Index

1. A
2. abdominal organs
   1. MRI applications in
3. acquisition matrix
4. acquisition parameter modification
   1. in motion artifact reduction
5. actively shielded gradient coil
6. ADC. See analog-to-digital converter (ADC)
7. advanced imaging applications. See also specific types, e.g., perfusion
   1. diffusion
   2. diffusion-weighted imaging–related
   3. fMRI
   4. noble gas imaging
   5. perfusion
   6. ultra-high field imaging
8. AET. See Applications Entity Title (AET)
9. agitated patients
   1. MRI in
10. aliasing
11. amplitude
    1. in RV waveform characterization
12. analog-to-digital converter (ADC)
13. Applications Entity Title (AET)
14. arterial spin labeling (ASL)
    1. continuous
    2. in perfusion studies
    3. pulsed
15. artifact(s). See also specific types, e.g., motion artifacts
    1. “blooming”
    2. chemical shift
    3. coherence
    4. described
    5. external
    6. flow misregistration
    7. magnetic susceptibility difference
    8. motion
    9. phase cancellation
    10. radial
    11. sequence protocol–related
    12. truncation
16. ASL. See arterial spin labeling (ASL)
17. atom
    1. structure of
18. B
19. $b$ value
    1. in diffusion
20. base magnetic field
    1. safety precautions related to
21. benzoxypropionic tetraacetate (BOPTA)
    1. in MRI
22. black-blood MRA techniques
23. BLADE
24. {“blooming”} artifact
25. BOLD fMRI studies
26. Boltzmann distribution
27. BOPTA. See benzoxypropionic tetraacetate (BOPTA)
28. bowel
    1. MRI applications in
29. brain
    1. MRI applications in
30. breast
    1. MRI applications in
31. bright-blood MRA images
32. Brownian motion
33. bulk magnetic susceptibility
34. C
35. Carr–Purcell–Meiboom–Gill (CPMG) technique
36. CASL. See continuous arterial spin labeling (CASL)
37. center frequency
    1. in RV waveform characterization
38. cerebral ischemia
    1. diffusion-weighted imaging in evaluation of
39. chemical shift
    1. in MR
    2. in MRS
40. chemical shift artifacts
    1. of second kind
41. chemical shift imaging (CSI)
42. chronic kidney disease (CKD)
    1. classification of
43. CKD. See chronic kidney disease (CKD)
44. clinical applications
    1. abdominal organs
45. clinical applications (continued)
    1. brain
    2. breast
    3. common bile duct
    4. for ETSE
    5. examination design considerations in
    6. general principles of
    7. great vessels
    8. heart
    9. kidneys
    10. knee
    11. liver
    12. musculoskeletal
    13. neck
    14. for out-of-phase gradient echo
    15. pelvis
    16. in sedated or agitated patients
    17. shoulder
    18. for single-echo spin echo sequence
    19. specific sequences and clinical situations
    20. spine
    21. for spoiled gradient echo
    22. for standard multiecho spin echo
    23. for STIR imaging
    24. for T1-weighted techniques
        1. fat saturation
    25. for T2-weighted techniques
        1. fat saturation
    26. thorax
46. coherence artifacts
47. coil(s)
    1. actively shielded gradient
    2. phased-array
    3. surface
48. common bile duct
    1. MRI applications in
49. composite pulses
50. computer systems
    1. in MRI system
51. continuous arterial spin labeling (CASL)
52. continuous wave (CW) mode operation
    1. in RF selective excitation
53. contrast agents
    1. advantages of
    2. adverse reactions to
    3. BOPTA in
    4. categorization of
    5. Feridex
    6. GBCAs
    7. intravenous agents
    8. negative agents
    9. oral agents
    10. safety precautions related to
    11. T1 relaxation agents
    12. T2 relaxation agents
54. contrast-to-noise ratio
55. CPMG technique. See Carr–Purcell–Meiboom–Gill (CPMG) technique
56. crosstalk
57. cryogen(s)
    1. described
    2. safety precautions related to
58. CSI. See chemical shift imaging (CSI)
59. CW. See continuous wave (CW)
60. D
61. data acquisition system
    1. in MRI system
62. data collection methods
63. demodulated signal
64. DICOM (digital imaging and communications in medicine)
65. DICOM Service Class Uses and Service Class Provider
66. diffusion
    1. defined
    2. described
    3. measurements of
67. diffusion-weighted imaging
    1. applications of
68. digital imaging and communications in medicine (DICOM)
69. directional dependence
    1. in diffusion measurement
70. Dixon method
    1. for fat suppression
71. duration
    1. in RV waveform characterization
72. E
73. echo planar imaging (EPI) sequences
    1. MP pulses incorporated into
74. echo spacing
75. echo time (TE),
76. echo train inversion recovery sequence
77. echo train length
78. echo train spin echo (ETSE)
    1. clinical applications for
79. encoding
    1. phase
80. energy absorption
    1. macroscopic
    2. microscopic
81. EPI sequences. See echo planar imaging (EPI) sequences
82. ETSE. See echo train spin echo (ETSE)
83. excitation
    1. RF
       1. in MR
    2. RF selective
84. excitation angle
85. excitation order
    1. crosstalk and
    2. described
86. external artifacts
    1. described
    2. magnetic field distortions
    3. magnetic susceptibility difference artifact
    4. measurement hardware
    5. noise
87. extrinsic parameters
    1. effects of
    2. variables in
88. extrinsic variables
89. F
90. fat saturation techniques
    1. T1-weighted
       1. clinical applications for
    2. T2-weighted
       1. clinical applications for
91. FDA. See Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
92. Feridex
    1. in MRI
93. ferumoxides
94. FID. See free induction decay (FID)
95. field of view (FOV),
96. FLAIR. See fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR)
97. flip angle
98. flow compensation
    1. in motion artifact reduction
99. flow misregistration artifact
100. fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR)
101. fMRI. See functional MRI (fMRI)
102. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
     1. on MRI safety
103. 4D time-resolved MR angiography with keyhole (4D-TRAK)
104. 4D-TRAK (4D time-resolved MR angiography with keyhole)
105. Fourier imaging
     1. partial
106. Fourier transformation
107. FOV. See field of view (FOV)
108. free induction decay (FID)
109. frequency encoding
110. frequency selective pulses
     1. in RV waveform characterization
111. frequency selective saturation
112. full-width at half-maximum height (FWHM)
113. functional brain imaging
114. functional MRI (fMRI)
115. functional MRI (fMRI) studies
     1. BOLD
116. FWHM. See full-width at half-maximum height (FWHM)
117. G
118. gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCAs)
     1. in MRI
119. gating
     1. in motion artifact reduction
120. Gaussian pulses
     1. in RV waveform characterization
121. GBCAs. See gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCAs)
122. Generalized Autocalibrating Partially Parallel Acquisition (GRAPPA)
123. GMR. See gradient motion rephasing (GMR)
124. gradient(s)
     1. safety precautions related to
125. gradient coil
     1. actively shielded
126. gradient echo sequences. See also specific types
     1. absence of 180* RF pulse in
     2. acronyms for
     3. described
     4. MP pulses incorporated into
     5. refocused. See also refocused gradient echo sequences
     6. spoiled
     7. steady-state
     8. types of
127. gradient fields
128. gradient motion rephasing (GMR)
129. gradient pulses
130. gradient system
     1. in MRI system
131. GRAPPA (Generalized Autocalibrating Partially Parallel Acquisition)
132. great vessels
     1. MRI applications in
133. H
134. hard pulses
135. heart
     1. MRI applications in
136. Hermitian symmetry
137. hydrogen MRS. See also magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS)
138. hyperbolic secant pulses
     1. in RV waveform characterization
139. I
140. IEC. See International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)
141. image-based parallel techniques
142. image contrast
     1. measurement parameters and
143. image data matrices
     1. raw data in
144. image processing computer
     1. in MRI system
145. instrumentation. See also specific components and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) system
146. International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)
     1. on MRI safety
147. intravenous agents
     1. in MRI
148. intravoxel incoherent motion
149. intrinsic parameters
     1. effects of
     2. variables in
150. intrinsic variables
151. inversion recovery (IR) looping modes
152. inversion recovery (IR) pulse sequences
     1. acronyms for
     2. image reconstruction process in
153. inversion time (TI),
154. IR. See inversion recovery (IR)
155. J
156. $J$ coupling
     1. in MRS
157. K
158. $k$-space
     1. raw data and
159. $k$-space filling techniques
     1. reduced
     2. reordered
     3. types of
160. $k$-space formalism
161. $k$-space trajectory
162. $k$-space-based techniques
     1. GRAPPA
     2. parallel
     3. SMASH
     4. SNR in
163. kidney(s)
     1. MRI applications in
164. knee
     1. MRI applications in
165. L
166. Larmor equation
167. Larmor precession
168. liver
     1. MRI applications in
169. localization techniques
     1. in MRS
170. loop(s)
     1. sequence
171. M
172. magnet(s)
     1. in MRI system
173. magnet system
     1. in MRI system
174. magnetic field(s)
175. magnetic field distortions
176. magnetic field gradients
177. magnetic resonance (MR)
     1. chemical shift in
     2. concepts of
     3. described
     4. RF excitation in
     5. RF signal detection in
178. magnetic resonance angiography (MRA)
     1. approaches to
     2. described
     3. flow selection in
     4. MIP
     5. phase contrast
     6. problems associated with
     7. techniques
     8. time-of-flight
179. magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
     1. advanced imaging applications for. See also specific types and advanced imaging applications
     2. in agitated patients
     3. artifacts in images. See also artifact(s)
     4. clinical applications of. See also clinical applications
     5. composite pulses in
     6. confusing aspects of
     7. contrast agents in. See also contrast agents
     8. data collection methods
     9. functional
     10. gradient fields in
     11. initial step in
     12. $k$-space filling techniques in. See also $k$-space filling techniques
     13. nonrectilinear sampling in
     14. parallel acquisition methods in
     15. phase encoding in
     16. phased-array coils in
     17. principles of
     18. projection reconstruction in
     19. pulse sequences in. See also pulse sequence(s)
     20. radial scanning in
     21. ramped sampling in
     22. raw data in
         1. image data matrices and
         2. $k$-space and
     23. readout or frequency encoding in
     24. reduced $k$-space techniques in
     25. reordered $k$-space filling techniques in
     26. RF selective excitation in
     27. safety precautions in. See also safety precautions
     28. in sedated patients
     29. sequence looping in
     30. slice selection in
     31. SNR and tradeoffs in
     32. two-dimensional spiral sampling in
180. magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) protocols
     1. principles in development of
181. magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) system. See also specific components
     1. actively shielded gradient coil
     2. components list
     3. computer systems
     4. data acquisition system
     5. diagram of
     6. gradient system
     7. magnet system
     8. RF transmitter system
182. magnetic resonance (MR) signal
183. magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS)
     1. chemical shift in
     2. concepts
     3. hydrogen
     4. localization techniques
     5. multiple voxel techniques
     6. single voxel techniques
     7. spectral analysis and postprocessing steps
     8. spectral linewidth in
     9. spin coupling in
     10. SVS in
     11. ultra-high field spectroscopy
     12. water suppression in
184. magnetic susceptibility
185. magnetic susceptibility difference artifact
186. magnetization materials
     1. susceptibility and
187. magnetization-prepared (MP) pulses
     1. incorporated into gradient echo and EPI sequences
188. magnetization-prepared (MP) sequences
     1. example of
189. magnetization transfer (MT) pulse
     1. in time-of-flight MRA
190. magnetization transfer (MT) suppression
191. MAST. See motion artifact suppression techniques (MAST)
192. maximum intensity projection (MIP)
     1. MRA–related
193. maximum signal content
     1. site of
194. measurement controller
     1. in MRI system
195. measurement hardware
     1. as artifact
196. measurement parameters
     1. extrinsic parameters
        1. effects of
     2. intrinsic parameters
        1. effects of
     3. modification of
     4. parameter tradeoffs
197. measurement protocol
     1. criteria in determining
198. measurement techniques
     1. differentiating
199. MIP. See maximum intensity projection (MIP)
200. modulation
     1. in RV waveform characterization
201. motion
     1. Brownian
     2. intravoxel incoherent
202. motion artifact(s)
     1. appearance of
     2. causes of
     3. flow misregistration artifact
     4. respiratory
     5. types of
203. motion artifact reduction techniques
     1. acquisition parameter modification
     2. flow compensation
     3. radial-based motion compensation
     4. triggering gating
204. motion artifact suppression techniques (MAST)
     1. in motion artifact reduction
205. MP sequences. See magnetization-prepared (MP) sequences
206. MR. See magnetic resonance (MR)
207. MRA. See magnetic resonance angiography (MRA)
208. MRI. See magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
209. MRS. See magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS)
210. MT. See magnetization transfer (MT)
211. multiecho spin echo sequences
212. multiple voxel techniques
     1. in MRS
213. musculoskeletal system
     1. MRI applications in
214. N
215. nature of synthesizer mixing
     1. in RV waveform characterization
216. neck
     1. safety precautions related to
217. negative agents
     1. in MRI
218. net magnetization
     1. described
     2. production of
219. NMR. See nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)
220. noble gas imaging
221. noise
     1. as artifact
222. nonrectilinear sampling
223. nonsaturation methods
224. nonselective pulses
     1. in RV waveform characterization
225. nuclear magnetic moments
226. nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)
227. nuclear spin
228. nucleus(i)
     1. spin of
229. null time for tissue
230. Nyquist frequency
231. O
232. oral agents
     1. in MRI
233. out-of-phase gradient echo
     1. clinical applications for
234. oversampling
     1. effects of
235. P
236. PACS (picture archiving and communications system) unit
237. parallel acquisition methods
     1. requirements for
     2. types of
238. partial Fournier imaging
239. pelvis
     1. MRI applications in
240. Perflubron (perfluorocytylbromide [PFOB])
241. perfluorocytylbromide (PFOB)
242. perfusion
243. perfusion blood flow
     1. in diffusion measurement
244. perfusion studies
     1. applications of
     2. approaches to
245. PFOB. See perfluorocytylbromide (PFOB)
246. PGSE. See pulsed gradient spin echo (PGSE) method
247. phase
     1. in RV waveform characterization
248. phase cancellation artifact
249. phase contrast MRA
250. phase encoding
     1. in MRI
251. phased-array coils
252. picture archiving and communications system (PACS) unit
253. point resolved spectroscopy (PRESS)
254. postprocessing
     1. in MRS
255. pregnancy
     1. MRI during
256. PRESS. See point resolved spectroscopy (PRESS)
257. projection reconstruction
258. PROPELLER
259. PSAL. See pulsed arterial spin labeling (PSAL)
260. pseudodiffusion
261. pulse(s)
     1. composite
     2. frequency selective
     3. frequency selective soft
     4. Gaussian
     5. gradient
     6. hard
     7. hyperbolic secant
     8. MP
        1. incorporated into gradient echo and EPI sequences
     9. MT
        1. in time-of-flight MRA
     10. nonselective
         1. in RV waveform characterization
     11. RF excitation
     12. in RV waveform characterization. See also specific types
     13. sinc
     14. soft
     15. spatial presaturation
262. pulse sequence(s). See also specific types
     1. comparison of
     2. defined
     3. EPI sequences
     4. gradient echo sequences
     5. implementation of
     6. IR pulse sequences
     7. MP sequences
     8. spin echo sequences
     9. timing diagrams in comparison of
263. pulse shape
     1. in RV waveform characterization
264. pulsed arterial spin labeling (PSAL)
265. pulsed gradient spin echo (PGSE) method
266. R
267. radial artifact
268. radial-based motion compensation
     1. in motion artifact reduction
269. radial scanning
270. radiofrequency (RF) excitation
     1. in MR
     2. selective
271. radiofrequency (RF) excitation pulses
     1. criteria for
272. radiofrequency (RF) power deposition
     1. safety precautions related to
273. radiofrequency (RF) signal detection
     1. in MR
274. radiofrequency (RF) transmitter system
     1. in MRI system
275. radiofrequency (RF) waveform
     1. parameters in characterizing
276. ramped sampling
277. raw data
     1. $k$-space and
278. readout
279. reduced $k$-space techniques
280. refocused gradient echo sequences
     1. described
     2. signals measured from
281. relaxation
     1. defined
     2. spin–spin
     3. T1
        1. saturation and
     4. T2,
     5. T2*,
282. relaxation agents
     1. in MRI. See specific agents and contrast agents
283. reordered $k$-space filling techniques
284. repetition time (TR),
285. respiratory motion artifact
286. RF. See radiofrequency (RF)
287. rise time
288. S
289. safety precautions
     1. base magnetic field
     2. contrast agents
     3. cryogens
     4. FDA on
     5. gradients
     6. IEC on
     7. pregnancy-related
     8. RF power deposition
290. saturation
     1. T1 relaxation and
291. scanner controller
     1. in MRI system
292. {}“schimming,”
293. sedated patients
     1. MRI in
294. {“seed”} region
295. Send/Receive
296. sequence looping
297. sequence protocol–related artifacts
     1. aliasing
     2. chemical shift artifacts
     3. coherence artifacts
     4. magnetic susceptibility difference artifact
     5. phase cancellation artifact
     6. radial artifact
     7. truncation artifacts
298. shoulder
     1. MRI applications in
299. signal suppression techniques
     1. Dixon method
     2. frequency selective saturation
     3. MT suppression
     4. nonsaturation methods
     5. spatial presaturation
     6. water excitation
300. signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)
     1. increase in
     2. in $k$-space–based techniques
     3. in parallel acquisition methods
     4. tradeoffs
301. Simultaneous Acquisition of Spatial Harmonics (SMASH)
302. sinc pulses
     1. in RV waveform characterization
303. single-echo spin echo sequence
     1. clinical applications for
304. single voxel spectroscopy (SVS)
     1. in MRS
305. single voxel techniques
     1. in MRS
306. slice gap
307. slice selection
     1. in MRI
308. slice thickness (TH),
309. SMASH (Simultaneous Acquisition of Spatial Harmonics)
310. SNR. See signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)
311. soft pulses
     1. in RV waveform characterization
312. spatial presaturation
313. spatial presaturation pulse
314. spectral analysis
     1. in MRS
315. spectral linewidth
     1. in MRS
316. spike(s)
     1. defined
317. spin coupling
     1. in MRS
318. spin echo(es)
319. spin echo sequences. See also specific types
     1. acronyms for
     2. ETSE
     3. multiecho
     4. single-echo
     5. types of
320. spin echo–based sequences
321. spine
     1. MRI applications in
322. spin–spin relaxation
323. SPIO. See superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO)
324. spoiled gradient echo
     1. clinical applications for
325. spoiled gradient echo sequences
326. standard multiecho spin echo
     1. clinical applications for
327. steady-state gradient echo sequences. See also refocused gradient echo sequences
328. STEAM. See stimulated echo acquisition method (STEAM)
329. Stejskal–Tanner method
330. stimulated echo acquisition method (STEAM)
331. STIR imaging
     1. clinical applications for
332. stroke
     1. diffusion-weighted imaging in evaluation of
333. subloop(s)
     1. in sequence looping
334. superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) particulate molecules
335. surface coils
336. susceptibility
     1. bulk magnetic
     2. magnetic
     3. magnetization materials and
337. SVS. See single voxel spectroscopy (SVS)
338. T
339. TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol)
     1. in MRI system
340. TE. See echo time (TE)
341. TH. See slice thickness (TH)
342. thorax
     1. MRI applications in
343. TI. See inversion time (TI)
344. time-of-flight MRA
345. time-resolved angiography with interleaved stochastic trajectories (TWIST)
346. time-resolved imaging of contrast kinetics (TRICKS)
347. timing diagram
     1. in pulse sequence comparison
348. T1 relaxation
     1. defined
     2. saturation and
349. T1 relaxation agents
     1. in MRI
350. T1-weighted imaging studies
     1. in perfusion studies
351. T1-weighted techniques
     1. clinical applications for. See also specific techniques
     2. fat saturation
        1. clinical applications for
352. TR. See repetition time (TR)
353. Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)
     1. in MRI system
354. TRICKS (time-resolved imaging of contrast kinetics)
355. triggering gating
     1. in motion artifact reduction
356. truncation artifacts
357. T2 effects
     1. in diffusion measurement
358. T2 relaxation
359. T2* relaxation
     1. defined
360. T2 relaxation agents
     1. in MRI
361. T2-weighted imaging studies
     1. in perfusion studies
362. T2-weighted techniques
     1. clinical applications for
     2. fat saturation
        1. clinical applications for
363. turbo factor
364. TWIST (time-resolved angiography with interleaved stochastic trajectories)
365. two-dimensional spiral sampling
366. U
367. ultra-high field imaging
368. ultra-high field spectroscopy
     1. in MRS
369. W
370. water excitation
     1. for signal suppression
371. water suppression
     1. in MRS
372. Z
373. Zeeman interaction
374. zero filling