Abbreviations used:
| ADM | Admiralty Records, The National Archives |
| BA | Broadlands Archives, University of Southampton |
| CAB | Cabinet Office Records, The National Archives |
| DEFE | Ministry of Defence Records, The National Archives |
| DHH | Directorate of History and Heritage, Department of Defense, Canada, interviews from the Terence Macartney-Filgate and William Whitehead fonds |
| GRO | Papers of Vice Admiral H. T. Baillie-Grohman, National Maritime Museum |
| IWM | Imperial War Museum |
| PREM | Prime Minister’s Office Records, The National Archives |
Introduction
1 Private Papers of Major General J. C. Haydon, IWM 2397
2 John P. Campbell, Dieppe Revisited: A Documentary Investigation (Frank Cass, 1993), p. 1
3 G. F. Krivosheev, Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses in the Twentieth Century (Greenhill Books, 1997), pp. 85–97
Prologue: ‘Tommy kommt’
1 George Guibon, Á Dieppe, le 19 août, 1942, IWM K.652.55
1. Now or Never
1 Field Marshal Lord Alanbrooke, War Diaries 1939–1945, ed. Alex Danchev and Daniel Todman (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2001), pp. 243–4
2 Spectator, ‘Braced and Compact?’, 6 March 1942
3 Peter Clarke, The Cripps Version (Allen Lane, 2002), p. 262
4 Brian Loring Villa, Unauthorized Action: Mountbatten and the Dieppe Raid 1942 (OUP, 1989), p. 55, quoting Mary Soames, Clementine Churchill: The Biography of a Marriage (Houghton Mifflin, 1979), p. 415
5 Villa, op. cit., p. 54, quoting Lord Moran, Churchill (Houghton Mifflin, 1966), p. 29
6 Harold Nicolson, Diaries and Letters, 3 vols, ed. Nigel Nicolson (Collins, 1967), vol. 2, p. 223
7 Helen Peacocke, ‘Food that Fuelled Churchill’s Wartime’, Oxford Mail, 28 May 2015; Will Noble, ‘How to Eat, Drink and Smoke like Winston Churchill’, londonist.com 2019
8 Clarke, op. cit., pp. 263–4
9 Steven Fielding, ‘The Second World War and Popular Radicalism: The Significance of the “Movement away from Party” ’, History, vol. 80 (February 1995), pp. 38–58
10 One survey from November 1941 showed Anthony Eden as the public’s favourite replacement, with Cripps backed by only 1 per cent. By April 1942, Eden stood at 37 per cent and Cripps second at 34 per cent. See Hadley Cantril (ed.), Public Opinion, 1935–1946 (Princeton University Press, 1951), pp. 279–80
11 Pathé Gazette, 16 February 1942
12 Alanbrooke, op. cit., p. 243
14 Ivan Maisky, The Maisky Diaries: Red Ambassador to the Court of St James’s 1932–1943, ed. Gabriel Gorodetsky (Yale University Press, 2015), p. 414
15 Ibid., p. 419
16 Alanbrooke, op. cit., p. 243
17 Winston Churchill, The Second World War, Vol. III (Cassell, 1950), p. 568
18 David J. Bercuson and Holger H. Herwig, One Christmas in Washington (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2005), p 137
19 Churchill, The Second World War, Vol. III, p. 585
20 Colonel Charles F. Brower, ‘George C. Marshall: a Study in Character’, www.marshallfoundation.org
21 Alanbrooke, op. cit., p. 236
22 Unpublished Memoir of Vice Admiral John Hughes-Hallett, IWM 14370
23 Alanbrooke, op. cit., pp. 237–8
2. Lord Louis
1 Arthur Marshall, Life’s Rich Pageant (Hamish Hamilton, 1984), p. 155
2 Winston Churchill, The Second World War, Vol. IV (Cassell, 1950), p. 106
3 Philip Ziegler, Mountbatten: The Official Biography (Collins, 1984), p. 170
4 The Economist, quoted in the introduction to Alanbrooke, op. cit., p. xv
5 Alanbrooke, op. cit., p. 53
6 Ibid., p. 236
7 Ziegler, op. cit., p. 169
8 BA MB1/B17
9 Robert Henriques, From a Biography of Myself (Secker & Warburg, 1969), p. 54
10 Ziegler, op. cit., p. 136
11 Ibid., pp. 132, 137
12 Adrian Smith, Mountbatten: Apprentice War Lord (I. B. Tauris, 2010), p. 134
13 Quentin Reynolds, Dress Rehearsal (Random House, 1943), p. 20
14 Ziegler, op. cit., p. 152
15 Bernard Fergusson, The Watery Maze: The Story of Combined Operations (Collins, 1961), p. 87
16 Winston Churchill, The Second World War, Vol. II (Cassell, 1949), p. 217
17 Lord Lovat, March Past (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1978), p. 184
18 Fergusson, op. cit., pp. 84–5
19 CAB 121/364
20 Ibid.
21 Fergusson, op. cit., pp. 87–8
22 Ziegler, op. cit., p. 156
23 Mountbatten’s comments on the manuscript are recorded in the Haydon Papers, IWM 2397
3. HMS Wimbledon
1 Fergusson, op. cit., p. 90
2 Marshall, op. cit., pp. 155–6
3 Haydon Papers, IWM 2397
4 Quentin Reynolds, op. cit., pp. 27, 30
5 Goronwy Rees, A Bundle of Sensations (Chatto & Windus, 1960), p. 147
6 Lovat, op. cit., p. 238
7 Fergusson, op. cit., p. 120
8 Ibid., pp. 122–3
9 Hughes-Hallett, op. cit., p. 112
10 GRO/29
11 Lovat, op. cit., p. 239
12 James Dunning, IWM Sound Archive 19927
13 Irving ‘Bill’ Portman, IWM Sound Archive 9766
14 George Cook, IWM Sound Archive 9977
15 John Carney, IWM Sound Archive 22927
16 Lovat, op. cit., p. 234
17 Donald Gilchrist, IWM Sound Archive 10792
18 Will Fowler, The Commandos at Dieppe (HarperCollins, 2002), p. 40
19 Donald Gilchrist, Castle Commando (Oliver and Boyd, 1960), pp. 16–7
20 Denis Whitaker and Shelagh Whitaker, Dieppe: Tragedy to Triumph (Leo Cooper, 1992), p. 73
4. An Unpleasant Military Problem
1 DEFE 2/306
2 Rees, op. cit., p. 148; General Sir Bernard Charles Tolver Paget, entry in Dictionary of National Biography
3 CAB 121/364
4 Hughes-Hallett, op. cit., p. 117
5 Ibid., pp. 117–18
6 Following the raid on Vaagso, Hitler moved 30,000 reinforcements to Norway and ordered the strengthening of coastal and inland defences (Wikipedia)
7 John Durnford-Slater, Commando (William Kimber, 1953), pp. 56, 70, 77, 79–81, 83–4, 88
8 Lovat, op. cit., p. 201
9 David O’Keefe, One Day in August: The Untold Story of Canada’s Tragedy at Dieppe (Knopf Canada, 2013), p. 133
10 British and German scientists were both aware of the effect of aluminium strips but had refrained from using them to prevent revealing the secret to the other side. As the British bombing campaign got under way it was decided that the benefits outweighed the disadvantages and Window was used for the first time, with devastating effect, in Operation Gomorrah, the fire-bombing of Hamburg in July 1943.
11 F. H. Hinsley et al., British Intelligence in the Second World War, Vol. II (HMSO, 1981), p. 192
12 CAB 121/364
13 Hughes-Hallett, op. cit., p. 123
14 As it turned out this would have little strategic significance. Hitler had already decided there was no need to risk Tirpitz in the Atlantic, where the Kriegsmarine’s U-boats seemed to be on the point of closing down the convoys.
15 CAB 121/364
16 David O’Keefe has shown that hidden under the suspiciously cloudy objectives lurked another ‘pinch’ operation, aimed at capturing cipher material from ships in Bayonne harbour. Though the prize would be of great value in the battle being fought at Bletchley Park, the scale of raid still looks excessive. That, it could be argued, was part of the stratagem. A big production with multiple targets would help disguise the real object of the exercise, and mask the progress that the decrypters had made in penetrating the Enigma codes.
17 CAB 79/87/5; Hughes-Hallett, op. cit., pp. 127–8
18 Hughes-Hallett, op. cit., p. 135
19 CAB 121/364
20 Colonel C. Stacey, Six Years of War: The Army in Canada, Britain and the Pacific (Edmond Cloutier, 1957), p. 326
21 Hughes-Hallett, op. cit., p. 118
22 BA MB1/B67
23 Fergusson, op. cit., pp. 168–9
24 PREM 3/256; DEFE 2/337
25 Captain S. W. Roskill, The War at Sea, 1939–1945, 2 vols (The Naval and Military Press, 2004), vol. 2, p. 240
26 Campbell, op, cit., p. 197
27 Mountbatten, speech to the Dieppe Veterans and Prisoners of War Association, 28 September 1973, IWM
5. Les Doryphores
1 Alanbrooke, op. cit., p. 257
2 Madame Ménage interview, ‘Dress Rehearsal for D-Day’, BA MB1/B67
3 La Vigie Nouvelle, 23 August 1940
4 Ibid., 28 August 1942
5 Jean Bellocq, Dieppe et sa région face à l’occupant nazi (Dieppe, 1979), p. 54
6 La Vigie Nouvelle, 14 February 1941
7 Bellocq, op. cit., p. 60
8 Daniel Pégisse and Gérard Cadot, Enfance de guerre sur les falaises (Éditions Bertout, 1998), p. 92
9 Roger Lefebvre, Zone côtière: journal d’un secrétaire de Mairie sous l’Occupation (Imprimerie Dieppoise, [1946]), p. 28
10 Terence Robertson, Dieppe: The Shame and the Glory (Pan, 1962), p. 222
11 DEFE 2/330
12 BA MB1/B67
13 GRO/29/2041
14 Bernard Dupuy, Opération Jubilee – Dieppe 19 août, 1942 (privately printed), pp. 94–7
15 Norman Franks, The Greatest Air Battle (Grub Street, 1992), p. 29
16 Interview with General Linder, ‘Rehearsal for Dieppe’, ABC 1967, Mountbatten Archive MB1 B/67
17 DEFE 2/324, p. 9
18 La Vigie Nouvelle, 28 April 1942
19 DEFE 2/324
20 Ibid.
21 Quoted in Richard Hargreaves, The Germans in Normandy (Pen and Sword, 2006), pp. 4–5
6. Rutter
1 GRO/22
2 Letter from Laycock to Casa Maury, 9 December 1942, BA MB1/B26
3 Hughes-Hallett, op. cit., p. 120
4 O’Keefe, op. cit., pp. 178–80
5 Campbell, op. cit., p. 214
6 Rees, op. cit., p. 152
7 DEFE 2/542 2687
8 PREM 3/256
9 Colonel C. Stacey, Arms, Men and Governments (The Queen’s Printer for Canada, 1970), p. 257
10 Haydon Papers, IWM 2397
11 DEFE 2/542
12 Ibid.
13 Ibid.
14 The mast spotted by Hérissé was soon afterwards shifted the short distance to Bruneval
15 ‘Rémy’, Mémoires d’un agent secret de la France Libre, Vol. I (Éditions France-Empire, 1983), p. 340
16 Dupuy, op. cit., p. 346; ‘Rémy’, Mémoires d’un agent secret de la France Libre, Vol. II (Éditions France-Empire, 1983), p. 113
17 DEFE 2/550, ‘Notes on Military Situation on Northern Coasts of France, Belgium and Holland’
18 Ibid.
19 Ibid.
20 Ibid.
21 DEFE 2/542
22 DEFE 2/335, ‘Combined Report on the Dieppe Raid’, p. 2
23 CAB 121/364
24 DEFE 2/337
25 DEFE 2/335, ‘Combined Report on the Dieppe Raid’, p. 2
26 Hughes-Hallett, op. cit., p. 152
27 Fergusson, op. cit., p. 170
28 The Canadian official historian Colonel Stacey states that initially the plan was for the main eastern flank attack by an infantry battalion, plus tanks, to be aimed at Criel-sur-Mer. See D E F E 2/337 and The Admiralty, Battle Summary No. 33, The Raid on Dieppe, reprinted as The Dieppe Raid: the Combined Operations Assault on Hitler’s European Fortress, August 1942 (Frontline Books, 2019), p. 4
29 DEFE 2/335, ‘Combined Report on the Dieppe Raid’, p. 2
30 Ibid.
31 Haydon Papers, IWM 2397
32 Hughes-Hallett, op. cit., p. 153
33 Ibid., p. 154
34 Nigel Hamilton, Monty: The Making of a General, 1887–1942 (McGraw-Hill, 1981), p. 38
35 Brian Bond, ‘Gort’, in Churchill’s Generals, ed. John Keegan (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1991), p. 34
36 Quoted in Norman F. Dixon, On the Psychology of Military Incompetence (repr. Pimlico, 1994)
37 PREM 3/256, Churchill to General Ismay, 21 December 1942
38 David L. Roll, The Hopkins Touch: Harry Hopkins and the Forging of the Alliance to Defeat Hitler (OUP, 2013), p. 183
39 Ibid., p. 184
40 Alanbrooke, op. cit., p. 249
41 Roll, op. cit., p. 191
42 General Albert C. Wedemeyer, Wedemeyer Reports! (Henry Holt, 1958), p. 108
43 Quoted in Roll, op. cit., p. 192
44 Alanbrooke, op. cit., p. 250
7. ‘You bet we want it’
1 RHLI War Diary, 20 September 1941
2 J. L. Granatstein, The Weight of Command (UBC Press, 2016), p. 72
3 RHLI War Diary, 4 September 1940
4 Interview with Kenneth Curry, Veterans Affairs Canada Archive
5 Robertson, op. cit., p. 66
6 Hampshire Telegraph and Post, 17 April 1942
7 Stacey, Arms, Men and Governments, p. 40
8 Whitaker and Whitaker, op. cit., p. 76
9 Ibid., p. 75
10 BA MB1/B67
11 Ted Glass, ‘General McNaughton – A Canadian Son of Martha’, IEEE Canadian Review, September 1990
12 Ibid.
13 Granatstein, op. cit., p. 94
14 Ibid., pp. 43, 74, 87, 120, 133
15 Ibid., p. 74
16 ‘Crerar, Henry Duncan Graham’, Paul Dickson, Dictionary of Canadian Biography
17 Ibid.
18 Quoted in Chelsea Sambells, ‘The Battle of Vimy Ridge: History, Myth, Memorial and Remembrance’ (chelseasambells.com), from Tim Cook, Vimy: The Battle and the Legend (Allen Lane, 2017)
19 Life magazine, 18 December 1939
20 Ibid.
21 Stacey, Six Years of War, p. 59
22 Ibid., p. 212
23 Quoted in Hamilton, Monty: The Making of a General, p. 506
24 David Fraser, Alanbrooke (Collins, 1982), p. 188n
25 Alanbrooke, op. cit., p. 164
26 Hamilton, Monty: The Making of a General, p. 507
27 Stacey, Six Years of War, p. 256
28 Ibid., p. 260
29 Ibid., p. 261
30 Ibid., pp. 269, 271–2
31 Ibid., p. 282
32 Dickson, Dictionary of Canadian Biography
33 Ibid.
34 Stacey, Six Years of War, p. 308
35 Quoted in Whitaker and Whitaker, op. cit., p. 73
36 Lovat, op. cit., p. 269
37 Quoted in Whitaker and Whitaker, op. cit., p. 73
38 Stacey, Six Years of War, p. 243
39 Stephen Grenfell, quoted in Hamilton, Monty: The Making of a General, p. 515
40 This account appears in Terence Robertson’s Dieppe: The Shame and the Glory, based on an interview with Crerar
41 Stacey, Six Years of War, p. 329
42 Rees, op. cit., p. 139
43 Nigel Hamilton, The Full Monty: Montgomery of Alamein, 1887–1942 (Allen Lane, 2001), p. 434
44 CBC, Close Up, 9 September 1962
45 Hamilton, Monty: The Making of a General, p. 551
46 Ziegler, op. cit., p. 189. Whitaker and Whitaker, op. cit., p. 75, tell a different story. They write that sometime in April before McNaughton’s return to England, Crerar and his senior staff officer Guy Simonds met Mountbatten, who revealed the Dieppe plan to them. Crerar urged that the Canadians be given the job and Mountbatten did not object. It was decided ‘for reasons of military protocol…to keep quiet about the plans for the Canadians’ until a formal request had been made to McNaughton.
47 DEFE 2/227; Robertson, op. cit., p. 107
48 Rees, op. cit., p. 142
49 DEFE 2/337
8. Simmerforce
1 Interview with Forbes West, BA MB1/B67
2 Connaissance de Dieppe et de sa région, Médiathèque de la Ville de Dieppe
3 RHLI Diary, 6 March 1942
4 Granatstein, op. cit., p. 149
5 Ibid., p. 125
6 Ibid., p. 196
7 RHLI Diary, 15 May 1942
8 Whitaker and Whitaker, op. cit., p. 70
9 Canadian War Museum, Papers of Colonel R. Labatt
10 RHLI War Diary, 22 May 1942
11 Interview with the Rev. John Foote VC, BA MB1/B67
12 Lucien Dumais, The Man Who Went Back (Leo Cooper, 1975), pp. 9–10
13 Robertson, op. cit., p. 111
14 Hugh G. Henry, ‘The Calgary Tanks at Dieppe’, Canadian Military History, Vol. 4, No. 1 (1995), p. 72
15 DEFE 2/330
16 Henry, op. cit., p. 66
17 DEFE 2/330
18 Interview with Stanley Edwards, 17 July 2017, Veterans Affairs Canada Sound Archive
19 Hugh G. Henry and Jean-Paul Pallud, Dieppe Through the Lens of the German War Photographer (After the Battle, n.d.), p. 5
20 DEFE 2/306
21 Lucian K. Truscott Jr, Command Missions (Quid Pro Books, reprinted from 1954), p. 30
22 Leo Amery, Diaries (Hutchinson, 1988), p. 814
23 Truscott, op. cit., p. 44
24 CAB 79/56/36
25 CAB 79/56/48
26 GRO/22
27 Zeigler, op. cit., p. 87; GRO/29
28 GRO/29
29 Robertson, op. cit., pp. 118–20
30 Ziegler, op. cit., p. 189
31 GRO/22
32 GRO/30
33 Robin Neillands, The Dieppe Raid (Aurum, 2005), p. 96
34 Haydon Papers, IWM 2397
35 DEFE 2/550, ‘Notes on Military Situation on Northern Coasts of France, Belgium and Holland’
36 Ibid.
9. Surprise
1 Stacey, Six Years of War, p. 336
2 DEFE 2/335, ‘Combined Report on the Dieppe Raid’, p. 2
3 CAB 121/364
4 DEFE 2/335, ‘Combined Report on the Dieppe Raid’, p. 3
5 CAB 121/364
6 Robertson, op. cit., p. 127
7 Major General George Kitching, quoted in Granatstein, op. cit., p. 37
8 GRO/29
9 Rees, op. cit., pp. 146–7
10 Ibid., p. 157
11 GRO/29
12 Mountbatten, memo to CBC, Haydon Papers, IWM 2397
13 Mountbatten to General Ismay, 24 December 1942, BA MB1/B18
14 GRO/29
15 Hughes-Hallett, op. cit., p. 160
16 GRO/28
17 BA MB1/B67
18 DEFE 2/542
19 GRO/22
20 BA MB1/B67
21 Letter to Haydon, Haydon Papers, IWM 2397
22 Rees, op. cit., p. 156
23 GRO/24
24 Robertson, op. cit., pp. 144–5
25 This veiled remark is seen by the Canadian historian David O’Keefe as proof that the real purpose of Rutter and Jubilee was the seizure of Enigma material from the German naval HQ at Dieppe
26 Interview with J. S. Edmondson, DHH
27 Sandy Antal and Kevin R. Shackleton, Duty Nobly Done: The Official History of the Essex and Kent Scottish Regiment (Walkerville, 2006), p. 392
28 Quoted in Arthur Kelly, ‘A Battle Doomed to Fail for All the Wrong Reasons’, National Post, 17 August 2012
29 Stacey, Six Years of War, p. 335
30 Churchill, op. cit., Vol. IV, pp. 343–4, 390
31 Hughes-Hallett, op. cit., p. 164
32 Ibid., pp. 165–6
33 Stacey, Six Years of War, p. 335
34 Robertson, op. cit., p. 159
35 RHLI Diary, 7 July 1942
10. Resurrection
1 ADM 223/299
2 CBC, Close Up, 9 September 1962
3 Hughes-Hallett, op. cit., p. 167
4 Rear Admiral J. Hughes-Hallett, ‘The Mounting of Raids’, Royal United Services Institution Journal, Vol. 95, No. 580 (1950)
5 Mountbatten, speech to the Dieppe Veterans and Prisoners of War Association, 28 September 1973, IWM
6 CBC, Close Up, 9 September 1962
7 Ibid.
8 Robertson, op. cit., p. 172
9 Hinsley et al., op. cit., p. 696
10 Truscott, op. cit., p. 55
11 Roll, op. cit., p. 208
12 Ibid.
13 Ibid., pp. 211, 214, 217, 219
14 Oliver Stone and Peter Kuznick, The Untold History of the United States (Simon & Schuster, 2012), pp. 106–7
15 GRO/22
16 Hamilton, Monty: The Making of a General, p. 555
17 Hughes-Hallett, op. cit., p. 169
18 Stacey, Six Years of War, p. 344
19 The Admiralty, Battle Summary No. 33, The Raid on Dieppe, reprinted as The Dieppe Raid: the Combined Operations Assault on Hitler’s European Fortress, August 1942 (Frontline Books, 2019), p. 4
20 DEFE 2/335, ‘Combined Report on the Dieppe Raid’, p. 9
21 Durnford-Slater, op. cit., p. 92
22 Also known as ‘Eurekas’, R-boats were designed by Miami shipbuilder Andrew Higgins. In the hunt for landing craft that followed Mountbatten’s accession at COHQ they were gratefully snapped up.
23 Lovat, op. cit., p. 236
24 Ibid., p. 242.
25 DEFE 2/330
26 DEFE 2/324
27 DEFE 2/330
28 Robertson, op. cit., p. 227
29 DEFE 2/335, ‘Combined Report on the Dieppe Raid’, p. 210
30 Robertson, op. cit., p. 227
31 Quoted in Robertson, op. cit., pp. 198–9
32 BA MB1/B67
33 Private Papers of Captain D. H. H. Turner, IWM 9865
34 A. B. Austin, We Landed at Dawn (Gollancz, 1943), p. 58
35 BA MB1/B67
36 Whitaker and Whitaker, op. cit., p. 230
37 IWM Sound Archive 9977
38 Austin, op. cit., p. 53
Passage
1 Truscott, op. cit., p. 67
2 Hughes-Hallett, op. cit., p. 178
3 Quentin Reynolds, op. cit., p. 74
4 ‘Narrative of Experiences at Dieppe, Lieutenant Colonel R. R. Labatt’, Canadian War Museum
5 Durnford-Slater, op. cit., p. 95
6 Austin, op. cit., p. 78
7 BA MB1/B67
8 Private Papers of Lieutenant M. L. Bateson RNVR, IWM 711
9 DEFE 2/335
10 Durnford-Slater, op. cit., pp. 103–4
11 DEFE 2/335
12 DEFE 2/337
13 DEFE 2/335
14 Truscott, op. cit., p. 67
15 The Admiralty, Battle Summary No. 33, The Raid on Dieppe, reprinted as The Dieppe Raid: the Combined Operations Assault on Hitler’s European Fortress, August 1942 (Frontline Books, 2019), p. 4
16 Hughes-Hallett, op. cit., pp. 180–81
17 Admiralty Report, p. 79
18 Interview with Richard Schnösenberg, DHH
19 DEFE 2/335
20 BA MB1/B67
21 Quoted in Franks, op. cit., p. 26
22 Lovat, op. cit., p. 249
23 Pégisse and Cadot, op. cit., p. 179
24 DEFE 2/337
25 IWM Sound Archive 10694
26 IWM Sound Archive 9977
27 Quoted in Fowler, op. cit., p. 163
28 Lovat, op. cit., p. 259
29 BA MB1/B67
30 DEFE 2/337
31 Lovat, op. cit., p. 251
32 Austin, op. cit., p. 89
33 IWM Sound Archive 19927
34 BA MB1/B67
35 Details taken from Jim DeFelice, Rangers at Dieppe (Berkley Caliber, 2009), the best and fullest account of the American role in Operation Jubilee
36 BA MB1/B67
37 DEFE 2/337
38 IWM Sound Archive 10060
Blue and Green
1 Admiralty Report, p. 27
2 DEFE 2/335, ‘Combined Report on the Dieppe Raid’, p. 84
3 BA MB1/B67
4 Stacey, Six Years of War, p. 364
5 BA MB1/B67
6 Interview with Richard Schnösenberg, DHH
7 DEFE 2/337
8 Later, other stories would emerge. Terence Robertson wrote that three days after Jubilee an informal inquiry took place at naval headquarters in Portsmouth into the events at Blue Beach with twelve naval officers giving evidence. Several testified that when the bow doors went down soldiers in the rear ranks had been extremely reluctant to move. One stated: ‘When the soldiers started to jump onto the beach everything opened up. A number of casualties occurred before the troops reached the shelter of the wall. This discouraged the rest from landing, and only a firm handling of the situation by the naval officers in charge…succeeded in compelling the rest to follow their comrades.’ The ‘firm handling’ involved ‘revolvers having to be used as a threat’ (Robertson, op. cit., p. 298).
9 Quoted in Dupuy, op. cit., p. 166
10 Mann Papers, Library and Archives Canada, ‘Op’ Jubilee: Personal Accounts Generally, RG24, Vol. 10873, File 232C2 (D53)
11 DEFE 2/337
12 Mann Papers
13 Ibid., ‘Memorandum dealing with Blue Beach’
14 DEFE 2/337
15 Interview with Jack Poolton, Veterans Affairs Canada
16 DEFE 2/337
17 Ibid.
18 Ibid.
19 Ibid.
20 IWM 9865
21 DEFE 2/337
22 DEFE 2/338
23 DEFE 2/328
24 Of 554 from all ranks who embarked, 209 died then or later of wounds sustained on Blue Beach. Another eighteen died in captivity. Stacey, Six Years of War, p. 368
25 BA MB1/B67
26 Interview with Jack Poolton, Veterans Affairs Canada
27 Quentin Reynolds, op. cit., p. 108
28 DEFE 2/335, ‘Combined Report on the Dieppe Raid’, pp. 122–3
29 DEFE 2/337
30 All radio signals taken from ADM 223/298–9
31 Interview with J. S. Edmondson, DHH
32 DEFE 2/337
33 Robertson, op. cit., p. 333
34 Jack Nissen and A. W. Cockerill, Winning the Radar War: A Memoir (St Martin’s Press, 1987), p. 152
35 BA MB1/B67
36 DEFE 2/335
37 Captain F. W. Hayter RCAMC, ‘Evacuation of Casualties from Dieppe’, Mann Papers
38 Reprinted in Bellocq, op. cit., p. 124
39 GRO 22
40 ‘Report of Intelligence Officer attached to Camerons of Canada’, Mann Papers
41 ‘Comments by Sgt Hawkins and Flt Sgt Nissenthall’, Mann Papers
42 Lefebvre, op. cit., p. 54
43 Terence Robertson quotes three soldiers who happily owned up to shooting prisoners, though it was claimed in mitigation that some were ‘pointing out our positions to snipers’. Robertson, op. cit., pp. 337–8
44 ‘Report by Captain H. B. Carswell’, Mann Papers
45 Interview with George Buchanan, DHH
46 DEFE 2/337
47 Interview with Lieutenant Nesbitt, DHH
48 Interview with J. S. Edmondson, DHH
49 DEFE 2/337
50 BA MB1/B67
51 Nissenthall, op. cit., p. 174
Red and White
1 Quoted in Franks, op. cit., p. 40
2 Rees, op. cit., p. 164
3 BA MB1/B35
4 Stacey, Six Years of War, p. 375. In his first report Hughes-Hallett calculated ‘ten to twenty minutes’; ‘Reports by Force Commanders on Operation Jubilee’, DEFE 2/328
5 Admiralty Report, p. 33
6 All after-action reports taken from DEFE 2/328 unless otherwise stated
7 Other reports say it kept on firing
8 Whitaker and Whitaker, op. cit., p. 252
9 Interview with Archie Anderson, DHH
10 Antal and Shackleton, op. cit., p. 204
11 Interview with Leo Lecky, DHH
12 DEFE 2/328; interview with Fred Jasperson, DHH
13 ‘Narrative Experiences at Dieppe, 19 August, by Lieutenant Col R. R. Labatt OC, RHLI’, Canadian War Museum
14 Whitaker and Whitaker, op. cit., p. 242
15 Connaissance de Dieppe et de sa région
16 Hughes-Hallett, op. cit., p. 182
17 See DEFE 2/328, Section II, p. 42
18 All signals taken from ADM 223/298–9
19 Whitaker and Whitaker, op. cit., p. 257
20 DEFE 2/335, ‘Combined Report on the Dieppe Raid’, p. 142
21 Interview with David Hart, Veterans Affairs Canada
22 Hughes-Hallett, op. cit., p. 185
23 ‘Mon Raid Sur Dieppe, Un officier Canadien français explique ce qui fait le courage du soldat’, in Connaissance de Dieppe et de sa région
24 DEFE 2/328, p. 36
25 ADM 223/298–9
26 DEFE 2/328
27 Quoted in Whitaker and Whitaker, op. cit., pp. 254–5
Vanquish
1 Truscott, op. cit., p. 70
2 Admiralty Report, p. 163
3 DEFE 3/328, Part II, p. 50
4 BA MB1/B67
5 DEFE 3/328
6 DEFE 2/335
7 BA MB1/B68
8 Labatt, Canadian War Museum
9 Interview with Elmer Cole, Veterans Affairs Canada
10 DEFE 2/328
11 Rees, op. cit., pp. 166–7
12 IWM 9865
13 Quoted in Franks, op. cit., p. 112
14 Air Vice Marshal ‘Johnnie’ Johnson, Wing Leader (Goodall, 1995), p. 145
15 Interview with J. E. Johnson, IWM Sound Archive 10347
16 DEFE 2/337
17 DEFE 2/338
18 Admiralty Report, p. 46
19 Antal and Shackleton, op. cit., p. 415
20 DEFE 2/337
21 Labatt, Canadian War Museum
22 Stacey, Six Years of War, p. 367
23 IWM 711
24 DEFE 2/337
25 ADM 223/298–9
26 Rees, op. cit., pp. 170–71
27 BA MB1/B67
28 Interview with Jack Poolton, Veterans Affairs Canada
29 Connaissance de Dieppe et de sa région
30 Quentin Reynolds, op. cit., p. 121
31 Admiralty Report, p. 310
32 Labatt, Canadian War Museum
33 DEFE 2/335
34 BA MB1/B67
35 Interview with Archie Anderson, DHH
36 Interview with Richard Schnösenberg, DHH, CBC, Close Up, 9 September 1962
37 Guibon, op. cit., p. 15
38 Connaissance de Dieppe et de sa région
39 IWM 711
40 IWM 9865
41 BA MB1/B67
Aftermath
1 DEFE 2/330
2 PREM 3/256
3 DEFE 2/330
4 Alanbrooke, op. cit., p. 299
5 Quoted in Maisky, op. cit., p. 461
6 Alanbrooke, op. cit., p. 307
7 DEFE 2/329
8 Ibid.
9 David Ian Hall, ‘The German View of the Dieppe Raid, August 1942’, Canadian Military History, Vol. 21, No. 4 (Autumn 2012), p. 5
10 DEFE 2/335
11 BA MB1/B67
12 DEFE 2/335
13 Quoted in Dupuy, op. cit., p. 340
14 Timothy John Balzer, ‘Selling Disaster: How the Canadian Public was Informed of Dieppe’, MA thesis (University of Victoria, 2004), p. 40
15 Stacey, Six Years of War, p. 387
16 DEFE 2/324
17 Stacey, Six Years of War, p. 395
18 DEFE 2/328
19 Interview with Fred Jasperson, DHH
20 Interview with Leo Lecky, DHH
21 DEFE 2/324
22 Interview with George Buchanan, DHH
23 The Times, 27 August 1942
24 Hansard, House of Commons, Vol. 383, Col. 84
25 CAB 79/15/8
26 BA MB1/B18
27 PREM 3/256
28 BA MB1/B18
29 PREM 3/256
30 Stacey, Six Years of War, p. 387
31 Alanbrooke, op. cit., p. 388
32 David Reynolds, In Command of History: Churchill Fighting and Writing the Second World War (Allen Lane, 2004), pp. 345–6
33 Ibid., p. 347
34 CBC, Close Up, 9 September 1962
35 Ibid.
36 Ibid.
37 O’Keefe, op. cit.
38 DEFE 2/335, ‘Combined Report on the Dieppe Raid’, pp. 38–51
39 Admiralty Report, Appendix D, pp. 67–70
40 Quoted in Campbell, op. cit., p. 197
41 Whitaker and Whitaker, op. cit., p. 304
42 CBC, Close Up, 9 September 1962
43 Mountbatten, speech to the Dieppe Veterans and Prisoners of War Association, 28 September 1973, IWM
Epilogue
1 La Vigie Nouvelle, 2 September 1944
2 RHLI War Diary, 1 September 1944
3 CBC Report, 2 September 1944
4 RHLI War Diary, 2 September 1944
5 Interview with George Buchanan, DHH
6 Sophie Tabesse-Mallèvre, Un jour sans soleil: 19 août 1942 sous le regard des Dieppois (Au Petit Bonheur, 2011), p. 164
7 Interview with General Linder, BA MB1/B68