INTRODUCTION: Courageous Parenting—Taking the Long View
1. S. Reardon, A. Atteberry, N. Arshan, and M. Kurlaender, “Effects of the California High School Exit Exam on Student Persistence, Achievement and Graduation,” paper presented at the American Educational Research Assocation in San Diego, April 2009, James Irvine Foundation, California High School Exit Exam Study Coverage Report.
2. “Kids and Stress, How Do They Handle It?” KidsHealth KidsPoll, October 12, 2005. Poll questions retrieved June 19, 2009, from the National Association of Health Education Centers database.
3. “The NIMH Blueprint for Change Report,” Research on Child and Adolescent Mental Health, National Intitute of Mental Health, Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 41, no. 7 (July 2002): 760–66. (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 1999.)
4. Ibid.
5. W. S. Grolnick and K. Seal, Pressured Parents, Stressed-Out Kids (Prometheus Books, 2008).
6. J. P. Hunter, and M. Csikszentmihayi, “The Positive Psychology of Interested Adolescents,” Journal of Youth and Adolescence 32, no. 1 (2003): 27–35.
7. S. P. Suggate, “School Entry Age and Reading Achievement in the 2006 Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA),” International Journal of Educational Research 48 (2009): 151–61.
CHAPTER 1: The Kids Are Not Alright (and Neither Are Their Parents)
1. J. Mosley and E. Thompson, “Fathering Behavior and Child Outcomes: The Role of Race and Poverty,” in Fatherhood: Contemporary Theory, Research and Social Policy, edited by W. Marsiglio (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1995), 148–65.
2. “IBM Capitalizing on Complexity,” Insights from the Global Chief Executive Summary, 2009.
3. Stacy B. Dale and Alan B. Krueger, “Estimating the Payoff to Attending a More Selective College: An Application of Selection on Observables and Unobservables,”Quarterly Journal of Economics 117, no. 4 (2002): 1491–1527.
CHAPTER 2: How Did We Get into This Mess?
1. L. B. Ames and C. C. Haber, Your Eight-Year-Old: Lively and Outgoing (New York: Dell, 1990), 2.
2. L. B. Ames, F. L. Ilg, and S. M. Baker, Your Ten- to Fourteen-Year-Old (New York: Delacorte, 1988), 23.
3. Ibid., 157.
4. “The Home Media Use of Children Age 6 to 12 in the United States: 1997–2003,” www.popcenter.umd.edu/people/hofferth_sandra/; Sandra L. Hofferth and Jack Sandberg, “Changes in American Children’s Time, 1981–1997,” in Children at the Millennium: Where Have We Come From, Where Are We Going? Advances in Life Course Research, vol. 6, edited by S. L. Hofferth and T. J. Owens (Oxford: Elsevier, 2001), 193–229.
5. S. Carpenter, “Sleep Deprivation May Be Undermining Teen Health,” APA Monitor 32, no. 9 (October 2001).
6. National Archive of Criminal Justice Data, www.icpsr.umich.edu/icpsrweb/NACJD/; retrieved 9/12/10.
7. J. Twenge and W. K. Campbell, The Narcissism Epidemic: Living in the Age of Entitlement (New York: Free Press, 2010).
8. A Nation at Risk: The Imperative for Educational Reform, April 1983.
9. 2009 United States Census, www.census.gov; retrieved 2/11/10.
10. G. Tononi and C. Cirelli, “Sleep Function and Synaptic Homeostasis,” Sleep Medicine Review 10, no. 1 (February 2006): 49–62.
CHAPTER 3: The Tasks of the Elementary School Years
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2. R. R. Sears, E. E. Maccoby, and H. Levin, Patterns of Childrearing (Evanston, IL: Row Peterson, 1957).
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4. C. Dweck, Mindset: The New Psychology of Success (New York: Ballantine, 2006).
5. R. J. Herrnstein and C. Murray, The Bell Curve (New York: Free Press, 1993).
6. F. J. Sternberg, “The Theory of Successful Intelligence,” Review of General Psychology 3 (1999): 292–316.
7. K. Bradshaw, D. L. Martin, and R. Gill, “Assessing Rates and Characteristics of Bullying Through an Internet-Based Survey System,” Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health and the Johns Hopkins Center for the Prevention of Youth Violence, 2006.
8. L. A. Sroufe, B. Egeland, E. A. Carlson, and W. A. Collins, The Development of the Person (New York: Guilford Press, 2005).
9. L. J. Walker and K. H. Hennig, “Parenting Style and the Development of Moral Reasoning,” Journal of Moral Education 28 (1999): 359–74.
10. D. L. Rosenhan, “The Natural Socialization of Altruistic Autonomy,” in Altruism and Helping Behavior, edited by J. Macaulay and L. Berkowitz (New York: Academic Press, 1970), 251–68.
11. Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, Convention on the Rights of the Child, General Assembly Resolution 44/25 of 20 (November 1989), available at www. unhchr.ch/html/menu3/b/k2crc.htm.
12. D. Johnson, “Many Schools Putting an End to Child’s Play,” New York Times, April 7, 1998, A16.
13. A. Pellegrini and C. Glickman, “The Educational Role of Recess,” Principal 68, no. 5 (1989): 23–24.
CHAPTER 4: The Tasks of the Middle School Years
1. L. Steinberg and J. Silk, “Parenting Adolescents,” in Handbook of Parenting, vol. 1, edited by M. Bornstein (Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 2002).
2. L. Steinberg and A. S. Morris, “Adolescent Development,” Annual Review of Psychology 52 (2001): 83–110.
3. R. Larson and M. H. Richards, Divergent Realities: The Emotional Lives of Mothers, Fathers, and Adolescents (New York: Basic Books, 1994).
4. B. Goldstein, Introduction to Human Sexuality (Belmont, CA: Star, 1976).
5. J. Graber, P. Lewinsohn, J. Seeley, and J. Brooks-Gunn, “Is Pubertal Timing Associated with Psychopathology in Young Adulthood?” Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 43 (1997): 718–26.
6. H. Peskin, “Pubertal Onset and Ego Functioning: A Psychoanalytic Approach,” Journal of Abnormal Psychology 72 (1967): 1–15.
7. A. Booth et al., “Testosterone and Child and Adolescent Adjustment: The Moderating Role of Parent-Child Relationships,” Developmental Psychology 39 (2003): 85–98.
8. J. Brumberg, The Body Project: An Intimate History of American Girls (New York: Random House, 1997).
9. Body Mass Index, Livestrong.com (accessed October 6, 2010).
10. M. Richards, A. Boxer, A. Petersen, and R. Albrecht, “Relation of Weight to Body Image in Pubertal Girls and Boys from Two Communities,” Developmental Psychology 26 (1990): 313–21.
11. J. Mendle, E. Turkheimer, and R. E. Emery, “Detrimental Psychological Outcomes Associated with Early Pubertal Timing in Adolescent Girls,” Developmental Review 27 (2007): 151–71.
12. E. Stice, K. Presnell, and S. Bearman, “Relation of Early Menarche to Depression, Eating Disorders, Substance Abuse and Comorbid Psychopathology Among Adolescent Girls,” Developmental Psychology 37 (2001): 608–19.
13. R. Silbereisen, A. Petersen, H. Albrecht, and B. Kracke, “Maturational Timing and the Development of Problem Behavior: Longitudinal Studies in Adolescence,” Journal of Early Adolescence 9 (1989): 247–68.
14. A. Caspi, D. Lynam, T. Moffitt, and P. Silva, “Unraveling Girls’ Delinquency: Biological, Dispositional and Contextual Contributions to Adolescent Misbehavior,” Developmental Psychology 29 (1993): 19–30.
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16. American Academy of Pediatrics Patient Education Online, Teen Sleep Patterns, patiented.aap.org/content.aspx?aid=6776 (accessed October 28, 2010).
17. Dr. William L. Coleman, pediatric professor at the Center for Development and Learning, University of North Carolina–Chapel Hill and member of the American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Psychosocial Aspects of Child and Family Health. From iParenting, “Is Your Teen Sleep Deprived?” family.go.com/parenting/pkg-teen/article-781220-is-your-teen-sleep-deprived--t.
18. K. Fredriksen, J. Rhodes, R. Reddy, and N. Way, “Sleepless in Chicago: Tracking the Effects of Adolescent Sleep Loss During the Middle School Years,” Child Development 75 (2004): 84–95.
19. J. A. Owens, K. Belon, and P. Moss, “Impact of Delaying School Start Time on Adolescent Sleep, Mood and Behavior,” Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine 164, no. 7 (2010): 608–14.
20. American Psychiatric Association, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th ed. (Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association, 1994).
21. www.kidshealth.org/parent/general/body/overweight_obesity.html (accesssed October 29, 2010).
22. American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, “Obesity in Children and Teens,” May 2008, www.aacap.org/cs/root/facts_for_families/obesity_in_children_and_teens (accessed 9/5/11).
23. Monitoring the Future Survey, Survey Research Center, University of Michigan, 2005.
24. S. Paxton et al., “Body Image Satisfaction, Dieting Beliefs, and Weight Loss Behaviors in Adolescent Girls and Boys,” Journal of Youth and Adolescence 20 (1991): 361–80.
25. L. A. Ricciardelli and M. P. McCabe, “A Biopsychosocial Model of Disorder Eating and the Pursuit of Muscularity in Adolescent Boys,” Psychological Bulletin 130 (2004): 179–205.
26. L. Steinberg, Adolescence (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2011).
27. L. Steinberg and J. Belsky, “A Sociobiological Perspective on Psychopathology in Adolescence,” in Rochester Symposium on Developmental Psychopathology, vol. 7, edited by D. Cicchetti and S. Toth (Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press, 1996), 93–124.
28. M. Ernst et al., “Amygdala and Nucleus Accumbens in Response to Receipt and Omission of Gains in Adults and Adolescents,” Neuroimage 25 (2005): 1270–79; L. Spear, The Behavioral Neuroscience of Adolescence (New York: Norton, 2010).
29. L. Wang, S. Huettel, and M. D. De Bellis, “Neural Substrates for Processing Task-Irrelevant Sad Images in Adolescents,” Developmental Science 11 (2008): 23–32.
30. L. Steinberg and S. Silberberg, “The Vicissitudes of Autonomy in Early Adolescence,” Child Development 57 (1986): 841–51.
31. Steinberg, Adolescence, 291.
32. J. Jaccard, H. Blanton, and T. Dodge, “Peer Influences on Risk Behavior: An Analysis of the Effects of a Close Friend,” Developmental Psychology 41 (2005): 135–47.
33. H. C. Rusby, K. K. Forrester, A. Biglan, and C. W. Metzler, “Relationships Between Peer Harassment and Adolescent Problem Behaviors,” Journal of Early Adolescence 25 (2005): 453–77.
34. J. Wang, T. Nansel, and R. Iannotti, “Bullying Victimization Among Underweight and Overweight U.S. Youth: Differential Associations for Boys and Girls,” Journal of Adolescent Health 47, no. 1 (2010): 99–101.
35. J. Payton et al., The Positive Impact of Social and Emotional Learning for Kindergarten to Eighth-Grade Students: Findings from Three Scientific Reviews, Collaborative for Academic, Social, and Emotional Learning, December 2008.
36. J. E. Zins, M. R. Bloodworth, R. P. Weissberg, and H. Walberg, in Building Academic Success on Social and Emotional Learning: What the Research Says, edited by J. Zins, R. P. Weissberg, and H. J. Walberg (New York: Teachers College Press, 2004).
CHAPTER 5: The Tasks of the High School Years
1. J. Rosenbaum, “Patient Teenagers? A Comparison of the Sexual Behavior of Virginity Pledgers and Matched Nonpledgers,” Pediatrics 123 (2009): e110–20.
2. B. Miller, B. Benson, and K. A. Galbraith, “Family Relationships and Adolescent Pregnancy Risk: A Research Synthesis,” Developmental Review 21 (2001): 1–38.
3. S. Small and T. Luster, “Adolescent Sexual Activity: An Ecological Risk-Factor Approach,” Journal of Marriage and the Family 56 (1994): 181–92.
4. C. B. Aspy et al., “Parental Communication and Youth Sexual Behavior,” Journal of Adolescence 30 (2007): 449–66.
5. Ibid.
6. A. Kowal and L. Blinn-Pike, “Sibling Influences on Adolescents’ Attitudes toward Safe Sex Practices,” Family Relations 53 (2004): 377–84.
7. C. Bingham and L. Crockett, “Longitudinal Adjustment Patterns of Boys and Girls Experiencing Early, Middle, and Late Sexual Intercourse,” Developmental Psychology 32 (1996): 647–58.
8. J. S. Singh and J. Darroch, “Trends in Sexual Activity Among Adolescent American Women: 1982–1995,” Family Planning Perspectives 31 (1999): 212–19.
9. A. Jordan and D. Cole, “Relation of Depressive Symptoms to the Structure of Self-Knowledge in Childhood,” Journal of Abnormal Psychology 105 (1996): 530–40.
10. R. McCrae et al., “Personality Trait Development from Age 12 to Age 18: Longitudinal, Cross-Sectional and Cross-Cultural Analyses,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 83 (2002): 1456–68.
11. J. Allen et al., “The Relations of Attachment Security to Adolescent’s Paternal and Peer Relationships, Depression and Externalizing Behavior,” Child Development 78 (2007): 1222–39.
CHAPTER 6: Teaching Our Kids to Find Solutions
1. National Endowment for the Arts, Artists in the Workforce 1990–2005, Executive Summary.
2. The Gallup Youth Survey, January 22-March 9, 2004. Retrieved June 24, 2009, from www.gallup.com/poll/11893/Most-Teens-Associate-School-Boredom-Fatigue.aspx.
CHAPTER 7: Teaching Our Kids to Take Action
1. W. Mischel, Y. Shoda, and M. L. Rodriguez, “Delay of Gratification in Children,” Science 244 (1989), 933–938.
2. W. Mischel, Y. Shoda, and P. K. Peake, “The Nature of Adolescent Competencies Predicted by Preschool Delay of Gratification,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 54 (1988): 687–96.
3. J. S. Watson, “Depression and the Perception of Control in Early Childhood,” in Depression in Childhood: Diagnosis, Treatment, and Conceptual Models, edited by J. G. Schulterbrandt and A. Raskin (New York: Raven, 1977), 129–39.
4. S. J. Rosenholtz and S. H. Rosenholtz, “Classroom Organization and the Perception of Ability,” Sociology of Education 54 (1981): 132–40.
5. E. E. Werner, “The Children of Kauai: Resilience and Recovery in Adolescence and Adulthood,” Journal of Adolescent Health 13 (1992): 262–68.
CHAPTER 8: Defining and Living Your Family Values
1. D. W. Winnicott, The Child, the Family, and the Outside World (Middlesex, UK: Penguin, 1973), 17, 44.
CHAPTER 9: Editing the Script
1. ExpectMoreArizona.org.
2. Kahlil Gibran, The Prophet (New York: Knopf, 1923).
3. D. J. Siegel and M. Hartzell, Parenting from the Inside Out (New York: Penguin, 2003), 64.