb in a variety of cultures around the world, including Arabic, Asian, and Indian. It has also been used in China for the last 2,000 years to cure stomach afflictions.
When to plant
Ginger will only grow in tropical regions of the world. It can be planted at anytime in zones 9 through 11. Planting sections of its roots propagates the plant.
Sun and soil
Ginger needs to be planted in a rich, well-worked, evenly moist soil. The plant prefers to grow in either shade or partial shade.
When to harvest
Ideally, ginger should be harvested between four and nine months after being planted. Once the leaves have died on the ginger plant, the root is ready to be harvested.
Goldenseal
Hydrastis canadensis
Description
Goldenseal is an endangered plant in the United States due to excessive wild harvesting. It is a popular herb because of its wonderful properties, which contributed to its threatened extinction. Goldenseal has greenish-white flowers that bloom in the spring, and then bright-red berries form from the flower in the summer. It is hardy in zones 5 through 8.
When to plant
Generally, goldenseal is propagated by root divisions in the fall. It is difficult to grow from seeds, but you can buy them. They should be stratified in the refrigerator. Sow the seeds in late fall or early spring. The beds should be well-shaded to become the seeds' permanent home. Goldenseal grows in clumps, so you need to leave about 10 inches of space for the plant to grow out.
Sun and soil
Goldenseal likes shade and partial shade. It is adaptable to different soils and requires moderate watering.
When to harvest
The underground roots are harvested between 4 and 6 years of age. Dig them out in the fall. Sometimes, the rhizomes show on the surface of the ground. Plants that have rhizomes usually spread quickly, such as ivy.
Gotu Kola
Centella asiatica
Description
Gotu kola is an annual in North America but a perennial in tropical climates (zones 8 to 11). It grows 6 or 8 inches high with greenish flowers that sit under the leaves.
When to plant
Gotu kola should be planted once all frost has passed. This herb is difficult to grow from seeds. You can obtain plants from a nursery or online. Cuttings need to be kept moist but not too wet. Root divisions are the easiest way to start gotu kola. Separate the parent plant into several divisions. This herb spreads, so leave plenty of room between plants, perhaps 12 to 14 inches. Gotu kola also grows well as a hanging houseplant.
Sun and soil
Gotu kola prefers partial shade to full sun and needs rich, loamy soil. Water moderately.
When to harvest
If grown as a houseplant, harvest anytime. Outdoors, harvest during the hot part of the growing season.
Hops
Humulus lupulus
Description
Hops is a perennial plant that grows well in zones 4 through 8. Hop vines can grow to 8 feet tall and are characterized by light-green strobiles, or flower clusters, in late summer. They have been cultivated since about the 8th century A.D. in Bavaria and other parts of Europe. Hops is used primarily as a flavoring and stability agent in beer.
When to plant
Hops is not germinated easily by seed and should, instead, be grown by root divisions or cuttings in the spring or fall. Hops should be planted 3 feet apart.
Sun and soil
Hops will grow in normal to poor soil conditions and prefers partial shade to sun.
When to harvest
The strobiles should be harvested by hand when they are fully developed, usually in late summer to early fall.
Horseradish
Armoracia rusticana
Description
Horseradish is the thick root of a perennial plant that grows up to 5 feet tall. It has been used for thousands of years and dates back to the ancient Egyptians, Romans, and Greeks. It was commonly used in the Middle Ages for both its culinary and medicinal purposes, and it has been cultivated in the United States since the 1800s.
When to plant
Hardy in zones 4 through 9, horseradish roots should be planted in early spring 2 feet apart.
Sun and soil
Plant horseradish in full sun to promote growth. Horseradish tolerates partial shade, but it will not grow as well. It prefers well-drained, moderately fertile soil.
When to harvest
The root of the horseradish plant will be at its peak flavor one year after planting, so try to harvest it the following spring. Unused parts of the root may be re-planted to start the process again.
Hyssop
Hyssopus officinalis
Description
Hyssop is a perennial that grows up to 3 feet tall. It grows best in zones 4 to 9. Small purple or blue tubular flowers form on the tall spikes from midsummer to fall. The leaves are small and lance-shaped.
When to plant
Seeds can be planted about ¼ inch deep a week or two before the last frost. Cuttings for propagation can be taken in late spring or early fall. Plant hyssop 6 to 12 inches apart.
Sun and soil
Hyssop likes well-drained, sandy soils. The top inch of soil should dry between watering because this plant is susceptible to root rot.
When to harvest
Harvest before the plant blooms in the morning when the dew dries throughout the growing season. You can cut back the entire plant to about 4 inches above the ground and hang upside down to dry, or just pick leaves anytime. Pick the flowers when the blooms are not quite fully open.
Lavender, English
Lavandula angustifolia
Description
Lavender is a perennial that grows up to 3 feet tall. Lavender has very fragrant, slender spikes of blue-purple flowers in midsummer. The leaves are narrow, gray-green or silvery-green, and a little hairy. This herb grows best in zones 5 to 8.
When to plant
Start seeds indoors eight weeks before the last frost and transplant outside after the last frost. They require light for germination. You can also purchase small plants at a nursery.
Sun and soil
Lavender likes full sun but tolerates partial shade. Soil should be well-drained and a bit alkaline. Allow the top inch of soil to dry between watering.
When to harvest
Harvest flower spikes and stems when the flowers are almost completely open. Cut stems several inches below the flower spikes and hang upside down to dry.
Lemon Balm
Melissa officinalis
Description
Lemon balm is a perennial that grows 1 to 2 feet tall. It grows best in zones 4 to 9. It has clusters of white, tubular flowers that bloom in summer. The leaves are a bright green and have toothed edges. It dies back during winter months.
When to plant
Start seeds indoors eight weeks before the last frost and transplant outdoors about a week before the last frost. They can also be sown directly in the garden two weeks before the last frost. Divide the plants in the spring and re-plant. Space lemon balm plants 12 to 15 inches apart.
Sun and soil
This herb prefers full sun in the northern regions of the United States and partial or filtered shade in the southern regions. Lemon balm likes well-drained, moderately fertile soil.
When to harvest
Leaves may be harvested any time in the morning after the dew dries for immediate use, or harvest the upper half of the plant and hang upside down to dry. The plant can be harvested at anytime throughout the growing season and will regenerate and give you many cuttings during the season.
Lemon Verbena
Aloysia triphylla
Description
Lemon verbena is a perennial that grows up to 2 feet tall. It grows best in zones 9 and 10 but can be grown indoors in containers in colder climates. It has spikes of tiny lavender flowers where the leaves join the stems. The leaves are narrow and pointed.
When to plant
If you can find the seeds, they are very difficult to grow. It is best to purchase a plant, and you should be able to find a plant without difficulty at your garden center. You can then take cuttings in late spring or early summer. Cuttings are also a bit difficult, so use a rooting hormone. A rooting hormone can be purchased at any store that has garden supplies, and it will stimulate the roots to grow. The cuttings require temperatures of 65 to 70 degrees at night and 80 to 90 degrees in the daytime. They need good air circulation and consistent moisture. Transplant outdoors when weather remains warm and bring the plants indoors before frost.
Sun and soil
This herb prefers rich soil but is adaptable if given enough water. It likes sun or partial shade and should be fed fish emulsion and liquid seaweed fertilizers because this will immediately give needed nutrients to the plant. Both types of fertilizers are readily available at your local garden center or home improvement store. They are also available online.
When to harvest
Leaves and stems may be harvested any time after the plant reaches 8 inches tall. Cut the aerial parts in the summer. Hang upside down to dry, and then strip leaves from stem and discard the stems.
Lemongrass
Cymbopogon citratus
Description
Lemongrass is a tender perennial best grown in zones 8 through 11. Native to Sri Lanka and Seychelles, lemongrass is characterized by strong green shoots.
When to plant
Lemongrass can be grown from seed in late spring after all danger of frost passes. Lemongrass is a perennial if grown in tropical climates. If you are attempting to grow lemongrass in cooler regions, treat it like an annual or move it to a warm, sunny indoor location during the winter as it will not survive outdoors. Plants need to be spaced 36 to 40 inches apart.
Sun and soil
Lemongrass likes to be planted in moist or sandy soil. It prefers full sun but can also survive in partial shade to full shade.
When to harvest
Lemongrass is ideally harvested in mid to late summer by cutting of its branches and shoots.
Licorice
Glycyrrhiza glabra
Description
Native to southern Europe and parts of Asia, licorice is a tender perennial that grows best in zones 9 to 11. It can grow to a height of 4 to 5 feet and puts forth lavender and white flowers.
When to plant
Before planting in late spring, licorice seeds need to be stratified for several weeks. Prior to planting the seeds, they need to be scarified and soaked in warm water for two hours. Licorice dies back each winter and returns late spring. Ideally, space licorice 2 feet apart.
Sun and soil
Licorice should be grown in well-drained soil in full sun to partial shade.
When to harvest
Licorice should not be harvested until its third year of growth in either the spring or fall.
Lovage
Levisticum officinale
Description
Lovage is a perennial that grows best in zones 5 to 8. It can reach a height of 3 feet and has umbels of tiny white flowers in summer. The leaves resemble celery leaves in taste and appearance. The plant dies back in the winter.
When to plant
Seeds must be stratified for one to two weeks before sowing indoors, and germination takes about two weeks. These plants clump, so transplant them outdoors about 24 inches apart. Seeds can be sowed directly outdoors, or buy plants at the nursery and plant outdoors just before the last frost.
Sun and soil
This herb must have well-drained, moist soil and needs mulch in the spring. Lovage prefers partial shade.
When to harvest
Leaves can be harvested any time during the growing season before the plant flowers. Harvest entire ripe seed heads in the late summer. The roots should be harvested in the spring or fall.
Marshmallow
Althaea officinalis
Description
This perennial grows best in zones 5 through 8. In summer, it grows to a height of 3 to 4 feet with pale-pink flowers all the way up the stalk. It has gray-green leaves that are toothed and hairy. The stem is also hairy.
When to plant
Seeds can be planted outside in early spring depending on your location, or they can be started indoors and planted outside in mid- to late spring. It grows in clumps and should be spaced 12 inches apart.
Sun and soil
Marshmallow likes sun or partial shade and moderate watering. It prefers loamy soil.
When to harvest
The roots of marshmallow are harvested in either the spring or fall. The leaves and flowers, on the other hand, can be handpicked any time.
Milk Thistle
Silybum marianum
Description
Milk thistle has pretty, spiny purple flowers in the late summer. This plant is prickly and grows 2 to 3 feet tall, mainly in zones 6 to 9.
When to plant
Milk thistle seeds are best sown directly outdoors when the weather is settled, which means spring has finally arrived. It grows in clumps, so space the plants 12 to 15 inches apart.
Sun and soil
This was originally a Mediterranean plant, so it loves full sun and light watering. It has no special soil requirements.
When to harvest
Harvest the seeds when they turn brown. Gloves are required when harvesting to protect your hands because of this plant’s prickly nature. Snip off seed heads and place in a shallow box. With gloves on, dislodge the seeds from the pods and then separate the seeds. Discard everything else.
Mint
Peppermint: Mentha x piperita Spearmint: Mentha x spicata Apple mint: Mentha suaveolens*Pennyroyal: Mentha pulegium
Description
Mints are perennial herbs that can grow up to 2 feet tall, depending on the species, and they grow best in zones 5 to 9. Mints can also be grown indoors on the windowsill. They have spikes of tiny purple, white, or pink flowers, and the leaves are many shades of green, most with toothed edges. Plants die back over the winter. There are many different varieties of mints.
When to plant
It is best to buy small plants from a nursery and plant them outdoors from early spring through summer. You can also keep mints indoors for handy use in cooking or beverages. Mints do spread quickly, so you might want to plant in containers and bury the container or grow mints on the patio in large pots.
Sun and soil
Mints like moist soils and partial or filtered shade.
When to harvest
Gather leaves any time after plants reach 6 to 8 inches. For drying, cut stems 4 inches above the soil surface and hang upside down to dry.
*Pennyroyal is generally sold as an ornamental herb due to its high level of toxicity. It is recommended only experts use and grow this dangerous herb.
Motherwort
Leonurus cardiaca
Description
Motherwort is a perennial that grows best in zones 4 to 8. It grows 2 to 4 feet tall and has small lavender flowers.
When to plant
Seeds need to be stratified for several weeks and then sown directly outdoors in mid-spring. Seeds germinate in about two weeks. This herb grows in clumps and should be spaced 15 to 20 inches apart.
Sun and soil
This plant can be grown in full sun or partial shade. There are no special soil needs, and it should be watered moderately.
When to harvest
The aerial parts can be harvested any time.
Mullein
Verbascum thapsus
Description
Mullein is a biennial that will grow to 5 or 6 feet tall. A stalk of individual yellow flowers will emerge in the second year, and the leaves are large, hairy, and tongue-shaped. It grows best in zones 3 to 9.
When to plant
Mullein is easily grown from seeds in light, sandy soil. To plant outside, sow after all danger of frost passes. It grows in clumps and re-seeds itself. Plants should be placed about 15 inches apart.
Sun and soil
Mullein likes full sun and light to moderate watering.
When to harvest
Harvest roots in the fall of the first year or in the spring of the second. Leaves can be handpicked any time after the dew dries, and flowers can be handpicked during blooming. Harvest flowers by snipping off the upper 3 to 6 inches of the stalk when it is full of buds ready to bloom. Weevils sometimes inhabit the plant, so it is a good idea to lay the plant material in the shade for several hours to allow the weevils to exit.
Nasturtium
Tropaeolum majus
Description
Nasturtium is an annual that grows to 1 foot tall and then produces a vine up to 6 feet long. Various colored, funnel-shaped flowers bloom from summer through fall. The flowers have five petals and are about 2 inches across. The leaves are round with wavy margins.
When to plant
Nasturtiums are easy to grow. Sow seeds in the garden around the time of the last frost. They can be started indoors in newspaper or peat pots and transplanted after all chances of frost pass. Space plants 12 inches apart.
Sun and soil
Full sun will make the nasturtiums produce more flowers. They like well-drained, moderately fertile soil.
When to harvest
Pick individual leaves when the plants are 6 inches tall. Flowers should be picked as they open. Collect the seedpods when they are a little more than ¼ inch in diameter. Cut entire stems of leaves and flowers.
Nettle
Urtica dioica
Description
This plant is a perennial grown in zones 5 to 9 that grows to 2 to 4 feet. It has tiny cream-colored flowers in the summer and heart-shaped leaves with hairs that are actually hollow needles. It is sometimes called “stinging nettle” and for good reason. Gloves and protective clothing should always be worn around this herb.
When to plant
Nettle grows easily from seed in most any soil. Sow directly in the garden in early spring. Remember to wear gloves when working with seedlings. Nettle spreads, so plants should be placed about 12 inches apart.
Sun and soil
Nettle will grow in full sun, partial shade, or full shade. It prefers a soil high in organic matter and requires moderate to heavy watering.
When to harvest
Harvest nettle any time before flowering. Be sure to wear heavy gloves and use scissors or snips. Dried nettles do not sting.
Oregano
Origanum vulgare
Description
Oregano is a perennial that grows best in zones 5 through 9. It grows to 2 feet tall with tiny lavender flowers during the summer and can have leaves that are either toothed or smooth on the edges.
When to plant
Oregano is very aromatic. If you buy the plants at the nursery, you can be confident you will get the flavor you want. Start from seed by putting three to five seeds in a small starter pot about eight weeks before the last frost. The seedlings can be planted in the garden a week before the date of the estimated last frost. Space plants 12 inches apart.
Sun and soil
Oregano likes full sun and well-drained soil. The top inch of the soil should dry out between watering.
When to harvest
Oregano can be harvested any time during the growing season. Cut from the stem and hang upside down to dry, or cut small sprigs for immediate use.
Parsley
Petroselinum crispum
Description
Parsley is an annual herb that can grow up to 1 foot tall. Parsley has a bright-green stem and ruffled leaves, and it can produce small white flowers. Native to Europe and the eastern Mediterranean, parsley is a popular salad and food garnish.
When to plant
Seeds can be started indoors ten to 12 weeks prior to the last frost. Or, start outdoors three to four weeks prior to the last frost. Plant the seeds 6 to 8 inches apart. Seeds can take up to three weeks to germinate.
Sun and soil
Parsley prefers a rich, moist soil and direct sunlight.
When to harvest
Leaves can be cut from the outer stalks of the plant anytime during the growing season. The seeds should be harvested before they start to fall to the ground naturally.
Parts used
The leaves of the parsley plant are primarily used in cooking. The root and seeds of the parsley plant can also be used.
Red Clover
Trifolium pratense
Description
Red clover is a perennial that grows up to 15 inches and is hardy in zones 5 through 9. It has large pink blossoms in the summer.
When to plant
Sow seeds directly outdoors in early spring, and they will germinate in about ten days. Red clover grows in clumps, so space the plants about 12 inches apart.
Sun and soil
No special soil is needed, and this plant loves full sun or partial shade. Water red clover moderately.
When to harvest
The flower blossoms are the only part of red clover that is harvested. To dry this herb, it must be picked when the dew is still on the blossoms. Lay the flowers on a screen to dry and when they are fully dried, they will have a deep purple-red color.
Rosemary
Rosmarinus officinalis
Description
This is a perennial that grows best in zones 8 through 11. It will grow to a height of 3 feet or more. Bluish-purple flowers bloom on rosemary when the nights become cooler. The leaves of the rosemary plant are spiky in nature.
When to plant
It is best to buy small rosemary plants because rosemary seeds grow slowly. Keep plants indoors until night temperatures are up to 55 degrees. Take cuttings from plants in late summer.
Sun and soil
Rosemary likes full sun and well-drained soil. It only needs light to moderate watering.
When to harvest
Stems and leaves can be harvested anytime during the growing season.
Sage
Salvia officinalis
Description
Native to the Mediterranean, sage is a popular culinary herb that also has a multitude of health benefits. Sage is characterized by green leafy stalks with spikes of purple flowers. Hardy in zones 5 through 9, sage grows up to 2 feet high and 3 feet wide.
When to plant
Sage can be started directly from seed. It can grow outdoors in the garden but will also do well grown in a container indoors. Sage can be planted or sown directly in the outdoor garden one week prior to the last frost date. Plant at least 36 inches apart to allow for full growth.
Sun and soil
Sage prefers a warm, sunny location but does not like extreme heat. It is not picky about soil, but like most herbs, it does require well-draining soil.
When to harvest
Sage should not be harvested until its second year of growth. After the first year, harvest sage as needed throughout the season.
Self-Heal
Prunella vulgaris
Description
Self-heal is a perennial that grows 8 to 10 inches with flowers varying in color from purple to pink to white. It blooms early, and the leaves are long and narrow. Native to Europe and Asia, self-heal grows best in zones 4 through 9.
When to plant
Seeds should be stratified for about a month, and then you should sow them indoors. Seeds should germinate in about three weeks. Transport this plant outdoors in late spring and space 6 to 9 inches apart.
Sun and soil
Self-heal prefers full sun or partial shade and a humus soil. Water moderately.
When to harvest
Harvest the aerial parts while the plant is in bloom.
Sheep Sorrel
Rumex acetosella
Description
Sheep sorrel is a perennial that grows up to 1 foot tall and is hardy in zones 3 through 9. It has reddish-purple flower stalks that appear in late summer.
When to plant
Sheep sorrel is easy to grow, and you can sow seeds directly outdoors in mid-spring. The seeds will germinate in seven to ten days. It spreads, so space plants about 12 inches apart.
Sun and soilSheep sorrel likes full sun and light to moderate watering. There are no special soil requirements.
When to harvestAerial parts are harvested in the summer.
Shepherd’s Purse
Capsella bursa-pastoris
Description
Shepherd’s purse is an annual that grows to 2 feet tall and has little white flowers that blossom in late spring to early summer. This plant is a member of the mustard family.
When to plant
This is an early spring herb, so sow seeds outdoors in late fall. These plants grow in clumps, so space 10 inches apart.
Sun and soil
Shepherd’s purse likes full sun and well-drained soil and requires that you only water it moderately.
When to harvest
Harvest aerial parts when the plant is in full bloom from spring through fall.
Skullcap
Scutellaria lateriflora
Description
This herb gets its name from its bluish-purple flowers that resemble little skulls wearing hats. It is a perennial that grows to 2 feet tall and is hardy in zones 4 through 8.
When to plant
Sow indoors early. Germination takes approximately two weeks. Transplant skullcap outside after all danger of frost passes. This herb grows in clumps, so space plants about 12 inches apart.
Sun and soil
Plant this herb in full sun or partial shade. Skullcap likes well-drained and moist soil.
When to harvest
Harvest aerial parts when skullcap is in full bloom, starting about 3 inches above the ground.
St. John’s Wort
Hypericum perforatum
Description
A long-time remedy used to treat emotional disorders, St. John’s wort got its name because the flowers bloom on the plant around the time of St. John the Baptist’s birthday. The word “wort” is an Old English term meaning “plant.” The plant has been primarily cultivated for its medicinal uses, but it is also an ornamental perennial herb growing to 32 inches in zones 3 to 9 with pretty little yellow flowers on green stems.
When to plant
Ideally, new plants should be started indoors. After the last frost in your zone, start seeds indoors by planting three to four seeds per small pot to ensure proper germination. Place the pots in a dark, warm room and keep moist until they sprout. Once the seedlings have grown two leaves, harden them off by placing them outdoors in a sunny spot for a couple of hours each day to get used to the outdoor temperatures. Return them inside and increase the amount of time spent outdoors by an hour daily until you reach six hours of sun a day. Transplant into an outdoor garden bed when the seedlings have gotten accustomed to six hours of sun and have reached 2 inches tall. Space plants 16 to 18 inches apart.
In addition to growing from seed, St. John’s wort can be propagated by root division.
Sun and soil
St. John’s wort is a relatively simple plant to cultivate and can tolerate a variety of growing conditions ranging from full sun to shade. Although it prefers light, moist soil, St. John’s wort will also grow well in sandier, heavy soil.
When to harvest
The flowering tops of the herb can be harvested during the summer season when they are in bloom.
Stevia
Stevia rebaudiana
Description
Stevia is an annual that grows 12 to 15 inches tall. In zones 9 through 11, it can be grown as a perennial. It is native to tropical and sub tropical regions of North and South America, specifically Paraguay and Brazil. Stevia is well known as a sweetener for foods and medicines. It has delicate white flowers that bloom on and off throughout the seasons.
When to plant
Stevia can be grown from cuttings or seed, but it might be easiest to purchase stevia already started as a seedling because it can be difficult to germinate. Stevia can be grown outdoors in tropical regions all year long, but it should be considered an annual and planted during hot summer months in other regions. Space stevia plants 18 to 24 inches apart.
Sun and soil
Stevia grows best in a rich, moist, humus soil, which is created by adding a lot of compost. Stevia can tolerate full sun as well as shade.
When to harvest
Leaves and flowers can be harvested at any time throughout the growing season.
Tarragon
Artemisia dracunculus
Description
Derived from the French word “estragon,” meaning “little dragon,” tarragon is a well-known culinary herb that offers several medicinal properties as well. It is a perennial herb that grows 2 to 3 feet tall and is hardy in zones 4 through 8. A shrub-like plant with slender stalks and yellow flowers, Tarragon is native to the Unites States, Asia, and Siberia.
When to plant
Tarragon starts best through root propagation. Purchasing a plant already started at your local nursery or garden center is the best way to get started with this plant in your garden. The tarragon plant can be planted directly in the ground, in a raised bed, or in a container in spring after all danger of frost has passed. Plants should be spaced 18 to 24 inches apart.
Sun and soil
Tarragon prefers full sun to grow well but will also tolerate partial shade. Tarragon needs a well-drained soil with plenty of room to grow deep roots.
When to harvest
Tarragon should be harvested just prior to the plant flowering to ensure full benefits and flavors.
Thyme
Thymus vulgaris
Description
Thyme is a perennial that is hardy in zones 5 through 9. It grows to a height of 15 inches with pink, purple, or white flowers. It blooms off and on through the summer months.
When to plant
Thyme seeds are easy to grow and can be sown indoors for transplanting in the late spring. The seeds will sprout in about a week. This herb spreads, so space plants 10 to 12 inches apart.
Sun and soil
Thyme likes full sun or partial shade and light to moderate watering. Soil should be somewhat dry.
When to harvest
Harvest the aerial parts at any time during the summer. They can be hung upside down to dry.
Valerian
Valeriana officinalis
Description
Valerian has lovely, extremely fragrant flowers that are white with a touch of pink. This plant blooms in late spring. It is a perennial that grows to 4 feet tall.
When to plant
Seeds are easy to start and germinate in seven to 14 days. Start this plant indoors and transplant outdoors in late spring. Seeds can also be sown directly in the garden in early spring.
Sun and soil
Valerian will tolerate full sun but prefers partial shade and humus soil. It needs moderate to heavy watering.
When to harvest
The roots of the plant are the parts used. They are harvested in the fall of the first year or the spring of the second year.
Vervain
Verbena officinalis
Description
Vervain is a perennial that grows from 1 to 3 feet and is hardy in zones 5 through 9. The plant has slender flower stalks that produce pale-purple flowers. It has thin, stiff stems and oblong leaves.
When to plant
This plant grows easily from seeds planted outdoors after all danger of frost passes. This plant will develop roots whenever a stem is on the ground, and this causes it to spread easily. Space plants 12 inches apart in garden bed.
Sun and soil
Vervain likes full sun and well-drained soil. Provide it with low to moderate amounts of water.
When to harvest
Aerial parts are harvested when they are flowering.
Witch Hazel
Hamamelis Virginiana
Description
Hardy in zones 3 through 9, witch hazel is characterized by its bunches of yellow and cream flowers that bloom in late fall through winter. It is a large shrub of several crooked trunks with leaves that turn yellow in the fall. Witch hazel grows 10 to 15 feet high and wide. Native to North America, the forked branches of witch hazel are commonly used as a tool in divining water and gold. As legend goes, the branches will pull down when near one of those elements.
When to plant
Witch hazel can be purchased as a shrub at your local nursery or garden center and planted in either the spring or fall. To plant your witch hazel in the garden, dig a hole in the ground 2 to 4 inches deeper and wider than the root ball of the plant. Gently put the plant into the hole, add an organic fertilizer or compost, and fill the hole up with soil. Water generously and continue to water well the first year. Once the plant is well established, it will no longer need watering besides what it naturally receives from rainfall.
Sun and soil
Adaptable to a variety of soil conditions, witch hazel will thrive best in an evenly moist, acidic soil. Witch hazel prefers full sun but will also tolerate partial shade.
When to harvest
Witch hazel is harvested in the fall and winter seasons.
Wormwood
Artemisia absinthium
Description
Wormwood is a perennial that stands about 4 feet tall and is hardy in zones 4 to 6. It is especially beautiful in the winter and has clusters of yellowish-green flowers in the summer. The leaves are fern-like and gray-green. A key ingredient in absinthe, wormwood is said to induce clarity of thought, increase one’s sense of perception, enhance creativity, and infuse inspiration.
When to plant
Sow seeds outdoors in the fall. You can also plant seeds indoors about ten weeks before the last frost and transplant to the garden a week before the last frost. Space wormwood plants 15 inches apart.
Sun and soil
Wormwood prefers full sun but can tolerate partial shade. It needs well-drained soil and moderate water.
When to harvest
Harvest the branches when the plant is in full bloom. Hang upside down to dry.
Yarrow
Achillea millefolium
Description
Yarrow is a perennial that grows 1 to 3 feet tall in zones 2 to 8. It has clusters of mainly white to yellow flowers that are flattened. It blooms midsummer through fall. The leaves are fern-like and about 1 inch wide and 6 inches long.
When to plant
Seeds can be planted directly outdoors about a week before the last frost. The plants should be divided in early spring. Space yarrow plants 18 inches apart.
Sun and soil
Yarrow likes full sun but can tolerate partial shade. It needs well-drained, fertile soil and moderate water.
When to harvest
Harvest aerial parts while the plant is in bloom. Hang upside down by the stem to dry by wrapping a string or elastic to the bottom of the stem and attaching the string to a hook or nail.
Yerba Mansa
Anemopsis californica
Description
Yerba mansa is an herb often substituted for goldenseal. It is a perennial that grows to about 1 foot tall in zones 8 through 9. Yerba mansa’s cone-shaped flowers bloom in early summer.
When to plant
Sow seeds indoors in a very warm environment and keep them well-watered. It takes four to six weeks for seeds to sprout. Transplant the seeds outside 1 foot apart in early summer.
Sun and soil
This plant needs full sun and moist soil and should be watered moderately.
When to harvest
Harvest the roots in the fall and dry them by hanging upside down or laying them out on a screen. Dig up the entire plant.