Index

Abeokuta, 19 (map), 77, 178, 184, 199
Aborigines Protection Society, 187
abstention, 5, 19, 44–53, 85, 87, 207. See also boycott
Addow, 62
African Institution, 62, 116, 141–151, 177, 179
agriculture, 218; African, 32, 155, 192, 232–235, 240; American, 220–229; and civilization, 63, 72, 179–180, 186, 244; and education, 188–189; French, 231; in India, 200; and legitimate commerce, 142–147; in Liberia, 181, 218; and nationalism, 14; plantation, 10, 177, 197; versus manufacturing, 16. See also cash crops; cotton; groundnuts; sugar
alcohol: banned / boycotted, 48–50, 52, 54–56, 59, 67, 75, 156; in Senegambia trade, 27–30, 34–35 (fig), 39, 48; in Sierra Leone trade, 1–3, 8, 70, 147, 153; and the slave trade, 29–30, 34–35, 42, 48–50, 54, 55, 74, 77–79. See also rum
al-Din, Nasr, 30, 45, 60, 61, 62
Allen, William, 148, 152
American Colonization Society, 143, 158, 182, 216–220
American Free Produce Association, 5, 82; and cotton production, 176, 207–209, 224–226; and free-produce labelling, 94–95, 107; and free-produce stores, 96–98, 123
ammunition, 28, 35, 70–75, 78, 128, 150–151
Anti-Corn Law League, 159
archaeology, 29–33, 38, 71, 101, 131, 232
Ardra, Kingdom of, 152
Asma’u, Nana, 16, 43, 61, 102, 108
Atlantic Taste, 27, 30
Aussenac, Rosalie, 130

bafts, 29, 145. See also cloth; guinées
Bamba, Amadou, 233
Banjul. See Bathurst
Bassa Cove, 91, 217
Bathurst, 19 (map), 133, 151, 155, 207
Bello, Muhammadu, 58
Benezet, Anthony, 120
Benson, Martin: and fraud, 1–3, 103, 158; and market information, 120–121, 157; and slave traders, 105, 119; and trade with Sierra Leone, 23, 44–45, 67, 72, 117
Benson, Stephen, 91–92, 123–124, 182, 199, 214–218
Bethel AME Church, 210, 212
Bight of Benin, 74, 77, 110
Bight of Biafra, 34, 110
bill of exchange, 100, 102, 105, 110, 115–119, 137
Blackstone Manufacturing, 84, 200
Bordeaux, 46, 132, 154
boycott, 5, 20, 244; of guns, 73, 74; to return fugitive slaves, 195, 243; of the slave trade, 27, 44–47, 243; of slave-produced goods, 47–55, 57, 65, 87, 160, 165. See also abstention
Boyer, Jean-Pierre, 215, 236
Brakna, 154
brand: of abolition, 80–98, 169; of free-produce coffee, 214–216; of guns, 71, 100–107; innovations in, 24, 175, 242; Lever, 240, 241
bribe, 76, 82, 153
Brown, Benson & Ives: and African demand, 67, 117, 120–121; political connections, 17; and Sierra Leone trade, 1–4
Brown & Ives, 118; and market information in African trade, 83, 118–123; run-in with Macaulay & Babington, 124–127; and supply chains, 200; supplying John Tilley, 105; supplying Sierra Leone, 67, 72; and tariffs, 157–160, 216
Bullom, 25, 27
Bundu, 31, 33
Burton, Richard, 77

Cadbury, 238, 244
Calabar. See Old Calabar
Camwood: exports of, 68, 145, 218; price of, 104, 105, 118, 121–123, 126, 127, 128, 129; and tariffs, 157
capital: access to, 11, 39, 110–111, 115, 117, 226, 235; and free labor, 161–162, 188, 205, 214, 224, 235; invested in Senegambia, 131–132, 136–137; invested in Sierra Leone, 66, 148, 179; investments, 69, 140; and slavery, 14, 95, 163, 191, 227; social, 139
capitalism: consumer, 4, 13, 53, 241; and humanitarianism, 12, 14, 18, 26, 175, 203, 244; industrial, 11, 22, 23, 84; and liberalism, 13, 44, 113, 229; and slavery, 7, 15, 21, 112
Carew, Betsey, 148
Carew, Thomas, 118–119
Carey, Mathew, 207, 216–217
cash: in trade, 38, 108, 110, 114, 118, 127, 138, 155; in wages, 68. See also currency; money
cash crops, 15, 179, 234, 236–237. See also cotton; groundnuts; palm oil; rice; sugar
cassava, 92, 124, 143, 158
ceddo, 30, 45
Chandler, Elizabeth Margaret, 16, 92
Christianity, 20, 27, 43–44, 50, 58, 61, 113, 188, 241. See also Quakers
Church Missionary Society, 178
Clarkson, Thomas, 16; and Wedgwood, 85, 89; and legitimate commerce, 120, 143; and Sierra Leone, 69, 116; on the slave trade, 61, 165, 185; and Zachary Macaulay, 117, 141, 150, 162
Clegg, Thomas, 178, 202
cloth: as an African trade good, 1, 8, 19, 28–29, 35, 37, 42, 53, 59, 70, 73, 100, 101, 128, 132, 145, 156; African-produced, 55–56, 113, 199; production of free-produce, 92–93, 98, 173–174, 178, 199–202, 208–210
coffee, African-grown, 67, 142, 143, 177, 179–180, 199; consumption of, 28, 38, 39; free-produce, 164, 181–182, 204, 213–221, 236; slave-labor produced, 9, 51, 176
collateral, 109–113, 134–139, 163
Colored Free Produce Society, 5, 97, 210, 226
commodification, 13, 26–27, 42–45, 53–55, 79
commodity: consumption of, 10, 12, 26–28, 41–44; currency, 34–35, 40, 45, 55–60, 68, 70, 79, 100, 109; identifying an ethical, 20, 58–59, 76, 81, 192; markets, 132, 138–139; production, 7, 8, 22, 51, 136, 155, 168, 180, 186, 197–203, 234; relations, 54; trade, 115–116, 125, 129, 138, 143, 179, 195; and trust, 100, 102, 109–110, 116, 120, 129, 131, 138–139
compensation, 168, 187
competition: between empires, 76, 177, 233; between free- and slave-produce, 160–161, 164–165, 169, 225, 242; and monopoly, 38, 57, 164–165, 168; labor, 186–187, 230; in palm oil production, 240; from slave traders, 2, 103, 105–106, 129, 143
Congo, 240–241
Congos. See Liberated Africans
consumer responsibility: and the abstention campaign, 51–54; for slavery, 5, 51–54, 64; within the global economy, 19, 44; minimizing government responsibility, 75; for positive purchasing, 204, 210, 211
consumer revolution, 38; and American protectionism, 206; and Atlantic taste, 30; and consumption bundling, 28; and industrial growth, 235; and the luxury debate, 41, 234; shaping political protest, 9, 12, 47; and shared Atlantic experience, 6, 18–19, 26–33, 38–40, 53; and slave-based finance, 111
consumer value: demonstrating the efficiency of free labor, 164–167; and the protection of the consumer, 13, 231; and reforming global commerce, 12, 175; versus labor value, 14, 23; of West African trade, 67
consumption, 28–30, 35, 36, 38–40, 49 (fig), 92, 120; bundle, 28; competitive, 34, 37; conspicuous, 81, 89, 95; deleterious effect of, 75, 77–78; and political power, 45, 47, 48, 53, 213; stimulating production, 68–69, 143–145, 175, 180, 195–198
corruption, 76, 102, 152, 243
cotton: African production of, 35, 120, 142–143, 176–180, 184, 191, 199–200, 230, 240; East India, 101, 164, 198–199, 201; free–labor, 93–95, 96, 98, 173–174; manufacturing, 84, 207–210, 93–94; slave-produced, 81, 83, 91, 93, 166; and white farmers, 204, 221–229, 235–236. See also cloth
credit, 12–13, 34, 45, 58–59, 84, 92; in legitimate commerce, 125–127; and morality, 109–115; overextension of, 134–138; as protection against fraud, 101; in Sierra Leone, 115–120, 127–129, 133; in Senegambia, 129–134. See also debt
crisis of adaptation, 8–9, 10
Cropper, James, 141, 161–172, 183, 185, 202
Cuffe, Paul, 122, 148, 158
currency, 68, 79, 99, 100–101, 105–107, 110; commodity, 34, 40, 55, 57–60, 68, 70, 100
customary payments. See customs
customs, 10, 13, 75, 168, 171; African, 73, 151–157; American, 157–160, 200; British, 72, 90, 142, 151, 163–165, 169, 196; French, 230–231. See also tariffs

Dahomey, 19 (map), 77
Damel of Kajoor, 48, 78, 195
dan Fodio, Uthman, 37, 43, 58, 61, 156
debt: commercial, 115–116, 119–120, 124, 126–127, 129–134, 148, 154, 239; and dependency, 44, 109, 113, 139, 163–164, 180; and enslavement, 32, 34, 111–113, 115, 138, 194; morality of, 109–115, 136. See also credit
Delany, Martin, 213
demand, 5, 8–11, 18, 46; consumer, 27–34, 39, 41, 48, 60, 71, 75, 79, 89, 102; for fake goods, 101; and legitimate commerce, 64–67; and monopoly, 161; supply and demand, 42, 51–52, 82, 186–188, 211, 241, 243
Dickason, Thomas, 118–119, 126
Dombasle, Mathieu de, 230
domestic slavery, 111, 190–203, 229–230, 237
doux commerce, 11, 56
Duties. See tariffs

East India Sugar, 49, 81, 87–88, 90, 95, 160–167, 185
Education, 186, 188–190, 241
Efik, 57, 111, 136
Egypt, 174, 184, 197, 202
externalities, 12, 24, 75, 168, 244

fables, 130–131
Falconbridge, Anna Maria, 28, 68, 69, 102, 148
Fatta, 36–37
forgery, 80, 84, 101
Forster & Smith, 130, 133–134, 148, 150
Forten, James, 212
fraud, 80–84, 90, 95–106, 153, 154, 159, 226, 243
free labor, 3, 5, 9–10, 13, 16, 167–171, 211; in America, 220–229; cotton, 173–174, 176–181, 207–210; defining, 193–194, 201–202; East India goods and, 81, 159, 199; efficiency of, 157, 167–171, 195–198, 205; in Liberia, 181–182, 216–220; sugar, 91, 160–167. See also free produce; indenture; Philadelphia Free Labor Warehouse; wage slavery
free produce, 5–6, 9, 18, 74–75, 244; from Africa, 123–124, 158; cotton, 173–174, 176–181, 207–210; higher prices for, 90–93, 106, 114–115, 243; from Haiti, 215; from Liberia, 181–182, 216–220; problems sourcing, 93–95, 183–185, 198–200, 208–210, 220–229, 235; stores, 17, 90–98; sugar, 91, 160–167. See also American Free Produce Association; Colored Free Produce Society; free labor; Philadelphia Free Produce Society
free soil, 220–236
Freetown, 1, 19 (map), 65–71; Anna Maria Falconbridge in, 102; and fugitive slaves, 194; legitimate commerce in, 155, 179, 234; Macaulay & Babington’s operations in, 108, 117, 129, 132–135, 239; rice trade in, 143–147, 191. See also Sierra Leone
free trade, 206; and African tariffs, 153–154; and Anglo-American rivalry, 159–160, 205, 231; and labor value, 13, 14, 200–201, 242; and monopoly, 140, 142, 145; sugar, 168–171. See also tariffs
Fula, 32, 36, 37, 61, 66, 156
Futa Jallon, 19 (map); and Freetown’s trade, 66; and the gun trade, 70; migration from, 192, 206, 232; and tariffs, 152, 155–156
Futa Toro, 19 (map); and the abolition of the slave trade, 16, 43, 45–46, 191; boycott of rum, 45, 48; debt relations in, 113; jihad of, 36, 37, 64; and legitimate commerce, 65; and Umar Tal, 156; and weapon imports, 73

Gabbidon, Stephen, 135
Gajaaga, 152, 155
Galam. See Gajaaga
Gambia: arms trade to, 61–62, 70, 73, 76; commercial agriculture in, 177, 235; credit, 109, 131–134, 136–137; exports from, 149, 207; fugitives to, 194, 233; imports into, 34, 35, 118; tariffs in, 153, 155–156. See also Senegambia
Gambia River, 19 (map), 31, 83, 148, 149, 233
Garrison, William Lloyd, 89, 90, 94, 159, 182
Genius of Universal Emancipation, 16; and British abolition, 164, 185, 188, 195; and colonization, 213, 217–218, 221–222, 226; and free-produce arguments, 52, 82, 92–94, 97, 210, 226; George W. Taylor and, 17, 90
Ghana. See Gold Coast
Gillet, G. M., 173, 202
Gladstone, John, 165–166, 183, 184, 187
Gold Coast: agriculture in, 177, 235; commission house system, 117; commodity currency, 59–60, 73, 110; response to abolition, 65; slave exports from, 34
Gorée, 19 (map); American trade at, 72, 118–119; and commercial power, 67; and enslaved labor, 180, 193; signares in, 29
groundnuts: and American tariffs, 207; demand for, 9, 123; peasant agriculture, 155, 180, 232–233, 240; in Senegambia, 131–132, 134, 155, 180, 191; in Sierra Leone, 77, 192; and slavery, 191–192, 232
Guinea, 66, 71, 112, 192
Guinea-Bissau, 70
guinées, 29, 73, 100, 132, 156
gum, 46, 58–59, 67–68, 132, 149, 152–156, 180
gun: African uses for, 73; banned, 46, 76–79; as immoral goods, 74–79; -slave cycle, 35–36, 55–56, 70–76; as trade goods, 8, 28, 31, 34, 42, 104

Haiti, 116, 141; abolition in, 16; as a free-produce source, 176, 186; coffee, 214–215, 236; migration, 206, 221; revolution, 6–7, 36, 149
Hammond, James Henry, 223
Henderson’s China Warehouse, 87
Heyrick, Elizabeth, 16, 50, 51, 82, 165, 187
Hicks, Elias, 50
Hicksite, 97
Hunt, Nathan Jr., 94, 225, 226

import, 67, 117, 126–127, 132, 133, 135, 152; tariffs, 91, 158, 163, 200, 216, 239
indenture, 149, 180, 185–188, 198, 236–237
Industrial Revolution, 7, 14, 76
industriousness, 28, 136, 201, 233
industry: African, 28, 62, 63, 75, 136; protection of national, 14, 47, 195, 228, 231
inflation, 34, 132
Islam, 2, 29; and morality in commerce, 43, 48, 58, 110, 113; and revolution, 12, 32, 33, 36–37, 45, 64; and slavery, 43, 45, 61, 191. See also jihad
Isles de Los, 118, 119, 125, 126
Ivory, 68, 70, 83, 99, 104, 122–124, 126, 157, 158, 239

Jamaica Hamic Trade Association, 210
jihad, 2, 26, 33, 36–37; in Futa Toro, 46; of Nasr al-Din, 30; of Umar Tal, 76, 78, 156, 232; of Uthman dan Fodio, 43, 61
Jordan, Binah, 68–69

Kaabu, 19 (map), 155–156, 232
Kabre, 113
Kane, ‘Abd al’Qadir, 43, 45–46, 48, 61, 78
Kent, Elizabeth, 123
King Naimbana, 28
King Tom, 129–130
Koinadugu Plateau, 70–71

labels: East India sugar basin, 87; free-produce cotton, 173, 188, 226; innovations in, 106–107, 244; Liberia, 216; Sierra Leone Company, 99; as a supply chain solution, 80–81, 85, 93–95
labor, 4–5, 10–16; and consumption, 195–198; dependency, 41, 44, 230–236, 238; enslaved, 7, 16, 18, 31, 178, 180; global disparities, 198–203, 240–241; market for, 31, 43, 112, 133; “stolen”, 50–51; training, 188–190, 237; value, 20–21, 22–23, 175–176, 183–185; wage, 8, 229, 233. See also free labor; indenture; slavery; wage slavery
labor theory of value, 196–197
Lagos, 19 (map), 74, 77, 117, 137, 199
Lamiral, Dominique, 37
land: and colonial expansion, 66, 78–79, 144, 153, 176–180; migration to new, 22, 155, 181, 205–206, 214–216, 221–224, 232–236. See also land-labor ratio; territory
land-labor ratio, 22, 30, 180–181, 186–192, 203, 235
landlord-stranger, 57, 66, 137
legitimate commerce, 3, 8–9, 11, 197, 237, 243–244; agriculture, 142, 177, 191–192; arguments for, 64–70, 75, 120, 138, 169, 171, 201–203; colonial experiments in, 18; credit facilitation of, 109, 114, 129–134, 136; crisis of adaptation, 13, 129–135, 153–155, 232; and ethical concerns, 56, 58–59, 73, 76–77; in Liberia, 181–183, 218–220; role in the Atlantic economy, 17; in Sierra Leone, 55–56, 64–70, 75–76, 99–106; tariffs on, 157–160, 165, 207; trade in, 71, 76, 118, 120–124, 148–149. See also cash crops; cotton; groundnuts; gum; palm oil; sugar
Leigh, William, 119, 125–126
Lever Brothers, 238–242
liberalism, 13, 15, 41, 84, 112–114, 187–188, 234
Liberated African Department, 143, 146–147, 151, 239
Liberated Africans, 116; apprenticeship of, 185, 189–190; in Liberia, 182; in trade, 119, 135
Liberia, 15; coffee, 199, 204, 213–214, 236; commercial agriculture in, 143, 181–182, 233–234; free-produce from, 91–92, 123–124, 216–220
Lincoln, Abraham, 235
Liverpool, cotton manufacturing in, 200, 228; James Cropper and, 161, 163, 165, 166; trade to Sierra Leone, 135; West African trade from, 34, 119; and the Zong, 42
Livingstone, David, 184
Loans. See credit; debt
Longstreth, Morris, 226
Lundy, Benjamin: and black entrepreneurs, 213; editor of the Genius of Universal Emancipation, 16; and free-cotton supplies, 94, 97; and free soil experiments, 221–228; and Liberian colonization, 218. See also Genius of Universal Emancipation
luxury, 26, 27–28, 65, 114, 202; debate, 38–44, 47, 50–51, 234; and the “geegaw myth”, 74

Macaulay, Henry, 108, 134, 147
Macaulay, Kenneth: agent for Macaulay & Babington, 117, 126, 143, 146–147, 152; and collapse of Macaulay & Babington, 128–129, 148; death, 134, 148; and the Liberated African Department, 146–147, 151; on the Sierra Leone Council, 152
Macaulay, Selina, 3, 81, 128
Macaulay, Zachary: approach to credit, 128–130; banking, 116–117, 141; as chairman of the African Institution, 62, 116, 141–143, 148, 150–151; engagement with African leaders, 25, 48, 62, 65, 75, 99, 104, 129–130, 191; and East India sugar, 160–167, 183–185, 196; evangelicalism, 26; and forgery, 80, 84, 100–103, 106; and Freeport, 66, 177; and French antislavery, 179–180; and fugitive slaves, 99, 194; outlining his vision of ethical commerce, 17, 160–167, 169, 177, 179, 183–184, 225; reliance on abolitionist networks, 127–129, 141–143, 147–148, 171; and rice, 144–146; and Sierra Leone trade, 68, 69, 80, 99, 104–105, 117, 153–154; and slave traders, 55, 70, 75, 80, 99, 102–103, 192–193; support for African revolutions, 37; using Sierra Leone experience in business, 3, 144, 171–172; and Thorpe’s accusations, 140–141, 150–152; trading with Benson, 1–3. See also Macaulay & Babington; Tropical Free-Sugar Company
Macaulay & Babington: collapse of, 129, 134–135; and credit, 108, 126, 127–129; establishment of, 116–117; monopoly, 140, 142, 147–148; and palm oil, 239
mahogany, 120, 148–149
Malthus, Thomas, 63, 190
Manchester: cotton goods, 145, 176, 178, 200, 209; free-produce depot in, 96
manufacturing, African, 197; American, 206, 210; East Indian, 161–163; free produce, 90–98, 207–210, 223–224; shaped by demand, 71; versus agriculture, 16, 198–202
market: capital, 132; colonial, 178, 195; commodity, 125–127, 132–136, 143, 150–154; consumer, 56, 60, 62, 67, 83, 140, 195–198, 237; defense of, 10, 16, 168; distortion, 171–172, 225; for free-produce goods, 9, 22, 95, 165, 208, 217–219, 224–225; information, 120–124, 138, 157–159, 200, 218; international, 20, 23, 29, 119, 138; labor, 188, 197, 199; morality, 24, 26, 36, 80, 175; segmentation, 38, 71, 72, 74, 88, 242; as a solution to the problem of slavery, 11, 15, 49–50, 52, 96, 109, 187; thinking, 12, 13, 26–27, 43, 113
marketing, 85, 87, 96, 103, 215, 242, 244
Marseille, 132, 154
Marx, Karl, 112
Maurel et Prom, 154
Mauritius, 163, 185
measurement, 59, 83
migration. See Futa Jallon; labor; land; Liberia; Haiti; peasant farmer; yeoman
Mill, John Stuart, 179, 186, 189, 197, 235
millenarian, 220
Miller, Daniel, 97
millet, 31, 33, 46, 156
Molo, Alfa, 156
money: and fraud, 83, 101; investment, 58–59, 68, 108, 110, 113, 115, 141, 150, 163; and market thinking, 40; and morality, 35, 55, 58, 100, 113; and the Sierra Leone Company Store, 68, 115; and wealth, 110. See also cash; currency
monopoly, African trade, 57, 60, 109, 133, 154; and consumer value, 11, 165, 224; Macaulay & Babington and, 140, 142, 152; West India, 160–161, 170–172, 225
monopsony, 109, 134, 142, 164–165, 172, 180
Monrovia, 19 (map), 91, 181, 218
moral community, 32, 54, 57, 58, 109
Moria, 19 (map), 32, 36–37, 153
mortgage, 111–112, 191
Mourides, 233
Mudsill theory, 223

Napoleonic wars: decline in camwood demand after, 122; exchange of French and British colonies after, 133, 143, 178; reintroduction of trading restrictions after, 118, 207
Nashoba, 221
National Negro Convention, 210
Neiser, Jan, 119
Niger (country), 232
Niger (river), 19 (map), 33, 109, 156, 188, 240
Nigeria: commercial agriculture in, 178, 202, 223, 240; credit in, 112; imitation Wedgwood design found in, 101; Oyo state in, 57; trade along the coast of, 77; wage labor in, 233. See also Old Calabar; Sokoto Caliphate
nonimportation agreement, 46–47, 206–207
North Carolina, 93, 94, 97, 225–228

Ohio, 96–97, 210, 226–227
Old Calabar, 19 (map), 58, 73, 74, 120, 131; and the Efik, 57, 111, 136
Ouidah, 19 (map), 28, 120, 240

palm oil, 238–241, 243–244; and the crisis of adaptation, 9, 155; demand in Rhode Island, 121–123, 126, 157–159; Liberian, 218; in Nigeria, 74, 131; Sierra Leone exports of, 67, 121, 152; tariffs on, 155, 157–159
panyarring, 62, 113, 115
Park, Mungo, 63, 190
pawn, 111, 113, 136, 138
peanuts. See groundnuts
peasant farmer, 221–236
Pellegrin, 130, 180
Pennock, Abraham, 224
Philadelphia Free Labor Warehouse, 90, 204
Philadelphia Free Produce Society, 5, 90, 92, 209, 224
Pierce, James, 97, 210
Pierce, John, 99
plantation: African, 62, 191, 193, 197; coffee, 213–220; East Indian, 162–163; enslaved-labor, 11, 44, 171, 184–186; free-labor, 120, 142–145, 149, 176–182, 220–221; indentured-labor, 186–188; owners, 42, 169; palm oil, 241
Port Sunlight, 238–239
Postlethwayt, Malachy, 60, 120
price: in demonstrating efficiency of free labor and legitimate commerce, 12–13, 106, 115, 134, 157, 161, 164–165, 208–209, 216, 240; fixing, 129–130, 132–134, 138; incentivizing fraud, 80–81, 82–83, 95, 98, 99–100, 158; information, 23, 45, 68–69, 120–124, 126–129, 145–146; and the labor theory of value, 196–197; and monopoly, 140, 152, 167–169, 201; premiums, 90–93, 104–106, 214, 243; in shaping market thinking, 40; of slaves, 9, 33–35, 46, 48, 57, 60, 191
prizes, 142–143, 178
profit, 168–172, 242; in East India sugar, 163–164, 230; in free labor, 103, 221, 223, 225; in legitimate commerce, 3, 12, 67, 91, 129, 134, 142, 216; and monopoly, 13, 47, 150, 153; and questions about ethical business practices, 23, 32, 58, 77, 91, 95, 103, 105, 142–146; and self-interest, 11, 51, 230; in Sierra Leone’s businesses, 68–69, 177
protectionism, 13–14, 160, 199
Providence, Rhode Island: and antislavery, 42, 117; and Brown & Ives, 1, 67; rum, 29, 45; and tariff information, 123, 239
Purvis, Robert, 210–211

Quakers: A. L. Benedict, 97; arguments against “stolen labor,” 62, 98, 159; Benjamin Lundy, 16; Cadbury’s, 244; critique of slavery, 5, 6, 12, 26, 50; Daniel Miller, 97; Edward Gurney, 178; Elias Hicks, 50–51; George W. Taylor, 11, 90, 178; James Cropper, 161; Joseph Sturge, 170; Lydia White, 97, 114; Moses Brown, 42, 200; Nathan Hunt Jr., 94; networks in sourcing free cotton, 95–97, 173–174, 209, 220, 224–228
quality: of African imports, 30, 74, 103–104, 131, 154; and consumer protection, 83–84, 101, 106, 109–110; of free-produce goods, 93, 95, 98, 106, 121, 208, 212, 227–228; moral, 57, 59

Recaptives. See Liberated Africans
Republican party, 222, 235
reputation, 80, 83, 84–85, 97, 99–105
reversal of fortune thesis, 22
revolution, 37, 45–48, 61, 244. See also consumer revolution; Haiti; Industrial Revolution; jihad
Ricardo, David: and East India Sugar, 160, 184, 196; labor value, 197, 201; and the slave trade’s impact on African economies, 63, 190
rice: East India, 161, 165, 181, 200; legitimate commerce in, 1, 67–68, 99, 128–129, 142–147, 154–155, 170–172, 218; production for the slave trade, 2, 32, 36, 62, 191; tariffs on, 152
Richardson, Anna, 215
Roger, Baron, 130, 143, 179–180
rum: African demand for, 1–3, 28–29, 35, 67, 122, 147; American consumption, 39; boycotted, 45, 48–50, 54, 55; East India, 164. See also alcohol

Saint-Louis, 19 (map); commercial power, 31, 130, 180, 195; enslaved labor in, 180, 195; French government of, 76; rum imports into, 48; signares of, 29; slave trade from, 46
Sally, 42
Say, Jean-Baptiste, 226
Segou, 33
Senegal, 19 (map); colonial expansion in, 154; consumption patterns, 30–31, 67, 72, 101, 200; credit and debt, 109–112, 130–132; emancipation in, 168, 194–195; exports, 33, 59; jihads in, 37, 45–48, 61–62, 76, 78; legitimate commerce from, 18, 58–59, 154, 232–233; Mourides in, 233; plantations in, 143, 149, 178–180, 230; signares of, 29; slave trade from, 61
Senegambia, 15; consumption patterns, 29, 71, 74; credit and debt, 130–132; political power in, 29–30; exports from, 58–59, 121, 132; famines in, 33; opposition to the slave trade in, 33–35, 45–46; slave trade from, 34, 45; slavery in, 32, 60, 63
Serer, 31, 232
settlement patterns, 32–33
Sharp, Granville, 42, 143, 150
Sierra Leone, 24, 65–67; apprenticeship in, 185, 189–190; Company, 1–4, 45, 55, 65–67, 79, 144–145, 153; Company Store, 68–69, 99–106; consumers, 28, 32, 67, 68–69, 71–72, 74–75, 80–81, 154, 200; credit in, 108, 112, 115–120, 128–130; exports, 133–134, 145–147, 215, 239; Gazette, 83, 128, 131, 135, 146, 147, 154; legitimate commerce, 55–56, 144, 177–179; Macaulay & Babington in, 128, 135, 140–141, 145–148, 152; manufacturing, 28; slave trade from, 34, 36, 65, 112
signares, 29
Siin, 29, 31, 232
slave power conspiracy, 222, 225
slavery: in Africa, 21, 32–33, 144, 152, 181–182, 190–195, 208, 232, 237; arguments about consumer responsibility for, 5, 9–10, 44, 48, 51–52, 64, 74–75, 82, 187; and capitalism, 7, 14, 188; efficiency of, 145, 161, 169, 216, 223–227; and enslaved labor produce, 20, 82, 91–96, 98, 161, 166, 168, 169, 181, 200, 209; and protectionism, 140, 142–143, 171, 201, 205. See also labor; wage slavery
slave trade, 1, 7–8; abolished, 16; abolitionists and, 4, 16, 18; boycotts of, 46–47, 243; and commodification, 41–43, 53–54, 79, 243; continuation of, 17, 64–65, 118, 119–120; and the crisis of adaptation, 8–9, 10, 13; and debt, 111–113, 138; effect on consumption, 75, 175, 195–198; and global commerce, 10, 19, 26–33, 48–49, 57–60, 74; ideas for ending, 4–5, 8, 15, 49–51, 65–66, 151; opposition to in Africa, 12, 33–38, 43–44, 45–46, 48, 55, 64, 149; in Senegambia, 46, 118; in Sierra Leone, 2, 75, 80, 99, 102–103, 105–106, 135, 144; and tariffs, 152–157, 171; and war, 56–57, 60–64, 70–73, 76–78, 151, 190
Slave Trade Act, 117
Smith, Adam: on consumer’s effect on demand, 4, 51; on externalities, 12, 27, 51; and imitation goods, 101; on the inefficiency of enslaved labor, 171, 226; and the labor theory of value, 196; on monopoly, 13, 140; on the national economy, 56; on self-interest, 52; on war’s effect on consumption, 62–63, 137
soap, 238–242
Société coloniale philanthropique, 149–150
Society for Effecting the Abolition of the Slave Trade, 86, 100, 120
Society of Friends. See Quakers
Sokoto Caliphate, 19 (map); and liberty, 37; and Nana Asma’u, 102, 108; and slavery, 43, 61; and Umar Tal, 156
squills, 124–127, 158
State of war, 56, 60–64, 79, 175, 190
Stephen, James, 162, 167
Stowe, Harriet Beecher, 220–221
Sturge, Joseph, 96, 170, 173, 227
subsidy, 168, 171
sugar: abstention from, 5, 9–10, 49–54, 85–88; African production of, 143, 176–181, 218, 230–231; consumption of, 19, 28, 38–39, 42, 48, 49 (figure), 67; free labor, 96, 167–168, 172, 174, 186, 187–188, 200, 221; free trade, 160, 205, 225; East India, 81, 160–169, 181, 183–185; maple, 91; refining, 212; tariffs on, 169, 186, 196; West India, 83, 90–91, 172, 187. See also Sugar Duties Act; Tropical Free-Sugar Company
Sugar Duties Act, 168
supply and demand, 11, 18, 115; and consumer responsibility, 42, 52, 82, 211, 241; and labor conditions, 185–186; and “market thinking”, 27, 52
supply chain: and consumer responsibility, 51–53, 78, 82, 89, 96, 198–199; and ethical supply, 18, 80, 106, 174–175, 203, 210, 212, 243, 245; global, 20, 21, 48, 81, 85; and nationalism, 95, 204, 242; and slavery, 10, 54, 94, 183–185, 187; weak, 97, 115
Susu, 36–37, 48, 55, 66, 99

tariffs: African, 29, 151–157, 78; American, 125, 157–160, 200, 206; British, 151, 163–171; debates about, 13, 163–171; and free trade, 11, 23, 142; French, 230–231; and monopoly, 47, 75; and profitability, 90, 127, 164
Taylor, George W., 17; and American cotton, 209–210, 223, 228, 236; and arguments for consumer activism, 90, 114–115; and the Free Soil movement, 222; and Liberian trade, 91, 123–124, 181–182, 213–219; operation of the Philadelphia Free Labor Warehouse, 91–92, 204; and tariffs, 158
tea, 10, 28, 38–39, 42, 46, 69–70, 87, 128
Temne, 28, 32, 36, 66, 129
territory, 66, 76, 154–155, 236. See also land
Texas Question, 221–222
Thorpe, Robert, 140, 150–151, 165
Tilley, John, 72, 105–106, 119
timber, 135, 149
tobacco: banned, 156; and enslaved labor, 51; ethical value of, 24; free labor, 210, 221, 226–227; pipes, 28, 31, 39; as a trade good, 1–3, 35, 59, 67, 72, 118–119, 145
Trarza, 58, 59, 154, 195
Tropical Free-Sugar Company, 160–167, 170
trust. See commodity: currency; credit; reputation

Umar Tal, Al Hajj, 76, 78, 156, 232
usury, 58, 59, 109, 110, 113, 136

value, 112, 194; of African exports, 199, 200, 207, 215, 240; consumer, 12–14, 43, 67, 93, 164–165, 175, 231; cost, 105, 110, 120, 132; devaluation, 104; ethical, 4, 56, 59, 85, 87, 93, 109, 241; of free labor, 13, 21–22, 165, 167–168, 179, 196–197, 205–206, 210, 214, 227; of imports into Africa, 35, 60; of land, 234; method of valuing, 121–123; political, 29, 47, 79, 84–85, 88–89, 98, 100; of rice, 142, 146; of tariffs, 154, 157–159; use, 100, 111

wage: and comparative advantage, 196–197; after emancipation, 168, 180, 186–187; and consumption, 175, 196, 201; global disparities of, 183, 196–198; labour in Africa, 65, 68–69, 233, 241
wage slavery, 22, 194, 222–223, 229–232, 234, 238–239
wealth in people, 192
Wedgwood, 85–86, 93, 100, 101
West India Sugar. See sugar
Whipper, William, 97, 210–211
White, Jr., Jacob, 211
White, Lydia, 97
Wilberforce, Samuel, 169
Wilberforce, William, 85, 116, 117, 129, 134, 150, 162
witchcraft, 32, 36

Yangekori, 36–37
yeoman, 221–236. See also peasant farmer
Yorubaland, 233
Young, Captain Gideon, 118–119, 123–126, 157–158

Zong, 42