A. Schaaffhausen, bank, 68
AB Bofors, 152
Abdul Hamid II (sultan of the Ottoman Empire), 83, 111
Abelshauser, Werner, 209
Abs, Hermann Josef, 228, 257–58, 268
Acciai Speciali Terni, 278–79
Adenauer, Konrad, 229, 232, 234, 238, 251–52
AEG, 154
Ahmadzadeh-Hervari, Mahmoud, 270
AKA. See Ausfuhr-Kredit-Gesellschaft mbH
Aktiengesellschaft für Unternehmungen der Eisen-und Stahlindustrie (Afes), 159, 213
Alfried Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach-Stiftung (-Foundation), 4, 6, 259–60, 262–68, 277–78, 283
Allied High Commission, Law 27, 231–35
Appian Group, 286
Ascherfeld, Adalbert, 48, 72, 85
Asthöwer, Fritz, 101
Augstein, Rudolf, 241
Auschwitz, 219
Ausfuhr-Kredit-Gesellschaft mbH (AKA), 255, 257
Bahr, Annelise, 260–61
Balfour, Arthur James, 130
Bang, Paul, 190
Bankhaus Delbrück, 101
banks, universal. See universal banks
Barchewitz, Ferdinand, 81
Bayerische Geschützwerke, 139
Becker, Karl, 205–6
Beitz, Berthold, 5; Adenauer, first meeting with, 234–35; Alfried Krupp and, relationship of, 240–41; capital, securing adequate, 269; compensation for Jewish slave labor, agreement to, 244; Cromme, support of, 277; early and wartime activities of, 239–40; financial crisis of the 1960s, actions regarding, 256–60; the foundation, actions regarding, 259, 262–63, 265–68; globalization, activities promoting, 248, 251–55; honorary degree for, 264; Krupp family, relations with, 267–68; literary portrayal of, 226, 228; photo, 227, 254, 258; rebuilding Krupp, 241, 243, 245, 247, 287; recruitment of management, 259–60, 275; sales obligation, end of, 234; tension with management, 255, 274–75
Belgium, 106
Bennigsen-Foerder, Rudolf von, 275
Berg, Friedrich von, 144
Berliner Neueste Nachrichten, 112, 114
Bernays, Edward L., 242
Berthawerke, 214–15
Beyer, Burkhard, 23
Bierich, Marcus, 273
“Big Berta” 42 cm cannons, 136–37
Bismarck, Otto von, 1, 60, 70, 91, 109, 110
Blaustein, Jacob, 244
Bleichroeder, Gerson, 71
Bochumer Verein für Bergbau und Gussstahlfabrikation: as competitor of Krupp, 36, 43; joint-stock company, change to, 67; Krupp foreman employed by, 80; purchased by Krupp, 246; Sayner Hütte ironworks, political battle over, 60–61; steel casts, use of, 54; worker layoffs, 1873-1879, 77
Bohlen und Halbach, Arndt von, 235, 261–63
Bohlen und Halbach, Berthold von, 235, 237
Bohlen und Halbach, Gustav von. See Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach, Gustav
Bohlen und Halbach, Harald von, 188, 235
Bohlen und Halbach, Irmgard von, 235
Bohlen und Halbach, Waldtraut von, 235
Borsig, 77
Bosch, 267
Boulton, Matthew, 18
Boyen, Hermann von, 53
Brandt, Willy, 253–54
Brazil: contracts with railways in, 50; Krupp’s international ventures in, 249; military products, as market for, 56, 107; steel-plant investment in, 285
Brenner, Otto, 268
Britain. See Great Britain
Brown, John, 46
Buchenwald, 221
Buchheim, Christoph, 176–77
Bülow, Bernhard von, 119
Buschfeld, Wilhelm, 195
business model/strategy: of Alfred Krupp, 42–44; cartels/syndicates as postwar strategy, 154–55; centralized form of management, retention of, 156; competition between states as marketing strategy, 59, 62–64; corporate culture, transition of, 289–94; corporate governance, financial crisis and the need for more effective, 256–59; deconcentration and codetermination rules, 235–37; Deutschland AG, 228, 236, 273–75, 288; family ownership, 5–6, 9–10, 78–80, 85, 149, 155, 165–66, 256; finance, the banks and, 65–72, 256–59; foundation control, 260, 262–67, 292–94; of Friedrich Alfred Krupp, 92–96; of Friedrich Krupp, 44–45; “fusionitis,” 282; globalization (see globalization); heroic entrepreneurship, 6–7, 27, 87–88; holding company created in 1923, 159; image, recasting while holding onto the past, 241–47; joint-stock companies (see joint-stock companies); limited liability company, change to, 259; markets, technical improvements and the creation of new, 31; modernization of in the 1990s, 276–85; multidivision form (M-Form), 100; patriarchalism, 241; pricing, quality and, 30; profitability and, 4–5; secrecy regarding production techniques, 56–57; shareholders, impact of not having, 75; the state and, 51–65, 139–40, 161–62, 178–79, 198–202, 231, 233–35, 292; steel trust, resisting argument for, 160–66; of Therese Krupp, 23; traditional foundations of the twenty-first century German, 287; vertical integration, 38–39; workers and management, 72–78 (see also labor/workers)
capitalism: credit from banks, Alfred Krupp and, 65–72; personal, F. A. Krupp and, 121–22; public interest, 264, 294; Rhineland, 3–4, 65; vilified in Nazi Germany, 178. See also finance
Capri, 117–18
Carl Friedrich von Siemens Stiftung, 265
Carnegie, Andrew, 264–65
Carnegie Endowment, 264–65
cartels, 43–44
Castle, Barbara, 233–34
cast-steel block for the Chrystal Palace, 48–49, 53
Chandler, Alfred, 100
Chou En Lai, 253–54
Cobden, Richard, 47
coin-making equipment, production of, 18–20, 29, 31, 52
community, corporate existence as a way of rebuilding around an idea of, 293–94
competition, economic: Alfred Krupp’s view of, 54; anticompetitive stance of imperial German government, 107–8; Tirpitz’s efforts to promote, 116
Cromme, Gerhard, 275–78, 281, 289
Cyrankiewicz, Józef, 251
Daimler, 267
Deichmann, Wilhelm, 68
Delbrück, Clemens, 131
Deng Xiaoping, 253
Dernburg, Friedrich, 119
Der Untertan (The Loyal Subject) (Mann), 89, 91
Deutsche Bank, 102, 198, 214, 260, 275, 291
Deutsche Industriwerke Spandau AG, 181
Deutsche Morgan Grenfell, 280
Deutschland AG, 228, 236, 273–75, 288
Devon Ertsmaatschappij, 155
Diesel, Rudolf, 99
diesel engines, production of, 99
Dillon Read & Co., 160–61
Dinnendahl, Franz, 13
DINTA (German Institute for Technical Labor Training/ Deutsches Institut für technische Arbeitsschulung), 147
Dior, Christian, 243
Disconto Gesellschaft, 68–69, 102
Doenitz, Karl, 211
Dönhoff, August Count von, 110
“Dora” cannon, 205–6
Dortmunder Union, 69
Douglas, Hugo Sholto von, 109
Dresdner Bank, 101–2, 155, 161–62, 214
East Germany. See German Democratic Republic
Eccius, Otto, 133–35
Ehrenberg, Richard, 87
Eichhoff, Bertha. See Krupp (née Eichhoff), Bertha
Eichhoff, Richard, 80
Eizenstat, Stuart, 244
Ende, Felix von, 127
Ende, Margarethe Freiin von. See Krupp (née von Ende), Margarethe
Engels, Wilhelm, 41
England: Alfred Krupp’s trips to, 46; cannon, unsuccessful testing of, 56; as the challenge to continental European entrepreneurs, 44–45; 1851 London Great Exhibition, 47–48, 53; military products, as market for, 59; steel made through the Huntsman process in, 14–15. See also Great Britain
entrepreneurial activity: Alfred Krupp as definitive of, 26–27; competition and, 54; as creative destruction, 9, 21; deglobalization and failure of, 106–8; innovative and Bürgerlichkeit, incompatible values of, 21
entrepreneurship, high-tech, 5
Erzberger, Matthias, 134
Estel, 272
F. A. Seilliére, 68
F. Asthöwer & Cie. Steel Works, 36
Feldman, Gerald D., 157
finance: banks and bankers, Alfred Krupp and, 66–72; banks and bankers, Friedrich Alfred Krupp and, 101–2; capital market, replacement of bank lending by, 291; crisis of the 1960s, 255–60; inflationary period, strategies during, 155–57; of investment during the expansion of the 1930s, 197–204; joint-stock companies (see joint-stock companies); relatives, credit from, 66; universal banks (see universal banks). See also business model/strategy
Flick, Friedrich, 207, 212, 233, 238
Foerster, Richard, 137
Ford Foundation, 264–66
Fould, Achille, 56
Foundation Initiative of German Business, 244
Fowles, E. L. Douglas, 222
François-Poncet, André, 232, 234, 248
Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, 114, 119, 266
Freitag, Walter, 238
Fried. Krupp. See Krupp firm
Fried. Krupp Schlesische Industriebau GmbH, 213
Friedrich (crown prince of Prussia), 59
Friedrich Wilhelm IV (king of Prussia), 55
Fritz Thyssen Stiftung, 265, 280
Friz, Diana Maria, 261
Gall, Lothar, 69, 91, 129, 156, 247
Gantesweiler, Carl, 72
General Electric, 167
German Democratic Republic (GDR), foundation activities in, 264
German Empire: anticompetitive actions by, 107–8; collapse of, 147; F. A. Krupp in the politics of, 108–16; “Kruppianer” as model for social relations in, 87; the Krupps and, 91; lobbying in the politics of, 60–61; military products, as a market for, 61–62; World War I (see World War I)
Germaniawerft: financial problems at, 103, 161, 163, 181–82, 184; the navy and pre-World War II production, 181–84; purchase and expansion of, 102–3; sale of, interest in, 210; strikes at, 142; submarine production at, 139
German Labor Front, 195
Germany: East (See German Democratic Republic); identification and parallel development with, 27–28; imperial (see German Empire); under National Socialism (see Nazi Germany); Weimar (see Weimar Republic). See also Prussia
Germany, Federal Republic of: business leaders in, characterization of, 6; “fusionitis” in, 282; new corporate governance, actions furthering the transition to, 288; steel industry, crises of, 268–69, 271–72; steel rationalization, failed efforts to achieve, 272–74
GHH. See Gutehoffnungshütte (Gute Hoffnung ironworks)
Girod, Hans, 215
globalization, 5, 32; acquisitions of foreign companies, 278–79; business model of Alfred Krupp and, 44–51; deglobalization under F. A. Krupp, 104–8; exports to advanced countries in the 1980s, 274; exports to developing countries in the 1970s, 270–71; geographic distribution of exports, 1933-1942, 200–201; Iranian participation in Krupp, 269–71; post-World War I remains of, 155–56; pre-World War II cultivation of global markets, 184–85; products to compete with England, Friedrich Krupp and, 14–15, 44–45; recovery of the late 1870s and, 77; of the 1950s and 1960s, 248–55; transformation of the German business model in the 1990s/2000s and, 286–88
Goebbels, Joseph, 178
Goerdeler, Carl, 195–96
Goetz, Carl, 196
Goldman, Nahum, 244
Goldman Sachs & Co., 161, 280, 291
Goldschmidt, Jakob, 193
Göring, Hermann Wilhelm, 185, 189, 198, 208, 211, 214
Göring office: foreign exchange earnings, vital status of, 201–2; profitability of Krupp, new method of calculation and, 202; Silesian expansion of Krupp, negotiations over, 211–12
Graf zu Eulenburg, Friedrich, 51
Great Britain: Alfried Krupp, opinion of, 208–9; armament sales by, 106–7; cooperation with Krupp, initiatives for, 106; deconcentration and Nazi influence, concerns regarding, 233–34; Krupp, occupation and closing down of steelmaking at, 222; Krupp sale requirement, controversy over, 245; Krupp’s dynamism, dangers perceived as associated with, 130; military products, as a market for, 63–64; steel interests, possible sale of stake in Krupp to, 164. See also England
Grundig, Max, 240
Gussstahlfabrik: British takeover of, 222; dismantling of in 1947, 223; employees at, 129, 140–41; expansion of, 97; labor during World War II, 215–16, 218; labor peace during turmoil of 1920, 150; labor unrest at, 142–43; losses at, 161, 163; military production at, 180–81; remnants of as centrally organized conglomerate, 247; separate production sites, aggregation of, 138, 212; site visits as marketing strategy, 55–56; statue of Alfred Krupp at, 86–87; wage rates, cuts of, 169; Wilhelm II’s visits to, 108–9; women workers employed during World War I, 141; worker layoffs, 1873-1879, 77; worker layoffs, 1923-1924, 157–58; workers killed by French soldiers at, 158; World War I expansion of, 140–41; World War II bombing of, 210
Gutehoffnungshütte (Gute Hoffnung ironworks), 11–13, 28, 30, 33, 164–66, 188, 286
Haass, Heinrich, 47
Haeckel, Ernst, 95
Hallstein, Walter, 233
Hamm, Eduard, 188
Haniel, Alfred, 256
Haniel, Franz, 67
Haniel family, 164–65
Harkort, Friedrich, 49
Hartmann, Gustav, 126
Haux, Ernst, 127
Healey, Denis, 245
Heeres-Rüstungskredit-AG, 214
Helfferich, Karl, 126
Hennig, Klaus, 229
Herkomer, Sir Hubert von, 134
Herle, Jacob, 192
heroic entrepreneurship, 6–7, 27, 87–88
Herrhausen, Alfred, 253, 260, 273, 275
Herstatt, 66–68
Herzog, Rudolf, 123
Hess, Rudolf, 224
Heusinger von Waldegg, Emil, 182
Heydt, August von der, 33, 54, 65–66
Hiesinger, Heinrich, 283
Hindenburg, Paul von, 139
Hindenburg Program, 139–42
Hirschland, 162
Hirschland, Kurt, 193
Hitler, Adolf, 1; businessmen, meeting with, 189; chancellor, appointment as, 188; Goerdeler, objection to appointing, 196; Gustav Krupp’s avoidance of meeting with, 187; Krupp ownership structure, change in, 207; military production, actions regarding, 183, 205, 213–14; munitions output, incensed at low figures for, 205; photo, 203; remilitarization aspect of work creation measures, emphasis on, 179
Hoerder Verein, 77
Hollmann, Friedrich, 116
Hoogovens, 272
Hörder Verein, 67
Hossenfeldt, Vera, 261
Houdremont, Edouard, 193–94, 205, 209, 221, 239
Huber, Ernst Rudolf, 229
Hugenberg, Alfred, 133–35, 145, 148, 190
Humboldt, Alexander von, 57
Humperdinck, Engelbert, 82
Hundhausen, Carl, 242–43, 252, 287
Huntsman, Benjamin, 14
IG Farben, 244
Ihn, Max, 219
import-substitution strategy, 248–49
India, 249–51
Isabella (Crown Princess of Brazil), 56
Italy, 65
Itzenplitz, Heinrich Friedrich von, 61
Ivan Programm, 212
Jacobi, Haniel & Huyssen, 66
Jäger, Wilhelm, 32–33
Janssen, Friedrich, 231, 239–40
Jencke, Hanns, 77, 92–93, 100, 109, 131
Jewish Claims Conference, 244
Jews: anti-Semitic attacks, 111, 113; compensation for slave labor by, 244; Nazi anti-Semitism, 191–94; prisoners as labor, 219–20; saved by Beitz, 240; use of stereotypes about, 57
joint-stock companies, 67, 87–88; competition with, F. A. Krupp’s complaint regarding, 115; transformation of Krupp into, 126–27, 277
Kádár, Janos, 252
Käppner, Joachim, 240
Kastl, Ludwig, 188–92
Kechel, Georg Carl Gottfried von, 14–16
Kechel, Wilhelm Georg Ludwig von, 14–16
Khrushchev, Nikita, 252–53
Klasen, Ludwig, 81
Klass, Gert von, 69
Klöckner & Co., 207
Klotzbach, Arthur, 170–71, 193, 195
Klüpfel, Ludwig, 127
Knapp, Georg Friedrich, 133
Kohl, Helmut, 273
Kohlhaussen, Martin, 291
Körner, Paul, 212
Korschan, Heinrich, 193
Krackow, Jürgen, 260
Kranzbühler, Otto, 176, 229, 231
Kriwet, Heinz, 279
Krosigk, Lutz Graf Schwerin von, 190
Krupe (Krupp), Arndt (Arnold), 11
Krupp, Alfred: anglicization of, 45–46; Annen works, acquisition of, 99; banks and bankers, views of and relations with, 65–72; Bismarck and, 60, 91; business model of, 42–44; England, trips to, 45–46; family and personal life of, business and, 78–86; formal studies and university education, skepticism regarding, 94; fraternization with competitors, lack of trust necessary for, 43; the German Empire and, 91; globalization, efforts regarding, 44–51; as heroic entrepreneur, 6–7; hypochondriac, nervous breakdowns and history as a, 79; Krupp as German icon, maker of, 1; legacy of, 86–88; philosophy and personality of, 24, 26–28, 44, 69, 85, 294; portrait of, 25; production for war and peace, similar requirements for, 57–58; running of the business after his father’s death, beginning of, 22–23; Stammhaus, making of legend regarding, 21; the state and, relations with, 51–65; the technical imperative and, 28–42; workers and management, view of and actions regarding, 72–78; at the world exhibition in 1851, 47–48
Krupp, Arnold, 11
Krupp, Friedrich: business and financial failures of, 16, 20–22; coin-making equipment, production of, 18–20; death of, 22; factory in Russia, dream of, 5; founding of firm to make “English steel,” 13–16; initial business move of, 12–13; as namesake of the company, Alfred’s insistence on, 7; novel, portrayal in, 123; practical skill in making steel acquired by, 17; silhouette of, 10; steel production in Russia, fascination with, 20, 49; supplies and location, problems with, 17
Krupp, Friedrich, Jr., 72, 78–79
Krupp, Friedrich Alfred: asthma of, 84, 92; birth of, 79, 84; business expansion under, 97–103; character of, 89, 91; death of, 119–20; deglobalization under, 104–8; father, relationship with his, 84–85; labor relations under, 93–94; management of the firm by, 92–94, 131; mergers and acquisitions by, 99–102; personal capitalism, disastrous end to, 121–22; personal scandal and marital conflict, 116–19; photo of, 90; politics, involvement with, 108–16; profits under, 103–4; science, embrace of, 94–96, 131; task of, 88; Wilhelm II and, 1, 91–92; will of, 126–27; woman not suited to lead Krupp, note regarding, 127–28
Krupp, Friedrich Jodocus, 11
Krupp, Helene, 13
Krupp, Peter Friedrich Wilhelm, 12
Krupp, Therese, 22–23, 29, 52, 78
Krupp family tree, 295
Krupp firm: anticompetitive governmental actions and, 107–8; anti-socialist addresses to be signed by workers of, 120–21; business model/ strategy of (see business model/strategy); Chemical-Physical Experimental Institute, 96; company statute (Generalregulativ), 76–77; compensation for slave and forced workers, 244; corporate logo of, 35; the depression of the 1930s, impact of, 168–71; early twentieth century expansion and technical advances, 128–30; employees, number of, 1812-2010, 303–4; employee shares, experiment with, 156; Essen, explosives dropped on during World War II, 213; export share of production, 45; financing concerns of the 1930s, 197–204; financing concerns of the 1960s, 255–60; foundation control, corporate restructuring to, 262–67; the French occupation in 1923, 158–59; German government and, foreign perception of relationship between, 130; Hoechst, hostile takeover of, 277–78; inflationary period, strategies during, 154–58; Iran, securing capital through participation of, 269–71; as joint-stock company, 126–27, 277; Krupp works circa 1820, illustration of, 18; literary portrayal of, 123, 125, 226, 228; major themes of, 4–7; management, early twentieth century changes in, 131–33; management, late 1980s changes in, 274–75; mergers and acquisitions by F. A. Krupp, 99–102; military production (see military production); modernization and mergers, 276–85; money printed by, 157–58; Nazi impact on personnel of, 192–97; Nuremberg trials and (see Nuremberg International Military Tribunal); ownership structure, alteration of, 207–8; paternalism of, 73; post-World War II deconcentration and scaling down of, 230–39; post-World War I tumult, tradition and adjustment in, 147–53; pre-World War I political conflict, 133–34; profits, 103–4, 131–32, 140, 177–78, 186, 199–202, 289; Prokura and management board of, 72, 76; prosperity in the 1920s, 166–68; remaking of, 239–47; revenues and profits/losses, 1811-2010, 297–302; sale of assets after World War II, 237–38; sales obligation, end of, 245; scientific research at, 96; shipyard, acquisition of, 101–3; size of, 2–3, 33–34, 39; survival of, reasons for, 287–88; Thyssen, attempted hostile takeover of, 280–81; Thyssen, discussion of merger with, 246; Thyssen, merger with, 281 (see also ThyssenKrupp); the Villa Hügel for visitors, 81–83; workers’ dwellings, photo of, 74; World War I and (see World War I); World War II and (see World War II). See also ThyssenKrupp
Krupp foundation. See Alfried Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach-Stiftung (-Foundation)
Krupp (née Ascherfeld), Helene Amalie, 11–13
Krupp (née Eichhoff), Bertha, 79–80, 84, 86
Krupp (née von Ende), Margarethe, 84, 90, 117–20, 127–29, 132
Kruppsche Mitteilungen, 130
Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach, Alfried: American business practices and production in big series, urging of, 202; amnesty and release of, 229–30; arrest of, 222; attempted biography of, 172; authority, acceptance of, 241; Beitz, appointment of and relations with, 239–41; Breslau, construction of new production location at, 213; chairman of the executive board, taking position of, 208; coal, efforts to acquire, 214; death of, 267; executive board, appointment to, 196–97; exports and cultivation of foreign clients, 248; fictional literature about business life, contribution to, 173–74; formal return to head of scaled-down enterprise, 239; foundation control, determination to convert to, 261–62, 265, 267; management at the Berthawerke, adequacy of, 215; Mehlem Agreement, signing of, 235; new style of business planning, necessity of, 256; ownership structure, change in, 207–8; patriarchalism of, 241; photo, 227, 230; political links and Nazi party membership of, 208–9; profits, dismissal of the significance of, 289; statement renouncing participation in steel production, signing of, 232–33; trial and sentencing of, 176, 224; withdrawal and personal failures of, 260–61; workers during World War II, actions regarding, 216, 221
Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach, Bertha, 2, 126–28, 132, 155, 168, 207, 261, 267
Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach, Gustav: Alfried’s first marriage, opposition to, 261; arrest and imprisonment by the French, 158–59; British steel interests, rejection of selling large stake to, 164; business conditions after World War I, awareness of change in, 147; democracy, worries about, 142–43; family moved from Essen during turmoil of 1920, 150; family of, photo of, 146; family of, portrait of, 175; family wealth as a reserve, postwar statement regarding, 149; financial support from the state, seeking of, 161–62; financing of investment in the 1930s, concerns regarding, 197–98; food crisis and labor unrest at the close of World War I, concerns regarding, 142; Fry, dismissal of, 193–94; Führer, necessity of support of, 205; Germaniawerft shipyard, consideration of selling, 181–82 (see also Germaniawerft); indictment of at Nuremberg, 1, 151, 223; legal status of the firm, alteration of, 207; literary depictions of, 145–46, 172–73; management appointments in the mid-1930s, 195–97; marriage and entry into management, 132; photo, 124, 135, 203; politics, activity in, 169–70, 179, 187–92; positive portrayal of in pacifist’s memoirs, 126; pressures from the state, difficulties posed by, 184; primogeniture, seeking of means to avoid strict interpretation of, 261; Ruhr lockout, concerns regarding, 168; the steel trust, decision regarding, 44, 165–66; strikebreakers, forwarding of memo on supporting, 133; U.S. Steel, rejection of selling minority stake to, 156; wartime campaigns of British steel industrialists, resentment of, 167
labor/workers: Alfred Krupp’s view of and actions regarding, 72–77; buying off after World War I, 149–50; codetermination rules and the reconstruction of the coal and steel industries, 236–37; Comme and, 276–77; compensation for World War II forced and slave workers, 244; control of, 42; domestic and foreign, comparative costs of, 220; “Essen Declaration” with ThyssenKrupp, 285; flexibility of, premium placed on, 288, 290; forced during World War II, 217–21; foreign during World War II, 215–16, 218–21; Friedrich Alfred Krupp’s view of and actions regarding, 93–94; modernization of business strategies and, 279; Nazi labor activism and, 194–95; prisoners of war during World War II, 215–16, 218; recruitment of during World War I, 141; reduction of in 1923-1924, 157–58; reduction of in the 1970s, 271; Rheinhausen closing, protests provoked by, 276; Ruhr lockout, 168; slave during World War II, 214, 219; surplus workers after World War I, removal of, 148; unrest among during World War I, 142–43
Lammers, Hans Heinrich, 207, 261
Lange, Kurt, 198
“Law on the Organic Construction of the German Economy,” 192
Lennings, Manfred, 275
Liebknecht, Karl, 133–34
Lloyd George, David, 153
Lochner, Louis, 242–43
Loewe, Ludwig, 111
Löser, Ewald, 182–84, 196–98, 205, 208, 210–11, 216, 224–25
Ludendorff, Erich, 139
Lukac, Alfred, 270
Maier, Charles, 264
Manchester, William, 172
Mann, Heinrich, 89, 91, 123, 125, 172
Mann, Thomas, 9–10, 27, 89, 108, 172
Mannesmann, 286
Martin, Emile, 37
Martin, Pierre-Emile, 37
Marx, Karl, 26
Maschinenbau Kiel (MaK), 247
Maschinenfabrik Augsburg, 99
Maschke, Hermann, 232
Mason, Tim, 178
McCloy, John, 229, 244, 265–66
Meissner, Otto, 188
Melchior, Carl, 191
Mendelssohn, 198
Menshausen, Carl, 111
Merkle, Adolf, 289
Metallurgische Forschungsgesellschaft mbH (Mefo), 181
Meyer, Carl, 57, 62, 70–71, 86
Middelmann, Ulrich, 283
military production: artillery, beginning of orders for, 38; artillery, innovation and marketing of, 61–65; “Big Berta” 42 cm cannons, 136–37; cannon-making equipment and workshops, expansion of, 58; cannon with a ring-constructed barrel, written history of, 62; competition between states for, 59, 62–64; “Dora” cannon, 205–6; expansion of capacity to produce, 98–99; hidden rearmament after the Versailles Treaty, 151–53; initial production of, 32–33; Krupp cannon at the 1851 London Great Exhibition, 47–48, 53; Krupp’s business model and, 44; percentage of Krupp production, 115, 180; pre-World War II rearmament, 180–87; pricing of, political conflict over, 111–16, 133–34; profits from, 103–4; return to in the 1970s, 271; ships and naval equipment (see Germaniawerft; ships and shipbuilding); during World War I (see World War I)
Moellendorf, Wichard von, 136, 176
Mohammad Reza Pahlavi (shah of Iran), 269
monopsony, 209
Muehlon, Wilhelm, 125–26, 132, 134
Müller, Carl Friedrich von, 30, 66–67
Müller, Erich, 174–75, 205–6, 213
Müller, Johann Christian Friedrich von, 66
Navy League, 112–13
Nazi Germany: association of Krupp with, 221, 225; industrialists and the state, political relations of, 187–92; rearmament, business experience during, 180–87; the voluntarist perspective on business decisionmaking in, 175–79; workforce of Krupp, impact on, 192–97. See also World War II
Nehru, Jawaharlal, 249
Nicolai, Friedrich, 16–17, 19, 52
Niemann, F. L., 67
NIROSTA, 129
Nuremberg International Military Tribunal, 1, 172–75; Alfried Krupp and Krupp directors, amnesty and release of, 229–30; Alfried Krupp and Krupp directors, trial of, 223–25; Gustav Krupp, trial of, 223; Krupp directors at, photo of, 173; room to maneuver, business decisions and, 175–79
O’Neill, Jim, 248
Oppenheim, 68
Orconera Iron Ore Co. Ltd., 39
OSRAM, 167
Ottoman Empire, 108–9
Papen, Franz von, 187–88
Paris Geschütz cannon, 136
Patriotic Auxiliary Service Law, 142
Pedro II, Dom (emperor of Brazil), 82
Peil, Friedrich, 51
Pfandhöfer, Eberhard, 12
Pferdmenges, Robert, 236
photographic department: advertising panoramas, creation of, 39–40, 42; workforce, control of, 41–42
Piccard, Auguste, 243
Poland, 251
politics: Alfred Krupp and, 108; Beitz’s globalization initiative and, 251–55; and business in Nazi Germany, 178–79; continued relevance of, 292; F. A. Krupp and, 108–16; German coal and steel industry, post-World War II debate regarding, 231–36; Gustav Krupp and, 169–70, 179, 187–92; inflationary policies and, 157; Italian and personal scandal of F. A. Krupp, 118; the kaiser’s anti-socialist speech, backlash from, 120–21; lobbying in German, 60–61; pre-World War I conflict, 133–34; vulnerability of F. A. Krupp in, 121–22
Polysius, Gottfried, 270
Prien, Günther, 182
Prussia: financial support from, seeking of, 52; Krupp artillery and military victories of, 58–60; military products, early efforts to interest in, 52–55; secrets of the state, Krupp’s keeping of, 57; state railways, Krupp’s interest in, 54
Raddatz, Carl, 226
Raeder, Erich, 181
railways, production for, 33–36, 47, 50, 54, 151, 169
Rapallo Treaty, 252
Rathenau, Walter, 136, 154, 176
RDI. See Reichsverband der Deutschen Industrie
Reger, Erik (Hermann Dannenberger), 145–47
Reichsverband der Deutschen Industrie (RDI), 170, 187–92
Renewal League (Erneuerungsbund), 147
Reusch, Paul, 168
Rheinhausen, 97–98, 129, 221–22, 237–39, 244–46, 276–77
Rhenish-Westphalian Coal Syndicate, 100
Richter & Hagdorn, 47
Richthofen, Ferdinand von, 51
Rider of the White Horse, The (Storm), 24
Ritscher, Samuel, 193
Robert Bosch Stiftung GmbH, 265
Robinson, Joseph S., 231
Röchling, Hermann, 208
Rockefeller Foundation, 265
Rohwedder, Detlev, 275
Rötger, Max, 131–32
Ruhr Coal Mining Association, 133
Ruhr lockout, 168
Russia, 46–47, 49–50, 53, 59. See also Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (Soviet Union)
Sachwerte, 156
Salimi, Reza, 270
Sandkühler, Thomas, 240
Saudi Arabia, 270
Saur, Karl Otto, 176, 211, 213, 215
Sayner Hütte ironworks, 60–61
Schacht, Hjalmar, 145, 170, 188–90
Schaeffler Group, 288–89
Schäfer, Dietrich, 113
Schäffer, Hans, 191
Scheider, Wilhelm, 275
Scherner, Jonas, 176–77
Schiller, Karl, 257–58
Schlessmann, Fritz, 222
Schmidt, Emil Ludwig, 94
Schmitt, Kurt, 192
Schöller, Alexander, 32
Schröder, Gerhard, 288
Schröder, Johannes, 199–201, 231, 255–56
Schulz, Carl, 78
Schumpeter, Joseph, 9
Schweinburg, Victor, 112–13
science, Wilhelm II and, 92
Seebohm, Hans-Christoph, 238
Seehandlung, the, 71
shareholder value, 289
Shaw, George Bernard, 6–7, 172
ships and shipbuilding: German unification and plans for, 61; naval gunnery, advances in, 64–65; ship shafts, production of, 38; shipyards, acquisition of, 101–3, 211; submarines, production of, 103, 139, 182–83. See also Germaniawerft
Shooting Festival of the Peoples, 62–64
SIDECHAR, 238
Siemens, Carl Friedrich von, 191
Siemens, Friedrich, 37
Siemens-Schuckert, 181
Skoda, 286
Smith, William Henry, 64
Social Democratic Party (SPD), 121, 232, 237
Sohl, Hans Günther, 246
Sölling, Friedrich, 33, 55, 67, 79
South Africa, 270
Soviet Union. See Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
SPD. See Social Democratic Party
Speer, Albert, 208–10, 212–13, 218
Spengler, Oswald, 145
Spethmann, Dieter, 273
Sprenger, Jean, 239
Springorum, Fritz, 188
Stammhaus: Alfred Krupp’s residence in, 80; construction of, 19; legend, turned into, 21, 83; photographic department based in the, 39; reconstructed version of, 284–85
Stapelfeldt, Franz, 211
Stauss, Emil Georg von, 139
steel: Bessemer process, 36; carbon content of, 14; competition in German among producers of, 107–8; crucible process, scaling up of, 43, 48–49; hammers for working, 37–38; Huntsman process of making, 14–15; industry profits, 1933-1940, 186; living in the age of, Alfred Krupp on, 60; nonrusting, 129, 202; oxygen steelmaking, 246; puddling process, 35, 129; quality of pig iron for, 17, 19, 28; Siemens-Martin process, 36–37; sponge-iron process, 270
Stettiner Vulkanwerft, 67, 103
Stewart, Michael, 245
Stoltenberg, Gerhard, 255
Strauss, Franz Josef, 257–58
Strenger, Christian, 283
Stresemann, Gustav, 159
Stroschein, J. E., 112–13
Strousberg, Bethel, 71
Stumm-Halberg, Carl Ferdinand von, 109
Süddeutsche Reichskorrepondenz, 112
Switzerland, 56
tableware, production of, 31–32
Tallis, John, 47
Taylor, Telford, 224
technological innovation: by Alfred Krupp, 28–42; in cannon barrels, 49; gasification of coal for power generation, 274; in nonrusting steel, 129; in powder and explosives, 49; in rifle barrels, 33; in steelmaking (see steel); Widia, production of, 167
Th. Prosser & Son, 47
Thies, Moritz, 46
Thiess, Erich, 205
Thyssen, 107, 154, 156, 160–61, 246–47, 271, 273, 279–81
Thyssen, August, 100, 134, 145, 160
Thyssen, Fritz, 145, 160, 187, 190–91
Thyssen-Bornemisza, Heinrich, 160, 165
ThyssenKrupp: creation of, 281; headquarters, moving of, 165; international diversification of, 285; Krupp tradition, moves reasserting, 283–85; labor relations at, 285; reorganization of holdings and renewal of the executive board, 282–83; size of, 3; transition of corporate culture, as incarnation of, 292. See also Krupp
Tilly, Richard, 69
Tirpitz, Alfred, 112, 114, 116
Todtleben, Franz Eduard von, 49
Turner, Henry, 188
Uhlhorn, Diedrich, 18
Ulbricht, Walter, 252
Union der festen Hand (Reger), 145–47
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (Soviet Union): exports in the 1930s to, 170; globalization under Beitz and, 251–53; hidden German rearmament and, 153; relations with, British and German interest in, 153; steelmaking equipment transferred to and resumption of production in Magdeburg, 222–23
United States: foundations in, 264–66; Iran, pressure on Krupp to reduce holding by, 282; as a market, development of, 47; railway products, as a market for, 77; steel mill constructed in, 285
universal banks: industrial development and the rise of, 66, 69; literary portrayal of, 226, 228
U.S. Steel Company, 155–56, 265
Valdunes, 286
Vargas, Getulio, 249
Vereinigte Stahlwerke, 163–66, 181, 199
Versailles Treaty, 151
Vienna, 31–32
Villa Hügel, 2, 80–84, 86, 94, 116, 168, 222, 230, 243
Visconti, Luchino, 172
Vogel, Dieter, 280–81
Vogt, Oskar, 117
Voigts-Rhetz, Konstantin Bernhard von, 58, 62, 65
Volkswagen, 288
Vorwärts, 118–19
Vyshnegradsky, Ivan, 49
Wagener, Otto, 191
Waldthausen, Ernst, 67
Waldthausen, Julius, 67
Warburg, Max, 191
Weimar Republic: currency stabilization, business during the period of, 160–66; financial assistance from, 161–62; French occupation of the Ruhr Valley, 158–59; hidden rearmament in, 151–53; inflationary period in, 154–60; market economy in, 177; postwar revolution, 147–51; prosperity phase of, 166–68
weldless steel tires, 34–35
Wellhöner, Volker, 91
Wendel, 286
Westrick, Ludger, 234
widows, role in development of the steel industry, 23
Wiedfeldt, Otto, 148–49, 153–56, 160, 162–64, 181, 251
Wilhelmi, Johann, 20
Wilhelm II (emperor of Germany): Bertha’s duty to run Krupp, condolence letter stating, 128; Bismarck and, tension between, 109; caricatured in a novel, 89; F. A. Krupp and, 1, 91–92; Gussstahlfabrik, visits to, 108–9; Krupp prices, complaint regarding, 114; Krupp works, late World War I visit to, 143–44, 147; merger of Krupp and Grusonwerk, approval of, 101; as modernizer, 92; patent of 1906 restricting use of the Krupp name, 267; shipyard acquisition, encouragement and approval of, 102; size of Brazil battleship, protest regarding, 107; speech following F. A. Krupp’s death, 120
Wilhelm I (king of Prussia, emperor of Germany), 1, 54–55, 59, 61, 86
Wilhelm (Prince of Baden), 55
Wilmowsky, Barbara von, 127, 267
Wilmowsky, Tilo von, 187–88, 196, 216, 229, 260, 267
Wolbring, Barbara, 114
Wolff, Otto, 165
Wollheim settlement, 244
women: in business during the early nineteenth century, 23; excluded from business during the early twentieth century, 127–28; as workers during World War I, 141
World War I: artillery pieces, production of, 135–36; centralized planning for defense procurement, development of, 136; the Hindenburg Program, 139–42; the kaiser’s visit to the Krupp factory, 143–44, 147; labor shortages, responses to, 141; labor unrest during, 142–43; logistical and organizational challenges of business expansion during, 138–42; planning for lengthy, absence of, 135–37; planning for the peace, limited, 137–38; shells and grenades, production of, 136–37
World War II: acquisitions and new construction during, 211–14; coal, supply of, 212, 214, 218; eastward shift of production, 212–15; German collapse and the immediate aftermath for Krupp, 221–23; labor, foreign, forced and slave, 214–21; management, different and conflicting strategies of, 204–6, 208; Nuremberg trials (see Nuremberg International Military Tribunal); ownership structure, alteration of, 207–8; procurement priorities and demands, constantly shifting, 209–13
Zaharoff, Basil, 6–7