Introduction
1 Oscar Wilde, De Profundis (London: Menthuen & Co., 1927), 106.
2 H. Montgomery Hyde, The Three Trials of Oscar Wilde (New York: University Books, 1956), 236.
3 See Douglas Murray, Bosie: A Biography of Lord Alfred Douglas (New York: Hyperion, 2000).
4 Emily K. Hobson, Lavender and Red: Liberation and Solidarity in the Gay and Lesbian Left (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2016); Allan Bérubé, My Desire for History: Essays in Gay, Community, and Labor History, ed. John D’Emilio and Estelle B. Freedman (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2011); Aaron Lecklider, Love’s Next Meeting: The Forgotten History of Homosexuality and the Left in American Culture (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2021); Tiffany N. Florvil, Mobilizing Black Germany: Afro-German Women and the Making of a Transnational Movement (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2020).
5 Susan Stryker, Transgender History (Berkeley, CA: Seal Press, 2008); Susan Stryker, ‘Transgender History, Homonormativity, and Disciplinarity’, Radical History Review, no. 100 (Winter 2008).
6 C Riley Snorton, Black on Both Sides: A Racial History of Trans Identity (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2017); JulesGill-Peterson, Histories of the Transgender Child (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2018); Ann Laura Stoler, Carnal Knowledge and Imperial Power: Race and the Intimate in Colonial Rule (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003); Anne McClintock, Imperial Leather: Race, Gender, and Sexuality in the Colonial Contest (London: Routledge, 1995).
7 ‘Faggots and Class Struggle: A Conference Report’, Morning Due: A Journal of Men Against Sexism, December 1976.
8 John D’Emilio, ‘Capitalism and Gay Identity’, in Powers of Desire: The Politics of Sexuality, ed. Ann Snitow, Christine Stan-sell, and Sharon Thompson (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1983), 100–113.
9 Christopher Chitty, Sexual Hegemony: Statecraft, Sodomy, and Capital in the Rise of the World System (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2020).
10 Susan Stryker, ‘Gay American History @ 40: Keynote’, Gay American History at 40, The New School, New York, 2016, YouTube.
11 See Jeffrey Weeks, Making Sexual History (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2000); Michel Foucault, The History of Sexuality, Volume 1: An Introduction, trans. Robert Hurley (New York: Pantheon Books, 1978); Karen E. Fields and Barbara Jeanne Fields, Race-craft: The Soul of Inequality in American Life (London: Verso, 2012); Ann Laura Stoler, Race and the Education of Desire: Foucault’s History of Sexuality and the Colonial Order of Things (Durham: Duke University Press, 1995); Peter Drucker, Warped: Gay Normality and Queer Anti-capitalism, Historical Materialism series, vol. 92 (Leiden, Netherlands: Brill, 2016).
12 See Foucault, The History of Sexuality, Volume 1; Weeks, Making Sexual History, Laurie Marhoefer, Sex and the Weimar Republic: German Homosexual Emancipation and the Rise of the Nazis (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2015).
13 See Foucault, The History of Sexuality, Volume 1; Elizabeth Freeman, Time Binds: Queer Temporalities, Queer Histories (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2010); Jonathan Martineau, Time, Capitalism and Alienation: A Socio-Historical Inquiry into the Making of Modern Time, Historical Materialism series, vol. 96 (Leiden, Netherlands: Brill, 2015); Sebastian Conrad, ‘ “Nothing Is the Way It Should Be”: Global Transformation of the Time Regime in the Nineteenth Century’, Modern Intellectual History 15, no. 3 (November 2018): 821–48. Anjali Arondekar, ‘Without a Trace: Sexuality and the Colonial Archive’, Journal of the History of Sexuality 14, no. 1 (2005): 10–27.
14 For the invention of heterosexuality, see Jonathan Ned Katz, The Invention of Heterosexuality (New York: Dutton, 1995).
15 See Marhoefer, Sex and the Weimar Republic; Laurie Marhoefer, ‘Was the Homosexual Made White? Race, Empire, and Analogy in Gay and Trans Thought in Twentieth-Century Germany’, Gender and History 31, no. 1 (March 2019): 91–114; McClintock, Imperial Leather; Rosemary Hennessy, Profit and Pleasure: Sexual Identities in Late Capitalism, 1st ed. (New York: Rout-ledge, 2000); Gill-Peterson, Histories of the Transgender Child.
16 See Drucker, Warped, Roderick A. Ferguson, One-Dimensional Queer (Medford, MA: Polity, 2019); Hobson, Lavender and Red; Lecklider, Love’s Next Meeting.
17 To cite just one major example, there was the gay elite’s reaction to the Stonewall Rebellion: initially horrified at the messy street queens’ confrontational tactics, they have since converted the event and its participants into heroines. See Martin B. Duberman, Stonewall: The Definitive Story of the LGBTQ Rights Uprising That Changed America, rev. ed. (New York: Plume, 2019); Elizabeth A. Armstrong and Suzanna M. Crage, ‘Movements and Memory: The Making of the Stonewall Myth’, American Sociological Review 71, no. 5 (October 2006): 724–51.
18 See George Chauncey, Gay New York: Gender, Urban Culture, and the Making of the Gay Male World, 1890–1940 (New York: Basic Books, 1994).
19 Robert Aldrich, Colonialism and Homosexuality (London, UK; New York, NY: Routledge, 2003), 1.
20 See Ralph M. Leck, Vita Sexualis: Karl Ulrichs and the Origins of Sexual Science (University of Illinois Press, 2016).
21 See Manfred Herzer, “Kertbeny and the Nameless Love,” Journal of Homosexuality 12, no. 1 (7 March 1986): 1–26,
1. Hadrian
1 Anthony Richard Birley, Hadrian: The Restless Emperor (London: Routledge, 1997), 16.
2 Charles Dudley Warner, A Library of the World’s Best Literature, Ancient and Modern Vol. VIII (New York: Cosimo, 2008).
3 Plato, Symposium (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994), 28.
4 Ibid., 11.
5 K. J. Dover, Greek Homosexuality (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1989), 104.
6 Claudia Moser, ‘Naked Power: The Phallus as an Apotropaic Symbol in the Images and Texts of Roman Italy’, Undergraduate Humanities Forum 2005–6: Word and Image, 2006, p. 11.
7 Amy Richlin, ‘Sexuality in the Roman Empire’, in The Companion to the Roman Empire, ed, David S. Potter (Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2006), 353.
8 As cited in Richlin, ‘Sexuality in the Roman Empire’, 339.
9 Birley, Hadrian, 31.
10 Ibid., 32.
11 Historia Augusta (London: Heinemann, 1922), 7.
12 Ibid., 68.
13 Ibid., 251.
14 Historia Augusta, 37.
15 Birley, Hadrian, 68.
16 Ibid., 98.
17 Ibid., 118.
18 Royston Lambert, Beloved and God: The Story of Hadrian and Antinous (New York: Viking, 1984), 68.
19 Birley, Hadrian, 179.
20 Ibid., 220.
21 Lambert, Beloved and God, 112.
22 Ibid., 120.
23 Quoted in Rome: Echoes of Imperial Glory (Alexandria, VA: Time-Life Books, 1994), 56.
24 Lambert, Beloved and God, 154.
2. Pietro Aretino
1 Gaetana Marrone, ed., Encyclopedia of Italian Literary Studies: A-J (New York: Routledge, 2007), 76.
2 Edward Hutton, Pietro Aretino: The Scourge of Princes (London: Constable and Co., 1922), 11.
3 Ibid., 16.
4 Christopher Chitty, Sexual Hegemony: Statecraft, Sodomy, and Capital in the Rise of the World System (Durham: Duke University Press, 2020), 47.
5 Ibid., 45.
6 Ibid., 60.
7 Ibid., 33.
8 Marrone, Encyclopedia of Italian Literary Studies, 74.
9 William Roscoe, The Life and Pontificate of Leo X (London: Henry G. Bohn, 1846), 271.
10 Hutton, Pietro Aretino, 15.
11 Hutton, Pietro Aretino, 26.
12 Martin Luther, Luther’s Works, vol. 47, The Christian in Society IV, ed. Franklin Sherman and Helmut T. Lehmann (Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1971), 38.
13 Marrone, Encyclopedia of Italian Literary Studies, 74.
14 Ibid., 74.
15 Silvio A Badini, The Pope’s Elephant (Nashville: J.S. Sanders and Company, 1998), 158.
16 Hutton, Pietro Aretino, 49.
17 Michael Rocke, Forbidden Friendships: Homosexuality and Male Culture in Renaissance Florence (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996), 327.
18 Hutton, Pietro Aretino, 44.
19 Ibid., 53.
20 Keir Elam, ‘ “Wanton Pictures”: The Baffling of Christopher Sly and the Visual-Verbal Intercourse of Early Modern Erotic Arts’, in Shakespeare and the Italian Renaissance, ed. Michele Marrapodi (London: Routledge, 2016), 139.
21 Hutton, Pietro Aretino, 66.
22 Rictor Norton, My Dear Boy: Gay Love Letters through the Centuries (San Francisco: Leyland Publications, 1998), 54.
23 Ibid., 55.
24 Deanna Shemek, ‘Aretino’s Marescalco: Marriage Woes and the Duke of Mantua’, Renaissance Studies 16, no. 3 (2002): 366–80.
25 Hutton, Pietro Aretino, 94.
26 Jacob Burckhardt, The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy (London: George Allen and Unwin, 1937), 86.
27 Hutton, Pietro Aretino, 123.
28 Will Durant, The Renaissance: A History of Civilization in Italy from 1304–1576 A.D. (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1953), 656.
29 Ibid., 660.
30 Hutton, Pietro Aretino, 123.
31 Marrone, Encyclopedia of Italian Literary Studies, 79.
32 Durant, The Renaissance, 658.
33 Erik Berkowitz, Sex and Punishment: Four Thousand Years of Judging Desire (Berkeley, CA: Counterpoint, 2012), 193.
34 Marrone, Encyclopedia of Italian Literary Studies, 79.
35 Hutton, Pietro Aretino, 133.
36 Ibid., 159.
37 Ibid., 162.
38 Durant, The Renaissance, 657.
39 Ibid., 661.
40 Hutton, Pietro Aretino, 159.
41 Roscoe, The Life and Pontificate of Leo X, 271.
42 Hutton, Pietro Aretino, xi.
43 Samuel Pepys, The Diary of Samuel Pepys, Volume III (London and New York: G. Bell and Sons, 1893), 123.
3. James VI and I
1 David M. Bergeron, King James and Letters of Homoerotic Desire (Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 2002), 33.
2 Ibid., 37.
3 A. L. Rowse, The Expansion of Elizabethan England (New York: Palgrave MacMillan, 2003), 23.
4 Peter Ackroyd, Queer London (London: Chatto and Windus, 2017), 41.
5 Diarmaid MacCulloch, Reformation: Europe’s House Divided 1490–1700 (London: Penguin Books, 2004), 623.
6 John Bale, The Actes or Unchaste Examples of Englyshe Votaryes, as cited in: Tom Betteridge, “The Place of Sodomy in the Historical Writings of John Bale and John Foxe,” in Sodomy in Early Modern Europe, ed. Tom Betteridge (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2002), 13.
7 MacCulloch, Reformation, 626.
8 Louis Crompton, Homosexuality and Civilization (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2003), 383.
9 Pauline Croft, King James (New York: Palgrave MacMillan, 2003), 23.
10 Ibid., 24.
11 Bryan Bevan, King James VI of Scotland and I of England (London: Rubicon Press, 1996), 48.
12 MacCulloch, Reformation, 571.
13 Karl Marx, Capital, Volume 1 (London: Penguin Books, 1990), 874.
14 Silvia Federici, Caliban and the Witch: Women, the Body, and Primitive Accumulation (New York: Autonomedia, 2014), 165.
15 King James I, Daemonologie in Forme of a Dialogue (London: The Bodley Head, 1924), xii.
16 Ibid., 43.
17 Croft, King James, 71.
18 Ibid., 52.
19 Antonia Fraser, Faith and Treason: The Story of the Gunpowder Plot (New York: Doubleday, 1996), xxx.
20 Ibid., 178.
21 James VI and I, The Basilikon Doron of James VI and I (Edinburgh: William Blackwood and Sons, 1944), 55.
22 Bryan Bevan, King James VI of Scotland and I of England (London: Rubicon Press, 1996), 116.
23 Ibid., 90.
24 Ibid., 97.
25 Peter Ackroyd, Queer London (London: Chatto and Windus, 2017), 60.
26 Christopher Hill, Milton and the English Revolution (London: Penguin Books, 1979), 50.
27 Croft, King James, 97.
28 Perry Anderson, Lineages of the Absolutist State (London: Verso, 2013), 138.
29 Rictor Norton, My Dear Boy: Gay Love Letters Through the Centuries (San Francisco: Leyland Publications, 1998), 67.
4. Frederick the Great
1 Kathryn Hadley, ‘Frederick the Great’s Erotic Poem’, History Today, 21 September 2011.
2 Praxiteles of Athens, one of the most acclaimed Attic sculptors, especially of the nude form.
3 As cited in Bodie A. Ashton, ‘Kingship, Sexuality and Courtly Masculinity: Frederick the Great and Prussia on the Cusp of Modernity’, ANU Historical Journal II, no. 1 (May 2019): 112.
4 Christopher Chitty, Sexual Hegemony: Statecraft, Sodomy, and Capital in the Rise of the World System (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2020).
5 As cited in Tim Blanning, Frederick the Great: King of Prussia (New York: Penguin, 2015), chap. 1, iBooks.
6 Peter H. Wilson, ‘The Causes of the Thirty Years War 1618–48’, English Historical Review 123, no. 502 (2008): 554–86.
7 Giles MacDonogh, Frederick the Great: A Life in Deeds and Letters (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2000), 17.
8 Blanning, Frederick the Great, 34.
9 Ibid., 42.
10 MacDonogh, Frederick the Great, 49.
11 Michel Foucault, The History of Sexuality, Volume 1: An Introduction, trans. Robert Hurley (New York: Pantheon Books, 1978), 17.
12 Historians diverge on how to deal with such historical figures – they have often been claimed by lesbian historians seeking historical figures to call their own, as well as by trans historians who argue that such figures are better historicized under the gender they lived as opposed to the sex they were assigned at birth. Allying ourselves here with the trans movement’s argument that someone who spent their life insisting – even, in the end, being executed for – their status as a man is best spoken of using their chosen name and pronouns, we differ from the author of the academic article containing the translated court records on the case of Rosenstengel, who uses Rosenstengel’s birth name and pronouns and considers the case entirely under the framework of lesbian relations. In any case, the transcripts make fascinating reading: Brigitte Eriksson, ‘A Lesbian Execution in Germany, 1721’, Journal of Homosexuality 6, nos. 1–2 (January 1981): 27–40.
13 MacDonogh, Frederick the Great, 67.
14 Blanning, Frederick the Great, chap. 2, iBooks.
15 MacDonogh, Frederick the Great, 72.
16 Ibid., 73.
17 As cited in Ibid., 86–7.
18 Ibid., 131.
19 Blanning, Frederick the Great, chap. 3, iBooks.
20 Ibid.
21 MacDonogh, Frederick the Great, 136.
22 Louis Crompton, Homosexuality and Civilization (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2003), 508.
23 Giles MacDonogh, “Hogarth’s Portrait of Frederick the Great,” Giles MacDonogh – Blog, 15 December 2015.
24 Blanning, Frederick the Great, 230.
25 Ashton, ‘Kingship, Sexuality and Courtly Masculinity’, 128.
26 This brilliant and evocative analogy comes from the very stylish and beautiful telling of this story in James R. Gaines, Evening in the Palace of Reason: Bach Meets Frederick the Great in the Age of Enlightenment (London: New York: Fourth Estate, 2005).
27 Blanning, Frederick the Great, chap. 3, iBooks.
28 MacDonogh, Frederick the Great, 384.
29 Klaus Büstrin, ‘ “Ich Habe Gemeinet, Du Häst Mihr Lieb”: Friedrichs Enge Beziehungen Zu Seinem Kammerdiener Fredersdorf’, Potsdamer Neueste Nachrichten, 1 September 2012.
30 Blanning, Frederick the Great, chap. 15, iBooks.
31 Ibid.
32 See Elizabeth Freeman, Time Binds: Queer Temporalities, Queer Histories (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2010).
33 Hagen Schulze, The Course of German Nationalism: from Frederick the Great to Bismarck, 1763–1867 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991), 44.
34 Ibid.
35 Ashton, ‘Kingship, Sexuality and Courtly Masculinity’, 113.
36 Jason Crouthamel, ‘ “Comradeship” and “Friendship”: Masculinity and Militarisation in Germany’s Homosexual Emancipation Movement after the First World War’, Gender and History 23, no. 1 (2011): 125.
37 Hilmar Hoffmann, The Triumph of Propaganda: Film and National Socialism, 1933–1945 (Berghahn Books, 1996).
5. Jack Saul
1 Jack Saul, The Sins of the Cities of the Plain (London: William Lazenby, 1881), 8–9.
2 Glenn Chandler, The Sins of Jack Saul (Surbiton, UK: Grosvenor House Publishing, 2016), 8.
3 Ibid., 14.
4 Jeffrey Weeks, Sex, Politics and Society (London: Longman, 1989), 86.
5 Matt Houlbrook, Queer London: Perils and Pleasures in the Sexual Metropolis, 1918–1957 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005), 228.
6 Chandler, The Sins of Jack Saul, 26.
7 Ibid., 35.
8 Ibid., 44.
9 Heike Bauer, The Hirschfeld Archives: Violence, Death, and Modern Queer Culture (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2017), 59.
10 Chandler, The Sins of Jack Saul, 81.
11 Ibid., 90.
12 Ibid., 94.
13 Neil McKenna, Fanny and Stella: The Young Men Who Shocked Victorian England (London: Faber, 2014), 27.
14 Ibid., 9.
15 Ibid., 39.
16 Ibid, 39.
17 Ibid, 4.
18 Ibid, 51.
19 Weeks, Sex, Politics and Society, 101.
20 Oscar Wilde, as quoted in James P. Wilper, Reconsidering the Emergence of the Gay Novel in English and German (West Lafayette, IN: Purdue University Press, 2016), 51.
21 Houlbrook, Queer London, 196.
22 Jeffrey Weeks, ‘Inverts, Perverts and Mary- Annes’, in Hidden from History: Reclaiming the Gay and Lesbian Past, ed. Martin Duberman, Martha Vicinus, and George Chauncey Jr (New York: Meridian, 1990), 202.
23 Ronald Pearsall, The Worm in the Bud: The World of Victorian Sexuality (London, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1969), 465.
24 Chandler, The Sins of Jack Saul, 107.
25 Ibid., 109.
26 Ibid., 146.
27 H Montgomery Hyde, The Cleveland Street Scandal (New York: Coward, McCann & Geoghegan, 1976), 20.
28 Hyde, The Cleveland Street Scandal, 25.
29 Colin Simpson, Lewis Chester, and David Leitch, The Cleveland Street Affair (Boston: Little, Brown, 1976), 74.
30 Hyde, The Cleveland Street Scandal, 122.
31 Ibid., 106.
32 Ibid.,144.
33 Ibid., 147.
34 Chandler, The Sins of Jack Saul, 263.
35 Hyde, The Cleveland Street Scandal, 160.
36 Ibid., 161.
37 House of Commons Debate, 28 February 1890, vol. 341, 1546.
38 Chandler, The Sins of Jack Saul, 269.
39 Ibid., 285.
6. Roger Casement
1 Marx’s classic essay on the East India Company was published in 1853: Karl Marx, ‘The East India Company – Its History and Results’, New York Herald Tribune, 24 June 1853, marxists. org. For a comprehensive history of India under company rule, see among others C. A. Bayly, Indian Society and the Making of the British Empire (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988).
2 As cited in Jeffrey Dudgeon and Roger Casement, Roger Casement: The Black Diaries – with a Study of His Background, Sexuality and Irish Political Life (Belfast, Northern Ireland: Belfast Press, 2002), 53.
3 For definitions of and debates on imperialism, see Patrick Wolfe, ‘History and Imperialism: A Century of Theory, from Marx to Postcolonialism’, American Historical Review 102, no. 2 (1997): 388–420.
4 The best introduction to this era of imperialist expansion is Eric J. Hobsbawm, The Age of Empire: 1875–1914 (New York: Vintage Books, 1989).
5 For an overview of the Scramble for Africa, see Muriel Evelyn Chamberlain, The Scramble for Africa, 3rd ed. (London: Rout-ledge, 2013).
6 See Chamberlain, The Scramble for Africa; Adam Hochschild, King Leopold’s Ghost: A Story of Greed, Terror, and Heroism in Colonial Africa, (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1999).
7 Michael Taussig, Shamanism, Colonialism, and the Wild Man: A Study in Terror and Healing, 1st ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991), 11.
8 Chinua Achebe, ‘An Image of Africa: Racism in Conrad’s Heart of Darkness’, Massachusetts Review 57, no. 1 (2016): 14–27.
9 See Leela Gandhi, Affective Communities: Anticolonial Thought, Fin-De-Siècle Radicalism, and the Politics of Friendship (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2006); Priyamvada Gopal, Insurgent Empire: Anticolonial Resistance and British Dissent (London: Verso, 2019).
10 This system is discussed at length throughout Hochschild’s book and is summarized concisely in Michael A Rutz, King Leopold’s Congo and the ‘Scramble for Africa’: A Short History with Documents (Indianapolis, IN: Hackett, 2018), 12–15.
11 Ibid., 13.
12 GeorgesNzongola-Ntalaja, The Congo: From Leopold to Kabila: A People’s History (London: Zed Books, 2002), 22.
13 Ibid., 23.
14 Nzongola-Ntalaja, The Congo, 23–4.
15 Ibid. 26.
16 ‘PRO FO800/106 Consul-General Casement to Tyrrell’, in Roger Casement, The Amazon Journal of Roger Casement, ed. Angus Mitchell (London: Anaconda Editions, 2000), ‘Part Two: The Voyage to Putumayo’, iBooks.
17 ‘NLI MS 13,087 26/I Notes of a talk with Mr Victor Israel, a trader of Iquitos, on board SS Huayna when anchored off mouth of Javari, on night of August 24th, 1910 – bound for Iquitos’, in Casement, The Amazon Journal.
18 ‘NLI MS 13.087 (24) Notes on the Peruvian Frontier on board the Huayna – Friday 26th August 1910’, in Casement, The Amazon Journal.
19 Alison Garden, The Literary Afterlives of Roger Casement, 1899–2016 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2020), 6.
20 Casement and Dudgeon, The Black Diaries, 241.
21 Ibid., 207.
22 Ibid.
23 Ibid., 208.
24 Ibid.
25 WG Sebald, The Rings of Saturn (New York: New Directions, 1998), 134; as cited in Brian Lewis, ‘The Queer Life and Afterlife of Roger Casement’, Journal of the History of Sexuality 14, no. 4 (2005): 363–82.
26 Gandhi, Affective Communities, 21.
27 Silvia Federici, Caliban and The Witch: Women, the Body, and Primitive Accumulation (New York: Autonomedia, 2014), 136–41, 144, 146.
28 Javier Uriarte, ‘Splendid Testemunhos: Documenting Atrocities, Bodies, and Desire in Roger Casement’s Black Diaries’, in Intimate Frontiers: A Literary Geography of the Amazon, ed. Javier Uriarte and Felipe Martinez- Pinzon (Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 2019).
29 See among others José Esteban Muñoz, Cruising Utopia: The Then and There of Queer Futurity (New York: New York University Press, 2009).
30 Uriarte, ‘Splendid Testemunhos’, 93.
31 The book is still in print. See John Atkinson Hobson, Imperialism: A Study (New York: Cosimo Classics, 2005).
32 Ibid., 224–5.
33 Today’s more enthusiastic boosters of colonialism include Niall Ferguson, Bruce Gilley, and Nigel Biggar; in the view of the authors, they deserve the same degree of respect and deference as Holocaust deniers.
34 Noel Halifax, ‘The Queer and Unusual Life of Roger Casement’, Socialist Review, February 2016.
35 Lesley Wylie, ‘Rare Models: Roger Casement, the Amazon, and the Ethnographic Picturesque’, Irish Studies Review 18, no. 3 (2010): 316.
36 Brian Inglis, Roger Casement (New York: Harcourt Jovanovich, 1974) 281
37 Roger Casement, ed. Angus Mitchell, The Amazon Journal of Roger Casement (London: Anaconda Editions, 1997), 18.
38 Casement and Dudgeon, Black Diaries, 515.
39 See Angus Mitchell, Roger Casement: 16 Lives (Dublin: The O’Brien Press, 2016); Frank McGabhann, ‘Roger Casement: 16 Lives by Angus Mitchell Review: An Excellent Effort’, Irish Times, 15 February 2016.
40 Casement and Dudgeon, Black Diaries, 565.
41 Brian Inglis, Roger Casement, 370.
42 Hochschild, King Leopold’s Ghost, chap. 18, iBooks.
43 Casement and Dudgeon, Black Diaries, 593.
7. Lawrence of Arabia
1 Gregory Katz, “ ‘Lawrence of Arabia’ Star Peter O’Toole Dead at 81’, Associated Press, 15 December 2013.
2 Robert Aldrich, Colonialism and Homosexuality (London, UK; New York, NY: Routledge, 2003), 1.
3 Anthony Sattin, The Young T. E. Lawrence (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2015), chapter 2: iBooks.
4 Ibid.
5 Elizabeth Freeman, Time Binds: Queer Temporalities, Queer Histories (Durham: Duke University Press, 2010), 100.
6 Joseph Allen Boone, The Homoerotics of Orientalism (New York: Columbia University Press, 2014), 19.
7 T. E. Lawrence, Seven Pillars of Wisdom (London: Penguin, 2000), chap. 1: iBooks.
8 Neil Faulkner, Lawrence of Arabia’s War: The Arabs, the British and the Remaking of the Middle East in WWI (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press), 195.
9 Sattin, The Young T. E. Lawrence, Chapter Five: iBooks.
10 As cited in Malcolm Brown, T. E. Lawrence (New York: New York University Press, 2003), 42.
11 Ibid., 42.
12 Lawrence, Seven Pillars of Wisdom, dedication: iBooks.
13 Ibid., chap. 1.
14 Klaus Theweleit, Male Fantasies, Theory and History of Literature, vol. 22–3 (Minneapolis, Minn.: University of Minnesota Press, 1987).
15 James Patrick Wilper, ‘The “Manly Love of Comrades” ‘, in Reconsidering the Emergence of the Gay Novel in English and German (West Lafayette, IN: Purdue University Press), 71–88.
16 Parminder Kaur Bakshi, ‘Homosexuality and Orientalism: Edward Carpenter’s Journey to the East’, Prose Studies 13, no. 1 (May 1990): 154.
17 Joy Dixon, ‘Out of Your Clinging Kisses I Create a New World: Sexuality and Spirituality in the World of Edward Carpenter’, in The Ashgate Research Companion to Nineteenth-Century Spiritualism and the Occult, eds Tatiana Kontou and Sarah Willburn (Abingdon: Routledge, 2016), 166.
18 Sattin, The Young T. E. Lawrence, Chap. 13. iBooks.
19 Faulkner, Lawrence of Arabia’s War, 158.
20 Sattin, The Young T. E. Lawrence, Chapter Nineteen, iBooks.
21 Ibid., xiv.
22 Ibid., 174.
23 Ibid., 191.
24 Thomas J. O’Donnell, ‘The Confessions of T. E. Lawrence: The Sadomasochistic Hero’, American Imago 34, no. 2 (1977): 129.
25 Sattin, The Young T. E. Lawrence, chap. 15: iBooks.
26 Faulkner, Lawrence of Arabia’s War, 453.
27 Lawrence, Seven Pillars of Wisdom, dedication: iBooks.
28 Faulkner, Lawrence of Arabia’s War, 456.
29 Ibid., 463.
30 Rictor Norton, My Dear Boy: Gay Love Letters through the Centuries (San Francisco: Leyland Publications, 1998), 226.
8. The Bad Gays of Weimar Berlin
1 William L Shirer, The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2011), 106.
2 Ernst Röhm, foreword to The Memoirs of Ernst Röhm, trans. Eleanor Hancock (Barnsley, UK: Frontline Books, 2012), iBooks.
3 Ibid., chap. 1, iBooks.
4 Ibid., chap. 2, iBooks.
5 See Klaus Gietinger, The Murder of Rosa Luxemburg, trans. Loren Balhorn (London: Verso, 2019).
6 Shirer, Rise and Fall of the Third Reich, 35.
7 Ibid.
8 Laurie Marhoefer, Sex and the Weimar Republic: German Homosexual Emancipation and the Rise of the Nazis (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2015), 151.
9 Laurie Marhoefer, ‘Queer Fascism and the End of Gay History’, NOTCHES (blog), 19 June 2018, notchesblog.com.
10 Ibid.
11 Ibid.
12 Andrew Wackerfuss, Stormtrooper Families: Homosexuality and Community in the Early Nazi Movement (New York: Harrington Park Press, 2015).
13 Marhoefer, Sex and the Weimar Republic, 20.
14 Claudia Bruns, ‘Eros, Macht und Männlichkeit. Männerbündische Konstruktionen in der deutschen Jugendbewegung zwischen Emanzipation und Reaktion’, in: Historische Jugendforschung. Jahrbuch des Archivs der deutschen Jugendbewegung N.F. 7 (2010): 27.
15 Bruns, ‘Eros, Macht und Männlichkeit’, 27–8.
16 Robert Deam Tobin, Peripheral Desires: The German Discovery of Sex (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2015), 59.
17 John Graven Hughes and Heinz Linge, Getting Hitler into Heaven (London: Transworld, 1987), 44.
18 Röhm, Memoirs, chap. 16, iBooks.
19 Ibid.
20 Eleanor Hancock, ‘ “Only the Real, the True, the Masculine Held Its Value”: Ernst Röhm, Masculinity, and Male Homosexuality’, Journal of the History of Sexuality 8, no. 4 (1998): 625.
21 Ibid., 625–6.
22 Portions of this chapter concerning Radszuweit, specifically the analyses of his pro- Nazi articles in his magazines and newspapers, are adapted from a blog post by Ben Miller originally published in 2017 on OutHistory.org: Ben Miller, ‘In the Archives: Friedrich Radszuweit and the False Security of Collaboration’, OutHistory.Org (blog), 27 March 2017.
23 For a history of Radszuweit’s Friendship League and its successors, see Javier Samper Vendrell, The Seduction of Youth: Print Culture and Homosexual Rights in the Weimar Republic (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2020).
24 Susan Stryker, Transgender History (Berkeley, CA: Seal Press, 2008), 56.
25 Matthew H. Birkhold, “A Lost Piece of Trans History,” Paris Review (blog), 15 January 2019.
26 Marhoefer, Sex and the Weimar Republic, 14.
27 Ibid., 9.
28 Ibid., 120.
29 Ibid., 126–7.
30 Ibid., 113.
31 John Lauritsen, ‘Kurt Hiller: A 1928 Gay Rights Speech’, 1995, available at paganpressbooks.com.
32 Marhoefer, Sex and the Weimar Republic, 116.
33 Ibid., 121.
34 Ibid., 122.
35 Ibid., 131–3.
36 Die Freundin, 11 January 1931, Sammlung Friedrich Radszuweit, Box 6, Schwules Museum Berlin.
37 Ibid.
38 Herrn Adolf Hitler, München, Die Freundin, 12 August 1931, Sammlung Friedrich Radszuweit, Box 6, Schwules Museum Berlin.
39 Herrn Adolf Hitler, München.
40 Die Freundin, February 1931, Sammlung Friedrich Radszuweit, Box 6, Schwules Museum Berlin.
41 Marhoefer, Sex and the Weimar Republic, 151.
42 Ibid., 152.
43 Ibid., 155.
44 Ibid., 157.
45 Ibid., 146–7.
46 Blätter für Menschenrecht, April/Mai 1932, Sammlung Radszuweit, Box 2, Folder 1, Schwules Museum Berlin.
47 Ralf Dose, Magnus Hirschfeld: The Origins of the Gay Liberation Movement (New York: Monthly Review Press, 2014), 89.
48 Stryker, Transgender History, 56.
49 See Jules Gill-Peterson, Histories of the Transgender Child (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2018).
50 Jana Funke, ‘Navigating the Past: Sexuality, Race, and the Uses of the Primitive in Magnus Hirschfeld’s The World Journey of a Sexologist’, in Sex, Knowledge, and Receptions of the Past, ed. Kate Fisher and Rebecca Langlands (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015), 112–3.
51 Ibid., 111.
52 Heike Bauer, The Hirschfeld Archives: Violence, Death, and Modern Queer Culture (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2017), 17.
53 Shirer, The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich, 181.
54 Ibid., 182.
55 Ibid., 183.
56 Ibid., 183.
57 Ibid., 190.
58 Ibid., 196.
59 Vereinsakte, Sammlung Radszuweit, Box 1, Schwules Museum Berlin.
60 Eric Marcus, ‘Magnus Hirschfeld’, Making Gay History, n.d., makinggayhistory.com.
61 Magnus-Hirschfeld Gesellschaft, ‘Otto Reutter: Das Hirschfel-Lied’, accessed 7 November, 2021, magnus-hirschfeld.de.
9. Margaret Mead
1 Paul Shankman, The Trashing of Margaret Mead: Anatomy of an Anthropological Controversy (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2009).
2 Margaret Mead, Coming of Age in Samoa: A Psychological Study of Primitive Youth for Western Civilisation (New York: William Morrow and Company, 1928), 16, 14, 19.
3 Ibid., 13.
4 Ibid., 9–10.
5 Micaela di Leonardo, Exotics at Home: Anthropologies, Others, American Modernity (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000), 10.
6 Mead, Coming of Age in Samoa, 13.
7 Ibid., 39.
8 Ibid., 8.
9 Nancy Lutkehaus, Margaret Mead: The Making of an American Icon (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2011), 1.
10 See Lee D. Baker, Anthropology and the Racial Politics of Culture (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2010).
11 Joyce D. Hammond, ‘Telling a Tale: Margaret Mead’s Photographic Portraits of Fa’amotu, a Samoan Tupou’, Visual Anthropology 16, no. 4 (2003): 342.
12 Mark Anderson, From Boas to Black Power (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2019), 17.
13 Lutkehaus, Margaret Mead, 29.
14 Quoted in Anderson, From Boas to Black Power, 5.
15 James Baldwin and Margaret Mead, A Rap on Race (New York: J. B. Lippincott, 1971), 18.
16 Lois W. Banner, Intertwined Lives: Margaret Mead, Ruth Benedict, and Their Circle (New York: Vintage Books, 2004), chap. 1, iBooks.
17 Di Leonardo, Exotics at Home, 169.
18 Lutkehaus, Margaret Mead, 29.
19 Ibid.
20 Ibid., 30.
21 Banner, Intertwined Lives, chap. 3, iBooks.
22 Ibid., chap. 1, iBooks.
23 Ibid., chap. 1, iBooks.
24 Ibid., chap. 1, iBooks.
25 Margaret Caffrey and Patricia Francis, introduction to To Cherish the Life of the World: The Selected Letters of Margaret Mead (New York: Basic Books, 2006), Kindle.
26 Lutkehaus, Margaret Mead, 38–9.
27 Ned Blackhawk and Isaiah Lorado Wilner, eds., Indigenous Visions: Rediscovering the World of Franz Boas (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2018), ii.
28 Lois Banner, Intertwined Lives, chap. 7, iBooks.
29 Ibid., chap. 7, iBooks.
30 Ibid., chap. 7, iBooks.
31 Deborah G Plant, ‘The Benedict-Hurston Connection’, CLA Journal 46, no. 4 (2003): 436.
32 Banner, Intertwined Lives, chap. 7, iBooks.
33 Plant, ‘The Benedict-Hurston Connection’.
34 Ibid.
35 Banner, Intertwined Lives, chap. 8, iBooks.
36 Ibid.
37 Banner, Intertwined Lives, chap. 9, iBooks.
38 Di Leonardo, Exotics at Home, 169.
39 Margaret Mead, Growing up in New Guinea: A Comparative Study of Primitive Education (New York: Perennial Classics, 2001), 4.
40 Ibid.
41 Ibid., 12.
42 Banner, Intertwined Lives, chap. 11, iBooks.
43 Ibid.
44 Ibid.
45 Mead, To Cherish the Life of the World, loc. 3316, Kindle.
46 Ibid., loc. 3394, Kindle.
47 Peter Mandler, Return from the Natives: How Margaret Mead Won the Second World War and Lost the Cold War (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2013), 16.
48 Ibid., 19.
49 Esther Newton, Margaret Mead Made Me Gay: Personal Essays, Public Ideas (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2000), 1.
50 Ibid., 2.
51 Ibid., 3.
52 Ben Miller, ‘Wofur Sind Wir Da? Harry Hay, Die Homosexuellenfrage, Und Das Erbe Des Marxismus’, Invertito: Jahrbuch Für Die Geschichte Der Homosexualitäten 18 (September 2018): 40–68.
53 Peter Sigal, Zeb Tortorici, and Neil L. Whitehead, eds., Ethno-pornography: Sexuality, Colonialism, and Archival Knowledge (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2020), 4.
54 Ibid., 7.
55 Ann Laura Stoler, Carnal Knowledge and Imperial Power: Race and the Intimate in Colonial Rule (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003).
56 Peter Drucker, Warped: Gay Normality and Queer Anti-Capitalism, Historical Materialism 92 (Leiden, Netherlands: Brill, 2016), 8.
57 Mandler, Return from the Natives, 46.
58 Ibid., 60.
59 Idid., 81.
60 Ibid., 69.
61 David H. Price, Threatening Anthropology: McCarthyism and the FBI’s Surveillance of Activist Anthropologists (Durham: Duke University Press, 2004), 258.
62 Ibid., 255.
63 Banner, Intertwined Lives, chap. 14, iBooks.
64 Lutkehaus, Margaret Mead, 72.
65 Mead, Collected Letters, loc. 3727, Kindle.
66 Lutkehaus, Margaret Mead, 73.
67 Mead, Collected Letters, loc. 4042, Kindle.
68 David Price, ‘Anthropologists as Spies’, thenation.com, 2 November 2000.
69 Glen Doss, ‘The Controversial Margaret Mead’, Stars and Stripes, 2 June 1972.
70 Margaret Mead, Collected Letters, loc. 4095, Kindle.
71 Shankman, The Trashing of Margaret Mead, 8.
72 Ibid., 9–10.
73 Ibid., 11–12.
74 BarbaraGullahorn-Holecek, Papua New Guinea: Anthropology on Trial (Ambrose Video Publishing, 1983), archive.org.
75 Michel Foucault, The History of Sexuality, Volume 1: An Introduction, trans. Robert Hurley (New York: Pantheon Books, 1978), 7.
76 The quote is, among other things, reproduced as the epigraph to Lutkehaus, Margaret Mead.
10. J. Edgar Hoover and Roy Cohn
1 Anthony Summers, Official and Confidential: The Secret Life of J. Edgar Hoover (New York: Random House, 2012), 8.
2 Curt Gentry, J. Edgar Hoover: The Man and his Secrets (New York: Plume, 1992), 65.
3 Douglas M Charles, The FBI’s Obscene File: J. Edgar Hoover and the Bureau’s Crusade against Smut (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2012), 27.
4 Gentry, J. Edgar Hoover, 66.
5 Ibid., 65.
6 Ibid., 65.
7 Summers, Official and Confidential, 28.
8 Gentry, J. Edgar Hoover, 69.
9 Summers, Official and Confidential, 32.
10 Gentry, J. Edgar Hoover, 78.
11 Ibid., 81.
12 Summers, Official and Confidential, 56.
13 Ibid., 32.
14 Cookie Woolner, ‘ “Have We a New Sex Problem Here?” Black Queer Women in the Early Great Migration’, Process: A Blog for American History, 24 October 2017, processhistory.org.
15 William J. Maxwell, ‘When Black Writers Were Public Enemy No. 1’, Politico, 30 April 2015, politico.com.
16 Hannah K. Gold, ‘Why Did the FBI Spy on James Baldwin?’, The Intercept, 15 August 2015, theintercept.com.
17 Letter reproduced in Beverly Gage, ‘What an Uncensored Letter to MLK Reveals’, New York Times, 11 November 2014.
18 Summers, Official and Confidential, 244.
19 Ibid., 259.
20 Ibid., 244.
21 Ibid., 79.
22 Nicholas Von Hoffman, Citizen Cohn (New York: Bantam, 1988), 337.
23 Summers, Official and Confidential, 81.
24 Ibid., 431.
25 Ibid., 431.
26 Ibid., 84.
27 Ibid., 255.
28 Ibid., 82.
29 Ibid., 252.
30 David K. Johnson, The Lavender Scare (Chicago: University Of Chicago Press, 2004), 11.
31 Summers, Official and Confidential, 56.
32 Von Hoffman, Citizen Cohn, 50.
33 Ibid., 53.
34 Ibid., 57.
35 Ibid., 59.
36 Ibid., 67.
37 Ibid., 69.
38 Ibid., 75.
39 Ibid., 91.
40 Walter Schneir and Miriam Schneir, Invitation to an Inquest (Garden City, NY:, Doubleday, 1965), 277.
41 Ibid., 193.
42 Ibid., 254.
43 Roy M. Cohn and Sidney Zion, The Autobiography of Roy Cohn (Secaucus, NJ: Lyle Stuart, 1988), 77.
44 Richard H. Rovere, Senator Joseph McCarthy (New York, Harper & Row, 1973), 125.
45 Summers, Official and Confidential, 181.
46 Ibid., 182.
47 Rovere, Senator Joseph McCarthy, 188.
48 Randy Shilts, Conduct Unbecoming (New York: Ballantine Books, 1994), 16.
49 Johnson, The Lavender Scare, 21.
50 Ibid., 31.
51 Ibid., 34.
52 John D’Emilio, Sexual Politics, Sexual Communities: The Making of a Homosexual Minority in the United States (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1983), 65.
53 Rovere, Senator Joseph McCarthy, 8.
54 Johnson, The Lavender Scare, 73.
55 Ibid., 166.
56 Naoko Shibusawa, ‘The Lavender Scare and Empire: Rethinking Cold War Antigay Politics’, Diplomatic History 36, no. 4 (2012): 723–52.
57 Cohn and Zion, The Autobiography of Roy Cohn, 51.
58 Rovere, Senator Joseph McCarthy, 32.
59 Ibid., 201.
60 Ibid., 203.
61 Ibid., 207.
62 Cohn and Zion, The Autobiography of Roy Cohn, 243.
63 Ibid., 236.
64 Von Hoffman, Citizen Kohn, 444.
65 Cohn and Zion, The Autobiography of Roy Cohn, 236.
66 Ibid., 244.
67 Von Hoffman, Citizen Kohn, 448.
68 Tony Kushner, Angels in America: A Gay Fantasia on National Themes (New York: Theatre Communications Group, 2003), 51.
69 Von Hoffman, Citizen Kohn, 456.
70 Ibid., 460.
71 Ibid., 16.
72 Ibid., 17.
73 Isaac Butler and Dan Kois, ‘ “Eight Loving Arms and All those Suckers”: How Angels in America Put Roy Cohn into the Definitive Story of AIDS’, New York Magazine, February 2018, vulture. com.
11. Yukio Mishima
1 Nobuko Albery, ‘Nobuko Albery Salutes the Ghost of Mishima, Novelist and Suicide’, London Review of Books, 1 August 1985.
2 John Nathan, Mishima: A Biography (Boston: Little, Brown, 1974), 7.
3 Ibid., 7.
4 HenryScott-Stokes, The Life and Death of Yukio Mishima (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1974), 60.
5 Yukio Mishima, Confessions of a Mask (London: Peter Owen, 2007), 5.
6 Nathan, Mishima, 8.
7 Marguerite Yourcenar, Mishima: A Vision of the Void (New York: Farrar Strauss, and Giroux, 1986), 13.
8 Nathan, Mishima, 9.
9 Mishima, Confessions of a Mask, 16.
10 Ibid., 19.
11 Ibid., 12.
12 Ibid., 14.
13 Carl E Rollyson, ed., Novelists with Gay and Lesbian Themes (Ipswich, MA: Salem Press, 2012), 146.
14 Edmund White, Genet (London: Vintage, 2004), 322.
15 Louis Crompton, Homosexuality and Civilization (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2003), 413.
16 Ibid., 412.
17 Ibid., 420.
18 Ibid., 426.
19 Ibid., 425.
20 Gregory M Pflugfelder, Cartographies of Desire: Male-Male Sexuality in Japanese Discourse, 1600–1950 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999), 153.
21 Ibid., 255.
22 Mishima, Confessions of a Mask, 241.
23 Nathan, Mishima, 16.
24 Ibid., 19.
25 Ibid., 23.
26 Yukio Mishima, ‘Forest in Full Flower’, as cited in Nathan, Mishima, 42.
27 Scott-Stokes, The Life and Death of Yukio Mishima, 89.
28 Ibid., 93.
29 Ibid., 106.
30 Nathan, Mishima, 55.
31 Scott-Stokes, The Life and Death of Yukio Mishima, 106.
32 Nathan, Mishima, 147.
33 Ibid., 112.
34 Ibid., 141.
35 Ibid., 106.
36 Mishima, Confessions of a Mark, 39.
37 Yukio Mishima, cited in Nathan, Mishima, 163.
38 Yukio Mishima, cited in ibid., 165.
39 Nathan, Mishima, 125.
40 Yukio Mishima, Sun and Steel, cited in ibid., 237.
41 Nathan, Mishima, 230.
42 Ibid., 271.
43 Ibid., 273.
44 Ibid., 279.
45 Ibid., 281.
12. Philip Johnson
1 Mark Joseph Stern, ‘The Glass House as Gay Space: Exploring the Intersection of Homosexuality and Architecture’, Inquiries Journal 4, no. 6 (2012).
2 See David K Johnson, The Lavender Scare: The Cold War Persecution of Gays and Lesbians in the Federal Government (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2006).
3 Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick, Epistemology of the Closet (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990), 1.
4 Ibid., 22.
5 See Michelangelo Signorile, Queer in America: Sex, the Media, and the Closets of Power (New York: Random House, 1993).
6 Alex Beam, Broken Glass: Mies van der Rohe, Edith Farnsworth, and the Fight over a Modernist Masterpiece (New York: Random House, 2020), chap. 11, iBooks.
7 Nicolai Ouroussoff, ‘Through a Glass, Clearly, a Modernist’s Questing Spirit’, New York Times, 6 July 2007.
8 Franz Schulze, Philip Johnson: Life and Work (Chicago: University Of Chicago Press, 1996), 27.
9 Ibid., 31.
10 Ibid., 35.
11 See Martin Duberman, The Worlds of Lincoln Kirstein (Chicago: Northwestern University Press, 2008).
12 Mark Lamster, The Man in the Glass House: Philip Johnson, Architect of the Modern Century (Boston: Little, Brown, 2018), chap. 2, iBooks.
13 Schulze, Philip Johnson, 48.
14 Ibid., 50–1.
15 Lamster, Man in the Glass House, chap. 3, iBooks.
16 Ibid.
17 Ibid.
18 Schulze, Philip Johnson, 56.
19 Ibid., 55.
20 Lamster, Man in the Glass House, chap. 3, iBooks.
21 Ibid., chap. 4, iBooks.
22 Ibid.
23 Schulze, Philip Johnson, 89.
24 Lamster, Man in the Glass House, chap. 5, iBooks.
25 Ibid.
26 Ibid.
27 Ibid.
28 Ibid.
29 Ibid.
30 Ibid.
31 Ibid., chap. 7.
32 Ibid.
33 Ibid.
34 Ibid.
35 Ibid.
36 Ibid.
37 Joan Ockman, ‘The Figurehead: On Monumentality and Nihilism in Philip Johnson’s Life and Work’, in Philip Johnson: The Constancy of Change, ed. Emmanuel Petit (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2009), 88–9.
38 Kazys Varnelis, ed., The Philip Johnson Tapes: Interviews by Robert A.M. Stern (New York: The Monacelli Press, 2008).
39 Charles Kaiser, The Gay Metropolis: The Landmark History of Gay Life in America (New York: Grove Press, 2007), 213.
40 Ibid., 214.
41 Ibid., 213.
42 Emmanuel Petit, introduction to Philip Johnson: The Constancy of Change, 2.
43 Nikil Saval, ‘Philip Johnson, the Man Who Made Architecture Amoral’, New Yorker, 12 December 2018.
44 Petit, introduction to Philip Johnson, 2.
45 Paul Goldberger, ‘A Major Monument of Post-modernism’, New York Times, 31 March 1978.
46 Philip Johnson, ‘Re-Building’, New York Times, 28 December 1978.
47 Ibid.
48 John W Cook and Heinrich Klotz, Conversations with Architects (New York: Holt Rinehart & Winston, 1975), 35.
49 Ibid., 36.
50 Ibid., 36.
51 Lamster, Man In The Glass House, chap. 13, iBooks.
52 ‘The Architect Who Flirted With Fascism’, Deutsche Welle, 28 January 2005.
53 Lamster, Man in the Glass House, chap. 17, iBooks.
54 Herbert Muschamp, ‘Architecture Review; Philip Johnson Geometry in an Advertising Wrapper,’ New York Times, 5 March 1998.
55 Johnson Study Group, ‘Open Letter’, 27 November 2020.
56 Alex Greenberger, ‘MoMA’s Philip Johnson Problem: How to Address the Architect’s Legacy?’, ARTnews (blog), 25 March 2021.
57 Lamster, The Man In The Glass House, prologue, iBooks.
58 Ibid.
59 Paul Goldberger, ‘Obituary: Philip Johnson, 98, a Monumental Force on US Architectural Scene’, New York Times, 27 January 2005.
13. Ronnie Kray
1 John Pearson, The Profession of Violence: The Rise and Fall of the Kray Twins (London: William Collins, 2015), 20.
2 Ibid., 22.
3 Reg Kray and Ron Kray with Fred Dinenage, Our Story (London: Pan, 1989), 3.
4 Ibid., 5.
5 Ibid., 3.
6 Fergus Linnane, London’s Underworld: Three Centuries of Vice and Crime (London: Robson, 2004), 116.
7 Ibid., 120.
8 Matt Houlbrook, Queer London: Perils and Pleasures in the Sexual Metropolis, 1918–1957 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005), 88.
9 Pearson, The Profession of Violence, 33.
10 Kray and Kray, Our Story, 22.
11 Ibid., 25.
12 Pearson, The Profession of Violence, 104.
13 Ibid., 77.
14 Ibid., 81.
15 Kray and Kray, Our Story, 28.
16 Ibid., 29.
17 Ibid., 31.
18 Ibid., 34.
19 Pearson, The Profession of Violence, 153.
20 Brian Lewis, Wolfenden’s Witnesses: Homosexuality in Postwar Britain (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016), 271.
21 Ibid., 275.
22 Houlbrook, Queer London, 36.
23 Tom Driberg, Ruling Passions (London; New York: Quartet Books, 1978), 145.
24 Francis Wheen, The Soul of Indiscretion: Tom Driberg – Poet, Philanderer, Legislator and Outlaw (London: Fourth Estate, 1990), 191.
25 Driberg, Ruling Passions, 143.
26 Wheen, The Soul of Indiscretion, 350.
27 Pearson, The Profession of Violence, 197.
28 Wheen, The Soul of Indiscretion, 350.
29 Ibid., 350.
30 Cahal Milmo, ‘Ronnie Kray’s Association with Tory Peer and Fellow “Hunter of Young Men” Led to MI5 Investigation and Government Panic’, Independent, 23 October 2015.
31 Pearson, The Profession of Violence, 201.
32 Ron Kray, My Story (London: Pan, 1993), 45.
33 Pearson, The Profession of Violence, 164.
34 John Pearson, Notorious: The Immortal Legend of the Kray Twins (London: Random House, 2011), 51.
14. Pim Fortuyn
1 ‘United in Anger’ is the name of Jim Hubbard’s excellent documentary. United in Anger: A History of ACT UP, directed by Jim Hubbard (New York: New York State Council on the Arts and the Ford Foundation, 2012).
2 Sarah Schulman, Let the Record Show: A Political History of ACT UP New York, 1987–1993 (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2021), 191.
3 Ibid., xxii.
4 Ibid., 345.
5 Ibid., 498.
6 Huub Dijstelbloem, ‘Missing in Action: Inclusion and Exclusion in the First Days of AIDS in the Netherlands’, Sociology of Health and Illness 36, no. 8 (2014): 1156–70.
7 Benjamin H Shepard, ‘The Queer/Gay Assimilationist Split: The Suits vs. the Sluts’, Monthly Review 53, no. 1 (2001).
8 David J. Bos, ‘ “Equal Rites before the Law”: Religious Celebrations of Same- Sex Relationships in the Netherlands, 1960s–1990s’, Theology and Sexuality 23, no. 3 (2017): 188–208.
9 Ibid.
10 Andrew D. J. Shield, ‘The Legacies of the Stonewall Riots in Denmark and the Netherlands’, History Workshop Journal 89 (2020): 193–206.
11 Nathaniel Frank, Awakening: How Gays and Lesbians Brought Marriage Equality to America (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2017), 140.
12 Ibid., 359.
13 Merijn Oudenampsen, The Rise of the Dutch New Right: An Intellectual History of the Rightward Shift in Dutch Politics (Abingdon, Oxon, UK: Routledge, 2020), 115.
14 Andrew Osborn, ‘Dutch Fall for Gay Mr Right’, Observer, 14 April 2002.
15 Andrew D. J. Shield, Immigrants in the Sexual Revolution: Perceptions and Participation in Northwest Europe (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2017), 14.
16 Ibid., 15.
17 Ibid., 73–4, 151.
18 Gloria Wekker, White Innocence: Paradoxes of Colonialism and Race (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2016), 112–13.
19 Ibid., 114.
20 Elizabeth Kolbert, ‘Beyond Tolerance – What Did the Dutch See in Pim Fortuyn?,” New Yorker, 1 September 2002.
21 Shield, Immigrants in the Sexual Revolution, 249.
22 Wekker, White Innocence, 119.
23 Jasbir K. Puar, Terrorist Assemblages: Homonationalism in Queer Times (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2007), xi.
24 Wekker, White Innocence, 128.
25 Shield, Immigrants in the Sexual Revolution, 248.
26 Paul van de Laar and Arie van der Schoor, ‘Rotterdam’s Super-diversity from a Historical Perspective (1600–1980)’, in Coming to Terms with Superdiversity: The Case of Rotterdam, ed. Peter Scholten, Maurice Crul, and Paul van de Laar (Cham, Switzerland: Springer International Publishing, 2019), 21–55.
27 Ibid.
28 Ibid.
29 Oudenampsen, The Rise of the Dutch New Right, 117–18.
30 Stefan Dudink, ‘A Queer Nodal Point: Homosexuality in Dutch Debates on Islam and Multiculturalism’, Sexualities 20, no. 1–2 (2017): 3–23.
31 Julien van Ostaaijen, ‘Local Politics, Populism and Pim Fortuyn in Rotterdam’, in Coming to Terms with Superdiversity: The Case of Rotterdam, ed. Peter Scholten, Maurice Crul, and Paul van de Laar, IMISCOE Research Series (Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019), 87–106.
32 Wekker, White Innocence, 128.
33 Kolbert, ‘Beyond Tolerance’.
34 Van Ostaaijen, ‘Local Politics, Populism, and Pim Fortuyn in Rotterdam’.
35 Wekker, White Innocence, 142.
36 Ibid., 143.
37 Kolbert, ‘Beyond Tolerance’.
38 Wekker, White Innocence, 143.
39 Ibid., 141, 144.
40 Ibid., 152.
41 Oudenampsen, The Rise of the Dutch New Right, 2.
42 Frank Poorthuis en Hans Wansink, ‘Pim Fortuyn op herhaling: “De islam is een achterlijke cultuur” ‘, de Volkskrant, 5 May 2012.
43 ‘CDA wordt volgens peilingen tweede partij van Nederland’, Trouw, 2 March 2002.
44 Kolbert, ‘Beyond Tolerance’.
45 Ibid.
46 Ibid.
47 James Loeffler, ‘The Problem With the “Judeo-ChristianTradition” ‘, Atlantic, 1 August 2020.
48 Simon Coss, ‘Profile – Gay Right Activist: Pim Fortuyn’, Politico, 1 May 2002,.
49 Coss, ‘Gay Right Activist’.
50 Oudenampsen, The Rise of the Dutch New Right, 149.
51 ‘Österreich: Toter Haider gewinnt Prozess zu seinem Sex-Leben’, OTS.at, 18 November 2009.
52 Coss, ‘Gay Rights Activist’.
53 Kirsty Lang, ‘Obituary: Pim Fortuyn’, Guardian, 7 May 2002.
54 Marlise Simons, ‘Rightist Candidate in Netherlands Is Slain, and the Nation Is Stunned’, New York Times, 7 May 2002.
55 Kolbert, ‘Beyond Tolerance’.
56 Simons, ‘Rightist Candidate in Netherlands Is Slain’.
57 Peter Jan Margry, ‘The Murder of Pim Fortuyn and Collective Emotions Hype, Hysteria and Holiness in The Netherlands?’, Etnofoor 16, no. 2 (2003): 110.
58 Ibid., 118.
59 Ibid., 124.
60 Wekker, White Innocence, 114.
61 Shield, Immigrants in the Sexual Revolution, 2.
62 Tjitske Akkerman, ‘Anti-immigration Parties and the Defence of Liberal Values: The Exceptional Case of the List Pim Fortuyn’, Journal of Political Ideologies 10, no. 3 (2005): 337–54.
63 Wouter Bos, ‘Europe’s Social Democrats, Solidarity and Muslim Immigration’, The Globalist (blog), 9 December 2005, theglobalist.com.
64 Nicholas Watt, ‘Dutch Recover Their Courage’, Guardian, 22 November 2006.
65 Wekker, White Innocence, 115.
66 Marijn Niewenhuis, ‘The Netherlands’ Disgrace: Racism and Police Brutality’, openDemocracy, 23 July 2015.
67 Ibid.
68 Ibid.
69 Leoni Schenk, ‘Five Years after Mitch Henriquez: “Officers Are Still Barely Prosecuted” ‘, Caribbean Network, 17 June 2020, caribbeannetwork.ntr.nl.
70 ‘End of Mission Statement of the Special Rapporteur on Contemporary Forms of Racism, Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia and Related Intolerance at the Conclusion of Her Mission to the Kingdom of the Netherlands, The Hague’, United Nations Office of the High Commissioner on Human Rights, 7 October 2019, ohchr.org.
71 Andrew Osborn, ‘ “I Shot Fortuyn for Dutch Muslims”, Says Accused,’ Guardian, 28 March 2003.
Conclusion
1 See Roderick A. Ferguson, One-DimensionalQueer (Medford, MA: Polity, 2019).
2 Foucault, ‘Friendship as a Way of Life’, Caring Labor: An Archive, 18 November 2010.
3 These essays are collected in Allan Bérubé, My Desire for History: Essays in Gay, Community, and Labor History, eds John D’Emilio and Estelle B. Freedman (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2011).
4 Leslie Feinberg, ‘Street Transvestite Action Revolutionaries’, Worker’s World, 24 September 2006, workers.org.
5 See Tiffany N. Florvil, Mobilizing Black Germany: Afro-German Women and the Making of a Transnational Movement (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2020).
6 Larry Mitchell, The Faggots and Their Friends between Revolutions (Ithaca, N.Y: Calamus Books, 1977), 3.
7 Ibid., 110.