The following sources and references are cited by chapter, with each entry referring back to the author and his or her book within that particular chapter. Unless otherwise indicated entries refer to the author's most recently cited work. To save unnecessary repetition book titles have been condensed after their first appearance. All titles are given in full in the Bibliography. As regards archive material, the following abbreviations have been used:
| BL | – | Bodleian Library, Oxford |
| DTC | – | Dawson Turner Collection, Natural History Museum, London |
| MHS | – | Museum of the History of Science, Oxford |
| PRO | – | Public Records Office, Kew |
| RBG | – | Royal Botanic Gardens Library and Archives, Kew |
| RGS | – | Royal Geographical Society Archives, London |
| RS | – | Royal Society Archives, London |
| SAR | – | Somerset Archive and Record Service, Taunton |
| SPRI | – | Scott Polar Research Institute, Cambridge. |
1 J. H. Tuckey, Narrative of an Expedition to Explore the River Zaire (John Murray, London, 1818), p. ii.
2 J. Barrow, Autobiographical Memoir (John Murray, London, 1847), p. 10.
3 G. Lloyd, Mr. Barrow of the Admiralty (Collins, London, 1970), cited p. 42.
4 Barrow, op. cit., p. 172.
5 Ibid., p. 261.
6 Ibid., p. 489.
7 Ibid., p. 490.
8 Ibid., p. 191.
9 Ibid., p. 504.
10 Ibid.
11 Ibid., p. 505.
12 Ibid., p. 504.
13 Ibid.
14 Ibid., p. 496.
15 Ibid., p. 504.
16 Lloyd, op. cit., cited p. 155.
17 J. Barrow, Sketches of the Royal Society & Royal Society Club (John Murray, London, 1849), cited p. 40.
18 Fraser's Magazine, March 1831.
19 Lloyd, op. cit., cited p. 87.
20 Ibid.
21 Ibid., cited p. 88.
22 Barrow, op. cit., p. 455.
2 Death on the Congo
1 J. G. Jackson, An Account of the Empire of Marocco … and an Interesting Account of Timbuctoo, the Great Emporium of Central Africa (Bulmer, London, 1814), p. 296.
2 Ibid., p. 303.
3 Ibid., p. 314.
4 M. Mackay, The Indomitable Servant (Rex Collings, London, 1978), cited p. 6.
5 M. Park, Travels in the Interior Districts of Africa performed under the direction and patronage of the African Association in the years 1795, 1796 and 1797 (Bulmer, London, 1799), p. 195.
6 J. H. Tuckey, Narrative …, op. cit., p. xx.
7 Ibid., p. lvii.
8 J. Barrow, Autobiographical Memoir, op. cit., p. 395.
9 Ibid.
10 Tuckey, op. cit., p. v.
11 DTC – Banks to Barrow, 12 August 1815.
12 Ibid.
13 C. Lloyd, Mr. Barrow of the Admiralty, op. cit., cited p. 116.
14 Tuckey, op. cit., p. xxv.
15 Lloyd, op. cit., cited p. 117.
16 Ibid., cited p. 118.
17 Ibid.
18 Tuckey, op. cit., p. xxvii.
19 Ibid., p. xxvi.
20 Ibid., p. xxxii.
21 Ibid.
22 Ibid.
23 Ibid., p. xxxiii.
24 Ibid., p. xxxix.
25 Ibid., p. xxxvii.
26 Ibid., p. 229.
27 Ibid., p. lxxvi.
28 Lloyd, op. cit., cited p. 119.
29 Tuckey, op. cit., p. xxxi.
30 Ibid., p. 52.
31 Ibid., p. 18.
32 Ibid., p. 147.
33 Ibid., p. 139.
34 Ibid., p. 149.
35 Ibid., p. 214.
36 Ibid.
37 Ibid.
38 Ibid., p. 222.
39 Ibid., p. 223.
40 Ibid., p. lxii.
41 Ibid., p. xlii.
42 Ibid.
43 Ibid., p. 225.
3 The Mirage of Lancaster Sound
1 A. Parry, Parry of the Arctic (Chatto & Windus, London, 1963), cited p. 29.
2 Ibid.
3 DTC – Scoresby to Banks, 2 October 1817.
4 E. S. Dodge, The Polar Rosses (Faber and Faber, London, 1973), cited p. 35.
5 Dictionary of National Biography, Vol. XVII (Oxford University Press, 1917), p. 945.
6 DTC – Scoresby to Banks, 2 October 1817.
7 T. and C. Stamp, William Scoresby, Arctic Scientist (Caedmon, Whitby, 1976), cited p. 66.
8 Ibid., cited p. 67.
9 DTC – Scoresby to Banks, 25 November 1817.
10 Stamp, op. cit., cited p. 68.
11 Ibid.
12 Ibid.
13 Dodge, op. cit., cited p. 41.
14 John Ross, A Voyage of Discovery … for the purpose of Exploring Baffin's Bay and inquiring into the probability of a North-West Passage (John Murray, London, 1819), p. 1.
15 A. Parry, op. cit., cited p. 30.
16 Ibid., cited p. 9.
17 E. Parry, Memoirs of Rear-Admiral Sir W. Edward Parry (Longman, London, 1859), cited p. 52.
18 Ross, op. cit., p. iv.
19 E. Parry, op. cit., cited p. 83.
20 Ross, op. cit., p. 30.
21 Ibid., p. 58.
22 A. Parry, op. cit., cited p. 35.
23 Ross, op. cit., p. 70.
24 Ibid., p. 77.
25 Ibid., p. 80.
26 Ibid., p. 83.
27 Ibid., p. 89.
28 Ibid., p. 95.
29 Ibid., p. 110.
30 Ibid., p. 123.
31 D. Smith, Arctic Expeditions, British and Foreign (Fullarton, Edinburgh, 1880), p. 95.
32 Ross, op. cit., p. 157.
33 Ibid., pp. 172-5.
34 Smith, op. cit., p. 100.
35 RGS – Ross to Adams, 9 July 1818.
36 Ross, op. cit., p. 143.
4 Buchan's Retreat
1 F. Beechey, A Voyage of Discovery towards the North Pole (John Murray, London, 1843), p. 145.
2 E. Parry, Memoirs … Sir W. Edward Parry, op. cit., cited pp. 95-6.
3 Ibid.
4 J. Ross, Observations on a work entitled ‘Voyages of Discovery and Research within the Arctic Regions’ written by Sir John Barrow (William Blackwood, London, 1846), p. 9.
5 P. Berton, The Arctic Grail (Viking, New York, 1988), cited p. 32.
6 Quarterly Review, Vol. XXI, No. XLI, Article XI.
7 E. S. Dodge, The Polar Rosses, op. cit., cited p. 85.
8 Ibid., cited p. 86.
9 Quarterly Review, Vol. XXI, No. XLI, Article XI.
10 Dodge, op. cit., cited p. 77.
11 J. Ross, op. cit., p. 184.
12 Dodge, op. cit., cited p. 79.
13 Ibid., pp. 90-1.
5 Furthest West
1 J. Barrow, Voyages of Discovery and Research within the Arctic Regions (John Murray, London, 1846), p. 50.
2 Ibid., p. 77.
3 W. E. Parry, Journal of a Voyage … in the years 1819-1820 (John Murray, London, 1821), p. iv.
4 A. Parry, Parry of the Arctic, op. cit., cited p. 47.
5 P. Berton, The Arctic Grail, op. cit., cited p. 36.
6 A. Parry, op. cit., p. 48.
7 Ibid., cited p. 46.
8 Ibid.
9 W. E. Parry, op. cit., p. 31.
10 Berton, op. cit., cited p. 38.
11 W. E. Parry, op. cit., p. 34.
12 A. Fisher, A Journal of a Voyage of Discovery to the Arctic Regions … in the years 1819 and 1820 (Longman, London, 1821), p. 68.
13 Berton, op. cit., cited p. 39.
14 W. E. Parry, op. cit., p. 35.
15 Ibid., p. 38.
16 Ibid., p. 41.
17 Ibid., p. 51.
18 Ibid., p. 61.
19 Ibid., p. 38.
20 Fisher, op. cit., p. 114.
21 W. E. Parry, op. cit., p. 75.
22 Ibid., p. 162.
23 A. Parry, op. cit., cited p. 55.
24 W. E. Parry, op. cit., p. 97.
25 A. Parry, op. cit., cited p. 55.
26 W. E. Parry, op. cit., p. 52.
27 Ibid.
6 Winter at Melville Island
1 W. E. Parry, Journal of a Voyage … in the years 1819-1820, op. cit., p. 73.
2 Ibid., p. 101.
3 Ibid., p. 126.
4 Ibid., p. 105.
5 Ibid.
6 Ibid.
7 A. Parry, Parry of the Arctic, op. cit., cited p. 58.
8 Ibid.
9 W. E. Parry, op. cit., p. 110.
10 Ibid., p. 108.
11 Ibid., p. 109.
12 Ibid., p. 108.
13 Ibid., p. 145.
14 Ibid., p. 115.
15 Ibid., p. 106.
16 A. Parry, op. cit., cited p. 60.
17 W. E. Parry, op. cit., p. 124.
18 A. Parry, op. cit., cited p. 61.
19 W. E. Parry, op. cit., p. 134.
20 Ibid.
21 A. Parry, op. cit., cited p. 63.
22 Ibid., cited p. 62.
23 W. E. Parry, op. cit., p. 133.
24 A. Parry, op. cit., cited p. 63.
25 W. E. Parry, op. cit., p. 175.
26 Ibid., p. 179.
27 Ibid., p. 188.
28 Ibid., p. 199.
29 Ibid., p. 220.
30 A. Parry, op. cit., cited p. 67.
31 W. E. Parry, op. cit., p. 97.
32 Ibid., p. 255.
33 Ibid., p. 241.
34 A. Parry, op. cit., cited p. 68.
35 Ibid., cited p. 69.
36 E. Parry, Memoirs …, op. cit., cited p. 130.
37 A. Parry, op. cit., cited p. 74.
38 J. Barrow, Voyages …, op. cit., p. 119.
39 E. Parry, op. cit., cited p. 115.
40 W. E. Parry, op. cit., p. 296.
41 Ibid.
42 Ibid.
43 A. Parry, op. cit., cited p. 72.
44 Ibid., cited p. 73.
45 E. Parry, op. cit., cited p. 134.
46 A. Parry, op. cit., cited p. 72.
47 E. Sabine (ed.), North Georgia Gazette and Winter Chronicle (John Murray, London, 1821), p. 47, No. VIII, 20 December 1819.
7 Vice-Consuls of Murzouk
1 PRO – CO.9 Ritchie to Goulburn, 20 April 1818.
2 PRO – CO.9 Ritchie to Goulburn, 18 April 1818.
3 Ibid.
4 Ibid.
5 SAR – DD/Hl/553 Lyon to Bayntum, 23 December 1815.
6 SAR – DD/Hl/553 Lyon to Bayntum, 23 December 1829.
7 PRO – CO.9 Ritchie to Goulburn, 30 September 1818.
8 Ibid.
9 PRO – CO.9 Ritchie to Goulburn, 28 October 1818.
10 PRO – CO.9 Penrose to Warrington, 24 September 1818.
11 PRO – CO.9 Unknown to Goulburn, 15 July 1819.
12 PRO – CO.9 Ritchie to Bathurst, 28 October 1818.
13 Ibid.
14 Ibid.
15 PRO – CO.9 Ritchie to Bathurst, 24 March 1819.
16 Ibid.
17 Ibid.
18 G. Lyon, A Narrative of Travels in Northern Africa in the years 1818, 19 and 20 (John Murray, London, 1821), p. 3.
19 Ibid., p. 90.
20 PRO – CO.9 Unsigned and undated memo.
21 Lyon, op. cit., p. 118.
22 Ibid., p. 117.
23 Ibid., p. 195.
24 PRO – CO.9 Lyon to Bathurst, 26 March 1820.
25 Lyon, op. cit., p. 347.
26 Ibid.
27 Ibid., p. 318.
28 PRO – CO.9 Lyon to Bathurst, 26 March 1820.
29 Lyon, op. cit., p. 148.
30 Ibid., pp. 199-200.
31 PRO – CO.9 Lyon Snr. to Bathurst, 5 September 1820.
32 Ibid.
33 Ibid.
34 Ibid.
35 Ibid. Note on reverse of the letter.
36 PRO – CO.9 Lyon to Bathurst, 6 November 1820.
37 Ibid.
8 Failure at Foxe Basin
1 E. Parry, Memoirs of Sir W. Edward Parry, op. cit., cited p. 122.
2 W. E. Parry, Journal of a Voyage… in the years 1819-20, op. cit., p. vi.
3 Ibid., p. viii.
4 Ibid., p. i.
5 Ibid., p. xxiii.
6 G. F. Lyon, Private Journal During the Recent Voyage of Discovery Under Captain Parry (John Murray, London, 1824), p. 3.
7 W. E. Parry, op. cit., p. 6.
8 Lyon, op. cit., p. 9.
9 W. E. Parry, op. cit., p. 15.
10 Ibid.
11 Lyon, op. cit., p. 26.
12 Ibid., p. 29.
13 Ibid., p. 55.
14 Ibid., p. 88.
15 Ibid., p. 98.
16 W. E. Parry, op. cit., p. xviii.
17 Ibid., p. 101.
18 Lyon, op. cit., p. 111.
19 Ibid., p. 119.
20 Ibid., p. 121.
21 Ibid., p. 149.
22 W. E. Parry, op. cit., p. 185.
23 Ibid., p. 187.
24 Lyon, op. cit., p. 168.
25 Ibid.
26 Lyon, op. cit., p. 179.
27 Ibid., p. 125.
28 Ibid., p. 242.
29 W. E. Parry, op. cit., p. 290.
30 Lyon, op. cit., p. 250.
31 W. E. Parry, op. cit., p. 290.
32 Ibid.
33 W. E. Parry, op. cit., p. 291.
34 Lyon, op. cit., p. 131.
35 SAR – Lyon to Bayntum, undated.
36 W. E. Parry, op. cit., p. 372.
37 Ibid., p. 371.
38 Ibid., p. 174.
39 Lyon, op. cit., p. 179.
40 Ibid., p. 397.
41 W. E. Parry, op. cit., p. 463.
42 Ibid., p. 470.
43 Ibid., p. 472.
44 Ibid., p. xvii.
45 SAR – DD/H1/553 Lyon to Bayntum, 31 October 1823.
46 P. Berton, The Arctic Grail, op. cit., cited p. 50.
47 Ibid.
48 SAR – DD/H 1/553 Lyon to Bayntum, undated.
49 SAR – DD/H 1/553 Lyon to Bayntum, 31 October 1823.
9 The Man Who Ate His Boots
1 G. Lamb, Franklin, Happy Voyager (Ernest Benn, London, 1956), cited p. 56.
2 J. McIlraith, Life of Sir John Richardson (Longman, London, 1868), p. 64.
3 Ibid.
4 J. Franklin, Narrative of a Journey to the shores of the Polar Sea in the years 1819-22 (John Murray, London, 1823), p. 2.
5 Ibid., p. 3.
6 Ibid., p. 6.
7 R. Hood, To the Arctic By Canoe, 1819-21 (McGill-Queen's University Press, Montreal, 1974), p. 61.
8 Franklin, op. cit., p. 140.
9 McIlraith, op. cit., p. 81.
10 E. Rich (ed.), Colin Robertson's Correspondence Book (The Champlain Society, Toronto, 1939), p. 116.
11 Franklin, op. cit., p. 201.
12 Ibid., p. 202.
13 Ibid., p. 251.
14 E. Rich (ed.), Simpson's Athabasca Journal (The Champlain Society, London, 1938), p. 261.
15 Franklin, op. cit., p. 217.
16 J. Richardson, Arctic Ordeal. The Journal of John Richardson … 1820-1822 (McGill-Queen's University Press, Montreal, 1984), p. xxviii.
17 Rich, op. cit., p. 314.
18 Ibid., p. 243.
19 Ibid., p. 261.
20 Franklin, op. cit., p. 296.
21 Ibid., p. 346.
22 Ibid., p. 345.
23 Richardson, op. cit., p. 84.
24 Ibid., p. 83.
25 Franklin, op. cit., p. 384.
26 Richardson, op. cit., p. 129.
27 Ibid., p. 134.
28 Ibid., p. 146.
29 Ibid., p. 138.
30 Ibid., p. 141.
31 Ibid., p. 140.
32 Ibid.
33 Franklin, op. cit., p. 424.
34 Ibid.
35 Richardson, op. cit., p. 144.
36 Ibid.
37 Franklin, op. cit., p. 428.
38 Richardson, op. cit., p. 146.
39 Franklin, op. cit., p. 431.
40 Ibid., p. 436.
41 Ibid., p. 438.
42 Ibid., p. 439.
43 Ibid., p. 445.
44 Richardson, op. cit., p. 149.
45 Ibid., p. 154.
46 Ibid., p. 156.
47 Ibid.
48 Ibid., p. 157.
49 Franklin, op. cit., p. 461.
50 Ibid.
51 Ibid.
52 Richardson, op. cit., p. 197.
53 Ibid., p. 162.
54 Ibid., p. 163.
55 Franklin, op. cit., p. 466.
56 Ibid.
57 Richardson, op. cit., p. 165.
58 McIlraith, op. cit., p. 112.
59 Franklin, op. cit., p. 468.
60 L. Masson, Les Bourgeois de la Compagnie de Nord-Ouest, Vol. I (Quebec, 1889), pp. 148-9.
61 Ibid.
62 Franklin, op. cit., p. 474.
63 H. Fleming (ed.), Minutes of Council, Northern Department of Rupert Land, 1821-31 (The Champlain Society, Toronto, 1940), p. 341.
64 P. Berton, The Arctic Grail, op. cit., cited p. 74.
10 Lyon's Departure
1 SPRI – MS 248/452 Parry to Franklin, 23 October 1823.
2 A. Parry, Parry of the Arctic, op. cit., cited p. 85.
3 Ibid., p. 83.
4 SAR – DD/H1/553 Lyon to Bayntum, 31 October 1823.
5 A. Parry, op. cit., cited p. 85.
6 Ibid., cited p. 84.
7 Ibid.
8 Ibid., cited p. 85.
9 W. E. Parry, Journal of a Second Voyage for the Discovery of a North-West Passage . . . in the years 1821-23 (John Murray, London, 1824), p. 491.
10 Ibid., p. 489.
11 A. Parry, op. cit., cited p. 86.
12 F. Woodward, Portrait of Jane: A Life of Lady Franklin (Hodder & Stoughton, London, 1951), cited p. 155.
13 Ibid.
14 Ibid.
15 Ibid.
16 Ibid.
17 Ibid.
18 RGS – Eleanor Porden to Franklin's sister Betsy, 11 May 1824.
19 W. E. Parry, Journal of a Third Voyage for the Discovery of a North-West Passage… in the years 1824-25 (John Murray, London, 1826), p. 50.
20 E. Parry, Memoirs … W. Edward Parry, op. cit., cited p. 192.
21 W. E. Parry, op. cit., p. 40.
22 A. Parry, op. cit., cited p. 91.
23 W. E. Parry, op. cit., p. 147.
24 P. Berton, The Arctic Grail, op. cit., cited p. 88.
25 Ibid.
26 A. Parry, op. cit., cited p. 94.
27 SAR – DD/H1/553 Lyon to Bayntum, 23 December 1829.
28 G. F. Lyon, A Brief Narrative of an Unsuccessful Attempt to Reach Repulse Bay (John Murray, London, 1825), p. 20.
29 Ibid., p. 11.
30 Ibid., p. 26.
31 Ibid., p. 27.
32 Ibid., p. 33.
33 Ibid., p. 34.
34 Ibid., p. 43.
35 Ibid., p. 69.
36 Ibid., p. 77.
37 Ibid., p. 78.
38 Ibid., p. 79.
39 Ibid.
40 Ibid.
41 Ibid., p. 81.
42 Ibid., p. 82.
43 Ibid., p. 99.
44 Ibid., p. 100.
45 Ibid., p. 101.
46 Ibid., p. 102.
47 Ibid., p. 104.
48 Ibid., p. 105.
49 Ibid., p. 136.
50 Ibid., p. 139.
51 Ibid., p. 143.
52 Ibid., p. 144.
53 A. Parry, op. cit., cited p. 95.
54 Ibid.
55 Berton, op. cit., cited p. 91.
56 A. Parry, op. cit., cited p. 86.
57 SAR – DD/H1/553 Lyon to Bayntum, 14 February (no year given).
58 Berton, op. cit., cited pp. 89-90.
59 G. Lamb, Franklin, Happy Voyager (Ernest Benn, London, 1956), cited p. 128.
60 Ibid., cited p. 129.
61 Woodward, op. cit., cited p. 157.
62 Lamb, op. cit., cited p. 134.
63 Ibid.
64 Ibid.
65 Ibid., cited p. 135.
66 Ibid., cited p. 137.
67 Ibid., cited p. 142.
68 J. Franklin, Narrative of a Second Expedition to the shores of the Polar Sea in the years 1825,1826 and 1827 (John Murray, London, 1828), p. 162.
11 Squabbles in the Sahara
1 DTC – Barrow to Banks, 8 October 1817.
2 PRO – CO.2/20 Laing to Warrington, 3 August 1825.
3 PRO – CO.2/14 Oudney to Barrow, 23 May 1821.
4 G. Lloyd, The Search for the Niger (Collins, London, 1973), cited p. 79.
5 RGS – Oudney to Barrow, 24 January 1822.
6 Ibid.
7 RGS – Beechey to Barrow, 4 November 1821.
8 Ibid.
9 Ibid.
10 Ibid.
11 D. Denham, H. Clapperton and W. Oudney, A Narrative of Travels and Discoveries in northern and central Africa in the years 1822,1823 and 1824, Vol. I (John Murray, London, 1828), p. 14.
12 Ibid.
13 Ibid.
14 Ibid., p. 63.
15 RGS – Oudney to Barrow, 24 January 1822.
16 Lloyd, op. cit., cited pp. 80-1.
17 Denham, op. cit., p. 116.
18 RGS – Clapperton to Barrow, 4 June 1822.
19 RGS – Clapperton to Barrow, 19 September 1822.
20 Lloyd, op. cit., cited p. 82.
21 Denham, op. cit., p. 93.
22 Ibid., p. 111.
23 Ibid., p. 49.
24 Ibid., cited p. 81.
25 RGS – Oudney to Barrow, 4 November 1822.
26 Ibid.
27 Ibid.
28 Ibid.
29 Ibid.
30 Denham, op. cit., p. 131.
31 Ibid., p. 128.
32 Ibid., p. 131.
33 Ibid., p. 128.
34 Ibid., p. 52.
35 Ibid., p. 123.
36 PRO – CO.2/13 Denham to Bathurst, 20 February 1823.
37 PRO – CO.2/13 Clapperton to Denham, 1 January 1823.
38 Denham, op. cit., p. 36.
39 Lloyd, op. cit., cited p. 85.
40 Ibid.
41 RGS – Oudney to Barrow, 12 July 1823.
42 Denham, op. cit., p. 182.
43 Ibid.
44 Ibid., p. 183.
45 Ibid., p. 208.
46 Ibid.
47 Ibid., p. 212.
48 Ibid., p. 215.
49 Ibid., p. 265.
50 Ibid., p. 280.
51 Ibid., p. 287.
52 Ibid., p. 279.
53 Ibid., p. 298.
54 Ibid., p. 286.
55 Ibid., p. 284.
56 Ibid., p. 218.
57 Ibid., p. 324.
58 PRO – CO.2/13 Warrington to Denham, 31 July 1823.
59 Denham, op. cit., p. 204.
60 Quarterly Review, Vol. XXIX, No. LVIII, Article XI.
61 Denham, op. cit., p. 401.
62 Denham, op. cit., Vol. II, p. 28.
63 Ibid., p. 76.
64 Denham, op. cit., Vol. I, p. 425.
65 Ibid., p. 471.
66 Denham, op. cit., Vol. II, p. 228.
67 Ibid., p. 256.
68 Ibid., p. 265.
69 Ibid., p. 266.
70 Ibid., p. 289.
71 Ibid., p. 318.
72 Ibid., p. 319.
73 Ibid., p. 340.
74 Ibid., p. 270.
75 Ibid., p. 360.
76 Ibid., p. 84.
77 Edinburgh Review, Vol. XLIV, No. LXXXVI, Article VI.
78 Quarterly Review, Vol. XXXII, No. LXVI, Article XI.
79 Quarterly Review, Vol. XXIX, No. LVIII, Article XI.
80 PRO – CO.2/14 Letter from Barrow, 11 November 1823.
81 J. Barrow, The Mutiny and Piratical Seizure of HMS Bounty (William Tegg, London, 1876)., p. 292.
82 Ibid.
83 Denham, op. cit., Vol. II, p. 203.
84 G. Lloyd, Mr. Barrow of the Admiralty (Collins, London, 1970), cited p. 122.
85 Denham, op. cit., Vol. II, p. 203.
86 PRO – CO.392/1 Correspondents’ names illegible, 21 June 1825.
12 The Madman of Timbuctoo
1 G. Gardner, The Quest for Timbuctoo (Cassell, London, 1969), cited p. 47.
2 C. Lloyd, Mr. Barrow of the Admiralty, op. cit., cited p. 122.
3 Ibid.
4 PRO – CO.2/15 Turner to Bathurst, 9 April 1825.
5 Ibid.
6 Ibid.
7 RS – 374 (La.) Undated draft letter from Laing.
8 Gardner, op. cit., cited p. 53.
9 PRO – CO.2/15 Laing to Bathurst, undated.
10 PRO – CO.2/20 Laing to Warrington, 29 March 1826.
11 RS – 374 (La.) Laing to Bandinell, 3 May 1825.
12 PRO – CO.2/20 Laing to Warrington, 5 October 1825.
13 PRO – CO.2/20 Laing to Warrington, 1 July 1826.
14 RS – 374 (La.) Laing to Bandinell, May 1825.
15 RS – 374 (La.) Laing to Bandinell, 24 May 1825.
16 Gardner, op. cit., cited p. 62.
17 PRO – CO.2/15 Laing to Bathurst, 24 May 1825.
18 Ibid.
19 PRO – CO.2/15 Laing to Bathurst, 18 July 1825.
20 Gardner, op. cit., cited p. 64.
21 RS – 374 (La.) Laing to Bandinell, 7 June 1825.
22 Gardner, op. cit., cited p. 64.
23 Ibid., cited p. 66.
24 PRO – CO.2/20 Laing to Warrington, 3 August 1825.
25 PRO – CO.2/20 Laing to Warrington, 5 October 1825.
26 PRO – CO.2/20 Laing to Warrington, 30 August 1825.
27 PRO – CO 2./20 Laing to Warrington, 24 July 1825.
28 RS – 374 (La.) Laing to Sabine, 29 July 1825.
29 PRO – CO 2./2O Laing to Warrington, 3 August 1825.
30 RS – 374 (La.) Laing to Bandinell, undated.
31 PRO – CO.2/20 Laing to Warrington, undated.
32 PRO – CO.2/20 Laing to Warrington, 5 October 1825.
33 PRO – CO.2/20 Laing to Warrington, 3 August 1825.
34 PRO – CO.2/20 Laing to Warrington, 29 September 1825.
35 PRO – CO.2/20 Laing to Warrington, 29 April 1825.
36 RS – 374 (La.) Warrington to Laing, 22 November 1825.
37 PRO – CO.2/20 Laing to Warrington, 27 September 1825.
38 RS – 374 (La.) Warrington to Laing, 22 November 1825.
39 PRO – CO.2/20 Laing to Warrington, 27 September 1825.
40 Ibid.
41 PRO – CO.2/20 Laing to Warrington, 29 September 1825.
42 PRO – CO.2/20 Laing to Warrington, 13 September 1825.
43 PRO – CO.2/15 Laing to Horton, 20 January 1826.
44 PRO – CO.2/20 Laing to Warrington, 10 May 1826.
45 PRO – CO.2/20 Laing to Warrington, 1 July 1826.
46 PRO – CO.2/20 Laing to Warrington, undated.
47 PRO – CO.2/20 Laing to Warrington, 10 May 1826.
48 PRO – CO.2/20 Laing to Warrington, 21 September 1826.
49 Ibid.
50 Ibid.
51 PRO – CO.2/14 Letter from Barrow, 11 November 1823.
52 Gardner, op. cit., cited p. 85.
53 Quarterly Review, Vol. XLII, No. LXXXIV, Article VI.
54 Ibid.
55 Ibid.
56 RS – 374 (La.) Warrington to Laing, 17 October 1825.
1 H. Clapperton, A Journal of a Second Expedition into the Interior of Africa (John Murray, London, 1829), p. xiii.
2 Ibid.
3 PRO – CO.2/17 Barrow to Hay, 24 August 1825.
4 Ibid.
5 Clapperton, op. cit., p. xiv.
6 R. Lander, Records of Captain Clapperton's last expedition to Africa, Vol. I (Colburn & Bentley, London, 1830), p. 33.
7 Ibid., p. 34.
8 Clapperton, op. cit., p. 13.
9 Lander, op. cit., p. 70.
10 PRO – CO.2/17 Barrow to Hay, 27 June 1826.
11 Clapperton, op. cit., p. 36.
12 Lander, op. cit., p. 83.
13 Clapperton, op. cit., p. 80.
14 Lander, op. cit, p. 155.
15 Ibid., p. 153.
16 Clapperton, op. cit., p. 112.
17 Lander, op. cit., p. 149.
18 RS – 374 (La.) Laing to Bandinell, 9 January 1826.
19 Clapperton, op. cit., p. 104.
20 M. Mackay, The Indomitable Servant (Rex Collings, London, 1978), cited p. 56.
21 Clapperton, op. cit., p. 117.
22 Ibid., p. 238.
23 Ibid., p. 197.
24 Ibid., p. 176.
25 Lander, op. cit., Vol. II, p. 58.
26 Ibid.
27 Ibid., p. 225.
28 Clapperton, op. cit., p. 272.
29 Ibid., p. 275.
30 Ibid., p. 274.
31 Ibid., p. 276.
32 Ibid.
33 Ibid., p. 278.
34 Lander, op. cit, Vol. II, p. 107.
35 Clapperton, op. cit, p. 95.
36 Lander, op. cit, Vol. II, p. 154.
37 Ibid.
38 Ibid., p. 249.
39 Ibid., p. 268.
40 Ibid., p. 255.
41 Ibid., p. 257.
42 Clapperton, op. cit, p. 326.
43 Ibid.
44 Lander, op. cit., Vol. II, p. 284.
45 Clapperton, op. cit., p. xv.
46 Ibid., p. xviii.
47 Ibid.
48 Ibid.
49 Ibid., p. xvi.
50 Ibid., p. xvii.
51 Ibid.
52 Ibid., p. xix.
53 Ibid.
54 Ibid.
55 Ibid., p. xii.
56 Mackay, op. cit., cited pp. 115-16.
57 Ibid.
58 Ibid.
14 Parry to the Pole
1 Quarterly Review, Vol. XVIII, No. XXXVI, Article VIII.
2 W. E. Parry, Narrative of an Attempt to reach the North Pole … in the year 1827 (John Murray, London, 1828), p. x.
3 P. Berton, The Arctic Grail, op. cit., cited p. 97.
4 A. Parry, Parry of the Arctic, op. cit., cited p. 105.
5 W. E. Parry, op. cit., p. 17.
6 R. McCormick, Voyages of Discovery in the Arctic and Antarctic and Round the World (Sampson, London, 1884), p. 390.
7 W. E. Parry, op. cit., p. 21.
8 Ibid., p. 74.
9 Ibid., p. 61.
10 Ibid., p. 56.
11 Ibid., pp. 56-7.
12 Ibid., p. 58.
13 Ibid., p. 71.
14 Ibid., p. 70.
15 A. Parry, op. cit., cited p. 115.
16 W. E. Parry, op. cit., p. 120.
17 W. Jerrold (ed.), The Complete Poetical Works of Thomas Hood (Oxford University Press, 1906), p. 24.
15 Ross Resurgent
1 P. Morrell (ed.), Leaves from the Greville Diary (Eveleigh Nash & Grayson, London, 1829), p. 98.
2 J. Barrow, Autobiographical Memoir, op. cit., p. 341.
3 A. Parry, Parry of the Arctic, op. cit., cited p. 127.
4 G. Lloyd, Mr. Barrow of the Admiralty, op. cit., cited p. 96.
5 M. Brightfield, John Wilson Croker (Allen and Unwin, London, 1885), diary entry 12 July 1828, cited p. 85.
6 Ibid., diary entry 19 September 1828, cited p. 87.
7 J. Barrow, Voyages… within the Arctic regions, op. cit., p. 311.
8 Ibid., p. 298.
9 A. Parry, op. cit., cited p. 47.
10 SPRI – Lady Jane Franklin's diary, 25 December 1833.
11 Lloyd, op. cit., cited p. 93.
12 Barrow, op. cit, p. 511.
13 Ibid., p. 512.
14 J. Ross, Narrative of a Second Voyage in Search of a North-West Passage … during the years 1829,1830,1831,1832,1833 (Webster, London, 1835), p. 3.
15 J. Ross, Observations on a work . . . by Sir John Barrow, op. cit., p. 46.
16 E. S. Dodge, The Polar Rosses, op. cit., cited pp. 116-17.
17 Ibid.
18 Ibid., cited p. 119.
19 Ibid.
20 Ross, op. cit., p. xviii.
21 Ibid., p. 19.
16 The Riddle of the Niger
1 H. Clapperton, Journal of a Second Expedition …, op. cit., p. xv.
2 PRO – CO.2/18 Barrow to Hay, 19 September 1829.
3 P. Raby, Bright Paradise (Chatto & Windus, London, 1996), cited p. 56.
4 PRO – CO.2/18 Lander to Barrow, 16 October 1829.
5 R. and J. Lander, Journal of an expedition to explore the course and termination of the Niger, Vol. I (John Murray, London, 1833), p. lvi.
6 Ibid., p. 75.
7 Ibid., p. 39.
8 Ibid., p. 19.
9 R. Lander, Records of Captain Clapperton …, op. cit., Vol. II, p. 96.
10 R. and J. Lander, op. cit., p. 192.
11 R. Lander, op. cit., Vol. II, p. 12.
12 Ibid., p. 13.
13 Ibid., p. 38.
14 Lander, op. cit., Vol. III, p. 42.
15 Lander, op. cit., Vol. II, p. 42.
16 Ibid., p. 3.
17 Ibid., p. 108.
18 Ibid.
19 Ibid., p. 159.
20 Ibid., p. 200.
21 Ibid., p. 213.
22 Ibid., p. 242.
23 Lander, op. cit., Vol. III, p. 71.
24 Ibid., p. 93.
25 Ibid., p. 88.
26 M. Mackay, The Indomitable Servant, op. cit., cited p. 205.
27 Lander, op. cit., Vol. III, p. 177.
28 Ibid., p. 178.
29 Ibid., p. 198.
30 Ibid., p. 241.
31 Ibid., p. 219.
32 Ibid., p. 222.
33 Ibid., p. 233.
34 Ibid., p. 244.
35 Ibid., p. 246.
36 Ibid.
37 Ibid.
38 Ibid., p. 331.
39 Edinburgh Review.
40 Lander, op. cit., Vol. III, p. 313.
41 Lander, op. cit., Vol. I, p. lxiii.
42 PRO – CO.2/18 Lander to Bathurst, 27 July 1831.
43 Raby, op. cit., cited p. 64.
17 Second Singapores
1 W. Jerdan, The Autobiography of William Jerdan, Vol. 4 (Arthur Hall, Virtue, London, 1853), p. 271.
2 Ibid., p. 267.
3 Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London, Vol. 1 (John Murray, London, 1831), p. v.
4 G. Lloyd, Mr. Barrow of the Admiralty, op. cit., cited p. 161.
5 Ibid.
6 Journal of the Royal Geographic Society, Vol. I, p. x.
7 Ibid., p. 1.
8 Lloyd, op. cit., cited p. 162.
9 Ibid., cited p. 163.
10 Ibid.
11 Ibid.
12 E. Parry, Memoirs of Rear-Admiral Sir W. Edward Parry, op. cit., cited p. 241.
13 A. Parry, Parry of the Arctic, op. cit., cited p. 135.
14 Ibid., p. 134.
15 Ibid., cited p. 137.
16 Ibid., cited p. 173.
17 Ibid., cited p. 175.
18 Lloyd, op. cit., p. 164.
19 L. Huxley, Life and Letters of Thomas Henry Huxley, Vol. I (Macmillan, London, 1913), Huxley to his mother, 1 February 1849, cited p. 63.
20 J. Huxley (ed.), T. H. Huxley's Diary of the Voyage of HMS Rattlesnake (Chatto & Windus, London, 1935), pp. 148-9.
21 Lloyd, op. cit., p. 164.
22 Ibid.
1 P. Berton, The Arctic Grail, op. cit., cited p. 110.
2 J. Ross, Narrative of a Second Voyage …, op. cit., p. 205.
3 Ibid., p. 152.
4 Ibid.
5 Ibid., p. 186.
6 Ibid., p. 185.
7 Ibid., p. 191.
8 Ibid., p. 201.
9 A. Friendly, Beaufort of the Admiralty (Hutchinson, London, 1977), cited p. 307.
10 Ross, op. cit., p. 350.
11 Ibid., p. 199.
12 Ibid., p. 195.
13 Ibid., p. 246.
14 Ibid., p. 326.
15 R. Huish, The Last Voyage of Captain John Ross by an officer attached to the Expedition (Saunders, London, 1835), p. 329.
16 Ibid., p. 513.
17 Ross, op. cit., p. 458.
18 Ibid., p. 505.
19 Huish, op. cit., pp. 255, 510.
20 Ibid., p. 500.
21 Ibid., p. 509.
22 Ross, op. cit., p. 555.
23 Ibid., p. 557.
24 Ibid., p. 555.
25 Ibid., p. 604.
26 Ibid., pp. 597-8.
27 Ibid., p. 590.
28 Ibid., p. 619.
29 Ibid., p. 626.
30 Ibid., p. 632.
31 Ibid., p. 643.
32 Ibid.
33 Ibid.
34 RGS – Proposal by G. Ross.
35 RGS – Scoresby to G. Ross, 18 March 1833.
36 Ross, op. cit., p. 645.
37 Ibid., p. 651.
38 Ibid.
39 Ibid., p. 657.
40 Ibid., p. 670.
41 Ibid., p. 692.
42 Ibid.
43 Ibid., p. 714.
44 Ibid., p. 696.
45 Ibid., p. 717.
46 Ibid., p. 720.
47 Ibid., p. 721.
48 Ibid., p. 722.
19 ‘Any Animal Will Do for a Lion’
1 Fraser's Magazine, January 1834.
2 J. Barrow, Voyages …, op. cit., p. 46.
3 Ibid., p. 525.
4 E. S. Dodge, The Polar Rosses, op. cit., cited p. 168.
5 T. and G. Stamp, William Scoresby, Arctic Scientist, op. cit., Ross to Scoresby, 28 April 1835, cited p. 125.
6 Ibid.
7 Ibid.
8 Ibid.
9 W. Jerdan, The Autobiography of William Jerdan, op. cit., Vol. III, p. 83.
10 L. Jennings (ed.), The Croker Papers (John Murray, London, 1885), cited Vol. II, p. 258.
11 Eraser's Magazine, January 1834.
12 A. Parry, Parry of the Arctic, op. cit., cited p. 187.
13 Ibid.
14 J. Braithwaite, A Supplement to Captain Sir John Ross's Narrative of a Second Voyage in the Victory … (Chapman & Hale, London, 1835), pp. ii, 2.
15 J. Ross, Explanation and Answer to Mr. John Braithwaite's Supplement… (Webster, London, 1835), p. 5.
16 Ibid., p. 7.
17 Ibid.
18 The Times, 13 November 1835.
19 Ross, op. cit., p. 1.
20 Quarterly Review, Vol. LIV, No. CVII, Article I.
21 Ibid.
22 F. Woodward, Portrait of Jane, op. cit., cited p. 194.
23 Barrow, op. cit., p. 524.
24 Quarterly Review, Vol. LIV,. No. CVII, Article I.
25 Ibid.
26 Dodge, op. cit., cited p. 164.
27 Ibid.
28 SPRI – MS 246/467 J. C. Ross to Franklin, 29 March 1835.
29 Ibid.
30 Dodge, op. cit., cited p. 170.
31 Ibid.
32 J. Ross, Narrative of a Second Voyage …, op. cit., p. 568.
33 Ibid., p. 570.
34 P. Berton, The Arctic Grail, op. cit., cited p. 120.
35 MHS – MS Buxton 2 Ross to Jacob, undated.
36 Ibid.
37 J. Ross, Observations …, op. cit., p. 50.
1 PRO – BJ.2/13 Sabine to J. C. Ross, 6 December 1833.
2 PRO – BJ.2/1 Richardson to J. C. Ross, 14 April 1834.
3 RGS – Letter from Back, 19 June 1833.
4 P. Berton, The Arctic Grail, op. cit., cited pp. 125-6.
5 G. Back, Narrative of the Arctic Land Expedition to the mouth of the Great Fish River and along the shores of the Arctic Ocean in the years 1833, 1834 and 1835 (John Murray, London, 1836), p. 390.
6 G. Glazebrook, The Letters of Letitia Hargrave (The Champlain Society, Toronto, 1947), W. MacTavish to L. MacTavish, 16 July 1834, cited p. 145.
7 Ibid.
8 Ibid., cited p. 146.
9 J. Barrow, Voyages …, op. cit., p. 463.
10 Back, op. cit., p. 55.
11 Glazebrook, op. cit., T. Simpson to J. Hargrave, 25 September 1838, cited p. 266.
12 Berton, op. cit., cited p. 126.
13 RGS-G. Ross to Back, 7 August 1835.
14 G. Lloyd, Mr. Barrow of the Admiralty, op. cit., cited p. 97.
15 M. Brightfield, John Wilson Croker, op. cit., cited p. 207.
16 Lloyd, op. cit., cited p. 97.
17 PRO – BJ.2/1 Richardson to J. G. Ross, 14 April 1834.
18 Glazebrook, op. cit., T. Simpson to J. Hargrave, 17 January 1838, cited p. 261.
19 R. King, A Narrative of a journey to the shores of the Arctic Ocean in the years 1833, 1834 and 1835 (Bentley, London, 1836), p. 309.
20 RGS – ‘On Dr. King's N.W. Project April 1836’.
21 Journal of the Royal Geographical Society, Vol. VI, p. 48.
22 PRO – BJ.2/13 Sabine to J. G. Ross, 6 December 1833.
23 J. Barrow, Voyages …, op. cit., p. 487.
24 PRO – BJ.2/2 Belcher to J. G. Ross, undated.
25 RGS – J. Ross to G. Ross, 17 September 1835.
26 MHS – MS Buxton 2 Jacobs to J. Ross, 5 June 1836.
27 RGS – Franklin to Kay, 14 June 1832.
28 RGS – Beaufort to B. Franklin, 26 March 1836.
29 G. Lamb, Franklin, Happy Voyager, op. cit., cited p. 186.
30 Ibid., cited p. 187.
31 RGS – King to Dr Hodgkin re. address to Royal Geographical Society in 1836.
32 Ibid.
33 RGS – J. G. Ross proposal, February 1838.
34 Berton, op. cit., cited p. 133.
35 Glazebrook, op. cit., J. Rowand to J. Hargrave, 31 December 1838, cited p. 275.
36 Berton, op. cit., cited pp. 133, 134.
37 Ibid., cited pp. 136, 137.
38 Ibid., cited p. 136.
39 Barrow, op. cit., p. 525.
1 PRO – BJ.2/3 Beaufort to J. C. Ross, 24 August 1838.
2 I. Cameron, Antarctica: The Last Continent (Cassell, London, 1974), Yves-Joseph de Kerguélen-Tremarc, cited p. 33.
3 Prof. G. E. Fogg and D. Smith, The Explorations of Antarctica (Cassell, London, 1990), cited p. 30.
4 Cameron, op. cit., cited p. 96.
5 Fogg and Smith, op. cit., cited p. 32.
6 J. C. Ross, A Voyage of Discovery and Research in the Southern Antarctic Regions during the years 1839-43, Vol. I (Sampson, London, 1884), p. xxi.
7 L. Huxley, Life and Letters of Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker, Vol. I (John Murray, London, 1918), Hooker to Hooker Snr., 27 April 1839, cited p. 41.
8 Ibid.
9 Ibid., cited p. 47.
10 Ibid., cited p. 45.
11 Ross, op. cit., p. 4.
12 T. and C. Stamp, William Scoresby, Arctic Scientist, op. cit., Scoresby to Beaufort, cited p. 133.
13 Ibid.
14 Ibid., Minutes of the Committee on Ship's Compasses, 9 March 1839, cited p. 138.
15 Ibid., Letter from Scoresby, 18 April 1839, cited p. 138.
16 Ross, op. cit., p. 94.
17 K. Fitzpatrick, Sir John Franklin in Tasmania, 1837-43 (Melbourne University Press, Melbourne, 1949), Colonial Times, 18 April 1837, cited p. 110.
18 PRO – BJ.2/7 Kay to J. C. Ross, 10 September 1843.
19 P. Berton, The Arctic Grail, op. cit., cited p. 139.
20 Fitzpatrick, op. cit., cited p. 52.
21 Berton, op. cit., cited p. 138.
22 F. Woodward, Portrait of Jane, op. cit., cited p. 228.
23 Ibid., cited p. 229.
24 Ibid., cited p. 228.
25 Ibid., cited p. 229.
26 Ibid., cited p. 230.
27 Ibid., cited p. 224.
28 Huxley, op. cit., cited p. 106.
29 Ibid.
30 Ibid.
31 Ross, op. cit., pp. 116-17.
32 Ibid.
33 Cameron, op. cit., cited p. 108.
34 R. McCormick, Voyages of Discovery … Round the World, op. cit., Vol. I, p. 149.
35 Ibid., p. 158.
36 Cameron, op. cit., cited p. 108.
37 Ross, op. cit., p. 192.
38 McCormick, op. cit., p. 164.
39 RBG – Letter quoted in a lecture delivered at Swansea, 17 June 1846.
40 RBG – Narrative of James Savage written by C. J. Sullivan, Rio de Janeiro, 19 June 1843.
41 Ibid.
42 Ross, op. cit., pp. 218-21.
43 Ibid., p. 237.
44 Ibid., p. 191.
22 ‘You See How Our Hands Shake?’
1 J. C. Ross, A Voyage of Discovery …, op. cit., Vol. I, p. 281.
2 Ibid., p. 282.
3 RBG – Narrative of James Savage …, op. cit.
4 K. Fitzpatrick, Sir John Franklin in Tasmania, op. cit., cited p. 261.
5 F. Woodward, Portrait of Jane, op. cit., cited p. 230.
6 Ibid.
7 Ibid.
8 E. S. Dodge, The Polar Rosses, op. cit., cited p. 203.
9 Ibid., cited p. 205.
10 R. McCormick, Voyages of Discovery, op. cit., Vol. I, p. 253.
11 RBG – Letter from J. E. Davis to his sister, 1 April 1842.
12 Ross, op. cit., Vol. II, p. 168.
13 Ibid., p. 169.
14 Ibid.
15 Ibid., p. 198.
16 Ibid.
17 Ibid., p. 217.
18 McCormick, op. cit., p. 275.
19 Ross, op. cit., p. 218.
20 Ibid.
21 McCormick, op. cit., p. 276.
22 Ross, op. cit., p. 220.
23 Ibid., p. 219.
24 McCormick, op. cit., p. 163.
25 L. Huxley, Life and Letters of Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker, op. cit., Vol. I, Hooker to Hooker Snr., 29 April 1843, cited p. 130.
26 Ibid.
27 Ibid., Hooker to Hooker Snr., 7 March 1843, cited p. 145.
28 Ibid., Smith to Hooker, 3 August 1842, cited p. 146.
29 McCormick, op. cit., p. 265.
30 Ross, op. cit., p. 261.
31 Ibid., p. 321.
32 Huxley, op. cit., Hooker to his mother, 6 December 1842, cited p. 135.
33 Ibid., cited p. 139.
34 Mrs G. Bagot, Links With the Past (Edward Arnold, London, 1901), p. 77.
35 Ross, op. cit., p. 386
36 Huxley, op. cit., Vol. II, Scott to Hooker, 5 November 1905, cited p. 443.
37 Dodge, op. cit., p. 218.
1 K. Fitzpatrick, Sir John Franklin in Tasmania, op. cit., cited p. 107.
2 Ibid., Lady Franklin to Mrs Simpkinson, 7 February 1842, cited p. 280.
3 P. Berton, The Arctic Grail, op. cit., cited p. 139.
4 Fitzpatrick, op. cit., Colonial Times, 1 August 1843, cited p. 349.
5 Berton, op. cit., cited p. 140.
6 Fitzpatrick, op. cit., cited p. 360.
7 G. Lamb, Franklin, Happy Voyager, op. cit., cited p. 244.
8 PRO – BJ.2/8 J. C. Ross to Murray, undated.
9 SPRI – MS 248/364 Crozier to J. C. Ross, 30 December 1844.
10 PRO – BJ.2/13 Sabine to J. C. Ross, 13 June 1840.
11 Lamb, op. cit., cited p. 246.
12 Ibid., cited p. 247.
13 E. Parry, Memoirs … W. Edward Parry, op. cit., cited p. 329.
14 G. Lloyd, Mr. Barrow of the Admiralty, op. cit., cited p. 188.
15 MHS – MS Buxton 1 Ross to Hamilton, 17 November 1849.
16 R. King, The Franklin Expedition from First to Last (Churchill, London, 1855), p. 179.
17 Ibid., p. 180.
18 M. Macleod (ed.), The Letters of Letitia Hargrave, op. cit., L. Hargrave to D. Mactavish, 1 September 1845, cited p. 200.
19 King, op. cit., p. 8.
20 Ibid., p. 195.
21 Berton, op. cit., cited p. 145.
22 Ibid., p. 148.
24 Erebus and Terror
1 G. Lamb, Franklin, Happy Voyager, op. cit., cited p. 251.
2 Ibid., cited p. 250.
3 E. Parry, Memoirs …, op. cit., cited p. 311.
4 P. Berton, The Arctic Grail, op. cit., cited pp. 148-9.
5 Ibid.
6 SPRI – MS 284/364 Crozier to J. G. Ross, 19 July 1845.
7 Berton, op. cit., cited pp. 146, 150.
8 SPRI – MS 284/364 Crozier to J. G. Ross, 19 July 1845.
9 R. King, The Franklin Expedition … op. cit., cited p. 42.
10 PRO – BJ.2/3 Beaufort to Ross, 20 January 1847.
11 MHS – MS Buxton 1 Ross to Hamilton, 17 November 1849.
12 Ibid.
13 Ibid.
14 J. Ross, Sir John Franklin, a Narrative (Longman, London, 1855), p. 18.
15 Ibid., cited p. 49.
16 Ibid., p. 31.
17 J. Barrow, Sketches of the Royal Society & Royal Society Club (John Murray, London, 1849), p. 144.
18 RGS – Letter from Barrow, June 1845.
1 R. McCormick, Voyages of Discovery .., op. cit., Vol. II, p. 313.
2 Ibid., p. 293.
3 Ibid., p. 318.
4 J. Ross, Sir John Franklin .. , op. cit., p. 61.
5 P. Berton, The Arctic Grail, op. cit., cited p. 181.
6 Ross, op. cit., p. 61.
7 Berton, op. cit., cited p. 181.
8 E. S. Dodge, The Polar Rosses, op. cit., cited p. 239.
9 Berton, op. cit., cited p. 184.
10 F. Woodward, Portrait of Jane, op. cit., cited p. 276.
11 Berton, op. cit., cited p. 203.
12 S. Osborn, Stray Leaves from an Arctic Journal (Longman, London, 1852), p. 283.
13 R. King, The Franklin Expedition .. , op. cit., cited p. 89.
14 Ibid., cited p. 88.
15 Dictionary of National Biography, Vol. II, p. 143.
16 BL – MS Eng Lett d.239 Belcher to Napier, 1 March 1847.
17 Ibid.
18 Ibid.
19 BL – MS Eng Lett d.239 Belcher to Napier, 1 September 1853.
20 BL – MS Eng Lett d.239 Belcher to Napier, 1 March 1847.
21 G. Lloyd, Mr. Barrow of the Admiralty, op. cit., cited p. 199.
22 McCormick, op. cit., Vol. II, p. 53.
23 Ibid., p. 95.
26 Investigator
1 BL – MS Eng Lett d.239 Belcher to Napier, 1 September 1853.
2 Ibid.
3 Ibid.
4 Ibid.
5 J. Miertsching, Frozen Ships – The Arctic Diary of Johann Miertsching 1850-1854 (Macmillan, Toronto, 1967), p. 13.
6 Ibid.
7 Ibid., p. 22.
8 Ibid, p. 34.
9 R. McClure, The Discovery of the North-West Passage by H.M.S. Investigator (Longman, London, 1856), p. 106.
10 A. Armstrong, A Personal Narrative of the Discovery of the North-West Passage (Hurst & Blackett, London, 1857), p. 465.
11 D. Smith, Arctic Expeditions, British and Foreign (Fullarton, Edinburgh, 1880), cited pp. 622-3.
12 Armstrong, op. cit, p. 545.
13 Smith, op. cit, p. 569.
14 McClure, op. cit, p. 242.
15 Ibid, pp. 223, 228.
16 Armstrong, op. cit, p. 544.
17 Ibid., p. 558.
18 Miertsching, op. cit., p. 187.
19 Smith, op. cit., p. 572.
27 Franklin's Fate
1 D. Smith, Arctic Expeditions …, op. cit., cited p. 575.
2 A. Armstrong, A Personal Narrative of the Discovery of the North-West Passage, op. cit., p. 576.
3 G. Lloyd, Mr. Barrow of the Admiralty, op. cit., cited p. 200.
4 Ibid., cited p. 199.
5 PRO – BJ.2/10 McClure to J. G. Ross, 3 October 1854.
6 Hull Advertiser, 28 October 1854.
7 Smith, op. cit., cited p. 662.
8 Ibid., p. 682.
9 Ibid.
10 Ibid., cited p. 688.
28 Riding the Globe
1 G. Lloyd, Mr. Barrow of the Admiralty, op. cit., cited p. 15.
2 I. Cameron, Antarctica: The Last Continent, op. cit., cited p. 160.
3 C. Markham, The Life of Admiral Sir Leopold McClintock (John Murray, London, 1909), cited p. 291.
4 J. Ross, Narrative of a Second Voyage . . ., op. cit., p. xxi.
5 E. Parry, Memoirs . . ., op. cit., cited p. 3.
Epilogue
1 SPRI – MS 248/364 Crozier to J. G. Ross, 10 January 1845.
2 Ibid.
3 A. Friendly, Beaufort of the Admiralty (Hutchinson, London, 1977), cited p. 323.
4 BL – MS Eng Lett d.239 Belcher to Napier, 5 October 1854.
5 Ibid.
6 Dictionary of National Biography, Vol. II, p. 143.
7 E Woodward, Portrait of Jane, op. cit., cited p. 363.
8 Ibid., cited p. 7.
9 P. Berton, The Arctic Grail, op. cit., cited p. 90.
10 L. Huxley, Life and Letters of Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker, op. cit., Hooker to Bruce, 6 May 1911, cited p. 479.
11 SAR – DD/HI/553 Lyon to Bayntum, 23 December 1829.
12 SAR – DD/HI/553 Lyon to Bayntum, 15 March 1835.
13 C. Markham, Life of Admiral Sir Leopold McClintock, op. cit., p. 240.
14 Ibid., cited p. 298.
15 Ibid., cited p. 276.
16 Ibid., p. 279.
17 W. E. Parry, Thoughts on the Parental Character of God (Harrison, London, 1841), p. iii.
18 The Times, 20 January 1856.
19 Woodward, op. cit., cited p. 291.
20 J. Barrow, Autobiographical Memoir, op. cit., p. 480.
21 J. Mcllraith, Life of Sir John Richardson, op. cit., cited p. 231.
22 Ibid., p. 263.
23 Ibid., p. 264.
24 PRO – BJ.2/12 J. G. Ross to McClure, undated.
25 SPRI – MS 1503/34 Richardson to Fletcher, 23 June 1847.
26 E. S. Dodge, The Polar Rosses, op. cit., cited p. 247.
27 MHS – MS Buxton 2 Beaufort to Ross, 14 March 1854.
28 Dictionary of National Biography, Vol. XVII, p. 566.
29 T. and G. Stamp, William Scoresby, Arctic Scientist, op. cit., cited p. 217.
30 Ibid., Parry to Scoresby, cited p. 218.
Picture sources
Section 1
1. Sir John Barrow by John Jackson (1778-1831) by courtesy of National Portrait Gallery, London
2. ‘An eskimo artist recorded the arrival of Ross and Parry in full dress uniform’ © Royal Geographical Society, London
3. ‘Hecla and Griper in winter harbour’ from William Parry, Journal of a Voyage (1819-20) © Scott Polar Research Institute, Cambridge
4. ‘Cutting into Winter Island’ (October 1821) from William Parry, Journal of a Second Voyage for the discovery of a North-West Passage © Royal Geographical Society, London
5. ‘Situation of H.M. Ships Fury and Hecla at Igloolik’ from William Parry, Journal of a Second Voyage for the discovery of a North-West Passage (1822-23) © Royal Geographical Society, London
6. ‘Canoe broaching to in a Gale of Wind at Sunrise’ (23 August 1821) from John Franklin, Narrative of Journey © Royal Geograhical Society, London
7. ‘An Eskimaux watching a seal-hole’ (c.1824) from William Parry, Journal of a Second Voyage for the discovery of a North-West Passage © Royal Geographical Society, London
8. ‘Western Outlet of the Strait of the Fury and Hecla’ (c. 1824) from William Parry, Journal of a Second Voyage for the discovery of a North-West Passage © Royal Geographical Society, London
9. Sir John Ross by James Green (1771-1834) by courtesy of National Portrait Gallery, London
10. William Edward Parry by Sir William Beechey © National Maritime Museum, London
11. Sir John Franklin by G.E Lewis © Scott Polar Research Institutute, Cambridge
12. Jane, Lady Franklin by Amelie Romilly (1788-1875) by courtesy of National Portrait Gallery, London
13. Admiral Sir George Back (1796-1878) by William Brockedon (1787-1854) © Royal Geographical Society, London
14. Sir John Richardson by Negelen © Scott Polar Institute, Cambridge
15. ‘Somerset House Plan’ © Scott Polar Institute, Cambridge
Section 2
1. ‘Boats on a Swell Amongst Ice’ (c. 1826) © Scott Polar Institute, Cambridge
2. Captain Hugh Clapperton by George Manton © Scottish National Portrait Gallery, Edinburgh
3. Dixon Dehnam by Thomas Phillips (1770-1845) by courtesy of National Portrait Gallery, London
4. Captain G.F. Lyon by R.J. Lane © National Portait Gallery, London
5. Richard Lemon Lander by William Brockedon (1787-1854) by courtesy of National Portrait Gallery, London
6. James Clark Ross by John R. Wildman © National Maritime Museum, London
7. ‘Christmas Harbour, Kerguelen Island’ from J. C. Ross, Voyage of Discovery (1839-43) © Scott Polar Institute, Cambridge
8. ‘Beaufort Island and Mt. Erebus’ from J. C. Ross, Voyage of Discovery (1839-43) © Scott Polar Institute, Cambridge
9. ’Erebus and Terror’ from J.C. Ross, Voyage of Discovery (1839-43) © Scott Polar Institute, Cambridge
10. ‘Gale in the Pack’ from J.C. Ross, Voyage of Discovery (1839-43) © Scott Polar Institute, Cambridge
11. ‘Critical Position of H.M.S Investigator on the North coast of Baring Island’ (20 August 1851), Lieut. S. Gurney Cresswell lithograph © Royal Geographical Society, London
12. Sir Richard Collinson by Stephen Pearce (1819-1904) by courtesy of National Portrait Gallery, London
13. Sir Robert McClure by Stephen Pearce (1819-1904) by courtesy of National Portrait Gallery, London
14. John Barrow by John Lucas © National Maritime Museum, London