* Clowes’ support is particularly evident in the letters he and Banting exchanged that summer. Banting had obviously told Clowes the whole story from his point of view. He expanded on it by arguing to the Lilly man that Macleod could not be trusted not to give the secret of the method away to a competitor. Clowes’ personal feelings toward Macleod are not known, but it was certainly tactically useful to him to have Banting as a kind of personal ally, feeding Clowes with inside information about attitudes and goings-on among the leading members of Toronto’s Insulin Committee.

* For a discussion of this question see chapter four, note 50 (page 262).

* In 1961 Best described the following confrontation between Banting and Graham: “… he came back one day to the Connaught, or the basement of the Medical Building where I was working and said ‘I had a little session with the Professor of Medicine.’ I said ‘Tell me about it.’ And he said, ‘Well, he called me in and told me that I had represented certain things falsely.’ And I remember saying ‘What did you do?’ Banting said, ‘Well, be was sitting down so I went over and lifted him up by the collar and said ‘Professor, are you calling me a liar?’ And if he had said ‘Yes’ I’d have smacked him, but he said, ‘No, just probably a mistake – I’m not calling you a liar.’” (FP, Dictation, Nov. 24)

† Bayliss’ account is very straightforward. He mentions Banting getting the duct-ligating idea, and goes on: “Dr. Banting was then in medical practice at London, Ontario, but gave up his practice and went to Prof. Macleod’s laboratory at Toronto to make the necessary experiments on animals. Here he was joined by Mr. Best, an assistant in the laboratory, by Prof. Macleod himself, and at a later date by Dr. Collip and others. The experiments were successful. In another way it was found possible to prepare active extracts…. But it was clear that these methods could only afford a small supply. Hence attempts were made to discover a means of preparation from the ordinary ox pancreas. Dr. Collip was finally successful by making use of alcohol.” Nature, Feb. 10, 1923, p. 189.

* In 1919, Allen himself said he did not think his work would have succeeded. It appears that he was working with a pancreaticoduodenal serum, apparently on the theory, which seems to have influenced Knowlton and Starling, and Murlin, that secretin, which was necessary to activate the external secretion, was necessary to trigger the activity of the internal secretion.