Chapter 14
In This Chapter
Knowing what employers are looking for during the interview process
Preparing to answer likely questions and impress the interviewers
Developing and selling your professional image to your future employer
Job interviews combine the fear of public speaking, test-taking with an audience, and being judged by others — all while feeling as if the outcome will determine your career success or failure. To say that an interview can be stressful is an understatement! Many educated, well-qualified candidates come apart during the interview process, and many others feel a great deal of stress even if they perform well.
In this chapter, I examine the purpose of the job interview and what employers are trying to get out of it. I fill you in on the types of interviews and how to prepare for them. More important, I explain what you should get out of the interview and how to market yourself at the functional and professional levels. Equipped with this information, you’ll be prepared for the interview and be able to perform to your maximum potential to achieve the job you’re seeking.
The interview is the focal point of any hiring process. The popular image displays it as a tense showdown where the hopeful candidate pleads his story to the skeptical panel of interviewers who ask tough questions, but are ultimately won over to the candidate’s side and offer him the position.
That sometimes happens in real life, but more often, the scene is less dramatic. In reality, a good interview performs the following functions:
Essentially, interviews provide both parties — interviewer and candidate — an opportunity to ask questions, exchange information, and form impressions of each other. A great deal of information is exchanged, and impressions are formed during interviews. In the following sections, I give you the tools you need to make the most of the interview.
Interviewers want to determine if you can functionally perform the duties of the position and if you have the personal skills to fit well in the environment and culture. At the functional level, interviewers want assurance that if they hire you, you’ll be able to do what the position requires. From a personal skills perspective, interviewers want to determine if you’ll fit well in the work environment or if you’ll cause conflict and turbulence.
It generally costs about $150,000 to $200,000 to fire a person, so companies want to make sure they’re making the right choice.
The hiring process may have zero, one, or multiple interviews depending on the position, company policies, and staffing availability of the interviewers. Hiring practices vary between and even within companies, but following are the most common forms of interviews you’ll encounter.
A technical interview is based on specific, technical questions, and may involve scenario-based problems for you to solve or include hands-on exercises. A technical interview is used to determine if you can functionally perform the tasks of the position, and it may serve as a way to validate your ability to perform the tasks you claim to have in your résumé. You must be able to dive deep on all technical aspects of projects listed in your résumé and be able to answer deep technical questions if you claim to be an expert on a specific technology.
A nontechnical interview is a high-level, often introductory conversation to allow the interviewers and candidate to get to know each other, exchange information, and form impressions. These interviews are often lower stress, but you should still focus on clear communications and presenting yourself in a professional manner.
The hiring process will likely involve at least one nontechnical interview, and it may or may not include a technical interview. A common technique is to include both elements in an interview, starting with nontechnical portions followed by a technical question-and-answer session.
Panel interviews include a group of interviewers asking questions, typically with one person acting as the leader or facilitator. These interviews can be intimidating for the candidate, but they allow a team of interviewers to ask questions across different areas and form impressions. Each interviewer provides input for the selection process.
Individual or one-on-one interviews involve the candidate meeting with only one interviewer. Obviously the impression you make on that single interviewer is critical. If there is a personality conflict, the impact could be negative for you.
Phone interviews are increasingly becoming the norm, at least for initial interviews. Nonverbal communication techniques are not a factor, so focus on speaking clearly when responding to questions. Make sure you’re in a quiet location with a good, static-free phone connection during a phone interview.
In-person interviews are more traditional and increasingly may not occur at all or may occur later in the interview process. Use both verbal and nonverbal communication techniques when you interview in person. Professional attire and punctuality for the meeting are also factors that influence the interviewers, so be prepared.
Interviews are a big deal when trying to land a new position, but they don’t require superhuman skills, nor should they be a source of undue stress. Like most activities, a reasonable amount of preparation will increase your effectiveness and reduce stress for the big event.
Being ready for an interview sends a clear signal to potential employers that you’re serious about the position and you’re a professional. Few things will get you rejected faster than an obvious lack of preparation or an obvious “I don’t really care” attitude. Preparation for the interview generally involves the following:
For technical positions, be prepared for a white-boarding session. These are getting more and more popular. Practice white-boarding big data architects or spot solutions.
Try out the company’s technology. Most companies that are cloud or SaaS based allow you to try the product or service for free. So actually use the product of services. For example, for Amazon Web Services or a company that uses AWS, start up an EMR Redshift or Redshift cluster and load some data.
Preparing for the interview falls under the realm of due diligence. Professionals who are serious about the position will prepare, and that preparation will be recognized by the interviewers. Those who don’t adequately prepare will likely end up wasting the time of everyone involved.
Good interviews have questions going both ways, not just from the interviewer to interviewee. Remember: The interview isn’t just a chance for the interviewers to determine if they want to hire you — it’s also an opportunity for you to determine if this is the company you want to work for. Selecting the company you work for is a big decision, and the responsibility is on you to determine if this company is a good fit for your needs based on total compensation, the work itself, the opportunity for growth, the organizational culture and mission, and work-life balance.
Just as the interviewers have prepared questions and follow-up questions for you to answer, you should prepare questions for your potential employer. You should already know what values are important to you and what you want out of this position; use your questions to confirm if the employer meets those requirements. You should also have conducted some research on your prospective employer, and that will likely generate more questions. Your list of questions may include the following:
Ask intelligent questions to gain information and show you care enough about the potential opportunity to do some preparatory research. Asking a question about what a well-known company does when the information is easily obtainable doesn’t reflect well upon you. However, asking about the challenges of the company given recent industry or market shifts shows that you’ve done your homework and you’re thinking seriously about the position.
By the time you’ve gotten to the interview, the interviewers have at least skimmed your résumé. They generally know your background and what you say you’ve done, but it’s likely a blur among several other résumés. Your task is to become the voice (and face, if in person) of the résumé to bring it to life for the interviewers. Résumés are necessary to get an interview, but most likely how you respond during the interview determines whether you get the position. Your ability to tell your professional story and articulate how you’ll perform the duties of the position in a skillful, effective, and professional manner based on your previous experience is what’s most important.
A dirty little secret in interviewing is that while the interviewers have likely skimmed over your résumé, they really haven’t studied it. Most likely, they’ve read it quickly for education, past work experience, and keywords, but that’s the extent of their review. At the extreme end, they just read your résumé ten minutes before the interview while getting coffee during an otherwise busy morning.
Don’t be discouraged — it isn’t personal. But it means that you have to sell yourself for the position instead of using the résumé to sell you. This is a great opportunity to talk about yourself with someone who is familiar with you but doesn’t know you in detail!
Being a good fit for the position is critical, yet so many people miss the point. It isn’t enough to be a brilliant technical mind if you have to manage people and can’t effectively communicate. By the same token, you can be an excellent salesperson, but if you’re also required to design technical components, you need strong engineering skills. The key is to describe how and why (backed up with examples) you’ll be the best person possible for the duties of the position.
Use examples in your past, including transferable skills, to show that you can step into the new position and quickly bring business value. You must impress upon the interviewers that
Many good people are naturally humble and refrain from selling themselves during an interview. That’s a shame because these people lose out on great positions and promotions. Remember: It’s okay to talk about your hard-earned accomplishments and relate how they provide business value during your interview process. No one can promote yourself as well as you can, so during the interview you must be an advocate for yourself and what you can provide for the prospective employer!
A common form of interview is the behavioral interview. In a behavioral interview, you’re asked about situations you experienced previously and how you resolved the situation. Unlike a standard interview, where you have to explain what you would do in a given theoretical situation or answer a question about yourself, a behavioral interview is based on what you have done in the past and why.
Examples of behavioral interview questions include the following:
Behavioral interviews are designed to give employers a chance to see how you’ve responded to situations in the past with the assumption that your past actions will determine how you’ll respond in the future.
Interviewers will ask probing questions to find out why you took the action you did, what factors you considered, what (if anything) you would do differently, and if so, why. There may not be a “wrong” answer, but there certainly are better answers than others.
Here are some examples of probing questions:
Expect your responses to generate follow-up questions and comments from your interviewers — that’s natural. If you can explain why you performed a certain way, your logic and problem solving will be what interviewers positively remember even if they may not have taken the same course of action themselves.
When responding to a probing question about a situation you wish you had handled more effectively, did you openly admit your mistake and discuss how you learned from it? There is nothing wrong with admitting a mistake or something you could have done better; in fact, that trait shows professionalism, maturity, and honesty. Unless you grossly acted unprofessionally or illegally in a situation you’re describing, the interviewers are more focused on your logic and reasoning than the specific outcome.
Use probing questions as a way to tell more of your story, show yourself as both a real person and as a dedicated professional, and underscore how you work with the company’s best interests in mind. This is an opportunity to showcase the best qualities you have, your growth potential, and how you can serve as an asset to the potential employer.
Feel free to inquire if a scenario you’re being asked about is common in the position you’re seeking. For example, if you notice a series of questions about how you work in chaotic environments or under tight timelines with few resources, you would be justified in asking if that’s the environment you’re entering. Interviewers often ask questions that reflect their current work environment and challenges; you can use that to glean more information about the position.
Another common form of interview is the case interview. In a case interview, you’re given a specific problem or scenario that you must solve during the interview. Instead of recounting how you solved a problem in the past, or how you might solve a problem in the future, you’re expected to solve a given problem in the interview.
Here are some examples of case interview questions:
Case interviews are designed to give employers a chance to see how you solve problems based on scenarios defined by the interviewers. Interviewers are less concerned about your final answer; they want to understand how you think and solve problems.
During the case interview, you’re likely permitted to ask questions to gain more information about the scenario. This is intended to determine how you identify the core problems amid a wide description of symptoms. Asking good questions and identifying the core problem(s) is critical in the real work environment, so be sure to ask similar questions during the interview. The important takeaway is to understand that the scenario may have different layers to it that you must uncover as you identify the problem.
The nature of the position and the type of scenario will influence the analytical and reasoning skills you use; be sure to match the right methods to the given situation. For example, if you’re working with a people issue, your soft skills are most helpful. Conversely, if you’re working on a finance or engineering problem, you need to use your hard skills to solve the problem.
The interviewers will be interested in the logic and methods you use to solve the problem more than they’ll care about the final answer, so be able to justify your decision making as you go. Even if you select the “wrong” method, if you can still logically articulate why you did so, you’ll gain partial credit and the respect of the interviewers.
Displaying excellent awareness of the industry, market trends, and the required business skills makes you a much more attractive candidate than someone who only knows the raw technical aspects of the position. Leaders can articulate the direction of their industry and describe their actions in terms of business value, which managers easily understand. These are skills many people lack and are an opportunity for you to stand out over your competition.
As you work through the case interview (or even a behavioral interview), take care to speak in terms of showing the business value of your actions and how they’re in line with the direction of your industry.
Poor presentation skills, apparent lack of confidence, or obvious disorganization have prevented many people from achieving their maximum potential. Especially during an interview, be sure to communicate clearly as you articulate your answers to questions.
Only do this if you’ve presented with a whiteboard before and you’re totally comfortable with it — you don’t want your first time through to be in a job interview!
Put yourself in the shoes of the interviewers. Given two roughly equal candidates, would you hire the person with energy and enthusiasm, or would you hire the unmotivated and uninspired “dud”? Taken even further, interviewers are more likely to “take a chance” on a less-qualified candidate if that person is eager to learn and clearly will commit himself to the new company and position.
Despite the weight that résumés, work experience, education, and certifications carry, showing motivation and energy to want a position during the interview process is a key advantage. In this section, I show you how to capitalize on this advantage.
Performing research on the company, its industry, and potential challenges displays that you care enough about the position to do your homework on it. Take action to show the potential employer that you’ve already considered the requirements of the position and you’re prepared to meet those requirements.
One example of displaying initiative is how you’ve prepared to obtain any technical or professional certifications required by the position. Many jobs require certifications or specific skillsets. When you can show that you’ve already obtained those certifications or skillsets (or at least have a plan to obtain them), it’s a clear indicator that you’re serious about the position.
Employers want to quickly hire people who are ready to work and won’t cause problems once they’re past the probationary period for the company. Having any necessary technical or professional certifications is a great start, but attitude and presentation are important, too. For example
Note: Two weeks’ notice is standard in the United States, but if you live in a place where that time period is traditionally longer, it’s important to follow the norm in your area.
Simply following good citizenship rules you learned as a kid is a good start. It’s amazing how many people sabotage themselves out of good employment opportunities.
Stating that you would want this position does not make you look desperate; it makes you look confident. Of course, the context of how you state you want the job is the key. Here’s an example of the wrong way versus the right way to state you want the job.
Wrong way: “Since I was fired from my last job, I’ve had a tough time finding anything else. I really need this to pay my mortgage.”
This denotes desperation and commitment to a paycheck (just a job) rather than commitment to the position (a career). At best, if you’re hired, you’ll likely be offered a lower salary because you’re perceived as desperate.
Right way: “I’ve taken some time to evaluate where I want to go next with my career. This position is a great fit for what I want to do next with my life, and I’d like to the opportunity to show you what I can do.”
This indicates that you’re thoughtful about your professional development and you realize the position must benefit both you and the employer.
Finishing the interview isn’t difficult if you’ve been confident, energized, and professional. Even if you didn’t answer every question correctly or you had some missteps, you can still improve your chances by doing the following:
You should finish the interview by displaying your profession, confidence, and tempered eagerness for the position.