Index

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Adams, Abigail, 165, 209, 216–17, 247, 273, 281–82, 292, 294

Adams, John

Bache and, 81

Boston Gazette and, 58, 131

Boston Massacre and, 165–66, 177–78

Brown and, 283–84

Callender and, 271

caucuses and, 65, 154

Constitution and, 222

Continental Congress and, 181–82, 207–8, 214, 216–17

critics, 271–73, 290–91, 297

Dickinson and, 200–3, 208–10, 215

effigies and, 281–82

Farmer and, 201–2

Federalists and, 277, 279–80

First Amendment and, 13

France and, 255, 270

freedom of speech and, 265, 296

Henry and, 227, 243

Jefferson and, 13, 106, 255–56, 277, 291, 293, 295, 297

letters, 209

Liberty Tree and, 101

Madison and, 277

Massachusettensis and, 206–7

Mayhew and, 106

ministers and, 24, 106

newspapers and, 279–81

Otis and, 70

Preston and, 166, 177–78

pseudonyms, 131, 177

Sedition Act and, 4, 256, 274–75, 282, 290, 292

on self-governance, 62–63

Sons of Liberty and, 198

Stamp Act and, 62–63, 101, 117–18

travel and, 247

Trumbull and, 205

Warren family and, 203–4

Adams, John Quincy, 291

Adams, Samuel

Bernard and, 72

Boston Gazette and, 58–59, 73, 86

Boston Massacre and, 168

caucuses and, 154

Dickinson and, 201

Farmer and, 194

Loyal Nine and, 73

McDougall and, 120

pseudonyms, 86, 130

public demonstrations and, 109

Revere and, 154

Townshend Act and, 140

Addison, Alexander, 272

Adulateur (newspaper), 204

Alexander, James, 32–33, 36, 41, 43–49, 55

Andros, Edmund, 15–17, 20–22, 25, 30, 40, 106

Appleton, John Jr., 15–16, 20

Attucks, Crispus, 170

see also Boston Massacre

Aurora (newspaper), 81, 269, 271, 273, 280–81, 285

see also Bache, Benjamin Franklin

Avery, John, 97

Bache, Benjamin Franklin, 81, 269, 271, 280, 285

Barnes, Richard, 19

Barrington, Lord, 69, 193

Bass, Henry, 73, 110

Bennett, Henry, 20

Bernard, Francis

Boston Gazette and, 10, 58, 69, 72–73, 83–87, 146

Circular Letter and, 154–55

critics, 1–2, 72–73, 75, 79, 105

departure from Boston, 163–64

Letters from a Farmer and, 193–94

Newport Mercury and, 75

Otis and, 70, 75

Pope Day and, 93

protests and, 97, 114–15, 159, 160, 162–63

riots and, 101–8

seditious libel and, 4, 10, 83–87

Stamp Act and, 60, 72, 79, 159

Virginia Resolves and, 77

Blackstone, William, 3–5, 100, 190–91, 193, 264, 275, 298

Bland, Richard, 186

Boston Gazette (newspaper)

Adams, John and, 58, 131

Adams, Samuel and, 58–59, 73, 86, 177

background, 68–69

Bernard and, 1, 10, 58, 69, 72–73, 83–87, 146, 163

Boston Massacre and, 167–70, 172–73, 178

Chauncy and, 176

freedom of speech and, 57–59, 64

Hutchinson and, 83–85, 146

Letters from a Farmer and, 193

“Liberty Song” and, 196

political attacks, 72–75

protests and, 90, 94, 96–97, 100, 105, 108–9, 113

Revere and, 58, 154, 172, 178

seditious libel and, 1, 55, 81–87, 100, 163

Stamp Act and, 58, 66, 72–74, 78, 82, 94, 111, 168

success of, 68

Virginia Resolves and, 77–78

Warren and, 204

Wilkes and, 138

see also Edes, Benjamin; Gill, John

Boston Massacre, 127, 134, 152, 165–67, 169, 170–71, 173–74, 178

see also Preston, Thomas

Boston News-Letter (newspaper), 97

Boston Tea Party, 80, 202, 204, 206

Bradford, William, 41, 81, 200, 228–29

Bradley, Richard, 50–52

Breckinridge, James, 244

Breckinridge, John, 277–78

Brennan, William, 301–2

Britannicus, 143

Brown, David, 282–83

Bull, William, 81

Burgh, James, 233

Burgoyne, John, 210

Burr, Aaron, 291

Bussaker, Peter, 20

Bute, Lord, 157

Byles, Mather, 175

Caldwell, James, 170

Callender, James T., 271, 284–85, 293

Candor, 144–46

Caner, Henry, 107

Cato, 43–44, 55, 130, 234, 247

see also Gordon, Thomas; Trenchard, John

Cato’s Letters, 44, 55, 187

caucuses, 65, 154

Chalmers, James, 213–14

Chambers, John, 48–49

Chase, Samuel, 283–84

Chase, Thomas, 96

Circular Letter, 154–55, 159, 164, 194

Clinton, George, 148

Cobbett, William, 271, 280, 282

Coercive Acts, 202

Coke, Edward, 100, 184, 196

Colden, Cadwallader, 31, 34–35, 75, 79, 112, 123–24, 126, 128–29, 131, 135, 139, 142–43

Commentaries on the Laws of England (Blackstone), 3, 100, 190, 275

Constitutional Convention, 213, 217, 219–20, 223, 230–31, 233, 236, 238, 241–42, 246, 249, 261, 268

Constitutional Courant (newspaper), 79–80

Continental Congress

Adams and, 181–82, 203–4, 208–10

Alien Act and, 273–74, 285

amendments and, 251–52, 262–64, 267

bill of rights and, 249–51, 288

Coercive Acts and, 202–3

Declaration of Independence and, 190, 192

Dickinson and, 182, 199

executive power and, 269

First, 199–200, 202, 227

freedom of expression and, 231, 236, 263–65, 267, 275, 287–89, 294

Henry and, 227

Jefferson and, 291–92

Laurens and, 113

Madison and, 220, 228–29, 260–62

New England colonies and, 207–8

Rivington and, 206

Second, 207

Sedition Act and, 255–56, 259, 273, 276, 278–79, 285–90

Trumbull and, 204–5

vote on independence, 214–16

Witherspoon and, 228

Conway, Henry Seymour, 60

Copley, John Singleton, 153, 157, 170

Cosby, William, 28–36, 41–54, 59

Country Journal (newspaper), 57, 68, 166

Cruger, Henry, 148

Dalrymple, William, 160, 166–68, 178

Daws, Tom, 65

De Lancey family, 33, 122–23, 125–26, 129, 141–46

De Lancey, James, 33–35, 45–49, 51–53, 197

De Libellis Famosis (Coke), 39, 100

De Noyelles, John, 129, 148

Deane, Silas, 204

Declaration of Independence, 127, 205, 208, 215, 228, 253, 283

Declaration of Rights and Grievances, 187

Declaratory Act, 116, 154, 192

Defeat, The (newspaper), 204

Defoe, Daniel, 130

Dickinson, John, 3, 131, 182–91, 193–94, 196–203, 206–16, 224

Dissent of the Minority (Oswald), 234

Dougliad, 142–44

Dryden, John, 61

Dudley, Joseph, 21

Dulany, Daniel, 71

Dulany, David, 94

Edes, Benjamin, 1–3, 10, 57–59, 66, 68–70, 72–79, 81–87, 96, 109–10, 154, 163, 169, 172

see also Boston Gazette; Gill, John

effigies, 8, 11–12, 60, 73, 89–90, 93–97, 99–102, 105, 107–14, 124, 136, 139, 157, 211, 224, 269, 281–82, 296, 298–99, 301

Elliott, Jacob, 96–98

Federalists, 220, 223, 230, 234–35, 239–41, 246–50, 253, 255–56, 260–61, 268, 271–74, 276–80, 282–85, 290–95, 300

First Amendment, 4–7, 10, 12–13, 128, 256, 260, 263–64, 267–68, 275, 278, 287–88, 290, 292, 294

Fox’s Act, 274

Franklin, Benjamin, 67, 79–81, 111, 127, 157–58, 166, 178, 193, 197, 209, 211, 214

Franklin, James, 57, 64, 81

Franklin, William, 192

Furneaux, Philip, 232

Gage, Thomas, 101, 103, 124, 160, 167–68, 178, 210

Gallatin, Albert, 275–76, 296

Georgia Gazette (newspaper), 170

Gerry, Elbridge, 224, 230

Gill, John, 1–3, 10, 57–59, 66–70, 72–75, 77–79, 81–87, 110, 154, 163, 168–69, 172

see also Boston Gazette; Edes, Benjamin

Glorious Revolution, 21, 70, 144, 174, 190

Goddard, William, 79

Gordon, James, 238

Gordon, Thomas, 43–44, 187

Grotius, 186

Gray, Samuel, 170

see also Boston Massacre

Grayson, William, 246, 261

Grenville, George, 66, 74, 95–96, 98, 107, 114

Halbert, Henry, 74

Hamilton, Alexander, 222–23, 248–49, 253, 268–71, 292, 294–95

Hamilton, Andrew, 3, 27–28, 47–56, 143

Hancock, John, 59, 109, 116, 158, 165, 168, 194

Harison, Francis, 35, 41–43, 46

Hay, George, 266

Heideking, Jürgen, 234

Helvidius, 269

see also Madison, James

Henry, Patrick, 3, 76, 202, 219–21, 224–28, 230–31, 235–38, 241–46, 249–53, 257–58, 260–62

Hillsborough, Lord, 160, 163, 192–94

Hog, Seabath, 19

Hogarth, William, 156–57

Holmes, Oliver Wendell, 4, 298–300

Holt, John, 37, 169

Hood, Zachariah, 112

Huske, John, 108

Hutchinson, Thomas, 106, 114, 146, 163–68, 204

appointment as chief justice, 69–70

Bernard and, 1–2, 69–70

Boston Massacre and, 165–68

freedom of the press and, 1–2

Governor’s Council and, 114

libel laws and, 1–2, 4, 10, 83–87, 146, 163

Otis and, 70

protests and, 101–4, 106

satire and, 204

Sons of Liberty and, 164

Stamp Act and, 60, 94

writs of assistance and, 72

Independent Gazetteer (newspaper), 233, 246

Inglis, Charles, 214

Intolerable Acts, 202, 204–5

James, Thomas, 124

Jay, John, 223, 248, 269–70

Jefferson, Thomas, 12–13, 76, 106, 208, 214, 217, 221–22, 224–25, 229–30, 236–37, 243, 249, 255–64, 268–74, 276–81, 284–86, 291, 293–98, 301

“Join or Die” cartoon, 157

Johnson, Samuel, 130

Johnston, Augustus, 111–12

Jones, Thomas, 146

Kaestle, Carl F., 194

King George II, 27

King George III, 60, 71, 93, 114, 132, 137, 199

King Henry VI, 98

King Henry VIII, 37–38

King James I, 93

King James II, 17, 70

King John, 184

Kneeland, Samuel, 68

Knox, Henry, 237–38

Lamb, John, 125–26, 129

Laurens, Henry, 113

Lee, Arthur, 196

Lee, John, 20

Lee, Richard Henry, 181, 214, 241, 249–50, 253, 261

Leonard, Daniel, 206

Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania (Dickinson), 182, 193, 199, 201, 212

Letters from the Federal Farmer, 234–35

Levy, Leonard, 5, 297

“Liberty Song” (Dickinson), 196–99, 201, 203, 216

Liberty Tree, 95, 98–101, 105, 107, 109–11, 113–16, 132, 136, 139, 157, 159, 163–64, 194, 198, 222, 282

Licensing Act, 186

Liverpool (ship), 181

Livingston family, 122–25, 128, 141

Livingston, Robert, 214

Locke, John, 24, 186

Long Room Club, 154

Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth, 153

Loudon, Samuel, 206, 214

Loyal Nine, 58, 73, 89–90, 94, 96–100, 104, 108–10, 114

Loyalists, 12, 65, 71, 75–76, 116, 177, 192, 195–96, 199, 205–6, 213–14, 231

Lyon, Matthew, 284, 290

MacPherson, John Jr., 193

Macaulay, Thomas, 61

Madison, James, 3, 45, 220–24, 228–31, 234–39, 241, 244–49, 251–53, 255–69, 273, 275–80, 284–89, 292, 294, 296, 298–302

Marprelate, Martin, 186

Marshall, John, 237, 241

Martin, Alexander, 280

Maryland Gazette (newspaper), 77, 82–83

Mason, George, 230, 232, 236, 241–43, 246, 249–50, 252

Massachusetts Gazette (newspaper), 97, 206, 209–10

Massachusetts Government Act, 204

Mather, Cotton, 23–24

Maury, James, 226

Maverick, Samuel, 170

Mayhew, Jonathan, 106–7, 117

McDougall, Alexander, 3, 55, 119–31, 134–49, 151

McEvers, James, 112, 123–24

M’Fingal (Trumbull), 205

McIntosh, Ebenezer, 3, 90–93, 97, 102–5, 107–10

McKean, Thomas, 224, 295

Mein, John, 206

Meserve, George, 112

ministers, 8, 23–24, 60, 106, 152, 175–76, 229, 295

Moland, John, 183–84

Monroe, James, 241, 257, 259, 277, 284

Montresor, John, 133

Morris, Lewis, 33–36, 41–42, 45–46, 48

Morris, Robert, 216

Morrison, Isaac, 146

National Gazette (newspaper), 269

New-Hampshire Gazette (newspaper), 68, 83

New York Gazette (newspaper), 34–35, 41–42, 46, 51, 55, 68, 124

New York Gazetteer (newspaper), 206

New York Times v. Sullivan, 301–2

Nicholas, John, 275–76, 286–87, 296

Nicholas, Wilson Cary, 277–78

Oliver, Andrew, 89–90, 96–97, 100, 102, 104, 109–12, 114, 123

Oliver, Peter, 114, 177

Oswald, Eleazer, 234, 246, 249

Otis, Harrison, 275

Otis, James Jr., 58, 70–73, 75, 85, 94, 175, 187–88, 196, 198, 203, 243

Otis, James Sr., 69–70

Pacificus, 269

see also Hamilton, Alexander

Paine, Thomas, 7, 211–14

Parker, James, 68, 135, 147

Pasley, Jeffrey L., 280

Pelham, Henry, 170–72

Pennsylvania Gazette (newspaper), 67, 79, 127, 157, 234

Pepys, Samuel, 61

Philipse, Frederick, 33, 45–46, 48–49

Philoleutherus and Philopatriae, 79

Pickering, Timothy, 282, 284

Pinckney, Charles Cotesworth, 261

Pitson, James, 64

political cartoons, 157–58, 173–75

Political Disquisitions (Burgh), 233

Pope, Alexander, 42, 107–9

Pope Day, 92–93

Popular Party, 33, 46

Porcupine’s Gazette (newspaper), 280–82

Pownall, Thomas

Preston, Thomas, 152, 165–72, 177–78

see also Boston Massacre

Proctor, John, 22

Providence Gazette (newspaper), 82, 112

Pufendorf, Samuel von, 23, 186

Queen Elizabeth, 38, 186

Quincy, Josiah, 166, 173

Radcliff, Philip, 20

Rakove, Jack N., 12

Randolph, Edmund, 212–13, 230–31, 235–36, 238, 241–44, 251, 257

Read, Abraham, 19

Read, George, 184–85

Read, William, 101

Revere, Paul

background, 152–54

Boston Gazette and, 58, 168–70

Boston Massacre and, 127, 152, 167–76

engravings, 155–58, 168–70, 178

Franklin and, 80

freedom of speech and, 3

political cartoons and, 80, 155–58

political involvement, 154–55

Sons of Liberty and, 160, 177

Richardson, Ebenezer, 164

Rights of the British Colonies Asserted and Proved, The (Otis), 71

Rippon (ship), 163

Rivington, James, 206

Rivoire, Apollos, 153

Robinson, John, 167

Roebuck (ship), 181

Rossiter, Clinton, 23

Royle, Joseph, 76–77

Rush, Benjamin, 212

satire, 8, 23, 25, 41–43, 52, 75, 83, 105, 114, 120, 156–57, 175, 186, 195, 197, 204–5, 222

Scalia, Antonin, 5–6, 10

Schofield, Henry, 4–5

Seabury, Samuel, 71, 206

Sears, Isaac, 125–26, 133–34, 142

Sears, John, 206

Sedition Act, 3–5, 255–56, 259–60, 273–80, 282–97, 299–301

seditious libel

Adams, John and, 209–10, 272

Bache and, 281

Bernard and, 10, 75

Boston Gazette and, 1, 55, 57, 75, 81–87, 100, 163

colonies’ rejection of, 9–10

Constitution and, 221, 223, 231–32

Cosby and, 43–45

First Amendment and, 263–66

freedom of expression and, 4–6, 27, 63, 72, 193, 221, 231–32, 260, 263–66

Hamilton and, 49–52, 54–55

history, 3–4, 37

Holmes and, 299

libertarians and, 286–89

Lyon and, 284

Madison and, 286–89

Mayhew and, 107

McDougall and, 128, 130–31, 146–47

political cartoons and, 175

printers and, 39

punishments for, 18–21

Sedition Act and, 273–74, 276, 279, 293–97, 299–301

Sons of Liberty and, 134

Stamp Act and, 60

symbolic expression and, 10–11, 100

U.S. law and, 12

Wilkes and, 137, 139, 155

Wise and, 14, 20–21, 260

writers and, 143–46

Zenger and, 14, 28, 54–55, 143, 197

Seider, Christopher, 164

Shelton, Sarah, 225

Sherman, Roger, 261

“Short Narrative of the Horrid Massacre in Boston,” 167

Short, William, 259

slavery, 74, 79, 83, 114, 193, 195

Smith, Edward, 125

Smith, John Blair, 238

Smith, William, 33, 46–49

Sons of Liberty

Adams, John and, 166, 198

Boston Tea Party and, 202

Bradford and, 200

Chase and, 283

Chauncy and, 176

Common and, 116, 124, 132

De Lanceys and, 123

Edes and Gill and, 85

Inglis and, 214

Johnston and, 112

Lamb and, 129

libel and, 143

Liberty Pole and, 133–34, 282

Liberty Tree and, 101, 107, 198

Loyal Nine and, 73

McDougall and, 120, 125, 129, 131, 136, 141–42

newspapers and, 81–82, 161–62

Oliver and, 109–10

printers and, 81–82

public demonstrations, 163–64, 211, 239

Read and, 101

resistance to British, 55

Revere and, 154–55, 158, 160, 174, 177–78

Stamp Act and, 64, 73, 112–13, 116, 123–25, 133, 211, 283

Wilkes and, 137–39

Stamp Act

Adams, John and, 216

Bernard and, 107, 114–15, 163

boycotts and, 123–24

De Lanceys and, 123

Edes and Gill and, 58, 66, 72–74, 78, 168

explained, 67

Franklin and, 80

Grenville and, 95, 98

Henry and, 76, 226–27, 243

Liberty Song and, 198, 201

Loyal Nine and, 99–100

McDougall and, 125

McIntosh and, 91–93, 103

newspapers and, 6, 68, 70, 79–83, 86, 89, 127, 130, 146, 162, 194

Oliver and, 90, 97

opposition to, 95–97, 99, 111–14, 187, 191

political cartoons and, 157–58

protests against, 20, 59–60, 62, 76, 93–94, 107–9, 139–40, 159, 169, 181, 269

repeal of, 116–17, 141–42

Revere and, 154

Sons of Liberty and, 64, 73, 101, 112–13, 116, 123–25, 133, 136, 211, 283

taverns and, 64

Star Chamber, 38–49, 50–51, 53–55, 143

Stuart, Archibald, 222

Stuart, John, 137

Sugar Act, 66–67, 70, 74, 78, 115, 187

Sullivan, L.B., 301

Swift, Henry, 108–9

Swift, Jonathan, 42, 130

Talleyrand, Marquis de, 270

taverns, as meeting places, 8, 11, 19, 22, 35, 54–55, 57, 60, 64–65, 94–95, 109, 125, 132–33, 138–42, 163, 185, 188, 194, 198, 200, 211, 214, 222, 225, 240, 253

Taylor, John, 279

Tazewell, Henry, 273

Tocqueville, Alexis de, 13

Trenchard, John, 43–44, 187

Trumbull, John, 204–5

Van Dam, Rip, 31–34, 45, 48

Vices of the Political System of the United States (Madison), 230

Virginia Declaration of Rights, 232, 241, 249–50, 252

Virginia Gazette (newspaper), 40, 76

Virginia Resolves, 76–78, 227

Volokh, Eugene, 10

Warren, James, 58, 203, 209–10

Warren, Mercy, 203–4

Washington, George

Bache and, 269–71

Constitution and, 219–20, 236–37, 296

Continental Congress and, 181–82

as head of Continental Army, 208

Henry and, 219–20

Jay and, 248, 269

Madison and, 220, 237, 243, 257, 269

Mason and, 236

McDougall and, 120

Pickering and, 282

as president, 268–71

retirement, 270

Whigs, 70–72, 95, 101, 106, 114, 128, 154, 158, 176, 206, 276

Wilkes, John, 119, 127, 137–39, 141, 149, 155

Wilkes, Junius, 265

Wilson, James, 214, 224, 236, 261, 264

Winthrop, John, 20

Wise, John, 2–3, 14–17, 20–25, 30, 42, 106, 260, 302

Witherspoon, John, 228–29

Wood, Gordon, 94, 192

Woolman, Jacob, 74

writs of assistance, 70

Wythe, George, 251–52

Zenger, John Peter, 14, 27–28, 41, 45–51, 53–55, 59, 143, 146, 197, 274