APPENDIX

U.S. WARS, COMBAT, AND OTHER COMBAT ACTIONS ABROAD

This list documents U.S. wars (in italics), combat that cannot be characterized as war, and other actions involving combat forces beyond U.S. borders from 1776 to 2020. This list does not necessarily capture every conflict between U.S. forces and Native American peoples during near-continuous warfare between 1776 and 1890. The dates for conflicts are often debated. The key sources I’ve used are Barbara Salazar Torreon and Sofia Plagakis, Instances of Use of United States Armed Forces Abroad, 1798–2018 (Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service, 2018); Roxanne Dunbar-Ortiz, An Indigenous Peoples’ History of the United States (Boston: Beacon, 2014); and John Grenier, The First Way of War: American War Making on the Frontier, 1607–1814 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005). See also page 348, note 7.

Year(s)	Country/Nation/People
1774–1783	Shawnee, Delaware
1776	Cherokee
1777–1781	Iroquois Confederacy (Haudenosaunee)
1780–1794	Chickamauga
1790–1795	Miami Confederacy
1792–1793	Muskogee (Creek)
1798–1801	France (undeclared war)
1801–1805	Tripoli
1806	Mexico
1806–1810	Spanish, French privateers
1810	Spanish West Florida
1810–1813	Shawnee Confederacy
1812	Spanish Florida
1812–1815	Canada (War of 1812 with Great Britain)
1812–1815	Dakota Sioux
1812–1815	Iroquois Confederacy (Haudenosaunee)
1813	Spanish West Florida
1813–1814	Marquesas Islands
1813–1814	Muskogee (Creek) Confederacy
1814	Spanish Florida
1814–1825	Pirates
1815	Algiers
1815	Tripoli
1816	Spanish Florida
1817	Spanish Florida
1817–1819	Seminole
1818	Oregon (Russia, Spain)
1820–1861	African Slave Trade Patrol
1822–1825	Cuba (Spain)
1824	Puerto Rico (Spain)
1827	Greece
1831–1832	Falkland Islands
1832	Sauk
1832	Sumatra
1833	Argentina
1835–1836	Peru
1835–1842	Seminole
1836	Mexico
1836–1837	Muskogee (Creek)
1838–1839	Sumatra
1840	Fiji Islands
1841	Samoa
1841	Tabiteuea
1842	Mexico
1843	China
1844	Mexico
1846–1848	Mexico
1847–1850	Cayuse
1849	Turkey
1850–1886	Apache
1851	Johanna Island
1851	Turkey
1852–1853	Argentina
1853–1854	Japan
1853–1854	Nicaragua
1853–1854	Ryukyu, Ogasawara islands
1854–1856	China
1855	Fiji Islands
1855	Uruguay
1855–1856	Rogue River Indigenous Peoples
1855–1856	Yakima, Walla Walla, Cayuse
1855–1858	Seminole
1856	Panama (Colombia)
1856–1857	Cheyenne
1857	Nicaragua
1858	Coeur d’Alene Alliance
1858	Fiji Islands
1858	Uruguay
1858–1859	Turkey
1859	China
1859	Mexico
1859	Paraguay
1860	Angola
1860	Colombia
1862	Sioux
1863–1864	Japan
1864	Cheyenne
1865	Panama (Colombia)
1866	China
1866	Mexico
1866–1868	Lakota Sioux, Northern Cheyenne, Northern Arapaho
1867	Formosa (Taiwan)
1867	Nicaragua
1867–1875	Comanche
1868	Colombia
1868	Japan
1868	Uruguay
1870	Hawaiʻi
1870	Mexico
1871	Korea
1872–1873	Modoc
1873	Colombia (Panama)
1873–1896	Mexico
1874	Hawaiʻi
1874–1875	Comanche, Apache, Arapaho, Cheyenne, Kiowa
1876–1877	Sioux
1877	Nez Perce
1878	Bannock (Bana’kwut)
1878–1879	Cheyenne
1879–1880	Utes
1882	Egypt
1885	Panama (Colombia)
1888	Haiti
1888	Korea
1888–1889	Samoa
1889	Hawaiʻi
1890	Argentina
1890	Lakota Sioux
1891	Bering Strait
1891	Chile
1891	Haiti
1893	Hawaiʻi
1894	Brazil
1894	Nicaragua
1894–1895	China
1894–1896	Korea
1895	Panama (Colombia)
1896	Nicaragua
1898	Cuba (Spain)
1898	Nicaragua
1898	Philippines (Spain)
1898	Puerto Rico (Spain)
1898–1899	China
1899	Nicaragua
1899	Samoa
1899–1913	Philippines
1900	China
1901–1902	Colombia
1903	Dominican Republic
1903	Honduras
1903	Syria
1903–1904	Abyssinia (Ethiopia)
1903–1914	Panama
1904	Dominican Republic
1904	Tangier
1904–1905	Korea
1906–1909	Cuba
1907	Honduras
1909–1910	Nicaragua
1911–1912	Honduras
1911–1941	China
1912	Cuba
1912	Turkey
1912–1933	Nicaragua
1914	Dominican Republic
1914	Haiti
1914–1919	Mexico
1915–1934	Haiti
1916–1924	Dominican Republic
1917–1918	World War I (Europe)
1917–1922	Cuba
1918–1920	Russia
1918–1921	Panama
1919	Dalmatia
1919	Turkey
1919–1920	Honduras
1920	Guatemala
1921	Costa Rica, Panama
1922	Turkey
1924–1925	Honduras
1925	Panama
1932	El Salvador
1941–1945	World War II (Europe, North Africa, Asia/Pacific)
1946	Trieste
1947–1949	Greece
1948–1949	Berlin, Germany
1950	Formosa (Taiwan)
1950–1953	Korea
1953–1954	Formosa (Taiwan)
1955–1975	Vietnam
1956	Egypt
1958	Lebanon
1962	Cuba
1962	Thailand
1962–1975	Laos
1964	Congo (Zaire)
1965	Dominican Republic
1965–1973	Cambodia
1967	Congo (Zaire)
1976	Korea
1978	Congo (Zaire)
1980	Iran
1981	El Salvador
1981	Libya
1981–1989	Nicaragua
1982–1983	Egypt
1982–1983	Lebanon
1983	Chad
1983	Grenada
1986	Bolivia
1986	Libya
1987–1988	Iran
1988	Panama
1989	Bolivia
1989	Colombia
1989	Libya
1989	Peru
1989	Philippines
1989–1990	Panama
1990	Saudi Arabia
1991	Congo (Zaire)
1991–1992	Kuwait
1991–1993	Iraq
1992–1994	Somalia
1993–1994	Macedonia
1993–1996	Haiti
1993–2005	Bosnia
1995	Serbia
1996	Liberia
1996	Rwanda
1997–2003	Iraq
1998	Afghanistan
1998	Sudan
1999–2000	Kosovo
1999–2000	Montenegro
1999–2000	Serbia
2000	Yemen
2000–2002	East Timor
2000–2016	Colombia
2001–	Afghanistan
2001–	Pakistan
2001–	Somalia
2002–2015	Philippines
2002–	Yemen
2003–2011	Iraq
2004	Haiti
c. 2004–	Kenya
2011	Democratic Republic of the Congo
2011–2017	Uganda
2011–	Libya
c. 2012–	Central African Republic
c. 2012–	Mali
c. 2013–2016	South Sudan
c. 2013–	Burkina Faso
c. 2013–	Chad
c. 2013–	Mauritania
c. 2013–	Niger
c. 2013–	Nigeria
2014	Democratic Republic of the Congo
2014–	Iraq
2014–	Syria
2015	Democratic Republic of the Congo
c. 2015–	Cameroon
2016	Democratic Republic of the Congo
2017–	Saudi Arabia
c. 2017	Tunisia
2019–	Philippines